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The NEHU Journal Vol The NEHU Journal Vol. XVIII, No.1, January-June 2020 N E H U ISSN. 0972 - 8406 The NEHU Journal Vol. XVIII, No.1, January-June 2020 Editor: Prof. S.R. Joshi Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics NEHU, Shillong Email : [email protected] Editorial Committee Members Prof. A.S. Dixit, Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong Prof. S. Mitra, Department of Chemistry, NEHU, Shillong Prof. I. Syiem, Department of Education, NEHU, Shillong Dr. R. M. Shangpliang, Department of Sociology, NEHU, Shillong Dr. Sudipta Ghosh, Department of Anthropology, NEHU, Shillong Dr. K. Upadhyay, Department of BSSS, NEHU, Shillong Dr. B. Dutta, Department of History, NEHU, Shillong i Contents Editorial .................................................................................................................................iv The deadly dozen: An overview of the top killer viruses D. Syiem and Mayashree B. Syiem ...........................................................................................1 In vitro seed storage of Paphiopedilum villosum Lind., an endangered lady’s slipper orchid Reema Vareen Diengdoh, Suman Kumaria and Meera Chettri Das .......................................21 Colorimetric detection of Pb2+ ions using PVP-capped silver nanoparticles Siewdorlang Diamai and Devendra P. S. Negi .......................................................................33 In-vitro comparative studies of Apium graveolens L. extracts for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity Casterland Marbaniang, Rajeshwar Nath Sharan and Lakhon Kma .....................................43 Photic and nonphotic cues in regulation of seasonal reproduction in birds Anand S. Dixit, Debashish Khanikar and Bidisha Kataki ......................................................61 Multi-spectroscopic investigation on the contradictory relevance of metal nanoparticles in pharmacological milieu of protein Prayasee Baruah, Imocha Rajkumar Singh and Sivaprasad Mitra ........................................82 First record of new ‘invasion’ in northeast India by Centaurea cyanus L. (Asteraceae) Uma Shankar ........................................................................................................................100 DECLARATION Form IV Rule 8 ...................................................................................................................... 113 iii Editorial Dear Researchers and Readers The prevailing pandemic has led to a paradigm shift in educational pedagogy and to a ‘New Normal’ in the execution of the teaching-learning process. This phase has been difficult for the human race with uncertainties looming over the development of a vaccine against COVID-19. It would not be out of place to appreciate the response of authors in contributing manuscripts even during this crisis when laboratory research and experimentation have been limited due to health regulations and protocols. The quality articles that we received for the present issue of the journal speaks immensely of the dedication and commitment of researchers to move on with the changing times. The content of the present volume begins with the article on “The deadly dozen: An overview of the top killer viruses” by D. Syiem and Mayashree B. Syiem present a comprehensive review of viruses and emerging diseases that is being witnessed in the present times with reference to COVID-19. Reema Vareen Diengdoh and co-authors highlight the importance of the endangered lady`s slipper orchid and how “In vitro seed storage of Paphiopedilum villosum Lind., an endangered lady’s slipper orchid” can assist in conservation of this economically important plant. “Colorimetric detection of Pb2+ ions using PVP-capped silver nanoparticles” by Siewdorlang Diamai and Devendra P. S.Negi present a research paper on colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a capping agent and the mechanism of aggregation of the AgNPs in the presence of Pb2+ ions. Casterland Marbaniang and co-authors present an in-depth discussion based on the findings on “In-vitro comparative studies of Apium graveolens L. extracts for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity” wherein the plant`s secondary metabolites using various solvent extracts are compared as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. “Photic and nonphotic cues in regulation of seasonal reproduction in birds” by Anand S. Dixit, Debashish Khanikar and Bidisha Kataki present a review on the recent advances on the roles of photic and non-photic cues in regulation of seasonal reproduction and associated functions in birds highlighting annual variation in day length as the most consistent and reliable cue in timing life history stages including reproduction, molt and migration in most birds. “Multi-spectroscopic investigation on the contradictory relevance of metal nanoparticles in pharmacological milieu of protein glycation and cholinergic inhibition” by Prayasee Baruah, Imocha Rajkumar Singh and Sivaprasad Mitra highlights how unique physico-chemical behaviour of engineered nanoparticles have brought about a large-scale revolution in many fields like medicine, industry, agriculture and technology, iv simultaneously may also result in certain toxicity due to unsolicited interactions with diverse biological systems and cellular processes. Uma Shankar in his research article “First record of new ‘invasion’ in northeast India by Centaurea cyanus L. (Asteraceae)” reports the first record of the herbaceous plant, Centaurea cyanus L. of Asteraceae family from northeast India with an extensive search in the floras of the region. The present issue contains articles drawn mainly from Life Sciences and Physical Sciences and to have received papers from eminent scholars in their specialization is indeed encouraging and motivating. However, realizing the time constraints and other engagements that they are faced with to write full length articles, we intend to include short commentary by invitation from them on specific topics for future issues. Before I conclude, I would like to place on record my gratitude to the reviewers of the articles for giving valuable comments with notable promptness. Suggestions, cooperation and contributions of the editorial members have always been a source of guidance and strength. I earnestly appeal to scholars to submit/continue submitting manuscript(s) for publication in future issues of The NEHU Journal. Stay safe Prof. S.R. Joshi Editor v vi ISSN. 0972 - 8406 The NEHU Journal, Vol. XVIII, No.1, January-June 2020, pp. 1-19 The deadly dozen: An overview of the top killer viruses D. Syiem and Mayashree B. Syiem* Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong - 793022, Meghalaya, India *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The present review was inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic that is presently the cause of great concern worldwide. Viruses have been part and parcel of living entities since life existed on earth. Over the centuries there has been records of numerous instances of noticeable viral attacks on humans that resulted in significant number of fatalities. Ear- liest records of a viral infection was found in Egypt during 1580–1350 BC and amongst the oldest that infect humans are smallpox and measles viruses. Viral epidemics came to prominence when early humans started to live in communities increasing the chances of close contact. As human behavior evolved living in agrarian societies, so did viruses. Included in this review are some of the aspects of what a virus is, how a virus infects and how the viral infection is detected. Finally details of twelve different killer viruses thatare the causative agents of some of the fatal diseases in humans are examined. Keywords: Virus; Pandemic; Epidemic; Polymerase chain reaction; Nucleotide sequenc- ing. Introduction A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside living cells of an organism. Viruses cause infections and diseases to all life forms from microorganisms including bacteria and archaea, to plants and animals (Koonin et al., 2006). They have over the centuries resulted in millions of deaths. Epidemics caused by viruses began when human behavior changed during the Neolithic period, around 12,000 years ago, as humans developed more densely populated agricultural communities (McMichael, 2004). Earlier, humans lived in small, isolated communities, and most epidemic diseases did not exist. However, with increasing concentration and localization of people viruses spread rapidly and subsequently became endemic. Viruses of plants and livestock also increased as humans became dependent on agriculture and farming. Humans have been battling viruses since before our species had even evolved into its modern form. Among the earliest records of a viral infection is in Egypt from the 18th dynasty (1580–1350 BC) (Drutz and Ligon, 2000). Smallpox and measles viruses are among the oldest that infect humans. Having evolved from viruses that infected other animals, they first appeared in humans in Europe and North Africa thousands of years ago. The viruses were later carried to the New World by Europeans during the time of the Spanish 1 D. Syiem and Mayashree B. Syiem Conquests, but the indigenous people had no natural resistance to the viruses and millions of them died during epidemics. Influenza pandemics have been recorded since 1580 (Potter, 2001), and they have occurred with increasing frequency in subsequent centuries. The influenza pandemic (January 1918 – December 1920, known
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