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La Arquitectura De Telefónica De España: El Edificio De La Gran Vía

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La Arquitectura De Telefónica De España: El Edificio De La Gran Vía LA ARQUITECTURA DE TELEFONICA DE ESPAÑA: EL EDIFICIO DE LA GRAN VÍA UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA Tesis doctoral Título: La Arquitectura de Telefónica de España: El edificio de la Gran Vía Autor: Fernando J. Hernández Muñoz Director: Dr. Eduardo Rojas Moyano Tutor: Dr. Isidro Ladrón de Guevara López Departamento: Expresión Gráfica, Diseño y Proyectos Centro: Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Industrial Fecha: Noviembre 2015 LA ARQUITECTURA DE TELEFONICA DE ESPAÑA: EL EDIFICIO DE LA GRAN VÍA TESIS DOCTORAL LA ARQUITECTURA DE TELEFONICA DE ESPAÑA: EL EDIFICIO DE LA GRAN VÍA AUTOR: Fernando Jesús Hernandez Muñoz http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-1791 EDITA: Publicaciones y Divulgación Científica. Universidad de Málaga Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial- SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cualquier parte de esta obra se puede reproducir sin autorización pero con el reconocimiento y atribución de los autores. No se puede hacer uso comercial de la obra y no se puede alterar, transformar o hacer obras derivadas. Esta Tesis Doctoral está depositada en el Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga (RIUMA): riuma.uma.es LA ARQUITECTURA DE TELEFONICA DE ESPAÑA: EL EDIFICIO DE LA GRAN VÍA ÍNDICE: Introducción Posicionamiento en relación a la tesis ……….…………………………..………………….. 1 1. El edificio telefónico ……….…………………………………………………………......….. 3 2. Aproximación al proceso histórico de la construcción de edificios telefónicos en Europa y EEUU…………………..………………………………………………………………...………. 5 2.1 Observaciones sobre edificios telefónicos en EEUU…………………………………... 7 Capítulo (I): El origen y desarrollo de las centrales telefónicas en EEUU y Europa. 1.0 Breve recorrido temporal sobre la arquitectura norteamericana desde los días de la invención del teléfono hasta el momento de la construcción del edificio telefónico de la Gran Vía madrileña……………………………………………………………………………….. 10 1.1 La primera arquitectura telefónica en América del norte………………………………. 13 1.2 Primeras centrales adecuadas al floreciente negocio de telefonía en EEUU………… 15 1.3 Las dos primeras décadas del Siglo XX …………………….……………………..…… 22 1.4 Historia y definición del edificio denominado rascacielos telefónico. Antecedentes americanos……………………………………………………………………………………….. 28 1.4.1 La aparición de los primeros rascacielos…………………………………………..... 32 1.4.2 Tecnología del rascacielos en relación a la ciudad y su forma…………………… 35 1.4.3 Condicionantes para la estructura portante……………………………………….. 38 1.4.4 La necesaria colaboración del ascensor y otras instalaciones interiores …..….. 42 1.5 Aspectos tectónicos del rascacielos telefónico………………………………………… 45 1.5.1 Morfología estructural: la estructura metálica de los rascacielos.……………….. 47 1.5.1.1 Los cimientos del rascacielos tipo……………………………………………… 49 LA ARQUITECTURA DE TELEFONICA DE ESPAÑA: EL EDIFICIO DE LA GRAN VÍA 1.5.1.2 El esqueleto metálico que conformaba la estructura del rascacielos………. 54 1.5.1.3 Las instalaciones auxiliares de obra y su organización…………………….... 59 1.6 El problema de la definición formal……………………………………………………… 62 1.6.1 En busca de un lenguaje arquitectónico adecuado…………………………….... 65 1.6.2 De la Escuela de Chicago a la Escuela de New York ………………...…….….. 69 1.6.3 De cómo el rascacielos es ciudad y conforma la ciudad ………………………… 72 1.6.4 El legado de Sullivan a la cultura del rascacielos ………………………………… 76 1.7 La estela arquitectónica del concurso para el Chicago Tribune y sus consecuencias 80 1.8 Aparición de los rascacielos telefónicos ……………………………………….…….. 84 1.9 Los denominados Telephone Palace ………………………………………………….. 92 1.10 El Barclay-Vesey de Nueva York .…......………..………………………………….. 96 1.11 Los edificios telefónicos en EEUU. Características…………………………………. 103 1.12 Aspectos funcionales del rascacielos telefónico……………………………………. 105 1.13 Habitáculos de una central telefónica………………………………………………… 107 1.13.1 ¿Qué es una central telefónica actual? Programa de necesidades y distribución por tipos …………………………………………………………………………….…………... 112 1.13.1.1 Cámara de registro y galería de cables……………………………………… 114 1.13.1.2 Sala del repartidor …………………………………………………………….. 115 1.13.1.3 Sala de baterías, de transformación y generadores……………………….. 116 1.13.1.4 Salas de conmutación …………………………………………………………. 117 1.13.1.5 Otras salas y dependencias del edificio telefónico …………………………. 120 1.14 El Teléfono en Europa: Visión rápida del tipo de central telefónica a este lado del Atlántico ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 121 1.15 La primera arquitectura telefónica europea ………………………………..………. 125 1.16 Las centrales europeas en los años 20 y 30 del siglo XX …………………………. 136 1.17 El reflejo de la arquitectura americana en España: implantación del primer rascacielos por Telefónica en Europa, situado de la Gran Vía de Madrid ………………… 140 LA ARQUITECTURA DE TELEFONICA DE ESPAÑA: EL EDIFICIO DE LA GRAN VÍA Capitulo (II): El edificio de Telefónica de Gran Vía madrileña y su contexto 2.1 Consideraciones previas……………….………………………………………………… 147 2.2 El concepto de los Palaces madrileños ……………………………………………….. 150 2.3 Historia de un proceso ………………………………………………………………….. 153 2.3.1 La Gran Vía madrileña: contexto histórico y urbano donde se ubica nuestro edificio …………………………………………………………………………………………… 155 2.3.1.1 La operación urbanística de la Gran Vía en el Madrid del siglo XIX ……… 156 2.3.1.2 Los usos predominantes de la Gran Vía desde principio del siglo XX ..… 159 2.3.1.3 Motivaciones que indujeron a la apertura de la Gran Vía…………………… 160 2.3.2 La arquitectura de la Gran Vía que acompaña al edificio de Telefónica ……… 163 2.3.2.1 El lenguaje arquitectónico que asoma a la Gran Vía de Madrid ……….… 166 2.3.2.2 El segundo tramo de la Gran Vía…………………………………….………… 171 2.4 El solar de Gran Vía, 28 ………………….……………………………………………… 173 2.5 El contexto: la arquitectura contemporánea a la construcción del edificio de la Telefónica ………………………………………………………………………………………… 180 2.6 Aproximación a la arquitectura del edificio de Gran Vía ……….……………………. 186 2.6.1 En busca de una imagen impactante ……………………………………………… 188 Capitulo (III): El Edificio de Gran Vía, 28: Un Edificio Americano en Madrid. 3.1 El primer rascacielos de Europa: Desarrollo formal y tecnológico: firmitas, utilitas y Venustas …………………………………………………………………………………………. 194 3.1.1 Firmitas. Carácter tectónico………………………………………………………….. 196 3.1.1.1 La cimentación del edificio………………………………………………………. 198 3.1.1.2 La estructura metálica emergente en el edificio ……………………………….. 202 LA ARQUITECTURA DE TELEFONICA DE ESPAÑA: EL EDIFICIO DE LA GRAN VÍA 3.1.1.2.1 La resistencia al viento y resistencia pasiva al fuego del edificio ……… 208 3.1.1.2.2 Organización de los trabajos. Plazos de obra del rascacielos .……… 209 3.1.1.3 El proceso constructivo del rascacielos………..……………………………… 211 3.1.2 Utilitas. Organización………………………………………….…………………….. 217 3.1.2.1 Planos de planta del edificio de Gran Vía, en su distribución originaria …… 224 3.1.3 Venustas. La estética del edificio………………………………………………….. 227 3.1.3.1 La pugna entre lo moderno y lo tradicional en el ropaje arquitectónico de este rascacielos ………………………………………………………………………………… 239 3.1.3.2 Tratamiento interior de los espacios. Decoración diferenciada por funciones 241 3.2 Ampliaciones y modificaciones posteriores: de la posguerra a nuestros días .…… 244 3.2.1 El castigo sufrido en la Guerra Civil ……………………………………………….. 246 3.2.2 La construcción del edificio completo después de la Guerra Civil ………………. 249 3.2.3 La gran reforma interior. La actualización de 1992 ………………………………. 252 3.2.3.1. Renovación de instalaciones ………………………………………………….. 256 3.2.3.1.1 Red de cableado para voz y datos ……………….……………………… 257 3.2.3.1.2 Red de distribución de TV …………………………………………………. 257 3.2.3.1.3 Otras instalaciones …………………………………………………………. 257 3.2.3.1.4 Ascensores ………………………………………………………………….. 258 3.2.3.2 Acondicionamiento interior …………………………………………………….. 260 3.2.3.2.1 Las nuevas salas singulares y su zonificación ………………………….. 263 3.2.3.2.2 Las escaleras interiores………………………………………………......... 265 3.2.3.2.3 Espacios singulares y de representación ………………………………… 266 3.2.3.2.4 Las salas de exposiciones de arte ………………………………………… 269 3.2.3.2.5 La zona destinada anteriormente a la exposición histórico-tecnológica de Telefónica …………………………………………………………………………………….. 271 3.3 La reforma de la Tienda Telefónica y los Espacios de la Fundación……………… 273 LA ARQUITECTURA DE TELEFONICA DE ESPAÑA: EL EDIFICIO DE LA GRAN VÍA 3.4 Laboratorio de ideas para una nueva empresa telefónica………………………….. 280 Conclusiones y Líneas de investigación………………………………………..………… 287 Bibliografía……………………………………………………………………………………… 292 Fotografías……………………………………………………………………………………… 299 LA ARQUITECTURA DE TELEFONICA DE ESPAÑA: EL EDIFICIO DE LA GRAN VÍA Introducción LA ARQUITECTURA DE TELEFONICA DE ESPAÑA: EL EDIFICIO DE LA GRAN VÍA Introducción Posicionamiento en relación a la tesis El hecho de ser arquitecto y empleado de Telefónica me ha permitido conocer las centrales telefónicas españolas, su historia, su diseño, la forma de construirlas, y la influencia de estos edificios singulares en las ciudades, consiguiendo una experiencia que he podido aplicar en esta Tesis Doctoral. Nos planteamos como objetivos en este trabajo las siguientes metas: 1.- Pretendemos dar a conocer un acontecimiento tan singular como el que se produjo en nuestro país con la construcción de un rascacielos por primera vez en Europa, obligando a importar un modelo de arquitectura nueva y la tecnología constructiva que lo acompañaba, que revolucionó
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