Ocean Accounts and Ocean Sciences

Ken Findlay CPUT Research Chair: Oceans Economy Centre for Sustainable Oceans Cape Peninsula University of Technology South Africa THE EARTH’S OCEANS

OCEANS COVER APPROXIMATELY 71% OR 362 000 000 SQUARE KILOMETRES OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE.

VOLUME OF APPROXIMATELY 1.335 BILLION CUBIC KILOMETRES.

AVERAGE DEPTH APPROXIMATELY 3.8 KILOMETRES. MAXIMUM DEPTHS OF OVER 10 KILOMETRES.

40% OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION LIVES WITHIN 100 KM OF THE COAST.

ALMOST 3 BILLION PEOPLE DEPEND ON OCEANS AS LIVELIHOODS OCEANS, OCEAN BASINS AND SEAS OCEANS ARE HIGHLY FLUID AND DYNAMIC OCEANS ARE THREE DIMENSIONAL OCEAN CHARACTERISTICS ARE TO A LARGE EXTENT GOVERNED BY LATITUDE AND DEPTH OCEAN TEMPERATURE AND LATITUDE

After NOAA Office of Satellite and Product Operations OCEAN DEPTH - TOPOGRAPHY IS NOT UNIFORM

CONTINENTAL SHELF SHELF BREAK

SEAMOUNT

CONTINENTAL SLOPE

CONTINENTAL OCEAN BASIN FLOOR RISE

TRENCH (To over 10 km deep) OCEAN DEPTH AND TEMPERATURE

+ TEMPERATURE

_ TEMPERATURE DECREASES WITH DEPTH BUT NOT UNIFORMLY

THERMOCLINES OCEAN DEPTH AND PRESSURE

_ PRESSURE

+

PRESSURE INCREASES WITH DEPTH OCEAN DEPTH AND LIGHT

_ + Photic Zone (0 - 80 m) Epipelagic Zone (80 – 200 m)

NUTRIENTS Mesopelagic Zone (200 – 1000m) LIGHT

Bathypelagic Zone

PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY + REQUIRES LIGHT AND _ NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY Abyssopelagic Zone LIMITED TO THE PHOTIC ZONE IN SURFACE WATERS

Hadal Zone UPWELLING ZONES UPWELLING EXAMPLE

Offshore Winds

Ekman Transport Surface Waters Offshore

Upwelling of Clear Nutrient NUTRIENTS, CLEARWATER Rich waters AND SUNLIGHT = PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

HIGH TROPHIC SYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY

Benguela, California, Chile / Peru, Oman OCEAN CURRENTS Wind or ThermoHaline Driven For example, South Africa’s oceanography is diverse leading to a range of different ecosystems on different coasts

Benguela Current Agulhas Current

Cold Temperate West Coast Tropical East Coast OCEAN CURRENTS AND BORDERS

ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN THE OCEAN AS A VERY PATCHY (AND DYNAMICALLY PATCHY) ENVIRONMENT

COASTAL (0 – 5 m) SUBTIDAL (5 – 30 m) NERITIC - CONTINENTAL SHELF (30 - 200 m) PELAGIC OPEN OCEAN

CONTINENTAL SLOPE (200 - 3000 m)

CONTINENTAL RISE (3000 – 4000 m) ABYSSAL (4000 m +) OCEAN USES FISHERIES RECREATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL Abalone Beach sailing EBSA TRANSPORT & INFRASTRUCTURE AQUACULTURE Hake Handline Beach-going Important Bird Area Harbours Onshore Aquaculture Squid Handline Birding Important Mammal Area Shipping Abalone Ranching Traditional Handline Day walks MPA Dredging Cage Aquaculture Oyster Dedicated Swim Species Significant Area Lighthouse Raft Aquaculture Seaweed Jetski World Heritage Area Roads and anchorages Seaweed Aquaculture Mussel Kite surfing Special Protected Area Small harbour Hake Longline Motor Cruising Ramsar Site Outfall TOURISM Patagonian Tooth-fish Longline Offshore and sail cruising Seal diving Tuna and swordfish longline SCUBA CULTURAL VALUES Shark diving OIL & GAS Horse mackerel Snorkel Aesthetic Site Whale watching Disbanded Facility Tuna Pole SUP Bequest Site Aquariums Exclusion Zone Anchovy Purse seine Surfing Cultural Site Ports and Harbours Exploration Horse Mackerel Purse seine Surfski and kayak National Monument Protected Area Use Pipeline Sardine Purse seine Historic Site SCUBA diving Production Facility Octopus Trap Spiritual Site Seal cruises RECREATIONAL FISHING Seismics Rock lobster Trap Boat cruises Bait Agulhas Sole Trawl Caravan and camping East coast lobster MINING Demersal shark Trawl Holiday home Estuary Diamond Hake inshore Trawl Hotels Intertidal Phosphate Hake offshore Trawl Overnight hikes Spearfishing Salt Prawn Trawl Surf and Rock Sand Rock Lobster dive Titanium Boat

ENERGY Energy Currents Energy Tidal Energy Wave Energy Wind Oceans are Changing Water temperature Ocean acidification Deoxygenation Oceanic circulation and chemistry Rising sea levels Increased storm intensity Loss of diversity and abundance of marine species Human Resource Use of Oceans are Changing Global increases in Ocean Economies and Blue Economies* as nations or regions turn to new opportunities to foster economic growth and ensure food and energy security.

* Blue Economy – here taken to mean inclusion of sustainability, equity and equitable access and inclusivity within ocean economy governance models and policy.

THERE IS A NEED FOR CLEAR INCLUSIVE DEFINITIONS OF OCEAN AND BLUE ECONOMY Humans derive numerous benefits from ocean systems through ecosystem & abiotic services. Both market & non-market values, & assets require accounting in the estimation of the contribution of oceans to societal well-being, as do the impacts of economies on environment. Ecosystem Services Abiotic Services Human CULTURAL PROVISIONING REGULATORY ENVIRONMENTAL ECOSYSTEM Economies, ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE Natural Production, Capital Consumption & Accumulation

ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY Ocean ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION Ecosystems Production / consumption ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE impacts

Require new “blue economy” ecosystem-based approaches to ocean governance to account for inclusivity & sustainability within ocean resource use, changing ocean environments and new approaches to ocean sciences 5. Decreased function means 2. The ocean environment provides decreased services Ecosystem Services humans with numerous resource uses Provisioning all of which have values Resource Users Environment Regulatory VALUES Cultural Fisheries Tourism 1. The ocean environment has Energy ecosystem function and ocean Environmental Climate Regulation health and integrity underpins Services Carbon Sink resource-uses. Spiritual Aesthetic 6. Ecological Governance is Bequest required to optimise human Mining Transport 4. Conflict decreases benefits without compromising 3. Increasing oceans ecosystem function ocean health. economies in and integrity and “Ocean Health is Ocean Wealth” accessible ocean space reduces service increases sectoral and provision environmental conflict User – User Conflicts across multi-sectors are self explanatory in the context of limited ocean space

INDUSTRY PROTECTION versus Direct User – Environment Conflicts from Ocean Economy Industry Sectors • Unsustainable extraction of marine resources, • Pollution from marine sources (including acoustics), • Impacts of alien invasive species, and • Physical alteration and destruction of marine habitat.

Indirect Externalities of Human Industry and Consumption • Pollution from land-based sources (e.g. plastics) • Ocean acidification and climate change impacts Falkenmark’s Trialogue Model of Ecosystem Governance Hattingh et al. 2007; Turton et al. 2007 SOCIETY Economy Social Environment

THE ROLE OF ACADEMIA IN PROVIDING INFORMED GOVERNANCE, AND POLICY FORMULATION Ocean Governance SCIENCE Research, GOVERNMENT Knowledge-bases Rule Making Capacity Development Rule Implementation Technology Rule Adjudication Innovation Ocean Sciences

Physical Oceanography Chemical Oceanography Biological Oceanography Marine Biology Ecology Conservation Biology Fisheries and Resource Use Sciences Global Change Sciences Economic Sciences Social Sciences Governance Ocean Measurement and Analyses are Changing

4IR Ocean Robotics Remote Sensing Direct Sampling Big Data Analyses and Modelling Machine Learning Automated Analytics GOVERNMENT POLICY SOCIETY Rule Making GOVERNANCE Economy Rule Implementation Social Foundation Rule Adjudication Environment

DATA IN A CHANGING OCEAN MODELS & Oceanography NOVEL OCEAN SCIENCE SCENARIOS DATA (4IR) Biotopes, Habitats, CHANGES IN OCEAN RESOURCE USE Ecosystems

Ocean Robotics Biodiversity Ecosystem Accounts Environmental Economic Accounts Input Resource Flows To Remote Sensing National Accounts Big Data Ecosystem Service Risk Accounts OCEAN ECONOMY & Abiotic Service Social Accounts Output Impact Flows From Analyses & Modelling Governance Accounts Machine Learning Resource Use Automated Analytics Social Sciences

Economic Sciences OCEAN ACCOUNTS FRAMEWORKS SPATIAL ANALYSES / GIS APPLICATIONS ECOSYSTEM ACCOUNTS ENVIRONMENTAL – ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Environmental Costs of Consumption PRODUCTION PROVISIONING ECOSYSTEM SOCIETY Environmental Costs of Production Labour & Human SERVICE Natural Capital Capital REVENUE Built Capital CONSUMPTION & PRODUCT ACCUMULATION BY SOCIETY PRODUCTION ABIOTIC SERVICE LABOUR Labour & Human Natural Capital EXPORTS Capital WAGES Balance of Trade Built Capital IMPORTS

REGULATORY ECOSYSTEM Costs SERVICES Government Natural Declines in Regulatory ES Assets Expenditure Capital have costs to Society & Costs to Society RISK ACCOUNTS Government Taxes / Royalties GOVERNANCE ACCOUNTS CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES GOVERNMENT Natural Non-use Capital SOCIAL ACCOUNTS ES Asset Ocean Accounts and Ocean Sciences Why? 1. Informed decision making within policy development that extends from and ecosystem level to a National Accounts level. 2. Integration of new ocean data and Identification of data gaps and needs. 3. Broader scope of valuation than national accounts in terms of blue economy approaches of sustainability and inclusivity. 4. Justification of the value of Research, Management and Policy in the ocean space. 5. Positioning of strategy development in ocean economic development. Thank You for your attention

For Further information please contact: Ken Findlay Research Chair: Oceans Economy Cape Peninsula University of Technology District Six Campus Tel: +27 21 4603192 email: [email protected]