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Water Quality and Monitoring of Some Pollution Indicators in Lake Manzala, Egypt

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Water Quality and Monitoring of Some Pollution Indicators in Lake Manzala, Egypt Advances in Environmental Biology 2019 December; 13(12): pages 21-29 DOI: 10.22587/aeb.2019.13.12.5 Original Article AENSI Publications Home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/AEB Water Quality and Monitoring of Some Pollution Indicators in Lake Manzala, Egypt 1 2 3 Mokhtar S. Beheary , Eman M. Saleh , Mamdouh S. Serag 1Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Sciences, Port Said University, Egypt 2B. SC in Environmental Sciences, Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, Damietta University 3Prof. of Plant Ecology Botany Department, Faculty of Science Damietta University Correspondence Author: Mokhtar S. El-Beheary, Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Sciences, Port Said University, Egypt E-mail: [email protected] Received date: 28 August 2019, Accepted date: 2 December 2019, Online date: 20 December 2019 Copyright: © 2019 Mokhtar S. El-Beheary et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Lake Manzala is one of the most important fishing sources in Egypt. It faces many environmental challenges that affect its quality. Due to excessive discharge of wastewater, the quality of water and fish production deteriorated. This study was carried out in nine different sites in the eastern and southern parts of Lake Manzala in two Governorates; Port Said (six sites) and Dakahliya (three sites) in North Delta, Egypt. Water samples were collected seasonally in 19 May 2017, 19 August 2017, 12 November 2017, and in 7 January 2018 (spring, summer, autumn, and winter). Samples were collected by a boat from the lake. Temperature, latitude, longitude, and pH were determined in the field. Global Position System (Garmin GPS) detected the Latitude and longitude for sampling sites within Lake Manzala for each site. Statistical analysis of the results were performed and was expressed by mean SE. The aim of this study is to monitor some quality indicators for lake water. The results showed significant changes in water characteristics including: temperature (14.3°C - 35.5°C), pH (7.68 - 9), turbidity (0.4 mg/l – 321 mg/l), total hardness (176.41 mg/l - 3140 mg/l), total solids (1548.8 mg/l - 19379.2 mg/l), chlorides (468.65 mg/l - 11621.28 mg/l), sodium (321.06 mg/l - 7585.21 mg/l), total nitrogen (0.148 mg/l - 10.09 mg/l), total phosphorus (0.15 mg/l - 0.96 mg/l), Dissolved oxygen(0.7 mg O2/l -12.4 mg O2\l), biological oxygen demand(6.8 mg O2/l – 9.6 mg O2\l), Chemical oxygen demand(24.1 mg O2/l - 240 mg O2/l), Iron(0.271ppm) and Manganese(0.117 ppm). Results, also, showed a high density of faecal coliform count and total viable bacterial count. The results show deterioration in the quality of the lake water, so the state should pay attention to this problem because it negatively affects the production of lake fish in addition to other negative consequences. Keywords: Lake Manzala, Nine sites, Seasonally, Quality indicators, Statistical analysis. INTRODUCTION A large group of pollutants has caused pollution for the marine environment and this has been brought to the attention of the world over the past few decades. The main sources of pollution are agricultural, industrial, and human activities. Due to the rapid industrial expansion, large quantities of industrial wastes are discharged into the lakes. This can change the characteristics of the aquatic environment and accumulate heavy metals until they reach toxic levels [1, 2]. The Mediterranean coastline in Egypt has five brackish lakes. These lakes are, from east to west, Bardawil, Manzala, Burullus, Edku, and Mariut. These lakes connect directly with the Mediterranean Sea except Lake Mariut. The present thesis throws light on the most critical Egyptian Delta Lakes. Manzala Lake is considered the most important sources of fish in Egypt, where the lake's production of fish is about 36-50% of the total annual output of Egyptian lake [3, 4]. 'N. while the Mediterranean Sea has bordered it from the northern part. The Suez Canal is bordered the lake from the eastern part, Port Said and Ismailia governorates. Al-Sharqiya governorate is bounded the lake from the north, and Dakahliya governorate is bounded from the southwestern region. Damietta governorate has bordered the lake from the western part [5]. It connects with water from three boundaries from the west, north and east parts. It receives a small discharge of freshwater through the Enanya Canal, which links the lake to Damietta Branch, of the River Nile, from the west. The north-west side of the lake connects to the Damietta branch of the Nile River through Al-Sofraa and Al-Ratma channels in the Northern of Damietta. While the eastern part of the lake is connected to Suez Canal with a very narrow canal (El-Qabuty Canal). This part provides the Advances in Environmental Biology ISSN-1995-0756 EISSN-1998-1066 22 Citation: Mokhtar S. El-Beheary et al., 2019. Water Quality and Monitoring of Some Pollution Indicators in Lake Manzala, Egypt. Advances in Environmental Biology., 13(12): 21-29. DOI:10.22587/aeb.2019.13.12.5 lake with saline water. The northern boundary of the lake is the Mediterranean Sea, which discharges also saline water into the lake. There are several connections (outlets) between it and the lake, which consists of a narrow sandy margin. The lake connects to the Mediterranean Sea by a narrow sandy margin: El-Baghdadi, New Damietta, Al-Gamil, and the new Gamil Bougesses. These outlets improve the water quality status of the lake; the main outlets are El-Gamil and the New El-Gamil outlets. [6, 7]. Manzala receives agricultural, industrial, and domestic wastes through many drains such as Ramses, Matariya, Faraskur, El- Serw, Hadous, and Bahr El-Baqar [8] (Fig. 1). Bahr el Baqar drain is considered the most dangerous source of pollution. It has become a distributor of diseases and epidemics to citizens. While the agricultural drainage in the past was a new addition of water to the lake and allowing for fish growth well, but now it has become like a dangerous source of pesticides, fertilizers, and organic materials, which have a definite impact on the aquatic environment and reflected on the human and public health [9]. A B Fig. 1: Image, A; showing the location of Lake Manzala in Egypt. Image, B; showing the map of Manzala Lake and the five drains (Source [10]) MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was carried out in nine different sites in the eastern and southern parts of Lake Manzala in two Governorates; Port Said (six sites) and Dakahliya (three locations) (Fig. 2). Water samples were collected seasonally on 19 May 2017, 19 August 2017, 12 November 2017, and on 7 January 2018 (spring, summer, autumn, and winter). Temperature, latitude, longitude, and pH were determined in the field. Global Position System (Garmin GPS) detected the Latitude and longitude for sampling sites within Lake Manzala for each site (Table. 1). Conservation methods were restricted to pH control, chemical addition or/and refrigeration [11]. All statistical analyses were performed by a statistical software package (SPSS 15.0 for Microsoft Windows, SPSS Inc.). Descriptive results were expressed as mean SE. Differences in continuous variables were assessed using ANOVA test. All tests were two-tailed and statistical significance evaluated at the 0.05 level. 23 Citation: Mokhtar S. El-Beheary et al., 2019. Water Quality and Monitoring of Some Pollution Indicators in Lake Manzala, Egypt. Advances in Environmental Biology., 13(12): 21-29. DOI:10.22587/aeb.2019.13.12.5 Fig. 2: Showing locations of samples in Lake Manzala Table 1: The coordinates for the different sites of the study area. Site No. Name of site Governorate Latitude (N) Longitude (E ) I Matariya Research Institution (A) Dakahliya ° 8 6 6ʺ ° 9 ʺ II Port-Said Canal (B) Port-Said ° 9 6ʺ ° 9 7 9 7 ʺ III Bahr Al-Baqar (C) Port-Said ° 7 ʺ ° 8 7 ʺ IV Al-Gamil Al-Dakhly (D) Port-Said ° 7 ʺ ° 9 6ʺ V Ashtom El Gamil National Park (E) Port-Said ° ʺ ° 9 9 ʺ VI Um El-Jeef (F) Port-Said N 31°12'53.0280" E 32°10' 31.1520" VII Al-Najailh (G) Port-Said N 31° 13' 6 ʺ ° 7 968ʺ VIII Al-Nasaimh (H) Dakahliya ° 9 8ʺ ° 6 9 8ʺ IX Al-lisah (I) Dakahliya ° 98 ʺ ° 8 9976ʺ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Physico-chemical quality criteria 1.1 Temperature The minimum mean value of water temperature was (15.3±0.9ºC) recorded during January when the temperature range between 14.3 and 17 ºC. The maximum mean value of water temperature was (33.7±0.9 ºC) recorded during summer when temperature range between 32.5 and 35.5 ºC. This agrees with El-Refaie (2010) [12]. There were statistically significant differences (P <0.0001) in the mean seasonal surface water temperature in Lake Manzala. (Table. 2) shows these results. In (Table. 5) There is a significant positive c mp H I g ( ═ 0.617, 0.672, 0.869, 0.588 and 0.586, respectively). There is a significant negative correlation between Temperature and g v Ox g ( ═ -0.648 and -0.561, respectively). There is also a significant negative correlation between pH S m P p ( ═ -0.801 and -0.658, respectively). 1.2 Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) The minimum mean value of water pH was (8.04±0.3) recorded during January (winter) when water pH ranged from 7.68 – 8.44. The maximum mean value of water pH was (8.44±0.1) recorded during spring ranging between 7.9 -9.
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