DOCSLIB.ORG

Ocean Accounts and Ocean Sciences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ocean Accounts and Ocean Sciences Ocean Accounts and Ocean Sciences Ken Findlay CPUT Research Chair: Oceans Economy Centre for Sustainable Oceans Cape Peninsula University of Technology South Africa THE EARTH’S OCEANS OCEANS COVER APPROXIMATELY 71% OR 362 000 000 SQUARE KILOMETRES OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE. VOLUME OF APPROXIMATELY 1.335 BILLION CUBIC KILOMETRES. AVERAGE DEPTH APPROXIMATELY 3.8 KILOMETRES. MAXIMUM DEPTHS OF OVER 10 KILOMETRES. 40% OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION LIVES WITHIN 100 KM OF THE COAST. ALMOST 3 BILLION PEOPLE DEPEND ON OCEANS AS LIVELIHOODS OCEANS, OCEAN BASINS AND SEAS OCEANS ARE HIGHLY FLUID AND DYNAMIC OCEANS ARE THREE DIMENSIONAL OCEAN CHARACTERISTICS ARE TO A LARGE EXTENT GOVERNED BY LATITUDE AND DEPTH OCEAN TEMPERATURE AND LATITUDE After NOAA Office of Satellite and Product Operations OCEAN DEPTH - TOPOGRAPHY IS NOT UNIFORM CONTINENTAL SHELF SHELF BREAK SEAMOUNT CONTINENTAL SLOPE CONTINENTAL OCEAN BASIN FLOOR RISE TRENCH (To over 10 km deep) OCEAN DEPTH AND TEMPERATURE + TEMPERATURE _ TEMPERATURE DECREASES WITH DEPTH BUT NOT UNIFORMLY THERMOCLINES OCEAN DEPTH AND PRESSURE _ PRESSURE + PRESSURE INCREASES WITH DEPTH OCEAN DEPTH AND LIGHT _ + Photic Zone (0 - 80 m) Epipelagic Zone (80 – 200 m) NUTRIENTS Mesopelagic Zone (200 – 1000m) LIGHT Bathypelagic Zone PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY + REQUIRES LIGHT AND _ NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY Abyssopelagic Zone LIMITED TO THE PHOTIC ZONE IN SURFACE WATERS Hadal Zone UPWELLING ZONES UPWELLING EXAMPLE Offshore Winds Ekman Transport Surface Waters Offshore Upwelling of Clear Nutrient NUTRIENTS, CLEARWATER Rich waters AND SUNLIGHT = PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY HIGH TROPHIC SYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY Benguela, California, Chile / Peru, Oman OCEAN CURRENTS Wind or ThermoHaline Driven For example, South Africa’s oceanography is diverse leading to a range of different ecosystems on different coasts Benguela Current Agulhas Current Cold Temperate West Coast Tropical East Coast OCEAN CURRENTS AND BORDERS ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN THE OCEAN AS A VERY PATCHY (AND DYNAMICALLY PATCHY) ENVIRONMENT COASTAL (0 – 5 m) SUBTIDAL (5 – 30 m) NERITIC - CONTINENTAL SHELF (30 - 200 m) PELAGIC OPEN OCEAN CONTINENTAL SLOPE (200 - 3000 m) CONTINENTAL RISE (3000 – 4000 m) ABYSSAL (4000 m +) OCEAN USES FISHERIES RECREATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL Abalone Beach sailing EBSA TRANSPORT & INFRASTRUCTURE AQUACULTURE Hake Handline Beach-going Important Bird Area Harbours Onshore Aquaculture Squid Handline Birding Important Mammal Area Shipping Abalone Ranching Traditional Handline Day walks MPA Dredging Cage Aquaculture Oyster Dedicated Swim Species Significant Area Lighthouse Raft Aquaculture Seaweed Jetski World Heritage Area Roads and anchorages Seaweed Aquaculture Mussel Kite surfing Special Protected Area Small harbour Hake Longline Motor Cruising Ramsar Site Outfall TOURISM Patagonian Tooth-fish Longline Offshore and sail cruising Seal diving Tuna and swordfish longline SCUBA CULTURAL VALUES Shark diving OIL & GAS Horse mackerel Snorkel Aesthetic Site Whale watching Disbanded Facility Tuna Pole SUP Bequest Site Aquariums Exclusion Zone Anchovy Purse seine Surfing Cultural Site Ports and Harbours Exploration Horse Mackerel Purse seine Surfski and kayak National Monument Protected Area Use Pipeline Sardine Purse seine Historic Site SCUBA diving Production Facility Octopus Trap Spiritual Site Seal cruises RECREATIONAL FISHING Seismics Rock lobster Trap Boat cruises Bait Agulhas Sole Trawl Caravan and camping East coast lobster MINING Demersal shark Trawl Holiday home Estuary Diamond Hake inshore Trawl Hotels Intertidal Phosphate Hake offshore Trawl Overnight hikes Spearfishing Salt Prawn Trawl Surf and Rock Sand Rock Lobster dive Titanium Boat ENERGY Energy Currents Energy Tidal Energy Wave Energy Wind Oceans are Changing Water temperature Ocean acidification Deoxygenation Oceanic circulation and chemistry Rising sea levels Increased storm intensity Loss of diversity and abundance of marine species Human Resource Use of Oceans are Changing Global increases in Ocean Economies and Blue Economies* as nations or regions turn to new opportunities to foster economic growth and ensure food and energy security. * Blue Economy – here taken to mean inclusion of sustainability, equity and equitable access and inclusivity within ocean economy governance models and policy. THERE IS A NEED FOR CLEAR INCLUSIVE DEFINITIONS OF OCEAN AND BLUE ECONOMY Humans derive numerous benefits from ocean systems through ecosystem & abiotic services. Both market & non-market values, & assets require accounting in the estimation of the contribution of oceans to societal well-being, as do the impacts of economies on environment. Ecosystem Services Abiotic Services Human CULTURAL PROVISIONING REGULATORY ENVIRONMENTAL ECOSYSTEM Economies, ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE Natural Production, Capital Consumption & Accumulation ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY Ocean ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION Ecosystems Production / consumption ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE impacts Require new “blue economy” ecosystem-based approaches to ocean governance to account for inclusivity & sustainability within ocean resource use, changing ocean environments and new approaches to ocean sciences 5. Decreased function means 2. The ocean environment provides decreased services Ecosystem Services humans with numerous resource uses Provisioning all of which have values Resource Users Environment Regulatory VALUES Cultural Fisheries Tourism 1. The ocean environment has Energy ecosystem function and ocean Environmental Climate Regulation health and integrity underpins Services Carbon Sink resource-uses. Spiritual Aesthetic 6. Ecological Governance is Bequest required to optimise human Mining Transport 4. Conflict decreases benefits without compromising 3. Increasing oceans ecosystem function ocean health. economies in and integrity and “Ocean Health is Ocean Wealth” accessible ocean space reduces service increases sectoral and provision environmental conflict User – User Conflicts across multi-sectors are self explanatory in the context of limited ocean space INDUSTRY PROTECTION versus Direct User – Environment Conflicts from Ocean Economy Industry Sectors • Unsustainable extraction of marine resources, • Pollution from marine sources (including acoustics), • Impacts of alien invasive species, and • Physical alteration and destruction of marine habitat. Indirect Externalities of Human Industry and Consumption • Pollution from land-based sources (e.g. plastics) • Ocean acidification and climate change impacts Falkenmark’s Trialogue Model of Ecosystem Governance Hattingh et al. 2007; Turton et al. 2007 SOCIETY Economy Social Environment THE ROLE OF ACADEMIA IN PROVIDING INFORMED GOVERNANCE, AND POLICY FORMULATION Ocean Governance SCIENCE Research, GOVERNMENT Knowledge-bases Rule Making Capacity Development Rule Implementation Technology Rule Adjudication Innovation Ocean Sciences Physical Oceanography Chemical Oceanography Biological Oceanography Marine Biology Ecology Conservation Biology Fisheries and Resource Use Sciences Global Change Sciences Economic Sciences Social Sciences Governance Ocean Measurement and Analyses are Changing 4IR Ocean Robotics Remote Sensing Direct Sampling Big Data Analyses and Modelling Machine Learning Automated Analytics GOVERNMENT POLICY SOCIETY Rule Making GOVERNANCE Economy Rule Implementation Social Foundation Rule Adjudication Environment DATA IN A CHANGING OCEAN MODELS & Oceanography NOVEL OCEAN SCIENCE SCENARIOS DATA (4IR) Biotopes, Habitats, CHANGES IN OCEAN RESOURCE USE Ecosystems Ocean Robotics Biodiversity Ecosystem Accounts Environmental Economic Accounts Input Resource Flows To Remote Sensing National Accounts Big Data Ecosystem Service Risk Accounts OCEAN ECONOMY & Abiotic Service Social Accounts Output Impact Flows From Analyses & Modelling Governance Accounts Machine Learning Resource Use Automated Analytics Social Sciences Economic Sciences OCEAN ACCOUNTS FRAMEWORKS SPATIAL ANALYSES / GIS APPLICATIONS ECOSYSTEM ACCOUNTS ENVIRONMENTAL – ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Environmental Costs of Consumption PRODUCTION PROVISIONING ECOSYSTEM SOCIETY Environmental Costs of Production Labour & Human SERVICE Natural Capital Capital REVENUE Built Capital CONSUMPTION & PRODUCT ACCUMULATION BY SOCIETY PRODUCTION ABIOTIC SERVICE LABOUR Labour & Human Natural Capital EXPORTS Capital WAGES Balance of Trade Built Capital IMPORTS REGULATORY ECOSYSTEM Costs SERVICES Government Natural Declines in Regulatory ES Assets Expenditure Capital have costs to Society & Costs to Society RISK ACCOUNTS Government Taxes / Royalties GOVERNANCE ACCOUNTS CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES GOVERNMENT Natural Non-use Capital SOCIAL ACCOUNTS ES Asset Ocean Accounts and Ocean Sciences Why? 1. Informed decision making within policy development that extends from and ecosystem level to a National Accounts level. 2. Integration of new ocean data and Identification of data gaps and needs. 3. Broader scope of valuation than national accounts in terms of blue economy approaches of sustainability and inclusivity. 4. Justification of the value of Research, Management and Policy in the ocean space. 5. Positioning of strategy development in ocean economic development. Thank You for your attention For Further information please contact: Ken Findlay Research Chair: Oceans Economy Cape Peninsula University of Technology District Six Campus Tel: +27 21 4603192 email: [email protected].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Impacts of Climate Change on the Occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms
    Office of Water EPA 820-S-13-001 MC 4304T May 2013 Impacts of Climate Change on the Occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms Summary Background Climate change is predicted to change many Algae occur naturally in marine and fresh waters. environmental conditions that could affect the Under favorable conditions that include adequate natural properties of fresh and marine waters both in light availability, warm waters, and high nutrient the US and worldwide. Changes in these factors levels, algae can rapidly grow and multiply causing could favor the growth of harmful algal blooms and “blooms.” Blooms of algae can cause damage to habitat changes such that marine HABs can invade aquatic environments by blocking sunlight and and occur in freshwater. An increase in the depleting oxygen required by other aquatic occurrence and intensity of harmful algal blooms organisms, restricting their growth and survival. may negatively impact the environment, human Some species of algae, including golden and red health, and the economy for communities across the algae and certain types of cyanobacteria, can produce US and around the world. The purpose of this fact potent toxins that can cause adverse health effects to sheet is to provide climate change researchers and wildlife and humans, such as damage to the liver and decision–makers a summary of the potential impacts nervous system. When algal blooms impair aquatic of climate change on harmful algal blooms in ecosystems or have the potential to affect human freshwater and marine ecosystems. Although much health, they are known as harmful algal blooms of the evidence presented in this fact sheet suggests (HABs).
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Circulation and Climate: an Overview
    ocean-climate.org Bertrand Delorme Ocean Circulation and Yassir Eddebbar and Climate: an Overview Ocean circulation plays a central role in regulating climate and supporting marine life by transporting heat, carbon, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the world’s ocean. As human-emitted greenhouse gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere, the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) plays an increasingly important role in sequestering anthropogenic heat and carbon into the deep ocean, thus modulating the course of climate change. Anthropogenic warming, in turn, can influence global ocean circulation through enhancing ocean stratification by warming and freshening the high latitude upper oceans, rendering it an integral part in understanding and predicting climate over the 21st century. The interactions between the MOC and climate are poorly understood and underscore the need for enhanced observations, improved process understanding, and proper model representation of ocean circulation on several spatial and temporal scales. The ocean is in perpetual motion. Through its DRIVING MECHANISMS transport of heat, carbon, plankton, nutrients, and oxygen around the world, ocean circulation regulates Global ocean circulation can be divided into global climate and maintains primary productivity and two major components: i) the fast, wind-driven, marine ecosystems, with widespread implications upper ocean circulation, and ii) the slow, deep for global fisheries, tourism, and the shipping ocean circulation. These two components act industry. Surface and subsurface currents, upwelling, simultaneously to drive the MOC, the movement of downwelling, surface and internal waves, mixing, seawater across basins and depths. eddies, convection, and several other forms of motion act jointly to shape the observed circulation As the name suggests, the wind-driven circulation is of the world’s ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Spearfishing in Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
    · Great • Reef Marine Park Authoiity LAw Bu • Issue Number 18 SPEARFISHING IN GREAT BARRIER REEF MARINE PARK Where am I allowed to spearfish? Seasonal Closure Areas You may spearfish in all gerieral use zones in the Seasonal Closure Areas are areas closed to all access Marine Park, and in all non-zoned sections of the during the breeding or nesting periods of birds or Marine Park. You should note that some Queensland other marine life. The closure of these areas is waters are closed to spearfishing - there are details advertised. of those areas in the Queensland Harbours ahd What equipment can I use? Marine Tide Tables. You may only spearfish using a snorkel and a hand Where am I NOT allowed to spearfish? spear or speargun. You may not use any other You may not spearfish in Marine National Park 'A', underwater breathing equipment (such as scuba or Marine National Park Buffer and Marine National hookah) and you may only use a powerhead for Park 'B' Zones, nor in Scientific Research or protection against a shark attack. Preservation Zones. You also may not spearfish in areas where periodic restrictions are in operation. Can I sell fish I spear? These areas may be Replenishment Areas, Reef Spearfishing for the purpose of sale or trade is not Appreciation Areas, Reef Research Areas or Seasonal allowed in the Marine Park, with one exception, in Closure Areas. the Far Northern Section of the Marine Park it is permitted to spear crayfish for purposes of sale or Replenishment Areas trade (you can also use scuba or hookah in this A Replenishment Area is an area closed for a circumstance - but only for crayfish).
    [Show full text]
  • California Regulatory Notice Register 2008, Volume No. 26-Z
    ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER, GOVERNOR OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REGISTER 2008, NO. 27–Z PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY THE OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JULY 4, 2008 PROPOSED ACTION ON REGULATIONS TITLE 2. FAIR POLITICAL PRACTICES COMMISSION Conflict of Interest Code — Notice File No. Z2008–0618–01 . 1123 STATE AGENCY: Office of Information Security and Privacy Protection MULTI COUNTY: Desert Community College District Lowell Joint School District TITLE 2. FAIR POLITICAL PRACTICES COMMISSION Conflict of Interest Code — Notice File No. Z2008–0623–02 . 1124 Tulare County Office of Education TITLE 3. DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Light Brown Apple Moth Interior Quarantine — Notice File No. Z2008–0623–04 . 1125 TITLE 3. DEPARTMENT OF PESTICIDE REGULATION Notification & Application—Specific Information — Notice File No. Z2008–0624–05 . 1127 TITLE 8. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS BOARD General Industry Safety Orders — Aerosol Transmissible Diseases — Zoonotics — Notice File No. Z2008–0624–09 . 1129 TITLE 9. DEPARTMENT OF REHABILITATION Accreditation of Community Rehabilitation Programs — Notice File No. Z2008–0623–01 . 1151 TITLE 11. PEACE OFFICER STANDARDS AND TRAINING Child Safety When a Caretaker Parent or Guardian is Arrested — Notice File No. Z2008–0624–11 . 1155 TITLE 11. PEACE OFFICER STANDARDS AND TRAINING Training and Testing Specifications — DA Invest — Notice File No. Z2008–0624–10 . 1156 TITLE 15. DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS AND REHABILITATION Division of Audit Parole Operations Revisions — Notice File No. Z2008–0619–01 . 1158 (Continued on next page) Time- Dated Material GENERAL PUBLIC INTEREST DEPARTMENT OF FAIR EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSING List of Prospective Contractors Ineligible to Enter Into State Contracts . 1161 DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME CESA Consistency Determination Request for San Pablo Dam Seismic Upgrade Project, Contra Costa County .
    [Show full text]
  • Crab Predators Are More Important at Higher Latitudes
    Marine Biology (2019) 166:142 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3587-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Variation in consumer pressure along 2500 km in a major upwelling system: crab predators are more important at higher latitudes Catalina A. Musrri1 · Alistair G. B. Poore2 · Iván A. Hinojosa3,4 · Erasmo C. Macaya4,5,6 · Aldo S. Pacheco7 · Alejandro Pérez‑Matus8 · Oscar Pino‑Olivares1 · Nicolás Riquelme‑Pérez1 · Wolfgang B. Stotz1 · Nelson Valdivia6,9 · Vieia Villalobos1,10 · Martin Thiel1,4,11 Received: 21 January 2019 / Accepted: 10 September 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Consumer pressure in benthic communities is predicted to be higher at low than at high latitudes, but support for this pat- tern has been ambiguous, especially for herbivory. To understand large-scale variation in biotic interactions, we quantify consumption (predation and herbivory) along 2500 km of the Chilean coast (19°S–42°S). We deployed tethering assays at ten sites with three diferent baits: the crab Petrolisthes laevigatus as living prey for predators, dried squid as dead prey for predators/scavengers, and the kelp Lessonia spp. for herbivores. Underwater videos were used to characterize the consumer community and identify those species consuming baits. The species composition of consumers, frequency of occurrence, and maximum abundance (MaxN) of crustaceans and the blenniid fsh Scartichthys spp. varied across sites. Consumption of P. laevigatus and kelp did not vary with latitude, while squid baits were consumed more quickly at mid and high latitudes. This is likely explained by the increased occurrence of predatory crabs, which was positively correlated with consumption of squidpops after 2 h.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Upwelling Revisited: Ekman, Bakun, and Improved 10.1029/2018JC014187 Upwelling Indices for the U.S
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans RESEARCH ARTICLE Coastal Upwelling Revisited: Ekman, Bakun, and Improved 10.1029/2018JC014187 Upwelling Indices for the U.S. West Coast Key Points: Michael G. Jacox1,2 , Christopher A. Edwards3 , Elliott L. Hazen1 , and Steven J. Bograd1 • New upwelling indices are presented – for the U.S. West Coast (31 47°N) to 1NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA, USA, 2NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, address shortcomings in historical 3 indices USA, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA • The Coastal Upwelling Transport Index (CUTI) estimates vertical volume transport (i.e., Abstract Coastal upwelling is responsible for thriving marine ecosystems and fisheries that are upwelling/downwelling) disproportionately productive relative to their surface area, particularly in the world’s major eastern • The Biologically Effective Upwelling ’ Transport Index (BEUTI) estimates boundary upwelling systems. Along oceanic eastern boundaries, equatorward wind stress and the Earth s vertical nitrate flux rotation combine to drive a near-surface layer of water offshore, a process called Ekman transport. Similarly, positive wind stress curl drives divergence in the surface Ekman layer and consequently upwelling from Supporting Information: below, a process known as Ekman suction. In both cases, displaced water is replaced by upwelling of relatively • Supporting Information S1 nutrient-rich water from below, which stimulates the growth of microscopic phytoplankton that form the base of the marine food web. Ekman theory is foundational and underlies the calculation of upwelling indices Correspondence to: such as the “Bakun Index” that are ubiquitous in eastern boundary upwelling system studies. While generally M. G. Jacox, fi [email protected] valuable rst-order descriptions, these indices and their underlying theory provide an incomplete picture of coastal upwelling.
    [Show full text]
  • Habs in UPWELLING SYSTEMS
    GEOHAB CORE RESEARCH PROJECT: HABs IN UPWELLING SYSTEMS 1 GEOHAB GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY OF HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS GEOHAB CORE RESEARCH PROJECT: HABS IN UPWELLING SYSTEMS AN INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME SPONSORED BY THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON OCEANIC RESEARCH (SCOR) AND THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (IOC) OF UNESCO EDITED BY: G. PITCHER, T. MOITA, V. TRAINER, R. KUDELA, P. FIGUEIRAS, T. PROBYN BASED ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY PARTICIPANTS OF THE GEOHAB OPEN SCIENCE MEETING ON HABS IN UPWELLING SYSTEMS AND THE GEOHAB SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE February 2005 3 This report may be cited as: GEOHAB 2005. Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms, GEOHAB Core Research Project: HABs in Upwelling Systems. G. Pitcher, T. Moita, V. Trainer, R. Kudela, P. Figueiras, T. Probyn (Eds.) IOC and SCOR, Paris and Baltimore. 82 pp. This document is GEOHAB Report #3. Copies may be obtained from: Edward R. Urban, Jr. Henrik Enevoldsen Executive Director, SCOR Programme Co-ordinator Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences IOC Science and Communication Centre on The Johns Hopkins University Harmful Algae Baltimore, MD 21218 U.S.A. Botanical Institute, University of Copenhagen Tel: +1-410-516-4070 Øster Farimagsgade 2D Fax: +1-410-516-4019 DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +45 33 13 44 46 Fax: +45 33 13 44 47 E-mail: [email protected] This report is also available on the web at: http://www.jhu.edu/scor/ http://ioc.unesco.org/hab ISSN 1538-182X Cover photos courtesy of: Vera Trainer Teresa Moita Grant Pitcher Copyright © 2005 IOC and SCOR.
    [Show full text]
  • Upwelling As a Source of Nutrients for the Great Barrier Reef Ecosystems: a Solution to Darwin's Question?
    Vol. 8: 257-269, 1982 MARINE ECOLOGY - PROGRESS SERIES Published May 28 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. / I Upwelling as a Source of Nutrients for the Great Barrier Reef Ecosystems: A Solution to Darwin's Question? John C. Andrews and Patrick Gentien Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia ABSTRACT: The Great Barrier Reef shelf ecosystem is examined for nutrient enrichment from within the seasonal thermocline of the adjacent Coral Sea using moored current and temperature recorders and chemical data from a year of hydrology cruises at 3 to 5 wk intervals. The East Australian Current is found to pulsate in strength over the continental slope with a period near 90 d and to pump cold, saline, nutrient rich water up the slope to the shelf break. The nutrients are then pumped inshore in a bottom Ekman layer forced by periodic reversals in the longshore wind component. The period of this cycle is 12 to 25 d in summer (30 d year round average) and the bottom surges have an alternating onshore- offshore speed up to 10 cm S-'. Upwelling intrusions tend to be confined near the bottom and phytoplankton development quickly takes place inshore of the shelf break. There are return surface flows which preserve the mass budget and carry silicate rich Lagoon water offshore while nitrogen rich shelf break water is carried onshore. Upwelling intrusions penetrate across the entire zone of reefs, but rarely into the Lagoon. Nutrition is del~veredout of the shelf thermocline to the living coral of reefs by localised upwelling induced by the reefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Life on the Coral Reef
    Coral Reef Teacher’s Guide Life on the Coral Reef Life on the Coral Reef THE CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM The muddy silt drifts out to sea, covering the nearby Coral reefs provide the basis for the most productive coral reefs. Some corals can remove the silt, but many shallow water ecosystem in the world. An ecosystem cannot. If the silt is not washed off within a short pe- is a group of living things, such as coral, algae and riod of time by the current, the polyps suffocate and fishes, along with their non-living environment, such die. Not only the rainforest is destroyed, but also the as rocks, water, and sand. Each influences the other, neighboring coral reef. and both are necessary for the successful maintenance of life. If one is thrown out of balance by either natural Reef Zones or human-made causes, then the survival of the other Coral reefs are not uniform, but are shaped by the is seriously threatened. forces of the sea and the structure of the sea floor into DID YOU KNOW? All of the Earth’s ecosystems are a series of different parts or reef zones. Understand- interrelated, forming a shell of life that covers the ing these zones is useful in understanding the ecol- entire planet – the biosphere. For instance, if too many ogy of coral reefs. Keep in mind that these zones can trees are cut down in the rainforest, soil from the for- blend gradually into one another, and that sometimes est is washed by rain into rivers that run to the ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • SPEARFISHING Valid: Sept 1 – Aug 31 Resident – Non-Resident
    Section III – S . 1 SPEARFISHING Valid: Sept 1 – Aug 31 Resident – Non-Resident Alabama Game, Fish and Wildlife Law; Article 5; beginning with 9-11-170 PRIVILEGE: • Allows person completely submerged, to spear commercial or non-game fish in freshwater or saltwater state. NOTE: • Possession of speargun or spearing device in a boat or on the bank of a body of water is prima facie evidence of its use. • Appropriate freshwater and/or saltwater fishing license is also required for spearfishing in freshwater. • License not required to frog gig. COST: • Resident Annual ..................... $6.00 • Non-Resident Annual .............. $8.50 • Non-Resident 7-Day Trip ........ $3.50 HOW TO PURCHASE YOUR LICENSE: • Visit www.outdooralabama.com/alabama-license-information • Call 1-888-848-6887 (Immediate confirmation code is given. Processing fees apply) • Visit the Marine Resources Office o 999 Commerce Street, Gulf Shores, AL 36547 o 2 North Iberville, Dauphin Island, AL 36542 • Visit the Montgomery Office (64 North Union St., Ste. 567, Montgomery, AL 36104) o 64 N Union Street, Ste. 567, Montgomery, AL • Mail a completed application (download at www.outdooralabama.com/licenses) to Dept. of Conservation, Wildlife & Freshwater Fisheries, Attn: License Sales: o PO Box 301456, Montgomery, AL 36130-1456 o 64 N Union St., Ste. 567, Montgomery, AL 36104 (overnight/express) Wildlife & Freshwater Fisheries Division – License Manual Revised: 09/17 Revised: 09/17 Section III – S. 2 DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES WILDLIFE AND FRESHWATER FISHERIES DIVISION SPEARFISHING LICENSE Valid: Sept 1 – Aug 31 Resident LICENSE HOLDER: all information is required. PRINT OR TYPE ONLY INCOMPLETE APPLICATIONS WILL BE RETURNED Name: ____________________________________________________________ Sex: Male Female (1) Social Security #: - - Driver’s License # __________________ Wt.
    [Show full text]
  • A Quantitative Comparison of Recreational Spearwshing and Linewshing on the Great Barrier Reef: Implications for Management of Multi-Sector Coral Reef Wsheries
    Coral Reefs (2008) 27:85–95 DOI 10.1007/s00338-007-0293-z REPORT A quantitative comparison of recreational spearWshing and lineWshing on the Great Barrier Reef: implications for management of multi-sector coral reef Wsheries A. J. Frisch · R. Baker · J-P. A. Hobbs · L. Nankervis Received: 3 May 2007 / Accepted: 6 August 2007 / Published online: 25 August 2007 © Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract This study compared the catch composition, equitably across both Wshing sectors. A management strategy catch per unit eVort, and incidental impacts of spearWshers of this type will simplify enforcement of Wsheries regulations and lineWshers engaged in a structured Wshing program and avoid discrimination of particular Wshers in local whereby Wshing eVort was standardized across time, space communities where both Wshing methods are socially or and skill level. It was found that (1) the catch composition culturally important. of both groups of Wshers overlapped considerably, (2) the numbers of target Wsh caught by spearWshers (156) and Keywords SpearWshing · LineWshing · Catch per unit lineWshers (168) were not signiWcantly diVerent, (3) the eVort · Selectivity · Coral trout · Bycatch mean size of target Wsh caught by spearWshers (1.95 § 0.1 kg, §SE) was signiWcantly larger than the mean size of target Wsh caught by lineWshers (1.27 § 0.06 kg), and (4) spear- Introduction Wshers retained 43% more biomass of target species than did lineWshers (304 versus 213 kg, respectively). However, OverWshing is deemed to be one of the greatest threats to lineWshers used »1 kg of bait for every 3 kg of target Wsh the future of coral reefs (Jackson et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Spearfishing in the Cairns Region?
    GOING SPEARFISHING IN THE CAIRNS REGION? The Cairns region is a popular area to visit on the Great Barrier Reef. To help protect this iconic area there are special rules in place for spearshing. Where is spearfishing allowed in the Cairns region? To know where you are allowed to spearsh, please refer to the map on the back of this page. This map shows the rules for marine parks zoning, which includes the Public Appreciation Special Management Areas. Please note: This means that you cannot spearsh in yellow zones marked as Public Appreciation zones – which are shown on the map as yellow, with a pink dotted border. For more detailed information, see the Cairns Zoning Map 5 or visit www.gbrmpa.gov.au. For further information on Qld Fisheries legislation, including spearshing restrictions, visit www.daf.qld.gov.au. Responsible Reef practices Rules for • Spear only what you need spearfishing • Do not pursue a sh if you are unsure of its identity or size When you spearsh on the Great Barrier Reef, you • Do not anchor on coral can use a snorkel when using a spear or spear gun. You cannot use: a powerhead or other • Avoid taking plant-eating sh like parrotsh, which remove rearm, a light, scuba or other underwater algae and provide space for new corals to grow breathing apparatus. Note: Fishers using spear guns cannot have a loaded spear gun out of the water. For further information contact: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Be crocwise in and (07) 4750 0700 around crocodile habitat. www.gbrmpa.gov.au Current as at September 2019 145°30'0"E 146°0'0"E 146°30'0"E SPEARFISHING IN THE 147°0'0"E CAIRNS PLANNING AREA CAIRNS PLANNING AREA Daintree SOUTH OF DAINTREE ! THIS MAP SHOWS THE AREAS OPEN AND CLOSED TO SPEARFISHING Low For detailed information in this area, refer to the Great Barrier Islands Reef Marine Park Zoning Plan 2003, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Regulations 2019 and Marine Parks (Great Barrier Reef Coast) Zoning Plan 2004.
    [Show full text]