International Camellia Journal 2012 Journal Camellia International International Camellia Society International Number Issn 0159-656X International Camellia Journal

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AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF 2012 INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA JOURNAL 2012 JOURNAL CAMELLIA INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL NUMBER ISSN 0159-656X INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA JOURNAL

国际山茶杂志国際ツノヾキ会誌 JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL DU CAMELLIA REVISTA INTERNAZIONALE DELLA CAMELIA REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE LA CAMELIA INTERNATIONALE KAMELIENZEITSCHRIFT INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA TIJDSCHRIFT

1962 2012

An un-named F2 hybrid with C.nitidissima in its parentage.

Ever since the discovery of this species in tropical Guangxi Province, China, more than fifty years ago hybridists have been trying to use its genes to produce yellow blooming camellias for gardens in temperate zones. A dream for camellia enthusiasts everywhere.

After much work by many hybridists, producing thousands of seedlings with ‘nearly yellow’ flowers is it possible that, at last, ICS members all over the world will be celebrating the next fifty years with mass plantings of beautiful camellias covered with golden yellow flowers ? 50 YEARS FRONT COVER PICTURE The front cover shows part of a collection of International Camellia Journals dating from 1962 to 2012. The article on p20 includes outlines of the their development from the first journal produced by Charles Puddle in 1962, before the days of computers, digital cameras and instant communication.

JOURNAL PRODUCTION

The International Camellia Journal goes through several stages before reaching its readers. Graham Mallett has been integral to the whole process during the last six years.

The editor gathers articles and photographs from around the world, all received as e-mail attachments, or by other electronic methods. Texts are stored, organised into some order and edited. Photographs are checked for relevance, quality and definition. Enjoyable and creative exchanges of e-mails often take place.

Shigeo Matsumoto Zhonglang Wang Japan China , 14 Mill Lane, Wimborne, Dorset BH21 1LN, UK. +44 (0)1202 882277 (0)1202 +44 UK. 1LN, BH21 Dorset Wimborne, Lane, Mill 14 , Top: Graham and Jennifer working on the layout for the 2012 Journal with data from Jennifer’s laptop. Max Hill Karin Jacobs-Gebauer

Right: Bee Robson France Germany Press Minster The proofing the Journal Translators

The editor indicates her preferred placement of images & tables, then, when all the main by Printed articles are ready, they go to Graham for initial ‘layout’. Reports from ICS officers, news from the regions and other items, plus advertisements and translations are all incorporated. Finally there are several sessions with the editor, working to ensure that there are no big empty spaces or major errors. Many mugs of coffee are consumed. The proof-reader then scrutinises the whole product before Graham prepares the final version and sends it to Minster Press for printing. Jennifer Trehane 1

International Camellia Journal 2012 No. 44

An official publication of the International Camellia Society

Aims of the International Camellia Society

To foster the love of camellias throughout the world and maintain and increase their popularity To undertake historical, scientific and horticultural research in connection with camellias To co-operate with all national and regional camellia societies and with other horticultural societies To disseminate information concerning camellias by means of bulletins and other publications To encourage a friendly exchange between camellia enthusiasts of all nationalities

MAJOR DATES ON THE INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA CALENDAR

2013 Feb 21st - 26th --- 3rd International Academic Forum on Yellow Camellias.

2013 April 5th -7th --- Meeting of ICS Historic Camellias Group. Pallanza. Italy.

International Camellia Congresses

2014 --- Galicia, North West Spain.

2016 --- Dali, Yunnan, China.

2018 --- Nantes, Brittany, France. 2 Contents Message from the President 4 Patricia L. Short Notes from the Editor 6 Jennifer Trehane Summary of I.C.S. Web Manager’s Report David Trehane International Camellia Congress 2014, Galicia, Spain 7 The 2013 Nanning 3rd International Academic Forum on Yellow Camellias in Guangxi, China 12 Impressions of the 2012 ICS Congress in Chuxiong 13 Gary Long Chuxiong Post-Congress Tour to Shangri-la 17 Mike Robson The International Camellia Society – The First Fifty Years 20 Jennifer Trehane Historic Camellias and Conservation Camellia Archaeology at Quinta de Fiães, Portugal 38 Joana Andresen Guedes, with Herbert Short and José Louzada The Soutomaior Botanic Park and its camellia collection 41 Salinero M.C., Vela P., González M., Neves A., Barros A., Mansilla P. Splendor of Italian Camellias 44 Mirella Gloria Motta Camellia Culture in Yunnan 50 Zhang Fang-Yu Chuxiong Camellia, its discovery, history and present development 52 Wang Zhonglang, Xia Lifang, Feng Baojun, Toshiaki Shiuchi, Xu Chunmei The Camellia Ark: Australia’s new camellia conservation project 58 Stephen Utick Preservation and conservation of ancient Theaceae germplasm from biological refuges in Vietnam 61 D. R. Winn A challenging way to save the ancient camellia tree at Mt. Daluoshan in Wenzhou, China 64 Jiyuan Li, Jiarong Wang Protection of Historic Camellias in Goto Islands 66 Chuji Hiruki, Satoru Shima, Motoyo Oomi, Shiori Kimura, Shusuke Kubo and Kanji Yoshida Floral variations of wild Yunnan camellia on Mt. Zixi, Chuxiong City, Yunnan Province, China 68 Toshiaki Shiuchi, Tadashi Kanemoto, Zhonglang Wang, Jingxiu Li, Baojun Feng, Kaiyun Guan Characterization and identification of oldCamellia japonica L. cultivars growing at the Pazo de Gandarón, Pazo de Lourizán, Soutomaior Castle & some of the urban gardens of Pontevedra & Santiago de Compostela 71 Salinero M.C., Vela P., Couselo J.L., Sainz M. J., Neves A., González M. Multi-characteristic descriptions of camellia cultivars for long-term identification and conservation 77 Martin F. Stoner A summary of camellia conservation around the world 84 Jennifer Trehane Breeding and Cultivation It is joyful and fun to breed new camellias effectively 92 John Wang An excellent cultivar derived from F2 hybrids of Camellia nitidissima 96 Huang Liandong, Li Zhihui Ectomycorrhizal fungi promote cultivation of camellia plants 98 Tang Yongjun, Zhou Ming A significant achievement on camellia breeding in china 101 Liu Xinkai, Huang Wanjian, Zhong Naisheng, Chen Guanghui, Feng Guimei and Gao Jiyin Pollen morphology, vitality and storage capacity of Camellia rosthorniana Hand.-Mazz 109 Xu Lin, Du Kebing, Chen Fazhi, Yang Shoukun, Chen Weidong Grafting methods and rootstock varieties of Camellia in Sichuan 111 Li Zhou, Wei He, Bo Tian, Chongping Tan, Hongqun Jiang 3 The key technology of cutting propagation for Camellia reticulata 114 Yang Yuexian, Wang Zhonglang, Duan Anan, Dong Li, Gao Yuanhua Hybridization of Camellia species and study on chromosomes of hybrids 117 Shen Yunguang, Wang Zhonglang, Feng Baojun, Xie Jian Effects of liming on the growth of Camellia japonica cultivars in acid soils 120 Salinero M.C., Vela P., Sainz M.J., Couselo J.L. Disease and Pest Control Scale insects detected on camellia in Galicia 123 Rosa Pérez-Otero, Pedro Mansilla, Carmen Salinero Camellia japonica dieback caused by Neofusicoccum luteum and N. parvum in Spain 126 Pintos, C., Redondo, V., Chaves, M., Rial, C., Aguín, O., Mansilla, J.P. and Salinero, C. Assays with commercial fungicides against sclerotia formation in flowers infected byCiborinia camelliae 129 Salinero M.C., Couselo J.L., Vela P., Neves A., González M., Mansilla, P. In vitro assessment of the antagonism of Trichoderma spp. isolates for the control of Ciborinia camelliae 135 Aguín O., Dalama J., Sainz M.J., Salinero M.C., Mansilla J.P. Fungal transmission of a color-breaking virus in Tama-no-ura camellia in Japan 138 Chuji Hiruki Taxonomy and Genetic Research Studies on the origin of Camellia x wabisuke 142 Takayuki Tanaka Molecular and morphological comparison of Camellia amplexicaulis (Pitard) Coh. Stuart (Theaceae) with its selected interspecific hybrids 147 G. Orel, A. D. Marchant, A. S. Curry Genetic diversities and conservation strategies of Camellia japonica populations between China and Japan 152 Li Lin, Ji-yuan Li, Sui Ni, Yue Chen, Zhenqi Fan, Xinlei Li DNA Study of the Chuxiong population of Camellia reticulata Lindl. by FTIR 155 Lu Qiu, Renming Liu, Ying Chen, Chenbo Cai, Peng Liu, Haiyan Yang, Suguo Fang, Minzhen Si Pseudopollen in the Genus Camellia, its definition, morphology and status 156 Wang Zhonglang, Noriyuki Fujishita, Toshiaki Shiuchi, Masashi Nakata Study on the Camellia liberofilamenta 159 Yang Cheng-hua, Deng Lun-xiu, Dai Xiaoyong A new species of yellow camellia (Sect. Piquetia) from Vietnam 161 Tran Ninh, Hakoda Naotoshi, Luong Van Dung Anatomy and Tissue Culture Two Studies on the Propagation of Camellia Chekiangoleosa Hu using Micropropagation Techniques. 163 Morphological differentiation in floral buds ofCamellia azalea Wei 164 Li Xinlei, Li Jiyuan, Sun Zhenyuan, Yin Hengfu, Fan Zhengqi Ultrastructure of cells in formation and release of volatile compounds in an aromatic camellia cultivar 165 Fan Zhengqi, Li Jiyuan, Li Xinlei, Yin Hengfu and Zhou Xingwen Content analysis of polyphenols, flavonoids and soluble sugar in six Sect.Theopsis camellias 168 Ying Zhen, Han Qin, Ni Sui, Lin Li, Chen Yue Cloning and expression characters of chalcone isomerase gene from Camellia nitidissima Chi 170 Zhou Xing-wen, Li Jiyuan, Fan Zhengqi, Yin Heng-fu I.C.S. Web Manager’s Report 171 Deceased 2012 and Obituaries 173 News from the Regions 176 Treasurer’s Report 178 I.C.S. Membership Report 182 International Camellia Society Directors and other Officers 189 Contents’ Translations Voir page 192 pour la traduction du résumé du message de notre President, Notes sur le Journal 2012, et Site ICS dans ce Journal. Translated by Max Hill s.S.195: Zusammenfassung der Mitteilungen des Praesidenten, Anmerkungen zum Journal 2012, und Bericht des Organisators für die ICS Internetseite dieses Journals. Translated by Karin Jacobs-Gebauer 会长致辞、编辑评论及国际茶花协会网站管理员报告之中文翻译参见198页，由王仲朗翻译。 Translated by Wang Zhonglang 会長のメッセージ、編集長のノート及びICSウェブマスターの報告の日本語訳については201頁をご覧ください。（松本重雄訳） Translated by Shigeo Matsumoto 4

Message from the President Patricia L. Short

Welcome to the 50th Anniversary issue of the International Camellia Journal!

Usually when one hits the age of 50, one starts to feel various creaks in the bones and aches in the muscles. But for the International Camellia Society, things seem to be going from strength to strength.

Our membership is holding reasonably steady, a reflection of the work we do to keep the Society attractive and appealing to new members. Two important factors help us communicate our love of camellias:

* The Journal, with its broad offering of features and news about the world of camellias, under the strong editorship of Jennifer Trehane. After producing six stellar issues of the Journal, Jennifer is retiring at the end of this year. She will be succeeded by Bee Robson, a U.K. camellian and author, with passion for historic camellias.

* The ICS website, now being given a professional revamp by new web manager David Trehane. The complicated job is taking longer than originally anticipated, but as I write this, we expect the relaunch to occur by the end of 2012.

Part of the challenge of maintaining enthusiasm and passion for our beloved flowers and the society is met by our Congresses. And those go from strength to strength as well. The Congress in Chuxiong, in China’s Yunnan Province, in February, was a spectacular success. The warmth of our hosts’ welcome and the beauty of the camellias in Yunnan stunned congress first-timers and overwhelmed even ‘old China hands’. Knowing Galicia, in northwest Spain, and northern Portugal, I can confidently predict that the Congress of 2014 will be equally warm and welcoming, showing off the unique personality that marks each Congress. The Pontevedra Congress itinerary and program, pre-Congress program 5

based in Porto, and post-Congress program in Pontevedra, are now posted on the website http://camellia2014.efa-dip.org/Index.htm. Costs will be added to the website, and also distributed to all membership representatives, as soon as possible.

Meanwhile, in late February 2013 comes the Third International Academic Forum on Yellow Camellias in Nanning, capital city of Guangxi, in southern China. Many species of yellow camellia grow in the semi-tropical bamboo forests straddling the border between Guangxi and northern Vietnam. This forum will include scientific papers, a germplasm nursery, and a field trip to the C. nitidissima Natural Reserve just north of the Vietnamese border. For details of the forum, contact without delay Mr. Li Zhihui, at e-mail: [email protected]

At the Chuxiong Congress, Directors approved a record number of applications for ICS Garden of Excellence. Gardens are increasingly recognizing the importance of this accolade.

Soon after the Congress, for example, Herb and I travelled to Spain, where a party led by the Governor of the Province of Pontevedra and I, celebrated the recognition of Pontevedra’s Soutomaior Castle Park as an ICS Garden of Excellence. The ICS is now preparing a small handbook/guidebook that will display all our ICS Gardens of Excellence – now numbering 30 – with details on contacting or visiting them. The handbook will be easily updatable; we welcome new applications from gardens that meet the stringent criteria.

Many of our gardens around the world have historic camellias, planted before the turn of the 20th Century. Chuji Hiruki chairs the ICS Historic Camellias Group, which has members from around the world mutually developing ways to identify and conserve these rare old camellias. An international meeting of the group will be held in Italy this April. Contact Chuji for details about this group and its meeting, at e-mail: [email protected]

The ICS is constantly strengthened by the willingness of members to step up to help direct the society. The coming year marks a new term for ICS Directors and Officers. We are seeing new faces in some of the regions as long-standing Directors have retired, and we welcome them. We will miss working with those who are retiring from office, and we hope they will maintain their active interest in camellias and the ICS. I have been re- elected President for a second term, for which honour I thank the ICS Directors. Two of our vice-presidents have retired following their two terms in office: Chuji Hiruki in Japan, and Waldemar Hansen in Germany; we are deeply grateful for all the time and effort they have given to the ICS. The Directors have elected as their successors Guan Kaiyun in China, and Gianmario Motta in Italy, who join our two other vice-presidents, Annabelle Fetterman of the U.S., and Elva Harwood of New Zealand. Suggestions, questions, even complaints – we all look forward to hearing from you as we embark on our next 50 years! 6 Notes from the Editor Jennifer Trehane This is my last International Camellia Journal as editor and it has been a privilege and pleasure to serve the ICS in this capacity for the last six years. I wanted to end my term of office in this our 50th year, with an article looking back over the years and I hope you find it interesting. Reading all the Journals from the very first to the present has been a real education, and provided many, many dilemmas; who/what to include and who/what to leave out? Inevitably there will be some who feel offended or frustrated by my omissions. There will be many more who will feel nostalgic, and I hope that memories, of good times shared at Congresses and on the many reported visits, will return, perhaps tinged with sadness as we are reminded of all the people who have contributed to the ICS over the years but are no longer with us. Others will, I hope feel inspired by those who have been happy to share their many and varied ‘camellia experiences’ with us. I am very lucky. As the middle one of three of my family to have been officially involved with the ICS I can look back with pride to the work of my late father, David who was our first Vice President, and forward to my son David’s future as our new Web Manager. Now it is time to hand over the editorship of the Journal to a good friend, who has new energy and a fresh mind. Beatrice Robson, or ‘Bee’ as she is known to most of us, has helped with this 2012 Journal, particularly with the task of reducing the length of the large number of excellent papers presented at the 2012 ICS Congress in Chuxiong. These are all available in full on the new ICS website where I am sure that ICS members will enjoy accessing them. I think we all agree that ‘the website’, with its capacity for immediacy, will become an increasingly important means of communication, but I know some people are concerned that the Journal will lose its importance. However, as with all printed books and magazines, we enjoy having printed material to handle and read at leisure. There is every reason to anticipate a long and productive future for our publication.... but perhaps not in the size of this current edition, which has grown and grown, but it IS celebrating our Golden Anniversary and 2012 has, as our President indicates in her message, been a golden year. I should like to end with many thanks to all who have contributed in any way to the publication of the Journal, and who have given much encouragement and support over the last six years. I know you will continue to send excellent articles, news and photographs to Bee, [email protected] and I wish her many happy, rewarding years. Jennifer Trehane. [email protected] All articles are the copyright of the author or the institution they represent. Please contact them if more information is required. If you wish to reprint any article in another publication or website it would be appreciated if you would also contact the International Camellia Journal editor. I.C.S. Web Manager’s Report - Summary The way in which we receive and process information has evolved irrevocably into a world of speed and availability over the last 50 years. I am honoured to be responsible for bringing the ICS’ role in that development up to date. Our new website www.internationalcamellia.org is an absolutely mammoth project, aiming to provide worldwide access in multiple languages to every piece of data that is relevant to camellias today. I and a select group of members with knowledge of specific subjects within the ICS are working hard to publish content as and when it becomes available, and that includes the full versions of the papers from the Chuxiong Congress that are included in shortened form in this journal. On page 171 there is a report indicating the features that are available to you, as members, on the website and how you can access the site to gain full advantage of its growing wealth of information. David Trehane. 7 International Camellia Congress 2014, Galicia, Spain

Tuesday 11 March to Saturday 15 March Tuesday, 11 March Five days and five nights in Pontevedra province In the morning participants will be welcomed (Northwestern Spain), including the presentation at the Provincial Palace of the Diputación de of papers, visits to the gardens, nurseries and the Pontevedra by the provincial authorities. Congress International Camellia Show in Pontevedra. registrations start from 16:00 pm. The Congress will be inaugurated in the evening with a welcome The Pontevedra province of Spain, popularly party including traditional music and dancing, known as Rías Baixas is a camellia garden that Galician wine and an aperitif. brings colour and light to our autumns, winters Wednesday, 12 March and springs in streets, squares, gardens, castles and monasteries. In this region, the camellias In the afternoon, participants will depart to are magnificent trees of amazing beauty. The Vilagarcía de Arousa to visit the Pazo de Rubiáns, Rías Baixas has outstanding historic camellia a large manor house dating back to the 15th specimens, which were probably introduced in century with a garden, a peculiar woodland belt Galicia by the Galician nobility several centuries and a vineyard of the grape variety ‘Albariño’. ago and are still thriving in the historical gardens Eucalyptus, magnolias, olive trees, camphor, of our manor houses traditionally known as Pazos. Japanese cedars, araucarias and camellias, among other botanic specimens grow in the garden. This province also offers a great touristic diversity Participants will then visit Pazo de Señoráns, a with its exotic islands, forests and routes, sun and beaches, Torre de Lama Narón A Coruña gastronomy and wine tours, Mariñán golf, thermal tourism, Santiago de Ribadulla monuments and museums. Compostela Oca Lugo Rubiáns Atlantic A Toxa Oviedo Lourizán, Areeiro PONTEVEDRA Ocean Gandarón CONGRESS Soutomaior Vigo Redondela Baiona Ourense The Congress sessions will A Guarda Tui Monção cover different fields, which Léon Viana do Castelo Galicia will enable the participation Astorga of the different sectors Braga Sto. Tirso Guimarães involved in the camellia Celorico de Basto Porto Penafiel world: tourism, ornamental Mirandela Vila Nova Vila Real de Gaia Zamora camellias, nurseries, land- Northern Portugal Palencia scape gardening and scientific sectors, embracing all aspects Pocinho Guarda Salamanca Figueira related to the camellia plant. da Foz Coimbra Fuentes de Oñoro

Castelo Sessions will be held on Branco Wednesday and Thursday morning and on Friday afternoon. The rest of the SPAIN days include visits to the gardens, nurseries, exhibits and other attractions. PORTUGAL

Tour visits: Pre-Congress Congress Post-Congress 8 winery belonging to the Designation of Origin Garden of Excellence at the last International Rías Baixas where they will taste the wine and Camellia Congress held in Chuxiong. In the learn more about the wine production. garden, apart from a large number of exotic species, it is worth mentioning the large camellia collection comprising more than 400 specimens planted from the end of the 19th century until now, and belonging to the camellia collection of the Diputación de Pontevedra (Pontevedra provincial government). Among their oldest 19 specimens, we find the largest in Galicia. The Banquet hall of the castle will be a perfect place to hold the closing dinner.

Thursday, 13 March The garden of the Pazo de Lourizán is now an Environmental and Forestry Research Centre that owns one of the most important arboretums in Europe. Apart from camellias in this garden it is worth mentioning the Dutch elms, the Cedars Saturday, 15 March of Lebanon, the Queen palms, the magnolias Early in the morning participants will visit and the metasequoias. It is estimated that about Río Tollo Nursery, one of the most important 300 specimens of magnolias and camellias that camellia producers in Spain. They grow camellias surround the Pazo were planted between 1840 and resistant to low temperatures and properly labelled 1850. A short drive from this garden we find the according to their variety, shape and colour. They Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro, one of the also produce azaleas, rhododendrons and other most important camellia research centres in the ornamentals. The next visit will be Pazo de world, having an important camellia collection Castrelos, whose park is considered the main lung with more than eight hundred camellia cultivars. of the city of Vigo. Their studies are mainly focused on camellia identification using morphological and molecular markers, and the viability and profitability of tea and camellia oil production in Galicia. In the afternoon participants will visit Pazo de Gandarón, a Galician manor house dating from the 18th century which was turned into an agricultural research centre. In this garden we find a magnificent specimen ofMagnolia soulangeana, lime trees, lagerstroemias, palm trees and camellias dating back to the last quarter of the 19th century. The ICS Board of Directors’ meeting will be held in the afternoon. The garden was designed in the 19th century Friday, 14 March and has a great variety of exotic species. An Departure to the Soutomaior Botanic Park in amazing specimen popularly known as ‘Camellia the morning, designated as International Camellia Methuselah’, is one of the oldest in Galicia. At the 9 end of the day, participants will contemplate the Thursday, 6 March flowers exhibited in the International Camellia Registration at the hotel and informal welcome Show, rotating each year among the cities of dinner. Pontevedra, Vigo and Vilagarcía de Arousa. In the 2014 Pontevedra Camellia Congress the show will be 50 years and will take place in the city of Vigo.

Friday, 7 March Visit the Botanical Garden of Porto, with more than 500 metres of high camellia hedges, and then, PRE-CONGRESS TOUR across the river Douro, in Vila Nova Gaia, to Casa de Campo Belo, with its famous ancient camellia Thursday 6 March to Monday 10 March trees and a stunning view of Porto and the river. Five nights in Porto, four days visiting some of the most outstanding camellia gardens of Northern Portugal: Porto and nearby Vila Nova de Gaia, Penafiel, Celorico de Basto, Santo Tirso, Guimarães and Monção. Includes 5 nights hotel & breakfast; 4 lunches and 2 dinners; comfortable coach travel throughout and all admission costs. In addition to ancient, magnificent-sized camellia trees, unique camellia topiary and superb 19th century variety collections in historic quintas, this tour is also an opportunity to admire Porto and A short drive will take delegates to Quinta de Santo Guimarães UNESCO World Heritage city centres, Inácio de Fiães, an 18th century manor house and enjoy the unique landscape, architecture, whose gardens are a ‘camellia paradise’ with over wines and gastronomy of Northern Portugal. 1,500 camellias exclusively from the 19th century. 10 Saturday, 8 March Monday, 10 March The day will start at Quinta da Aveleda, famous After a final stop in Porto for the unique gardens of worldwide not only for its prized wines but also Serralves Park, the group departs to Guimarães to for the magnificent Romantic-style gardens. The visit the Camélias Flavius Nursery, which houses following stop is Casa do Campo, in Celorico a rich collection of camellia varieties, followed by de Basto, a celebrated exquisite camellia topiary a glimpse of Guimarães World Heritage city centre garden. On the way back, delegates are invited to and Palácio de Vila Flor, whose terraced gardens admire the impressive collection created by the feature superb listed camellia trees. A visit to the late Eng. José Gil, first Director of ICS-Portugal, gardens of Palácio da Brejoeira, in Monção, and at Casa do Casal in Santo Tirso, whose highlight a tasting of its famous Alvarinho Verde wine, will are two superb yellow C. chrysantha. conclude the Pre-Congress Tour. A short drive will then take delegates to their hotel in Pontevedra.

POST-CONGRESS TOUR Sunday 16 March to Saturday 22 March Five nights (Vigo, O Grove and Santiago de Compostela hotels) and six days travelling around Pontevedra and A Coruña provinces in the Galician region (Northwestern Spain), including visits to the historic gardens, boat tour, nurseries and other tourist attractions. Participants will see our most iconic monuments Sunday, 9 March and main attractions, and the camellias serve as a The whole day is spent in Porto, beginning at guide to visit those areas that we must not miss if Quinta de Villar d’Allen, with its historic garden we want to know this region. in Romantic style, and wonderful ancient camellia Sunday, 16 March collection. The exhibition ‘Camellias in Art’, Departure from Pontevedra to visit Tui historical especially designed for this occasion, will be on town and the Celtic archeological remains at display at Museu Soares dos Reis, a neo-Palladian Mount Santa Tegra, then enjoy lunch at A Guarda building featuring an intimate camellia courtyard town with views to the Miño’s rivermouth. Our garden. Delegates will then be given the option final stop is Baiona, a beautifully situated little of visiting three fine camellia gardens nearby – port town. This town was the first to hear of the Palácio de Cristal, Quinta da Macieirinha and Casa discovery of America. Check in a hotel in Vigo. Tait – or enjoying some free time. Porto´s World Heritage city centre with its vibrant Ribeira quarter Monday, 17 March is a good suggestion. The farewell dinner will take Guided tour in Pontevedra town which owns one place in a delightful setting. of the most beautiful and best preserved historical 11 Wednesday, 19 March After breakfast we head towards Pazo de Oca, popularly denominated as the ‘Galician Versailles’. In this garden we can find plants of exotic origin such as the cryptomeria, taxus, evergreen magnolia, lagerstroemia, red sequoia, and camellias. There are more than 500 specimens of camellia planted throughout this garden, of which the Camellia reticulata ‘Captain Rawes’ is the most outstanding. Lunch will be served at Pazo Cibrán, a manor house near Santiago de collections of Galicia and reception at the Palacete Compostela with a small garden with plenty of old Mendoza (Provincial tourist board). Then enjoy camellia specimens. After lunch we visit Santiago a boat trip along the Pontevedra estuary. In the de Compostela (Campus stellae, star field) whose evening participants will relax at the Toxa thermal city’s Cathedral is the destination of the important hotel located in an exclusive small island near the 9th century medieval pilgrimage route, the ‘Way coast. of St. James’. This beautiful city has winding Tuesday, 18 March medieval streets full of historic buildings. Return In the morning we drive to the heart of the Salnés to the hotel in Santiago de Compostela. valley to visit the Pazo Quinteiro da Cruz that has its own vineyards and is surrounded by beautiful gardens where species of great botanical interest thrive, and also has an outstanding collection of over 1,000 varieties of camellia.

Thursday, 20 March We will visit the Pazo de Santa Cruz de Rivadulla, which is considered by many the most fascinating ornamental botanical location in Galicia, both due to its flower content and its landscape value. Many of the specimens in the garden are several Next destination will be Pazo de Fefiñánes, centuries old (magnolia, box hedges, olive trees, housed inside a spectacular baronial palace which tree ferns, palm and orange trees and camellias…). sits on the lovely main square of coastal Cambados Especially noteworthy is the cross-shaped olive town. The facility was built in the 17th century. walk. This was the first producer to bottle wine under the Rías Baixas designation of origin. In the afternoon we travel to Pazo de la Saleta a garden with Australian, American, and eastern plants, such as rhododendrons, azaleas, leptospermum, protaceas and camellia species such as C. caudata, C. chrysantha, C. cuspidata, C. lutchuensis, C. oleifera, C. saluenensis, C. sinensis, C. reticulata, C. japonica and C. sasanqua. We stay at a hotel in the city of Santiago de Compostela. 12 Today the manor house is home to a camellia nursery with a great variety of cultivars for sale. After lunch we drive to Torre Figueroa, which has amazing box hedges and a large collection of camellias dating from the 19th and 20th century. The current proprietor of the building is the son of the man who was Director for Spain of the ICS until his death in 1981. Return to the hotel in Santiago de Compostela. In this garden the camellia can be seen alone, Friday, 21 March forming groups or small woods. However, the most striking form in which the camellias can be After breakfast, we will head for A Coruña city, seen in the garden is the ‘8 +1’ groups, in which the capital of the province. It is worth seeing the eight plants are arranged forming a circumference historic city, its promenade is one of the longest in and one planted in the centre. In the afternoon we Europe and the Hercules Tower is an old Roman will visit the Camellia Exhibition in Narón, one of lighthouse and the only one still functioning the most important camellia shows in our region. today. We go on to Pazo de Mariñán, a garden Return to the hotel in Santiago de Compostela. composed of a network of walks with box hedges that take the form of flowers, stars, crosses, rings Saturday, 22 March and shields. End of the trip. Departure to airports.

The 2013 Nanning 3rd International Academic Forum on Yellow Camellias in Guangxi, China Initial Itinerary Day Date Activities D1 Feb.21 (Thur.) Register • Opening ceremony in the Nanning City Golden Camellia Park • Nanning Camellia Art Show • Yellow Camellia Germplasm Nursery D2 Feb.22 (Fri.) • Yellow Camellia Museum etc. • First Academic meeting session • Tour to the Folk Song Lake and enjoy ‘water city’ night scene • Second Academic meeting session D3 Feb.23 (Sat.) • City tour in Nanning D4 Feb.24 (Sun.) Field tour to Fangcheng Camellia nitidissima Natural Reserve D5 Feb.25 (Mon.) Visit to local yellow camellia processing companies D6 Feb.26 (Tues.) Departure

Contacts:- Mr Jiyuan Li and Ms Luo Yanying Email: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Fax: +86 771 5869282 13 Impressions of the 2012 ICS Lining the streets of the town was a display of Congress in Chuxiong camellia that was quite simply out of this world. This was part of the displays set up for the 8th Gary Long Chuxiong Camellia Expo. The sheer number and Gary is responsible for Trewithen Gardens in variety of Camellia reticulata hybrids on display Cornwall and is one of our younger members. was mind-blowing. The camellia is revered in This was his first overseas Congress Yunnan and is deeply ingrained into the culture of the population, so much so that the Expo attracts a 6th February huge number of Chinese tourists every year. After the lavish opening ceremony which was held in the ‘Ancient town of the Yi-nationality’, a newly constructed small town built as an internal Chinese tourist destination, we walked the red carpet through the town which was lined with thousands of Yi-nationality people. The Yi are an ethnic minority group native to Yunnan Province totalling around 3 million, all brightly coloured in

7th February With temperatures reaching 30ºC a walk up the Zixi shan (mountain) was always going to be tough going. Add altitude of 2700m and it was hard. After a display including a ‘Sacrifice ceremony’, where a chicken gave his life for the health of an ancient camellia within a temple perched on the hill side, we visited a ‘Camellia species’ garden. This only their traditional costumes, singing and dancing, as included cultivars of Camellia reticulata, so I was we walked by. not sure of the title “Species garden”.

Some ICS Directors performed a ceremonial tree planting, flanked on either side by more girls dressed in their Yi national costumes. The tree in question was a large Camellia reticulata hybrid and is a centrepiece of a formal area within the garden. The rest of the day soon became one of the highlights of the trip. We walked higher into the 14 mountain away from cultivated land. In just a short space of a few metres I identified several plants, all growing wild, that I grow in the garden at Trewithen. They included wild Camellia reticulata, Camellia yunnanensis, Camellia yuhsienensis, Rhododendron spinuliferum, Rhododendron delavayi, Daphne bhoula, Sarcococca hookeriana and Magnolia doltsopa to name a few. Heaven! This was one of the reasons given by me for wanting to travel to China, to see the wild flora and here I was up a mountain looking at just that. Amazing! 8th February Day 4 of the Congress was spent visiting what was grandly titled, ‘A Camellia boutique garden’ at Erlu Park Chuxiong. This turned out to be a masterpiece of Chinese horticulture. Five years ago the site consisted of a small nursery and a dirt road. Today it has been completely landscaped with lakes, temples, a grand entrance gate and a huge range of Camellia reticulata hybrids all laid out to make a truly stunning display. Covering about 12 hectares (roughly 30 acres) the attention to detail is second to none. All camellias are under-planted with various shrubs and ground cover, including Azalea, Loropetalum, Oxalis to name a few, giving a really lush feeling to the plantings. Although a young garden, maturity has been designed in by the use of large mature specimens transplanted from ‘The mountain’ as our guide informed us. A lot are large Camellia oleifera rootstock. We are talking 1.5-2m high, with reticulata hybrids grafted on. I will see a lot of this propagation technique throughout Yunnan. During the evening I was invited to attend a seminar on ancient camellias organised by the ICS working group on historic camellias, a sub- committee of the ICS chaired by Dr Chuji Hiruki that was set up at the last Congress in Japan. The mission statement behind the group is to ‘Record, identify and conserve historic camellias’. Two new items were discussed. 9th February It is so interesting to see how different countries approach plant propagation. In China grafting is the number one technique used for producing large saleable plants in a short space of time. The availability of large quantities of seed from species such as Camellia oleifera lends itself to 15 mass production of plants for use as understock west, they are totally ingrained into the psyche of for grafting and also for growing as crops for the locals in Yunnan. oil production. Over 1 million Camellia oleifera The Congress ended with a banquet, during seedlings are raised in sand beds per year. Two which Pat Short, ICS President, presented several such nurseries I visited showed these two methods awards including grants for research projects, a to the extreme. life time achievement award and the most recently approved ICS Camellia Garden of Excellence awards. I was proud to represent Trewithen by collecting their Certificate.

Post-Congress Tour to Tengchong via Baoshan from Dali Gary Long

10th February After a four hour coach trip we arrived in Dali where we were greeted by the now usual glitz and glamour, with dancing girls and even a couple of performing dragons. After lunch we visited Mr Zhang’s garden which was representative of the Bai style, with several enclosed courtyards linked by a small labyrinth of corridors.

The first, Mr Tang Yongjun’s ‘Forest tree seedling workstation’, looks a fairly run-of-the-mill nursery, apart from the stunning river and mountain views on either side of the place. Going further into his large production area you soon discover the vast scale of the operation, something that even photographs will not do justice to. The production areas within Yunnan are vast, from nurseries spreading for literally miles to the terraces on the mountain side where locals grow all sorts of crops We travelled on to Baoshan. Just on the outskirts almost up to the skyline. of the city we stopped at Xunsenyuanlin nursery, Add to that a blossoming potted camellia business a BIG plant nursery. The emphasis is definitely on and you can see the demand for camellia within big. My pictures or words will not portray the huge China is huge, hard to comprehend here in the size of the plants this company deals with. We saw 16 large specimens of camellia with the obligatory 12th February grafting work being carried out. These plants are The trip keeps getting better. Today we walked destined to be used in large landscaping projects through Hemu village, an ancient village at the foot around many of the new buildings that are being of a mountain and almost cut off from all things built all over China. 21st century (apart from the odd satellite dish so the locals can watch a bit of telly! The houses are going to rack and ruin but at least they got their telly. Bizarre).

11th February After visiting another huge camellia nursery on the outskirts of Baoshan we travelled towards Tengchong. The city lies close to the Burmese border in mountainous territory, in places almost completely cut off due to the huge mountains and deep valleys. For us the journey was made more bearable by the fact that the Chinese are building a motorway network through, literally, with long tunnels cut through the mountains and bridges over the valleys. The journey in the plant hunter George Forrest’s time, early 20th century, would have been horrendous, taking months of arduous trekking. Walking through the village, seeing the meat For us it was a 12 hour coach trip! Some of the hung out to dry, chickens and dogs roaming free, views from the coach looking at the deep valley locals staring as if we were aliens, well you could gorges with cultivated terraces from river bed to understand their confusion. This was as alien to us almost cloud line are breathtaking. as we were to the locals. Carrying on through the dusty, dirt track we started to see Camellia reticulata Terraces of Yunnan in flower. First was at a burial site then there was a One of the highlights of the journey today was small forest of semi mature trees of reticulata with when we stopped for a comfort break. At 3020m an under-storey of seedling reticulata. Beyond this we pulled up at a Chinese roadside service station and at around 3300m, there was easily the biggest (toilet and some fresh or pre-packed veg for stand of camellias I had ever witnessed! A single sale). On further investigation, and slightly to the storey village shop was completely dwarfed by annoyance of our guides, we soon found a path up these huge trees, all at least 20m tall, in full bloom. the mountain. Within 10m of the road side I saw It was a truly breathtaking moment. They must huge Schima khasiana, Magnolia doltspa and have been growing here during the time George Rhododendron delavayi. Plus several Schefflera, Forrest was collecting in this area. and he may well Buddleia, Daphne and Camellia’s yuhsienensis have walked past the very same trees! I truly was and forrestii. following in the footsteps of the great man. 17 And just to top things off our guide took us to a having difficulty with my Bai’s, my Dai’s, Yi’s, 1000 year old tree, truly an impressive specimen Naxi’s and Yao’s. I knew that they were all ethnic measuring 32m high with a girth of over 2m. Truly minorities. I knew that there were a lot of them a monster! in Yunnan province, over 20 I think. Also, and rather remarkably, I had been told that although they all have strong individual beliefs, religions and customs, they all get on, co-existing perfectly peacefully and happily. A far cry from what we in the West so often experience. We were going to see the house and garden of the Zhang family who were Bai, known as the white people because they hold the colour white in high esteem. Our welcome was ‘normal’, or what we had come to expect in China. We were greeted by two giant dragons, one yellow, one blue, each carried by six young people and dozens of other brightly costumed people, singing, chanting, playing instruments, handing out camellia flowers; every one of them smiling and welcoming us, wanting us to enjoy our time with them.

This was the reason I travelled to China. To see wild camellia growing native, untouched by humans.... just perfect.

Chuxiong Post-Congress Tour to Shangri-la Mike Robson So the main business was done; the Congress was over and we were off on our travels again; off The house was an interesting mixture of Oriental to Shangri-la, that magical place of mystery and and Western. It is actually very large but it seemed imagination where no one grows old. small, almost cramped, and rather like a maze as As we were preparing to leave the excellent Xiongbao hotel in Chuxiong I wondered whether the traffic lights would continue to turn green whenever we approached them in our coaches, whether there would still be a policeman stopping the traffic whenever I wanted to cross the road and whether red carpets were just normal everyday things in the whole of Yunnan province. The first stage of our post-Congress adventure took us to Dali, just two and a half hours away. Even after a couple of weeks in China I was still Zhang House 18 we walked round the dozens of rooms and, miseries of the world. It’s a lovely idea and I hope more important, courtyards that were crammed it works. with all sorts of plants, not just camellias, but hundreds of these were examples of Dali’s eight famous camellia reticulatas. Water features were everywhere, always adding to the overall effect. Back on the coaches we started out on the four and a half hour trip to Lijiang where we were to spend the next two nights. If water is important in the Zhang family house, it is essential to the very being of Lijiang Old Town which they call, very appropriately, the Venice of the East, with canals and bridges everywhere and thousands of willow trees to drink it up. The following morning our first call was to the Dongba cultural centre, a site showcasing the Dongba culture and doing it really well. As we walked round there were stalls selling all sorts of ethnic ware; animal pelts, clothes, tasty snacks and particularly interesting were the men, often with huge pheasant feathers in their hats who were exhibiting the art of Dongba calligraphy. Statue and frog Back on the coaches and on our way; we stopped to stretch our legs at a service station but not at all like a Western one. This had a shop selling everything from sweets and snacks to much more interesting items like animal skins, horns and dried reptiles which are used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Dongba Stall Further on we came to the Holy spring of the God of Jade Mountain. Koi carp swam lazily around the different pools, each pool containing a different size of fish; but of particular note here were elaborate statues of different deities. Many of them had golden heads depicting different animals; a stag, a dog, a lion, an elephant, and my particular favourite, a frog. Dried Reptiles There were also six huge prayer wheels each at There was considerable anticipation as we got least the size of two oil drums, and painted gold, back onto the coaches and began the short drive to each containing a huge number of prayers or Yufeng Temple. This is the home of one of the most Buddhist mantras. Whenever a wheel is turned famous camellias in Yunnan province. Actually it all the way round in a clockwise direction all the is two camellias that have entwined over time, one mantras are radiated out in order to help relieve the pink and one white. The temple was built over 250 19 years ago and the camellia is a lot older than that, maybe as much as twice as old. The camellia is without doubt the star of the show. It is said that the tree produces flowers for over 100 days, and that over 20,000 blooms are produced each year, an amazing statistic. It’s no wonder that they call it ‘The King of Camellias’.

Tiger The last full day of our tour began with a visit to the Songzanlin Monastery, the biggest in the area and 350 years old. Apparently the Dalai Lama of the time selected the site. If it is true he must have been very fit because there are 146 steps that have to be climbed to get to the main building. It is crammed with wonderful treasures that have been added over the millennia. Shangri-La is located at over 3000 meters altitude, so we had a lot of uphill travelling to do. On the way we stopped at the famous Tiger Leaping Gorge, a 2.5 kilometre walk from the road to the narrowest part of the gorge but there were rickshaws available for those who preferred not to walk. The scenery on the way was spectacular with amazing rock formations and scree slopes on the opposite bank. The river was, at first, calm and wide but as we walked the water became more turbulent, and the narrower it became the Songsanlin monastry more tumbling and cascading white water flooded If the monastery was full of man made treasures through the compressed space. our final visit was to a place rich with the treasures The legend is that a tiger was chased into the of nature; Pudacuo National Park is one of the gorge by hunters and that it leaped from one side most bio-diverse areas in the world, a huge plateau to the other to make its escape. Many people have completely surrounded by majestic mountains. pointed out that it is 30 metres wide at that point so it would have been impossible, but as I looked at the beautiful sculpture of the tiger overlooking the spot I could imagine that he managed it; just. After lunch at the gorge we continued on the last leg of our journey. As we climbed higher we could sense that the weather was getting colder. The mountains all around were capped with snow, fields that up now had been green were now white, and snow flurries began to swirl around our Dry lake & mountains coaches as they made their way cautiously up hill. It was hard not to be awe-struck by the beauty and Then finally we were there; Shangri-La. There was immensity of it all and even though there was not a snow and ice on the ground, and it was cold and I camellia in sight it was a fitting climax to our post did not feel a day younger. Congress tour. 20 International Camellia Society – The First Fifty Years It is, of course, impossible to include all the people Gardener of Bodnant Garden in Wales, Professor and events that have marked the International Waterhouse from Sydney, Australia, Albert Fendig Camellia Society’s progress over the last fifty an American lawyer with a large collection of years. The following pages are a personal attempt camellias on St Simons Island, Georgia, USA to select some of those that have reflected the and of course Ralph Philbrick. Charles Puddle original aims, so carefully and succinctly laid out seems to have been the driving force from the very for us by our founders. There have been bad times beginning and, together with Ralph Philbrick, with and good times but always there have been people whom he was working on nomenclature lists, the from many countries, with vision and dedication most active and enthusiastic. Charles wrote to 50 to take the Society forward. Our original task of the most well known camellia authorities in the has been achieved and our next major task is just world and despite receiving a mixed response, it beginning.... It is time to look back with pride and was decided to go ahead with the formation of an forward with enthusiasm, and to perhaps draw on International Camellia Society. It was launched the past for inspiration, to continue as the happy, on April 1st 1962 “when it became the first purposeful and truly International Society we are international society devoted to a single genus of today. plants”. Tom Savige & Eric Craig p34 ICJ 1982 No 14. It all began with concern about confusion in the camellia world, specifically their nomenclature. “Stability in nomenclature can only be achieved at With rising popularity after World War 2 and an an international level and by strict adherence to the increasing interest in gardening, camellias became International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated more and more popular. Local and national Plants”. E.G Waterhouse. p4 ICJ Vol. 1 No. 1. camellia societies were formed, the American The International Camellia Society was appointed Camellia Society in 1945 and the combined New ‘International Registration Authority for the Zealand and Australian Research Society in 1952, cultivars of Camellia’ at the XVIth International later to separate into their individual countries in Horticultural Congress held in Brussels in 1962. 1957. The Japan Camellia Society was founded in It was ratified by the Council of the International 1953. Society for Horticultural Science at its final An increasing number of camellia species, varieties meeting that year. and cultivars were being brought into gardens to By the end of September 1963 Philbrick, with help enhance their beauty, or grown to produce blooms from overseas contributors, had annotated and for competing at flower shows. Enthusiastic collated over 14,000 camellias introduced between hybridisers were producing and naming hundreds, 1752 and 1958. then thousands of new camellias. Old camellias were found, often with no labels, so they were The first President, Professor E.G.Waterhouse was promptly re-named or wrongly identified. unanimously elected, Albert Fendig was elected Confusion reigned. Vice-President, and ten Directors from around the world were added. Ralph N. Philbrick, working at the Bailey Hortorium (at Cornell University, New York), had The aims of the Society were promptly decided already started, with financial help from Longwood upon and are still the aims today:- Gardens, to make a check-list of camellia variety ‘To foster the love of Camellias throughout and cultivar names in 1957 with the help of a the world, and to maintain and increase their handful of camellia enthusiasts around the world. popularity. Discussions about the possibility of forming an To undertake historical, scientific and International Camellia Society took place during horticultural research in connection with 1961 between some of the contributors to the Camellias. check list, including Charles Puddle who was Head To co-operate with all national and regional 21 Camellia Societies and with other Horticultural There is even a page of diagrams to illustrate a Societies ‘flower transportation box’ which accompanies a To disseminate information concerning very personal and detailed account of an exhibitor’s Camellias by means of bulletins and other experiences at camellia shows in California. publications. Fascinating reading. Vol 1 Number 1 provides profiles of President E.G.Waterhouse and Vice To encourage a friendly exchange between President Albert Fendig. There is an excellent and Camellia enthusiasts of all nationalities.’ comprehensive article by Professor Waterhouse Charles Puddle took on most of the administration, on his visits to Hong Kong and to Japan, and a acting as Secretary, Treasurer and Editor of the report of camellias planted in a garden in what was International Camellia Journal. He enlisted nearly Southern Rhodesia; I wonder what has happened 1000 members in the first year! Membership fees to that garden? were ‘One pound sterling ($3.00) or equivalent in There are technical/semi-technical articles on the other currencies’, with responsibility for collection subjects of Camellia naming and the International being given to members of a Committee under the Code by J.S.L. Gilmour, and Albert Fendig’s chairmanship of Albert Fendig – or sent directly unique card system for recording the camellias in to Charles. a collection. ‘C.sazanka and its relatives’ a first The first International Camellia Journal was article by Tom Savige, (later to become author of produced in December 1962. It is interesting to see The Register of Camellias), is a descriptive list of that Charles managed to enlist contributors from 9 many Camellia species. different countries, who together created, even at ‘Camellia reticulata in New Zealand’ by ‘the other this early stage, the balance of articles that we still Tom’, Tom Durrant gives us his fascinating account strive for, to cater for the wide range of knowledge, of the arrival, from California in January 1957, and enthusiasms and interests of ICS members. Its 76 subsequent performance of his (listed), collection pages are packed with information and a few black of ‘Kunming reticulatas’. Editor, Charles Puddle and white photographs. provides a footnote giving the valid Chinese names and their “commercial”, English names. ‘Camellia Culture in Australia’ by Walter Hazlewood gives an account of the range of conditions experienced by camellia growers in this vast country and lists the favourite varieties at that time. Another account is a brief report, reproduced from a Pennsylvania Horticultural Society publication, on ‘Camellias in the Delaware Valley’; it is valuable because it tells how success is achieved in this ‘cold climate’ area and that at least 12 varieties of C.japonica and 4 sasanquas “do well.” Professor Waterhouse’s friend and famous painter of camellias, Paul Jones, is interviewed and describes some of the techniques, challenges and pleasures of painting these flowers. ‘Hagoromo’ seems to have been particularly difficult. The famous camellia at Pillnitz Castle near Dresden in Germany makes the first of many appearances in an ICS Journal and a list of camellia varieties, almost entirely ‘historic’ varieties of C. japonica, grown in the region is added. 22 The date of the introduction of camellias into development of modern high speed aircraft has Europe continues to provide debate and the first brought the four corners of the earth infinitely Journal article, by Alfredo Moreira da Silva, closer. The situation is almost at the stage where from Oporto, Portugal, with an editor’s note you will be able to have plants from any nursery by Charles Puddle, opens the topic. It is a well in the world in your garden within a few days.” researched, well balanced argument, written by a How prophetic ! It is also timely to note that he respected Portuguese camellia expert, against the warns about the increased risk of spreading pests claims made initially by Dr Meyer of the USDA, and diseases, and stresses the need to have plant that camellias first arrived in Portugal in the 16th health certificates and to bare-root all plants before century. carrying/sending them out of their country or State Tea is another subject that occurs quite regularly where acquired. in our Journal. This first article by W. Wight, In the 1965 Journal membership is over 1,000 but formerly from an Experimental Station in Assam Charles Puddle, in his ‘Secretary’s Page’ makes describes the early, 19th century conflicts between a plea for ‘more members and helpers’. Work the enthusiasts for the cultivation of the traditional continues on the ‘new nomenclature and checklist’ Chinese tea plants C. sinensis and the very with ‘the romanisation of oriental cultivar names different, more productive Assam tea plant and the and final editing due to be completed by Dr subsequent rise in popularity of the latter. Philbrick during the year’. The Nomenclature There is no Journal in 1963. Charles Puddle was still Committee is ‘already at work maintaining records carrying almost the entire load of administrative of all new cultivar names which are registered or responsibility, acting as secretary, treasurer and validly published....’. editor of the Journal as well as working as a full- New Zealand hybridiser, Les Jury, reports on his time head gardener at Bodnant Gardens. work from which some of the most important In 1964 the second Journal was published, listing Williamsii hybrids now popular in ‘cool climate’ nearly 1,000 members from 26 countries, which gardens emerged. Tom Savige’s 15 page article on Charles was proud to say made the Society ‘truly ‘Australian Camellias of the Nineteenth Century’ international’. There are articles and reports from gives us a first insight into his enthusiasm and members in Australia, the USA, Italy, Japan, ability as a thorough researcher and recorder, Portugal, the UK and the Channel Islands, New which led to his future life’s work as editor of the Zealand, Hong Kong, Canada. International Camellia Register. The membership list is published and, in Articles and reports continue to cover topics that addition to the countries above, also includes are of wide interest and include some surprising camellia enthusiasts, both as individuals and as subjects. How many of us appreciate that camellias organisations, listed as from :- ‘ Azores, Belgium, were being grown in gardens in the middle of China (just two members, from Peking), Denmark, Natal, Africa, many dating back to the 1880’s? Eire (Republic of Ireland), France, Germany, (just Tucked away, towards the end of the Journal, two), Greece, India, Italy, Jamaica, Madeira. a significant event is reported; the very first Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Republic of South Conference. Held in Lyndhurst in southern Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Spain, Switzerland, England, it was attended by 90 ICS members and Taiwan, U.S.S.R.’ Then, as now, the UK and the was the first such gathering organised by Charles USA contributed the largest number. (Significantly Puddle. China now, in 2012, has the third highest membership). There is a gap of five years before the next Journal is published. Ralph Philbrick reports that work on ‘the checklist’ continues with publication and sale price No. 4 was produced in 1970. of ‘around $3’ proposed. Italy takes prominence with the announcement Geoffrey Wakefield raises the subject of importing of the formation of the ‘Societa Italiana della camellias, opening his article with:- “ The Camelia’ under the ‘inspired leadership’ of Dr 23 Antonio Sevesi. This emphasises the enthusiasm tells of a vast sports stadium packed with camellia of the ICS for its aim ‘to co-operate with all exhibits and people. national and regional camellia societies and with other horticultural societies’. In Australia our President, is rewarded for ‘the value of his contributions to our knowledge of camellias, especially their nomenclature’. The ‘E.G.Waterhouse Bi-centenary Camellia Garden’ is a permanent tribute to him. His 13 page article on ‘Camellia Names of Australian Origin Validly Published from January 1st 1959 to December 31st 1965’, re-enforces his determination that recently introduced camellias should be validly published, with what were at the time, quite thorough Vigo Show descriptions. It has to be said, however that In his ‘The Secretary’s Page’ it is clear that Charles detailed descriptions of his own cultivars are sadly Puddle feels that the Society has been successful, lacking compared to the majority of others listed. but “still has a long way to go”. He is quite clear A series of photographs shows a very large that more helpers “on a world-wide basis” are camellia being moved to a new home in California. needed, “to organise society activities in their areas, particularly in countries that do not have a national society”. It is obvious that he is feeling overburdened and yet still has clear vision – if only more people would contribute to the Society. 1974 Issue 6 marks a turning point. The cover features a very solemn picture of President E. G.Waterhouse.

No. 5, published in August 1973 was to be the last Journal that Charles Puddle produced. It contained contributions from Australia, Japan, Italy, Portugal, the UK and the USA. Significantly there is a report of a week-long Conference in Italy with 175 ICS members attending. In effect the very first International Camellia Society Congress. Arrangements for this highly successful occasion were, “in the capable hands of Charles Puddle, in collaboration with Dr Sevesi, the Italian Camellia Society, and the The Society had reached a crisis. It is acknowledged, Tourist Board of Stresa.” in the President’s report, that Charles Puddle had Leslie Riggall gives an enthusiastic report on the been carrying “an intolerable burden” with too few eighth annual camellia show in Galicia, where he helpers. He has been running the Society almost 24 single handedly for 11 years and the complaints Professor Waterhouse (EGW as he has always about administrative omissions and lack of been affectionately known), celebrated his 94th communication had finally come to a head. birthday in London with a visit to Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother at Clarence House. The administration moved to Australia, Charles Puddle was thanked profusely for his dedication The Journal reports more scientific investigation and hard work, removed, and Eric Craig on camellia matters, reports on showing in Italy appointed as the acting Editor of the Journal. and the USA, growing camellias in New Zealand, This was evidently hastily produced and has a the Borromean Islands in Italy, and in Galicia, decidedly ‘political’ feel to it. Articles from only Spain as well as in Hawaii. It also includes a four countries are published. A membership list ‘History of the American Camellia Society’. (986 members from 34 countries) is included as is the formal statement of the formation of the 1976. Issue No. 8 International Camellia Society, and there is the My father, David Trehane, with my mother standing first publication of a Constitution ‘prepared by Mr coyly in the background, is featured on the cover Albert Fendig, 12 years ago’. A temporary Board during the week long ‘International Conference’ in of Directors is appointed prior to elections of a Cornwall in April. The report describes an early President, one Vice President and fifteen Directors. version of the now well established ICS Congress Nominations and voting papers are included in the programme of visits to gardens, a flower show and Journal. ‘slide-shows’ (illustrated talks), which, in 1976 1975. Issue No. 7 were presented by Les Jury from New Zealand and Milton Brown from the U.S. Congress delegates The ICS was beginning to settle down, with all representing their different countries planted the officers to run the administration formally chosen first camellias in what is now the UK’s National by the newly elected Board of Directors. Professor Camellia Collection at Mount Edgcumbe; (and Waterhouse, now in his early 90’s was elected also now an ICS ‘Garden of Excellence’). President and my father, David Trehane elected the first – and only – Vice President. Photographs and The Journal contains many articles on hybridisation brief biographies of all but two of the Directors and includes discussion about the quest for yellow are published in the Journal. Mrs Vi Lort-Phillips, camellias, with notes from Les Jury’s talk about Director for the Channel Islands was the only the ‘nearly yellow’ cultivars, ‘Gwenneth Morey’, woman on the Board. ‘Brushfields Yellow’, and ‘Jury’s Yellow’. Also a visit by Dr William (Bill) Stewart to Darjeeling, Eric Craig’s second Journal as editor was a great India where he was told about a “beautiful yellow improvement on his first and includes for the camellia, with flowers the colour of brass”. After first time the now well known logo or motif; much difficulty he managed to buy ten plants, most Australian artist, Paul Jones’ image of camellia of which survived their journey to Los Angeles ‘Mrs D.W.Davis’. and, after a few years duly bloomed – producing There is an 100% increase in Australian membership pink or white flowers. A sad story but one repeated and over 200% in Japan. Professor Waterhouse by others on too many occasions over the years. undertook a lengthy and comprehensive 6 week 1977. Issue No. 9 tour of camellia gardens in the UK and he reported on a 30 foot long, 7 foot wide ICS exhibit, at a This reports the death, on 17th August 1977, of the Royal Horticultural Society Show in London, inaugural President, Professor Waterhouse. There which won a Gold Medal. Blooms were flown are handsome tributes in the Journal, a calendar in from Australia, France, Japan and from Los of his life and a fascinating text from a ‘Colour Angeles, San Francisco and Washington in the Television’ programme recorded with him in his USA. A truly international effort reported in detail famous garden at Eryldene, by the Australian by a young Malcolm Pharoah (who still manages Broadcasting Commission in 1975 and repeated the late Jimmy Smart’s Marwood Hill Garden in after his death. Immediate steps are taken to England). safeguard the Professor’s garden and camellias 25 and a limited-edition book, ‘E.G.Waterhouse of 1978. No. 10 Eryldene’ was published. Eric Craig has stepped down as Editor, and fellow The 1977 Journal is a mine of information, Australian, John Alpen has succeeded him. including ‘Fragrance in camellias’ by Tom New President, Tom Savige is introduced and Savige: ‘The History of the Higo Camellias’ by his interest in ‘improvement in nomenclature Yoshiaki Andoh; ‘The Nuccio Story’ by Willard and strengthening of international registration (Bill) Goertz – a 1977 insight into this famous standards’ is immediately shown by a reproduction Californian nursery with photographs of Julius and of part of a memorandum for the International Joe and their two sons, Julius (Jude) and Tom. Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. Editor Eric Craig, in his introduction to the 1977 Later in the Journal Leslie Riggall writes a ICS Congress at Nantes, France, mentions several typically forthright, some would say provocative ‘conferences’ for ICS members in Great Britain, article, in which he airs his opinions, with many especially the most recent in Cornwall in 1976 and good examples, of the naming of camellias. He adds Italy in 1972, Channel Islands in 1973 and ends by looking into the future (see picture below). Australia in 1974. The first article to be printed in the Journal, on This Nantes Congress indicates a development the subject of the micro-biology of camellias, into a more serious, business-like mode, despite ‘Chromosome Numbers in the Genus Camellia’ the change in name from ‘Conference’ to was by Katsuhiko Kondo, based at Chapel Hill in ‘Congress’, but with three mornings devoted to the North Carolina, USA. presentation of papers, twelve in total, and just one French translations of articles occur intermittently visit on each of three afternoons. There is a full throughout the Journal. Directors’ Meeting, attended by interpreters, and each “comfortable lounge seat” was equipped with 1979. No. 11 its own writing table and headphones. ‘All of the A combined International Camellia Society and addresses had been pre-examined by Interpreters American Camellia Society Convention, held in order to clarify botanical and scientific in the USA at Perry, Georgia in November 1978 terminology’. Every delegate was then able to was reported. It was significant as two of the three listen to each address in his/her own language. originators of the ICS, Charles Puddle and Albert There are twelve papers listed, on a wide range Fendig, attended. of subjects, with one printed in both English and The ICS Directors’ meeting, with all Regions French in the Journal. This paper, ‘The Camellias of Nantes’ is a valuable, thoroughly researched represented, was lengthy and included unanimous study, by Paul Plantiveau. A paper on ‘Camellia support for President Tom Savige’s memorandum Flower Blight in America’ gives readers the first on ‘ways and means for the Society to fulfil insight into this now widespread disease. its responsibility as International Registration Authority’. A Nomenclature Advisory Panel is A lighter note is provided by a whole page picture listed, consisting of knowledgeable camellians of the ‘new ICS tie’, introduced by UK and Europe from around the world to act as an advisory Membership Representative, John Tooby. group responsible for gathering information about camellia cultivars bred in their countries, as early 26 preparation for the collation of the International 1981. No. 13 Register. The editor dubs this edition “the historical number”. Eric Craig writes about the role of the ICS, quoting There are reports on the early cultivation of founder member, Dorothy Newton from England camellias in China and Japan and their introduction who had, in the very first Journal written praising into Europe and Australia. Reports of the Jersey the society as a means of friendly cummunication Conference held in March 1981, attended by 120 and cooperation between national and regional delegates have a heavy emphasis on the gardens Camellia Societies. “Goodwill spreading its wings and the social aspects of international friendship indeed, a ‘United Nations’ of flower lovers ”. but there is also a good range of papers.

Two visits to China, the first by members of the 1982. No. 14 ICS, are reported with some excitement. Harold Fraser from Australia and Yoshiaki Andoh from This is the first Journal to include colour Japan both visited Kunming and were warmly photographs, including appropriately the popular, welcomed and entertained by staff from what was historic reticulata ‘Captain Rawes’ and japonica then the Yunnan Botanical Institute. ‘Mrs D.W. Davis’ which had become the emblem of the Society. 1980. No. 12 The Society is energised and active all over the world. International Congresses and Directors’ meetings are being held annually and this Journal reports on the September 1979 gathering in New Zealand and the Congress in Japan in March 1980.

Delegates were awed by the efficiency of their hosts’ organisation, the fact that 4,852 people paid $1 each to attend the New Zealand Camellia Society’s National Show at Whakatane, and by a presentation of slides by Vonnie Cave, with “fade in fade out” effects. Visits to gardens are popular. The Directors’ meeting received a report from Tom Savige on the progress of the Nomenclature Advisory Panel, where ‘a considerable volume of work was done investigating the validity and orthography of some of the older cultivars where there was conflict of opinion in some areas’. There was discussion on the problem of the treatment of ‘oriental cultivar names in a largely Western Society’.

Articles and papers from the two Congresses range from the deeply scientific, through practical cultivation including cold hardiness, hybridising, historic camellias, and journeys undertaken, with reports on more information from China with Mrs Violet Lort-Phillips from Jersey, CI took over particular interest in Kunming and its reticulata as President. camellias and in the first yellow camellia,Camellia Kenwyn Clapp from Plymouth. UK was the new chrysantha. Journal Editor 27 The death is reported of Les Jury, New Plymouth 1984. No. 16 NZ the prolific breeder ofx williamsii camellias,. This Journal was dubbed ‘the China edition’. The ICS Congress was held in Egham, UK. A highlight of the year was a mini-convention in Kunming, during which an ‘International 1983. No. 15 Camellia Garden of Friendship’, consisting of a The ICS Congress was held in March in wide selection of camellias donated by delegates Sacramento, California. USA. from many countries, was planted. A time capsule containing messages of goodwill was also interred. The new post of ‘International Registrar for the Led by Australian, Harold Fraser, for whom this Genus Camellia’ was created and filled by Tom was his fourth visit, 40 members from 20 countries Savige. He reported that the “nomenclature check- attended. list” was “approaching completion with 25,000 names”, and requested that an ICS application Articles in this Journal include presentations form for the registration of camellias be produced. made by several Chinese scientists in Kunming, Directors approved this, to be produced in including a report of their breeding programme English/French, Spanish/Portuguese/Italian and in using C. chrysantha, which was started in 1973. Japanese. (p18). There are 1306 members and there is much On p71 there are a number of reports of C. discussion about “how to increase membership”. chrysantha blooming for the first time in cultivation, for Mr M.Piet and Mr Sergio Bracci President, Vi Lort Phillips included a poem in her in California, and at Camellia Grove Nursery, contribution to a ‘Friendship Forum’ during the Sydney, Australia. Congress. Photographs of the species are included amongst the 8 pages of colour photographs in the centre of this Journal. Yoshiaki Andoh’s article on ‘The cultivar names of Camellia japonica in the first half of the 17th century’ (p45), is essential reading for camellia historians. 1985. No. 17 Membership has risen to 1460. President Vi Lort-Phillips, in her last message as President tells of severe winter weather and many losses in the ‘Garden of Friendship’ planted the previous year in Kunming, commenting that “the American collection, with larger plants was Vi Lort Phillips poem the one that survived best”. Cold hardiness has In the Journal an article by a doyen of the world become a significant issue. Tony Lane reports of Camellia species, Professor Chang Hung Ta from the UK on trials of a large number of from Sunyatsen University, Canton (now China), varieties planted for the purpose of performance is printed and a paper on the Yunnan Camellia in four gardens in cold, northern areas in which he reticulata cultivars presented by Dr Bruce concentrates on ‘flower rating’ as the key measure Bartholomew from the California Academy of of successful survival in cold climates. Registrar Sciences appears. The updated English language Tom Savige reports that ‘Recommendation No. 2’ version, of Prof. Chang’s now classic work, on from the International Code of Cultivated Plants Camellia species, ‘Camellias’ was translated now requires the publication of descriptions and into English by Dr Bartholomew, and published. history, not just ‘cultivar names with publishing (reviewed on p72 in the 1984 ICJ). reference and date’. 28 He tells us that he has to rewrite the checklist and during the 1986 ICS Conference held in the feed the information into a word processor, “a Lake District in the north of England. Articles Tandy Model TRS-80, 128K with a 15megabyte on cold hardiness feature strongly, following hard disc storage connected to a Tandy DWT-4 a severe winter in the Northern Hemisphere. Daisy Wheel Printer”. He is excited by this as it has Communications with Kunming are strengthened ‘program aids’ for all languages used. He estimates with a group tour in Yunnan, led by Harold that there will be approximately 30,000 entries Fraser the previous year, and many of the colour involving “about 2,800 sheets of A4 printout from illustrations in the centre of the Journal were taken the word processor” and that it will take until the on this tour. Guan Kaiyun, then Assistant Director end of 1986 to complete the work “ unless the of the Institute of Botany, Kunming, travelled to salary of an operator can be found in which case the UK, visiting Devon, Cornwall and attended an it would be possible to finish by the end of 1985”. RHS Show in London.

1986. No. 18 1987. No. 19 The Executive is now based in the UK and led by This is the 25th anniversary, or Silver Jubilee year, President John Tooby. of the ICS. There are now 1587 members.

The Journal, now produced in the UK under the David Trehane, was awarded the RHS Veitch editorship of Mrs Jo Freeman has a different Memorial Gold Medal for his services to format and layout, bound with a cover that now horticulture, including his work for the ICS “for allows printing of the title and date of publication all his help and guidance as a UK Director since on the spine. The membership list is now too big 1975 and for organising events, writing interesting to be printed annually but planned to be published and informative articles for the Journal, in setting every third year. Changes to membership will be up the National Collection of Camellias at Mount included in each Journal. Edgcumbe....”.

In his Message, which is translated into 5 He, in turn pays handsome and humorous tribute languages, John Tooby acknowleges the “hard to Tom Savige, whose home was at ‘Wirlinga’ in work and enthusiasm of a small number of people”. Victoria, who had received the Order of Australian He pays particular tribute to the Membership Merit, the first of many awards in recognition of Representatives and welcomes the large number of his monumental achievement in preparing the new members in Germany. International Registrar, Register. Tom Savige has nearly completed the compilation of the Register, “which will include all known “A great man, a whole man, and modest withal, camellia names and run to about 2,800 pages”. but grant him in the concluding pages of his great work a moment’s smile of pleasure and deserving “It will contain about 32,000 names of which pride in entering ‘Wirlinga Belle’ (Olive, Mrs about 23% are errors or synonyms”. He expects to Savige, surely!), ‘Wirlinga Gem’ and ‘Wirlinga “put it on the word-processor by the end of 1987 Princess’ “. and to add Chinese and Japanese names in oriental characters by the end of 1988” The 25th Anniversary Conference was held in April in Newquay, Cornwall ‘attended by Dr Zhang Publication is planned for 1989. Aoluo his wife, Professor Xia Lifang and Prof. The information required on a proposed Ming Tianlu from Kunming’. ‘Application for Registration of a new Camellia’ Another ICS Congress was held in the Southern form is printed in the Journal. Hemisphere spring, in Australia, in September. Two of the founders of the Society, Charles Puddle and Albert Fendig write about the very early days. There is an increasing number of journeys both within the Regions and further afield including There is a lengthy report on the gardens visited more reports of visits to China. 29 culture (in vitro) multiplication of camellias in Pontevedra, Spain, and in China continue to be mildly optimistic. 1989. No. 21 The ICS, under its new American President, Thomas H.Perkins, is in ‘business mode’.

th A Directors’ meeting was held on Jan. 7 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana at which the Society was formally Incorporated as the ‘International Camellia Society, Inc.’, bye-laws were read and approved, officers nominated, formally received and unanimously elected. Salaries were discussed and the decision made that no salaries would be paid. The Texas Commerce Bank would be the depository for the corporation. Tom Perkins was able to announce that, “ We at headquarters have just received word that work on the International Camellia Register has been completed”. The search for funding for the publication of 2000 copies of the 2 volume, 2500 page Register becomes a major focus, with the formation of a ‘Register Fund’, and appeals made to foundations, societies and individuals for contributions. The Journal, under its new editor, Mrs Jean Camellias on postage stamps collected by Ralph Comber from Florida, contains a large number of Budge, feature inside the front cover reports from countries in the different Regions as 1988. No. 20 well as scientific work on Cold Hardiness, (Dr Bill Ackerman), Yellow Hybrids (Dr Clifford Parks) In his President’s Message outgoing President and a ten page article on ‘New species and new John Tooby notes that Tom Savige was making varieties of tea-trees in Yunnan, China’ by a team good progress with the Register and “should, from Yunnan. with luck, complete the largest section, ’M’ by about Christmas”. He also notes that membership Membership has risen to 1719. numbers have increased again and that “English speakers are now in the minority”. 1990. No. 22 Tom Durrant reports that the New Zealand The Journal reports the death in June of one of Camellia Society has “over 3000 members, with the founders of the ICS, Albert Fendig. Reports 20 active branches, from a population of a little of the ICS Congress held in Kyoto, Japan tell of over 3,000,000 inhabitants”. They decided to set a memorable event with over 500 delegates of up the Camellia Memorial Trust in order to fund which there were 170 overseas visitors. Japanese research. The first project, reported in the Journal, hospitality was highly praised as were the many was on root rot. visits. The Directors’ meeting was well attended and, with the pattern of bi-ennial Congresses now There is also a report from Annabel Fetterman on well established, the next one was planned in New the American Camellia Society’s headquarters at Orleans in 1992. Enthusiastic offers to hold future Massee Lane, Georgia and some news of ACS Congresses were accepted, in South Africa in July- personnel. August 1993, The Channel Islands and Brittany in Reports on research projects investigating tissue 1995 and Miyazaki Japan in 1999. 30 Papers printed in the Journal include a 17 page in sea currents to the far north of Japan and the report of Dr Clifford Park’s work on cross- subsequent adaptation of the resultant plants to the compatibility in the genus, which is of particular conditions. interest to hybridists. Work on hybridising using A major find to excite camellia historians is yellow species is reported. Gao Jiyin from the reported:- a booklet written in 1837 by a member of Zhejiang Research Institute in China, tells of his the famous Seidel family of German nurserymen. ‘air bridge’ which is the exchanging of scions It is believed to be the first book written on between countries and the friendships made camellia cultivation, using the family’s experience in doing so. He also explains that it is difficult of producing 40,000 plants in 308 cultivars to send the resulting hybrids overseas as the demands from within China are so great. Another Membership stands at 1540. paper from China concentrates on the past; it is a 1993. No. 25 detailed study based on the famous ‘Picture Scroll of Nanzhao’ and the ancient camellias of Yunnan. The final publication and distribution of the Register is further delayed as the last few pages from ‘W’ Membership is down to 1,439 and is thought to onwards, including the Wirlinga varieties raised have been due to raising membership fees. by Registrar Tom Savige, failed to be printed and 1991. No. 23 major problems with the binding were discovered on arrival in some countries. Once corrected and at President Tom Perkins reports that publication of last received, the Register received high praise and the Register is delayed until 1992. Membership is went into immediate use. up to just over 1,500 and such is the enthusiasm amongst many Regions that not only is the full The UK’s efforts to raise awareness of camellias program for the 1992 Congress in New Orleans took the form of a comprehensive Camellia Show printed, but also the outline programmes for the organised by the UK region of the ICS, as part of a August 1993 one in South Africa and ‘taster’ very big Spring Gardening Show at the Wembley articles for the 1995 Channel Islands and even the Exhibition Centre in London. With exhibits 1999 Congress in Japan. supplied and accompanied by ICS members from the USA, New Zealand, France and all parts of the The Southern California Camellia Society, reported UK it was an opportunity to bring ICS members th that it was celebrating its 50 anniversary. Formed together in a practical way. Two pages of black in 1940 it really came to life after WW2. It was the and white photographs taken at the show are first to publish a nomenclature list; 5000 copies of published. Australian, Harold Fraser reports on his ‘Camellia Nomenclature’, were published in 1947. 15th visit to Kunming which included a visit to the Camellia flower blight is tackled in an article about International Garden of Friendship. attempted control methods in the USA. Bud mite and virus diseases research are also reported. 1992. No. 24 This Journal seems to concentrate on camellia people and friendship with an interesting article, by Australian Ross Hayter about some of the characters behind camellia names, another on the naming of the camellia ‘Stalin’ by Antonio Sevesi and Gao Jiyin’s article on the Popularisation of Camellias in China which includes ideas for making people more aware of them. Cold hardiness features with a report from Dr. Guan Kaiyun, Asst. Director of KBG, with Mr. & Mrs. Harold Frazer Ackerman on his breeding programme and there is a thought-provoking article by Shunpei Uemoto Science is not forgotten, with several articles on on the movement of Camellia japonica seed yellow species, nor is the Register and the subject 31 of registration of new varieties is now a ‘hot’ shown, amongst other interesting sights, the oldest topic of concern to Registrar Tom Savige. Tom camellia tree in France, a huge C.j.’Latifolia’. is awarded the RHS Veitch Memorial Medal, the The Journal carries a report on the celebrations second highest medal awarded by the RHS. marking 50 years of achievements of the American 1994. No. 26 Camellia Society and there is a first report on the Chiswick House historic camellia collection and Tom Savige is awarded a Master of Science degree their neglected state. New hybrids bred in Japan at the University of Sydney for his work on the from C.chekiangoleosa are reported. Two research Register. teams report on the use of molecular analysis for Camellia flower blight (petal blight) is confirmed taxonomic research. Dr Clifford Parks’ team in in New Zealand for the first time. North Carolina concentrated on the relationships There are reports on the small but very successful within and between species while the team from ICS Congress in South Africa. the Kunming Institute of Botany report favourably on the use of DNA analysis as a new tool for identification of camellias in their collection of C. reticulata varieties. 1996. No. 28 The English translation of Jacob Seidel’s 1837 booklet on the ‘Cultivation and Propagation of Camellias’ is printed, including a picture of a grim faced Jacob. His understanding and instructions are as relevant today as they were in 1837. Some of the papers from the International Symposium on Camellia reticulata held in Kunming are printed and include one from Prof. Chang Hung Ta on ‘sixteen new species of C. The first International Symposium onC. chrysantha reticulata’. A short, well illustrated article on was held in Nanning. Attended by 130 people grafting onto large recently rooted camellia stems from 10 countries, it was the first opportunity for is the first time ICS readers became aware of many of us to see flowering yellow camellias in this Chinese technique for rapid production of the wild, to visit the gene bank of young plants camellias. of several other yellow flowered species. Also to learn more about their culture, potential as parents More ICS members are being taken on ‘camellia’ in hybridising, to meet Professor Chang Hung Ta, tours in China. Roger and Dorothy Brehaut’s tour and even to drink tea made from the young shoots to see wild camellias in Yunnan and Sichuan, of C. chrysantha. diverted by an earthquake in Lijiang, and Neville Haydon and Herb Short’s travels in the eastern 1995. No. 27 provinces, driven by ‘Tim Shao, effervescent We have a new President, Mrs Mayda Reynolds, based in Jersey, Channel Islands, and a new Editor- Herb Short, based in London. Herb’s first Journal has a cover with a black background that became his ‘signature’ for the duration of his editorship. Membership stands at 1713. The well-attended ICS Congress was held in Jersey with a pre-Congress tour to two of the other islands of Guernsey and Sark and a post-Congress tour to Brittany, France where delegates were 32 young businessman and car driver extraordinaire’ Vietnam has emerged as a ‘hot spot’ for camellia make very interesting and entertaining reading. hunters. C. amplexicaulis is recognised in cultivation around temple sites, and collected. Out in the forests several yellow flowered species are reported, including two new ones, C.cucphuongensis, and C. rosmannii, (named after Jean-Claud Rosmann, a French nurse, camellia enthusiast and camellia hunter). Rosmann presented a paper at the Congress on his four expeditions to the area, accompanied by Prof. Tran Ninh from the University of Hanoi.

1998. No. 30 An important ‘happening’ was that China formally became a new region of the ICS. The first supplement to the International Register of Camellias, Tom Savige’s final contribution to this massive project, was published. Historic camellias feature strongly in the Journal, balanced by reports of more new species found in Japan. Camellia flower blight is reported for the first time in Europe. Ten countries have sent news from their regions. Thick stem cuttings Membership is up to 1831 More colour photographs are used throughout 1999. No. 31 the Journal, including Herb Short’s extraordinary There are many tributes to Patron, Tom Savige, photograph taken from above and through a who died in December 1999 and a sad note to say wire safety grille, of a very ancient camellia tree that Thomas H Perkins, President 1989-1994, was growing in a cave. unable to send a message as he was too ill to do so. 1997. No. 29 He died on 1st January 2000. The Journal now has an Editorial Board and an On a more positive note there are glowing reports official Copy Editor in addition to Herb Short of the March 1999 Congress in Miyazaki, Japan, as Editor. Tom Savige stepped down from his which seems to have energised the Society. position as International Camellia Registrar, President Pat Macdonald reports that there has having supervised the preparation of a Supplement been “an exciting explosion of ICS membership to the Register which is ready for publication. The numbers in China” and pleads for more translation proposal for an ‘ICS approved Camellia Gardens into oriental script in the Journals and for an of Excellence scheme’ is approved in principle. extension of schemes that widen horizons into Subscription fees are raised. more availability of cultivars for both tropical and cold climate regions. The ICS Gardens of Mrs Otomo’s donation of 500,000 yen was Excellence scheme was formally launched and gratefully accepted and an Otomo Endowment applications invited. Fund dedicated to funding scientific research in the genus Camellia was set up. Camellia flower blight 2000. No. 32 is spreading fast in New Zealand and studies on it President Pat Macdonald’s message begins in and work on possible control measures are reported. sadness at the passing of more distinguished ICS Delegates to the ICS Congress in Auckland were figures:- Dr Antonio Sevesi (Italy) our longest able to appreciate the many gardens visited with serving director, and past Vice President David no sign of the disease. Trehane. 33 On a positive note it is reported that membership in 2002. No. 34 China has grown rapidly and the Region now has This was rather a sad year. two Directors. For the same reason Switzerland has also become a Region in it own right, with its President Pat Macdonald died in July 2002 and own Director. Visits have expanded to Croatia and Greg Davis, from Houston Texas took over as to the islands of the Azores. President, paying tribute to Pat’s hard work, energy and enthusiasm in his Message. The ICS website, managed from Germany by Dr Klaus Peper includes detailed photographs and text showing the stages in the life cycle of Camellia Flower Blight. A first report by Gao Jiyin on C.azalea, discovered in south west China in 1986, appears and includes the discussion about its correct nomenclature – is it C. changii or is it C. azalea ? Total membership is now 1787.

2001. No. 33 Charles Puddle is invited to become Patron. The Los Angeles Congress was attended by 200 delegates from 17 countries. Appropriately the Journal includes papers on California’s favourite camellias; the ‘Discovery, Importation and Propagation’ of the first reticulatas to reach California, USA from China in 1948. Also Dr Clifford Parks’ paper on ‘The story of Camellia reticulata’ which includes reports of his four study trips in China and subsequent research with his team in North Carolina. The team also report on research into a possible new classification of the genus, using computer technology and genetic Pat Macdonald. analysis. The death of more ICS stalwarts was reported:- The first ICS Gardens of Excellence awards were Ex-President John Tooby, Ex Vice Presidents Eric made, to four gardens in the USA, one in Australia Craig, and Vi Stone and ex Director Dr Jimmy and one in Germany. President Pat Macdonald Smart. Also, in the UK, Queen Elizabeth the continues to be concerned about translation Queen Mother a well known camellia enthusiast, of the Journal into other languages in order to died and her coffin carried a wreath of camellias. encourage more members to join the ICS. She is The large collection of camellias, (listed on p23 also enthusiastic about encouraging breeders to of the 2002 Journal), mostly of historic varieties produce camellias at each end of the hardiness planted at Villa Anelli by the late Dr Sevesi is saved range, in research into methods of dealing with from proposed construction projects. Samples of camellia flower blight, and in research into early tea and C. sinensis plants from the Azores were cultivation of camellias. reported to have been sent into space on the Space Shuttle Endeavor in December 2001 in a project to Plans for an International Camellia Species Garden study the effects of radiation on their polyphenol in Jinhua City, China are published. content. Membership has reached 1881 with a rise in China Membership has exceeded 2000 for the first time, to 122. reaching 2039. 34 2003. No. 35 2004. No. 36 A joyous International Camellia Congress in With no Congress to report the Journal contains March set the tone for this year. Held in Jinhua much of historical interest, with Editor Herb City, Zhejiang Province it was the first to be held Short’s interview with Stella Ross-Craig, widow in China and quite unforgettable for its exuberant, of J.Robert Sealy who was responsible for the colourful and at times almost overwhelming classic work ‘Revision of the Genus Camellia’, hospitality. Buses bearing delegates to the various providing insights into his life and work. Shigeo venues visited were escorted by police, roads Matsumoto, translated the epic work into Japanese were closed and crowds six deep lined the streets. to celibrate the 50th anniversary of the formation of Literally thousands of potted camellias were placed the Japan Camellia Society. Herb Short also writes along the streets and planted along the central about the plant hunting exploits of George Forrest divisions between dual carriageways. President in this the 100th anniversary of his first plant hunt Greg Davis and other Officers were whisked away in China, and Mirella and Gianmario Motta travel on arrival and appeared the next day at the opening in some of his footsteps in Yunnan. Shinichiro ceremony in colourful Chinese jackets. Kishikawa, a collector of rare original editions of books on camellias, has ‘made computer generated A visit to the new International Camellia Species copies’ of many of them and places the books in Garden where most of the 200 species collected their historic context. since 1999 are planted, and described in a paper presented by Gao Jiyin, was a highlight. Several deaths were reported including that of Dr. Klaus Peper, founder of the DKG, (German Camellia Society), past ICS Director for Germany, camellia historian and creator, in 1995 of the ICS homepage on the Internet.

2005. No. 37 Technology has become integrated into ICS life, as President Greg Davis proudly exhorts members to access the website, and book to attend the 2nd Symposium on Camellia nitidissima in Guilin in March. The ICS Congress in Locarno, Switzerland was held in the same month with a pre-Congress tour in Italy and a post-Congress tour in Germany. Papers read at the Congress concentrated mainly on studies of historic camellias in England, Spain, Portugal, (including the islands of the Azores and Madeira), Italy, Belgium, France, Germany, (Saxony and Stuttgart) and even the Czech Republic. The report that caused the most amazement was Dr. Chuji Hiruki’s fascinating, well illustrated story of camellia images featured in various ways in Japanese churches. At the Directors’ meeting four more ICS Gardens of Excellence awards were made :- to Marwood Hill Gardens, Antony Woodand Gardens and 2006. No. 38 Mount Edgcumbe Country Park in the UK and to Herb Short completed his twelfth edition of the Tsubakiyama Forest Park in Japan, bringing the Journal as Editor, the longest period of any editor total number of approved gardens up to ten. in the history of the Society. During this time Membership has risen to 2142 with a rise to just the Journals were all printed in New Zealand under 200 members in China. with Herb controlling content and dispatch from 35 England and Neville Haydon providing valuable The New Zealand Camellia Society celebrated support in Auckland. An onerous task especially as its 50th Anniversary and its achievements were this was all done before communication by e-mail reported. Pat Short also reported on The Second was commonplace. The Journals were then sent to Symposium on Yellow Camellias in Vietnam which Membership Representatives in the Regions for took place in January, in cold conditions which further distribution. took delegates from outside this normally tropical region by surprise, but did not deter attendance of 2006 was the year of the ICS Congress in 120 delegates from 10 different countries. Melbourne, remembered more for the successful Pre-Congress and post-Congress tours and reports The meeting in March in the Azores provided an on the travels of Australian scientists in search of ideal opportunity to show the 48 ICS members new species in Vietnam. As a result of his plant from 11 countries the abundance of camellias hunting and subsequent studies Dr George Orel, mostly planted in the 19th century on these little based in Sydney, produced a thought-provoking known Portuguese owned Atlantic islands. paper outlining his theory about the origins of the George Orel reported on molecular research, genus Camellia being from more tropical parts of partly funded by the ICS Otomo Fund, carried South East Asia and not in Southern China as is out on the potential of C. azalea for hybridising. currently accepted. Shinichiro Kishikawa’s article on 18th and 19th 2007. No, 39 century pictures of camellias provided a contrast. Greg Davis continued as President. Jennifer 2008. No. 40 Trehane found herself with the job of Editor of the Journal. (green covers). Journals were, for the first This was a very active year. President Greg Davis time, posted out to individual members around reports that ‘The International Camellia Register’ the world, using a professional dispatch company is up and running on the internet, following much discovered in the same town as the printer. hard work by Prof. Gianmario Motta, Daniel Ferrari and team in Milan and “will be an integral A highlight of the 2007 Journal is an interview with part of the ICS Web Site.” Neville Haydon was famous taxonomist, Dr Chang Hung Ta, arranged named International Camellia Registrar. by Pat Short. The highlight of the year was the ICS Congress in Falmouth, England which included papers on C.azalea, and two on techniques used in the identification of camellias as well as one on the alarming effects of the fungal diseases, Phytopthora ramorum and Phytopthora kernoviae.

Visits were made to several famous Cornish gardens and the Congress concluded with a banquet at which the Mayor of Falmouth decided not to give a conventional speech but sang Cornish folk songs instead – in the ancient language of Cornwall. The Pre-Congress tour included a visit to see the camellias in the Buckingham Palace gardens. 2009. No. 41 Charles Puddle, our Patron and founder member of the ICS died aged 92 in mid-summer. He was a small man but a towering figure in the Camellia world. 36 Ex-President Vi Lort-Phillips celebrated her 100th 2010. No. 42 birthday at home in Jersey.

Eleven ICS Gardens of Excellence are described and there is more from George Orel on the subject of C. azalea. A brief report from Peter Fischer tells us that this species does not succeed for him in Germany even when kept under heated glass all year. Molecular analysis in Pontevedra shows that the 3 known oldest surviving camellia trees in Europe, (one each in Italy, Germany and Portugal), are all the same variety.

Inveterate traveller, You Muxian reports on camellias growing in the most northerly location in China, on Chang-men-yan Island. A Japanese island Oshima, also features as the source of camellia wood for craftsmen working to produce a wide range of artefacts. Membership is 2043.

Pat Short began her term as President at the ICS Congress in Kurume, Japan in March, with the presentation of a new medal ‘The President’s medal’ to be awarded at the discretion of the president, ‘to people whose contributions have been of great value to the camellia world’. Neville Haydon and Shinichiro Kishikawa, were the first recipients. Accessory boxes & kokeshi dolls made from camellia wood Onkomadokoro Hiroi/ Edokoma. A bare wood toy. The rise in interest in historic camellias is Edo koma is a spinning top and was popular in the Edo period. It has, over a long period, changed its shape. recognised by the formation of the ICS Historic Ordinary people enjoy playing with “Ozashiki Koma, (the top which is idle in the house)”, with their family or friends. It has a unique and smart shape and from the Edo to modern Camellias Group, set up under the chairmanship times Japanese are fascinated by it. Because of its shape and colourful appearance we even of Dr. Chuji Hiruki to work on the identification, regard it as an ornament but we can spin all “Ozashiki Koma”. recording and conservation of historic camellias around the world. The Journal contains several articles which report on various investigations and projects in a number of countries, involving these camellias.

The Journal has a new, larger format in order to A new top, using a design made by a craftsman, making use of the properties of the cortex accommodate the much larger numbers of high of the camellia has been invented. Other small objects are made from camellia wood. quality digital photographs being submitted and the increased number of articles resulting from the ease of communication by e-mail. The death of past-President Vi. Lort-Phillips is reported.

“Toshima-Tubaki” art objects. Michiaki Hitoi Papers presented at the Congress included several on Japanese camellias including traditional Higo’s

Camellia09h.indd 72 Camellia wood artefacts 10/12/09 11:05:20in Japan and in Germany, Higo-sasanqua, the 37 management of C. japonica trees on Izu Oshima our camellias, the work being done to locate for the production of oil from their seeds and the ancient camellias and to help raise awareness propagation of historic camellias in some temple about them, and much more. Reports of travels gardens. Featured throughout was C.j. Tama-no- and camellia shows, and the social interaction with ura, from its discovery in 1947 in a forest on one our hosts and the general public in many countries of the Goto islands, studies on the genetic make-up give a wonderfully clear and joyous picture of the of its colouration, and its presence noted in many enormously valuable place that our members play of the gardens visited. as ambassadors for our favourite flower. Delegates enjoyed the visits, both during the The International Camellia Society is indeed Congress and on the tours before and after it. fulfilling its aims ! Many temples were visited and their historic Jennifer Trehane camellias admired as well as a number of privately and publicly owned gardens, including three ICS Gardens of Excellence approved at the Directors’ ~~~~~ meeting :- Kurume Camellia Garden, the Ishibashi Cultural Centre and the Goto Camellia Forest Park.

2011. No. 43 ICS Presidents Past President Greg Davis is chosen to be the 1962 - 1977 Prof. E.G.Waterhouse Australia Society’s Patron. President Pat Short tells us that she and Herb have made visits during the camellia 1978 - 1982 Mr Thomas Savige Australia flowering season, to seven European countries 1983 - 1985 Mrs Vi Lort Phillips Channel Islands and also travelled in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Surely the most travel undertaken by 1986 - 1988 Mr John Tooby United Kingdom an ICS President – and her husband – in one year. 1989 - 1994 Mr Thomas Perkins United States The second International Camellia Register Supplement is published and distributed after 1995 - 1997 Mrs Mayda Reynolds Channel Islands much hard work by Registrar Neville Haydon, and also incorporated into the Web Register on-line by 1998 - 2001 Mrs Patricia Macdonald New Zealand Gianmario Motta and his team in Milan. 2002 - 2009 Mr Gregory Davis United States A Symposium on Historic Camellias and 2010 - Mrs Patricia Short United Kingdom Conservation was held in Goto in February, attended by 10 delegates from outside Japan. Two articles by Gao Jiyin and his team, tell of the ICS Journal Editors first potentially successful interspecies crosses using C. azalea and illustrate the first thirteen 1962 - 1973 Mr Charles Puddle United Kingdom hybrids. Intrepid traveller You Muxian reports on the development and success of ‘The largest 1974 - 1977 Mr Eric Craig Australia camellia nursery in the world’ with 800 acres of 1978 - 1981 Mr John Alpen Australia camellias planted out, in Sichuan Province in China. 1982 - 1985 Mr Kenwyn Clapp United Kingdom 2012. No. 44 1986 - 1988 Mrs Jo Freeman United Kingdom This present International Camellia Journal is packed with contributions from many countries, 1989 - 1994 Mrs Jean Comber United States following a wonderful Congress in China where 1995 - 2006 Mr Herbert Short United Kingdom we had the opportunity to hear of research projects delving deep into the genetic information about 2007 - 2012 Ms Jennifer Trehane United Kingdom 38 Historic Camellias and Conservation

Camellia Archaeology at Quinta de Fiães, Portugal Joana Andresen Guedes, with Herbert Short and José Louzada

One of the visits on the 2014 Pre-Congress tour of Portugal will be to the Quinta de Santo Inácio de Fiães in Avintes, near Porto. Its gardens are a true camellia forest, with more than 1,700 plants, all of them from the 19th century (and maybe some from the 18th century). More than 30 Portuguese Trunk partially cleaned - 2006 varieties were obtained here, and there are also many ancient camellias imported from England, France, Belgium and Italy – including the remains of what has now been found to be the oldest ‘Alba Plena’ in Europe. This Quinta was used mostly as a summer residence by the Van Zeller family and in the 19th century it was considered a reference for horticulture in Portugal and known simply as ‘Fiães’. (see International Camellia Journal, 2002, pp. 42-45). However, in the first decades of the 20th century Same trunk after cutting the sample – 2009 the house was gradually abandoned by the family, although the property was never totally neglected. By the end of the 90’s its owners launched a new project including a zoo and opened it to the public, in order to restore and maintain the house and the gardens, which are officially declared an Area of Public Interest. In the summer of 2006 I was walking amid the camellias near the house, and suddenly came across an ivy mound the size of a large bench. I started Sample taken to the UTAD Laboratory of Forestry Products. The sections examined are the two on the left. scratching the ivy to see what lay underneath – it was a large trunk of a dead camellia! The trunk China. I remembered the words of José Marques had developed into 5 large branches, its perimeter Loureiro in Jornal de Horticultura Pratica, Vol. at soil level was 2.10 m, and it was evident that the XIII, 1882, p. 106: “The first camellias to arrive camellia had been cut down quite a few years ago. in Porto came in 1808-1810, ordered by Mr. Van Zeller and other distinguished amateurs…”. ICS Near this dead camellia there are quite a few old member António Assunção ‘discovered’ a smaller cultivars, like a magnificient ‘Anemoniflora’ old camellia trunk nearby. It is not completely (‘Waratah’) with a perimeter of about 3.20 m, ‘Alba dead, there are still some shoots in good condition. Simplex’, ‘Incarnata’ (‘Lady Hume’s Blush’), We cleaned it and now we are waiting to see what ‘Chandleri’, ‘Dianthiflora’, and even closer stands camellia it is. a ‘Variegata’. Probably all japonica varieties in this specific area of the garden are either of English Time went by, and one day I asked the head origin or of those that arrived in England from gardener if he remembered anything about the 39 existence of a camellia in that specific place. He Based on this examination, we can thus conclude told me that it was cut down in 1979, after having that the tree from which the sample was cut would been severely damaged by a big storm, and that have, at the time when it was cut, have an age of it was white, very perfect and with many blooms. 174 years, and that it must have been planted in Later on I asked my brother-in-law ,António 1805. Guedes, about it. He looked after this Quinta for Vila Real, 20th November, 2009. (signed – José more than 40 years, and his answer was exactly Luis P.C. Louzada) the same. Note by José Louzada: “This conclusion was Trying to find the age of that camellia was a must, obtained based on the following facts: at the so a section of the trunk was cut as close to the time when the tree died it had 149 visible rings, soil as possible. In October 2009 I contacted Eng. to which we must add 25 rings already destroyed Louzada, head of the Forestry Laboratory research by biodegradation agents so, on this date, the tree team of UTAD (University of Trás-os-Montes e would be about 174 years. If we add to that age Alto Douro), to determine the age of that trunk. the 30 years corresponding to the time elapsed I took him the section and his report shows that it between the death of the tree and harvest the was from 1805! material (information provided by Eng. António Here is a translation of his report: Guedes) we obtain a total of 204 years in 2009. Thus we conclude that this tree has been planted in TECHNICAL REPORT 1805 (2009-204)”. Age evaluation of a wood sample Eng. Louzada says in his report that “it must On November 2, 2009, a sample of Camellia have been planted in 1805”. Most probably it was (Camellia L.) was brought to the Forestry planted in 1805 in England and came to Fiães Department of UTAD (Universidade de Trás-os- about three years later, which agrees with the time Montes e Alto Douro) to evaluate the age of the indicated by Marques Loureiro’s 1808-1810 as the tree it was taken from. arrival of the first imported camellias. The macroscopic and microscopic analysis of this I told Herbert Short about this, and he thought it sample revealed that it came from a tree that had was very interesting. In 2011 he and Pat came to been dead for several years (Photo 1 above). There Porto and saw the stump of the dead camellia and were evident signs of degradation, the wood of the its surroundings. So now let’s read what Herbert inner part of the trunk had already been completely has to say about it: destroyed by biodegradation agents and did not “On a rainy day at Fiães we scrambled down from have the corewood (Hardwood). However, in the garden path near the manor house to see what the remaining section the annual rings were well was left of the trunk of the dead camellia. Its size, defined (Photos 2 and 3). even in decay, was impressive: not as large as the trunks of some of the old camellias in the garden, After the identification and counting of annual but ‘Alba Plena’ is not known to be a fast grower. rings in the section still intact, this section had 149 It could only have been ‘Alba Plena’ because growth rings. it was one of the few camellias – along with the The macroscopic analysis of this sample also single red (‘Rubra’), ‘Variegata’ and ‘Rubra Plena’ showed that the portion of destroyed wood – available at that time.” represented approximately a diameter of 16 cm, The ring count tracing the camellia to which corresponds to approximately 25 annual approximately 1805 establishes Quinta de Santo rings. Inácio de Fiães as the site of the oldest ‘Alba According to the information given by Eng. Plena’ that has been found in Europe. Because the António Guedes, Director of Quinta da Aveleda, inner part of the trunk had suffered degradation owner of Quinta de Santo Inácio de Fiães, where so it did not have the core, the tree actually could he has worked for more than 40 years, this tree have been slightly older or younger. But there is no was cut down at least 30 years ago. question that the dating reinforces José Marques 40 Loureiro’s statement that the first camellias arrived in Porto between 1808 and 1810, ordered by Mr. Van-Zeller and other well-known amateurs. If the ‘Alba Plena’ had been propagated in England about 1805, it probably arrived at Fiães two or three years later. And it is most probable that the very old ‘Variegata’ growing nearby arrived from England along with the ‘Alba Plena’ and was planted at the same time. This would make it the oldest ‘Variegata’ we know of in Europe. The first ‘Alba Plena’ was brought to England from China in 1792, along with ‘Variegata’, on the British East India Company ship Carnatic by Captain John Corner, for Gilbert Slater of Knotts Green, now a part of northeast London. Slater died in 1793. His house was sold in 1794 and, although the house was famous for its gardens until the late 1800s, there is no record of what happened to the original camellias.

The old ‘Variegata’ with some blooms

The trunks of ‘Variegata’ can be seen on the far right The oldest surviving trees of ‘Alba Plena’ in Europe are believed to be in Roßwein, Germany, and at Wardour Castle, near Shaftesbury in England. The one in a glasshouse at Roßwein is the lone survivor of three believed to have been planted between 1805 and 1835, but there is no General view – ‘Variegata’ documentation of its age (2005 Journal, p.32- 36 and p. 69-77). And four camellias in an old Until Joana’s findings at Fiães, the oldest ‘Variegata’ glasshouse at Wardour Castle are believed to have in Europe was believed to be at Chiswick House been planted between 1811 and 1827, but, again, in London, where it was planted during the 1820s there is no documentation (1998 Journal, p.37-38). (1997 Journal, p.117-125). 41 whose layout remains unchanged nowadays. The Soutomaior Botanic Park Different species were brought from gardens of and its camellia collection different nurseries, arboretums and botanic gardens Salinero M.C.1, Vela P., González M., Neves A., in Europe and we have evidence that some plants Barros A., Mansilla P. were brought from a manor house in Porto (Fig. 1). 1Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro, Deputación de Pontevedra, Subida a la Robleda s/n, 36153 Pontevedra, España. [email protected] History of the property and the gardens The Soutomaior Castle, located in Pontevedra province dates back to the 12th century. At that time the castle had a single tower, known as the tribute tower that was damaged after the Irmandiño Wars in the 12th century. The period of maximum splendour of the castle took place in the 15th century during the life of Pedro Álvarez de Sotomayor, Count of Caminha (known as Pedro Fig. 1 Vela, la Ilustración Española, 1884 Madruga) who finished the walls surrounding the castle and turned it into an impressive mass. The gardens of English style could have been designed by a French landscape architect, During the 15th century several members of Lombard, who also created the gardens of some the Soutomaior family carried out the castle important Galician manor houses at that time or by enlargement and restoration. At the end of the a French-Polish architect (Paczevich). José Lopez same century, during the reign of the Catholic Otero, a Galician journalist, in 1900 in his book Kings, with the unification of Spain, the defensive ‘Pontevedra. Recuerdos, monumentos, música and military function of the property was changed y costumbres’ describes the Soutomaior Castle and became more productive and residential. For garden saying that the garden is embellished by more than 300 years, different members of the a great variety of camellias and specimens of Soutomaior family disputed for the property of Thuja, Araucaria and other conifers, a bandstand, Soutomaior Castle and thus the property endured a and a small park where plenty of ducks live … period of total abandonment. In 1795, the dispute The Marchioness de Ayerbe in the book Apuntes was finally settled in favour of Benito Correa y históricos sobre Soutomaior (1902) mentions the Sotomayor, 4th Marquis of Mos who turned the species that were growing in the garden: “Cedar property into a manor house, restoring the castle of Lebanon were growing near eucalyptus, and and substituting the coat of arms at the main fir trees from the north were growing beside palm gate. According to the existing literature of the and orange trees. Camellias were trees instead 18th century in the property there were fruit trees of shrubs, and magnolias had the same height as (bitter and sweet orange trees, lemon trees, apple conifers” . trees, pear trees and cherry trees among others), In 1982, Soutomaior Castle was acquired by the a vineyard, horticultural crops, chestnut trees and Excma. Diputación de Pontevedra. At that time forestry species surrounding the castle. Although the 35 ha of land comprised the botanic park, a there is no written evidence, some ornamentals sanatorium and various agricultural facilities. The surrounding the castle could have been planted Diputación de Pontevedra carried out important before that date. restoration work on the castle, as well as on the In 1870 the property was inherited by the Marquis preservation and enlargement of the garden for de la Vega de Armijo who was President of the cultural aims. After restoration, both the gardens Spanish government and President of the Congress and the castle were opened to the public. In at that time. He restored the main building, turning addition, a hotel, a restaurant, a café and a banquet it into a neo-Gothic castle and created the gardens, room were created (Fig. 2). 42 Catalogues include those specimens growing in our region that deserve special attention, since they are part of our natural and historical heritage.

Fig. 2 Current appearance of Soutomaior Castle. In the high part of the property they planted an indigenous forest, with chestnut trees and a vineyard (removing foreign species such as Eucalyptus and Pinus). They also started an extensive Camellia Camellia collection of the Diputación de Pontevedra collection, and planted apple trees and pear at the Soutomaior Botanic Park trees of Galician varieties. They also carried out the restoration of the 6 ha. park surrounding the castle. In this botanic park grow more than one thousand specimens belonging to 145 different species and 40 botanic families shown in Table 1. Although angiosperms are the most abundant group in the botanic park, gymnosperms constitute an important collection due to the magnificence of their specimens which stand out among the species growing in the park. Tables 1, 2 and 3, and Figures 3 and 4 may be seen on the ICS website.

Figure 5: Oldest camellia specimen in the park included in the Galician Monumental Tree Catalogue (Ducal & Izco, 2003) Since the 19th century the Diputación de Pontevedra View of Soutomaior Botanic Park has been interested in the Camellia culture and in This botanic park has plenty of exotic species, the promotion and diffusion of the camellia as some of them included in the Galician Catalogue the flower of the Pontevedra province. In 1873 of Monumental Trees (Rodríguez Dacal & Izco, this institution created the Practical Agricultural 2003) and in the Galician Catalogue of Singular School in A Caeira that in 1882 edited a catalogue Trees (Decree 67/2007, DOGA 17th April). These of plants with 130 Camellia cultivars on sale. 43 This centre promoted the camellia culture in the to 1986, the camellia collection was enlarged Galician region and mainly in the Pontevedra using plant material produced at the EFA from province at the end of the 19th century. The small cuttings collected from Galician gardens and gardens surrounding the Provincial palace of the manor houses, others were donated by individuals Deputación de Pontevedra have camellias planted like Robert Gimson or were acquired in both from the 1899 to 1905. The origin of these camellia Spanish (Nicolás Badía, Maciñeira, Santa Cruz de specimens is unknown but they may belong to the Ribadulla) and foreign nurseries (Thoby, Trehane, Practical Agricultural School or they could have Nuccio’s and Duncan & Davis). All these plants been introduced from Portuguese nurseries, such were maintained in the EFA nurseries for some as the Real Companhia Agricola Portuense. Since time where they check their sanitary condition 1965 the Diputación de Pontevedra organizes the and when they reach an adequate size they are International Camellia Show of Diputación de transplanted and distributed in the different areas Pontevedra, the most important camellia show in of the Soutomaior Botanic Park. Spain and with the longest tradition in Europe. When the Diputación de Pontevedra acquired At the end of 1986 the camellia collection the castle, its main aim was to create a camellia comprised 163 plants and 8 species. Thus, collection in the gardens of Soutomaior Castle 108 specimens belonged to C. japonica, 4 to C. that will be a reference for all Galician growers, sasanqua, 10 to C. reticulata and 14 were hybrids. nurserymen and enthusiasts. In subsequent years the camellia collection was Soutomaior Botanic Park and the camellias enlarged, with plant material obtained from When the Soutomaior Castle was acquired by the Galician historical gardens and with donations Deputación de Pontevedra, the garden already had from individuals and nurseries from other countries 19 Camellia japonica specimens. Some of these such as Akashi and Matsumoto (Japan), Ya Yung camellias are among the first planted in Spain and Huang (China), Ghirardi and Corneo (Italy), Marc rank with those planted at the gardens of other de Coninck and Guy Van Rysseghem (Belgium). Galician manor houses. At present the camellia collection has 420 camellia One of these specimens has the largest trunk plants belonging to 25 different species, including circumference in Galicia and a diameter of canopy 314 cultivars of C. japonica, 21 cultivars of C. of 17 metres and 18 trunks growing from the base reticulata, 23 of C. sasanqua and 29 cultivars of C of the tree (Figure 5). The names of the cultivars x hybrid (Fig. 6). of these old camellia specimens growing in 䌀⸀ 愀洀瀀氀攀砀椀挀愀甀氀椀猀 the garden is unknown. 䠀礀戀爀椀搀猀䌀⸀ 挀栀愀渀最椀椀㠀Ⰰ㠀─ These specimens are 䌀⸀ 猀愀猀愀渀焀甀愀䌀⸀ 挀栀爀礀猀愀渀琀栀漀椀搀攀猀 being identified by the 㘀Ⰰ㜀─ 䌀⸀ 昀氀愀瘀愀 camellia research team 䌀⸀ 爀攀琀椀挀甀氀愀琀愀䌀⸀ 昀氀甀瘀椀愀琀椀氀椀猀㔀Ⰰ㈀─ 䌀⸀ 最爀愀渀琀愀洀椀愀渀愀 working at the Estación 䌀⸀ 最爀椀樀猀椀椀 Fitopatolóxica 䌀⸀ 欀愀最椀爀漀栀椀䌀⸀ 氀漀渀最椀挀愀爀瀀愀 do Areeiro using 䌀⸀ 渀椀琀椀搀椀猀猀椀洀愀伀琀栀攀爀猀 agromorphological 䌀⸀ 洀愀氀椀昀氀漀爀愀㘀Ⰰ㜀─ characteristics and 䌀⸀ 漀氀攀椀昀攀爀愀䌀⸀ 爀漀猀愀攀昀氀漀爀愀 molecular markers 䌀⸀ 猀愀氀甀攀渀攀渀猀椀猀 to be included in 䌀⸀ 猀椀渀攀渀猀椀猀䌀⸀ 琀愀氀椀攀渀猀椀猀 the Catalogue of 䌀⸀ 琀爀愀渀猀渀漀欀漀攀渀猀椀猀 the Deputación de 䌀⸀ 琀甀渀最栀椀渀攀渀猀椀猀 Pontevedra collection. 䌀⸀ 樀愀瀀漀渀椀挀愀䌀⸀ 瘀攀爀渀愀氀椀猀㜀㈀Ⰰ㜀─ 䌀⸀ 眀愀戀椀猀甀欀攀 During the garden restoration, from 1982 Fig. 6: Distribution of Camellia cultivars at the Soutomaior Botanic Park 44 Splendor of Italian Camellias Vitaliani was adopted by Giovanni Borromeo, a Borromeo’s Islands and Rovelli’s rich uncle with a broad merchant business, and camellias inherited both his name and fortune. He developed the family’s banking business and opened new Mirella Gloria Motta branches in Burgos and Barcelona. In 1416 he got via Boccaccio 4-20123 Milano- Italy Milanese citizenship and in 1418 became Duchy email: [email protected] Treasurer (at that time Milan was a self-ruled Duchy). In a seamless career he obtained from “Quand on a un coeur et une chemise, il faut vendre la chemise pour voir l’Italie” the Duke, Filippo Maria Visconti, the permit for (Henri Beyle – Stendhal) fortifying his suburban palace in Peschiera (now Peschiera Borromeo) and, in 1439-40, received

The Princes Borromeo and ‘Isola Madre : from the Duke a number of fiefs and in 1439 the foundation of the romantic garden was appointed Count of Arona. Afterwards, he According to Almanach de Gotha, the dictionary purchased the castle of Angera, just in front of of first rank aristocracy, the Borromeo family was Arona, across the Lago Maggiore. His successor originally named ‘Vitaliani’. From the Tuscan Filippo opened bank branches in Bruges and borough of San Miniato they moved to Milan at London, and the subsequent Borromeos continued the end of fourteenth century. In 1406, Vitaliano to increase the considerable wealth of the family.

MAP OF THE ISOLA MADRE [Borromeo Turismo [11] ] 45 In 1632 the Borromeos founded their gardens on The Park of Isola Madre Lago Maggiore. Isola Madre is 330 meters long, 220 meters wide At that time, Carlo III bought a rocky crag, and 40 meters high, with a surface of 80,000 and started to build a palace for his wife, Isabella square meters. The soil is acid, sandy and almost D’Adda, from whom the island takes its current totally imported. The park is constructed in five name of ‘Isola Bella’. overlying gardens. At the north east Isola gently slopes towards the lake and is protected by a wind- Angelo Crivelli was the architect of the palace break made of tall Laurus nobilis, Quercus ilex and of the Italian formal garden. The garden, after and other (deciduous) oaks, with an understorey some interruptions, was inaugurated in 1671. Isola consisting of Ruscus aculeatus and R. hypoglossus. Bella is still considered a masterpiece of the formal On the west side there is the Botanic Garden with Italian garden. rare exotic plants. Here there is the ‘Piano delle On September 13, 1501 Count Lancellotto Camelie’ (Camellia Place), with the oldest plants Borromeo (1473-1513) encharged Pietro da placed close to a wall, looking out to the lake. Castello and Luigi da Cantù, to give him the Many others plants are near to the palace, on the investiture of Isola Madre. The emphyteusis ‘Loggia del Cashmir’ (Cashmir Loggia) and the contract was submitted to Louis XII King of ‘Piazza dei Pappagalli’ (Parrot Square). France and Duke of Milano. On June 12, 1502 the The island balances a perfect sunny situation with Count Borromeo started to build the palace and the mild soothing effect of the lake, resulting in his gardener, Marco da Castelletto, bought from a winter temperature that seldom, if ever, drops Genoa market place ‘pomerances’ (oranges) to be below 3-5ºC . Nowadays, the garden is run by grown on the island. So a new vegetable system nine gardeners, headed by Gianfranco Giustina, was planted for the first time on the island. supplemented by part time staff and contractors Vitaliano IX was keen on botany and he transformed during the peak periods. Isola Madre is open to the island into a lush park, with rare plants from the public and is visited by 100,000 people each all over the world. He was in correspondence year. The botanical collection includes a selection with the English traveller and botanist Joseph B. of Chinese and Himalayan rhodendrons (e.g. Pentland, an officer from the Foreign Office, who R. sinogrande, R. arboreum ‘Kermesinum’) and provided him with seeds, and started exchanges over 150 varieties and species of camellias. Some with his colleagues around the world. He planted of the original core of eighteenth century plants, exotic trees, among which the gigantic Cupressus made up of japonicas, are thriving in the island, torulosa (Hymalayan Cypress) in the backyard of known as ‘Gloria delle Isole Borromee’ (Glory the Borromeo palace, that was able to survive a of Borromeo Islands). However, the majority of whirlwind in 2006. current plants are later additions, e.g. C. reticulata, C. sinensis, C. granthamiana, and camellia relatives Also a special conservatory was installed, to as Ternstroemia, Tutcheria, Gordonia and Eurya. grow rare plants that required special climatic conditions. With its spectacular position in the A dynasty of gardeners : the Rovelli family middle of Lago Maggiore, Isola Madre is now and their camellias hosting a wide variety of species, that encompass Between the late eighteenth and early nineteenth Magnolias, Rhododendrons, and Camellias. In century, Alessandro Rovelli came to Lago January 2003, it was nominated for an award by Maggiore from Monza, a city close to Milan, the Royal Horticultural Society. nowadays famous thanks to its automobile circuit. The Borromeo family also raised dynasties of He was recommended by Giovanni Rossi, at that gardeners, among which the Rovelli family played time chief gardener for the Borromeo family, who a key role in the nineteenth century, especially in came from Desio, a borough close to Monza; introducing camellias in the Lago Maggiore area. Alessandro was joined by his brothers Giuseppe- The Rovelli family served the Princes Borromeo Antonio and Carlo, who went to live on Isola for a long time and eventually started a nursery. Madre with their families. So from 1801 the two 46 Rovelli brothers were engaged to work in the Century. The end came suddenly, when Renato, private gardens of the Borromeo family at Isola influenced by wrong investments, sold the nursery Bella. They arrived to rent the citrus nursery at and the area to a Milanese developer, who dispersed Isola Madre, where they lived permanently. In their collection of camellias, rhododendrons and 1802 about 15 members of the Rovelli family were magnolias, and conifers. living on the island. In 1823, as gardeners of the Prince Borromeo, they introduced the camellia in the area of Lago Maggiore; a camellia ‘Pinch’ (= ‘Pink’) was planted on the island, as per Borromeo’s records, together with a large number of exotic plants. In 1828 they started the transformation of Isola Madre, under the supervision of Vitaliano IX (1792-1874) and his father Giberto V, an amateur botanist. In 1837 Renato Rovelli, who was gardener on the Isola Madre, was appointed gardener of the Isola Bella and travelled for a botanical trip across Italy together with Vitaliano IX. In 1845, Giuseppe Antonio Rovelli and his nephew Renato first published the ‘Catalogo Generale delle Piante Coltivate all’Isola Madre’ (General Catalog of the Plants Cultivated at Isola Madre), printed in Lugano (Switzerland) by Bianchi. Unfortunately, relationships with the Borromeo family began to deteriorate because of their many Camellias list Isola Bella Archives, ‘unauthorized initiatives’ concerning material Handwritten by Rovelli R. 1834 – 1836 from the Isola Madre. Many rare seeds, small potted and rooted plants, mainly conifers and camellias, vanished from the Borromeos’ gardens to reappear on the estate purchased by the Rovelli family on the Castagnola peninsula, just across the lake, facing Isola Madre, where the Rovelli’s nursery was founded. The relationship worsened, with appeals, legal actions, and disputes. In 1850 an agreement was made. The Rovellis left the Isola Madre and settled at Castagnola. There, Renato together with Francesco and Giacomo, conducted hybridization and propagation experiments on camellias, and continued to publish the catalogues of their own nursery. Their catalogue listed over 170 varieties, but only a few, including the famous C. japonica ‘Gloria del Verbano’, were originated by them. Renato’s sons – Achille, Enrico and Carlo – continued the work of their father, achieving a high reputation especially on conifers and camellias. Carlo and his son Renato 2nd successfully Camellias list 1845 continued up to the beginning of the Nineteenth 47

Camellias list ‘Catalogue of Plants - Garden of Acclimatisation - Borromeo’s Islands’ by Prince Borromeo G., chief gardener Pirotta A. Tipografia Intrese, Intra 1906

List of Rovelli’s camellias planted in Isola Madre Botanic Garden C.japonica ‘Abate Bianchi’ C.japonica ‘Mameli’ C.japonica ‘Adelina Patti’ C.japonica ‘Maria Rovelli’ C.japonica ‘Apollo’ C.japonica ‘Maria Teresa Rosea’ C.japonica ‘Bertha Ravené’ C.japonica ‘Mitronesson’ C.japonica ‘Bice Pacinotti’ (believed extinct) C.japonica ‘Muller d’Italie’ C.japonica ‘Bolongara’ C.oleifera ‘Oleifera Plena’ C.japonica ‘Castagnola’ C.japonica ‘Paolina Lucca’ C.japonica ‘Conte di Cavour’ C.japonica ‘Pavolini’ C.japonica ‘General Pepe’ C.japonica ‘Prince Troubetzkoy’ C.japonica ‘Gloria del Verbano’ C.japonica ‘Radaelli’ C.japonica ‘Gloria delle Isole Borromee’ C.japonica ‘Regina Margherita’ C.japonica ‘Helvetia’ C.japonica ‘Romaniensis’ C.japonica ‘Il 22 Marzo 1848’ C.japonica ‘Tornielli d’Italie’ C.japonica ‘Isabella Galletti’ 48 Rovelli’s camellias today

What is surviving nowadays? A part of the area of Rovelli’s nursery was set aside, and some camellias are still surviving. They have been identified and published in a book ‘Antiche Camelie del Lago Maggiore’ (‘Ancient Camellias of Lake Maggiore’) [Hillebrand P. , Bertolazzi G., ‘Antiche Camelie del Lago Maggiore’, Alberti Libraio editore, Verbania. 2003 ; ‘Antiche Camelie del Lago Maggiore – vol II’, Alberti Libraio editore, Verbania. 2011]. 2. C.japonica ‘Gloria del Verbano’ [Photo by Corneo A.] On the Isola Madre, the new gardeners introduced many other plants, changing the site. In 1906 a Isola Madre Catalogue, 1845. No description. van ‘Catalogue of Plants - Garden of Acclimatisation Houtte Catalogue, 1845-1846, 23:5: Imbricated, vivid red and lined with white - from Rovelli Bros. - Borromeo’s Islands’ was edited by Giberto Borromeo and the chief gardener Alessandro Van Houtte Catalogue, 1858, 72:14: Half open its Pirotta. The number of species and varieties flowers are magificent formal doubles, carmine reached 3,900, and for each one the family they vermilion spotted white; fully open they are belonged to, and the place of origin was indicated. scarlet with white stripes. Sets buds freely. Figured and described in Verschaffelt, 1858, Nouvelle Nowadays, approximately 2,000 specimens Iconographie, Book XI, pl.III: Its ample petals, of shrubs and trees are cultivated on spirally inserted and outspread, smaller and serried the Isola Madre, but they include only in a compact heart at the centre, truly imitate an a small number of Rovelli’s camellias:- Ile-Bourbon rose when fully opened, and resemble C.j.‘Abate Bianchi’, C.j.‘Bolongara’, C.j.‘Gloria it also by their gorgeous, vivid carmine colouring. del Verbano’, C.j.‘Gloria delle Isole Borromee’, [From www.camellia.unipv.it (Web Camellia C.j.‘Mitronesson’. The huge stock of camellias Register)]. that were cultivated in ‘Stabilimento Orticolo Rovelli’ is lost.

3. C.japonica ‘Isabella Galletti’ Photo by Mario Ponzanelli (www.camelie.it) Jean Verschaffelt, 1876-1877, Catalogue, No.19, 1. C.japonica ‘Prince Troubetskoy’ [Photo by Corneo A.] as Isabelle Galetti: Beautiful novelty. Pure white, perfect imbrication. From Rovelli. Roda Isola Madre Catalogue, 1845. No description; red. Catalogue, 1885, p.42: (Rovelli). Large flowers Originated in Italy by Rovelli, Pallanza, while at of very good, full form, imbricated, pure white. Isola Madre. [From www. camellia.unipv.it (Web Rovelli Catalogue, 1893-1894: Beautiful pure Camellia Register)] white, double, imbricated with a perfect form. 49 Originated by Fratelli Rovelli, Pallanza, Italy. [From www. camellia.unipv.it (Web Camellia Register)]

8. C.japonica ‘Gloria delle Isole Borromee’ [Photo by the Author]

6. C.japonica ‘Bolongara’ [Photo by the Author] Isola Madre Catalogue, 1845. No description; van Houtte Catalogue, 1845-1846, 23:5: Imbricated, Van Houtte, 1843-1844, Catalogue, 12:vv: Peony rose in the centre, blotched red and striped white. form. Rose cinnabar. From Isole Borromee, Originated in Italy by Rovelli, Pallanza, while Originated in Italy by Rovelli. at Isola Madre. [From www. camellia.unipv.it (Web Camellia Register)]

References may be found on the website.

Acknowledgements This work would be impossible without the support of: Princess Bona Borromeo Arese, her son Count Vitaliano Borromeo Arese, who gave their permission to access the Borromeo Archives. Alessandro Pisoni, Chief Archivist of the Borromeo Archives, who helped me in retrieveing documents. Gianfranco Giustina, chief gardener 7. C.japonica ‘ Mitronesson’ [Photo by the Author] of Borromeo Islands. Riccardo Russo, Director of Borromeo Islands Serena Sogno, assistant of Isola Madre Catalogue, 1845. No description. Borromeo Islands. Fratelli Rovelli, 1852, Catalogue, p.22: Large, imbricated, transparent, shining red with broad white border. A Rovelli introduction. Franchetti, Two pictures (4,5) in the original paper have been 1855, Collezione di Camelie, p.46: Imbricated; omitted. light transparent red with wide, white stripes. Verschaffelt, 1858, Nouvelle Iconographie, Book Rovelli’s full list of Camellia varieties including VII, pl.IV as Metronesson (Vera) Italian origin, its those found on Isola Madre, and those originally blossoms of medium size, present, in their most planted but which are now lost, may be found on numerous and small, rounded petals, The most the ICS website. regular imbrication; They are of a vivid pink colour, somewhat paler in the intermediate part, with numerous, wide, pure white bands which form multiple rays. [From www. camellia.unipv.it (Web Camellia Register) ] 50 Camellia Culture in Yunnan Zhang Fang-Yu President of Chuxiong Camellia Society e-mail: [email protected] This is an extract from the paper given at the Chuxiong Congress in 2012. The full text can be found on the ICS website. Yunnan is considered the treasury of camellias. The species Camellia reticulata, known as ‘Yunnan Wild Camellia’, or ‘Yunnan Red Oil Camellia’ has long been cultivated in Yunnan. There are hundreds of cultivars derived from this species. Their flowers are big, abundant, colorful and various, they flower from winter to spring and when in full bloom, they look like the evening sunset glow and this is unique to the landscape of Yunnan. As an ornamental, this species is as famous as Camellia japonica, but it is more than this, its flower is used as herbal medicine and its seeds are a very good source of edible oil. The special relationship between the local people and Fig. 1 A Mishi temple in Chuxiong Yi people’s area the camellia has created the unique culture of the camellias in Yunnan. The indigenous peoples venerate the camellia Most of the local people embrace primitive animism religions. The Yi ethnic nationality, with a population of over 7 million, venerates the camellia as a holy flower. The ‘Prayer of the Dragon’ recited by Bimo, priest of Yi people, says ‘god from the heaven dispersed three handfuls of seeds in man’s Fig. 2 Camellia twigs are offered to Mishi world, from which camellias grew and flowered all in the temple over the hillside, so we use the camellia to worship the god and our ancestor’. Every spring festival Buddhist monks conveyed and spread the camellia Yi people decorate pine branches with camellia culture. flowers in their courtyards as a holy tree and call it During the Tang dynasty Buddhism spread into ‘tree of earth and heaven’. Yunnan along the Southern Silk Road where many temples were built, some now thousands of years For Yi people, Mishi, or ‘lord of the earth’, is their old. According to the legend, when Buddha was most important deity. (Fig. 1). Every year when born, eight flowers bloomed and the camellia was Yi people perform the ceremony of worshiping one of these. In Sanskrit, it is called Mandaraka Mishi, they first worship the camellia tree, then which means flower dedicated to Siva. Camellias offer up some twigs to the Mishi (Fig. 2). The are supposed to aid the art of divination and so can local Yi people believe the Mishi will bless them be found in almost all Buddhist temples in Yunnan. with happiness and good fortune and that they will flourish like the camellia flower because in Chinese There is an ancient poem from Chuxiong: culture, ‘red’ and ‘fire’ are symbols of happiness ‘The tree is thousand years old and lichen grows on and prosperity. These religious and cultural beliefs it, the tree has experienced many years of rainfall have been of great importance in the preservation and wind with its root fixed firmly in the ground, and conservation of old camellias in Yunnan. when in full bloom in the old temple during winter, 51 it is like a evening glow lighting up the small gardener who lived in Dali, went to Luoyang to village nearby’. learn the skill of grafting. When he came back two years later, he brought back 800 cuttings Towards the end of the Ming dynasty and the from different camellias; he grew the cuttings in beginning of the Qing, Buddhism flourished clay pots and grafted them onto the wild species together with camellia culture and Dandang, a of Camellia reticulata. After five years he had famous monk wrote that ‘the camellia is the best obtained twenty new double-flowered cultivars. flower in Yunnan; thousands of red flowers in full bloom on the trees seem to be on fire, and the People in Yunnan not only cultivate the camellia melting snow reflecting the fire red which makes but also love and respect it. Four hundred years half of the sky also flaming.’ ago, during the Ming dynasty, Deng Mei the governor of Yunnan, wrote a long poem admiring the ten virtues of the camellia: these included its flowers, pretty but not coquettish, its branches, like a deer’s tail, very lovely, its sturdy trunk and its long flowering season. Zixi Mountain, the holy mountain of camellia culture Zixi Mountain of Chuxiong with an area of 16000 ha, is a paradise for camellias. Every village has a temple for worshiping Mishi, and many ancient trees of precious camellia cultivars like ‘Zehe’, ‘Yanzhi’, ‘Guomei’, ‘Tongzimian’ and ‘Shizitou’ grow in these temples. Camellia cultivation at Zixi Mountain started during the period of the Dali kingdom and it is said that an ancient tree of a cultivar called ‘Xiang guo cha’ is still growing there. Zixi Mountain is one of the native habitats for Fig. 3 Camellias venerated as Mandaraka Camellia reticulata. In this area the most ancient in Buddhist Temple camellia trees are now being preserved: some The cultivation of the camellia in Yunnan has a natural mutations have also been observed in this long history. region: the trumpet or magnolia simple-flowered The cultivation of camellia in Yunnan started as wild camellia has mutated into more beautiful, early as the Tang dynasty. In an ancient manuscript colourful variations with flowers of butterfly of 899AD called ‘Nanzhao tu Zhuan’ one picture wing shape, peony shape, curved-petal shape and shows two old camellia trees, estimated by their rose shape. Since 1989, 46 varieties have been size to be over 100 years old. This demonstrates registered, 32 of which are natural varieties of the that at that time camellias had already been used wild Camellia reticulata. for landscaping in Yunnan. It is said that the Tang Today, the political situation in China is stable, its emperor Dezong gave twelve skilled gardeners as economy is expanding and people’s livelihoods a gift to the Yi king Mouxun and these gardeners are improving. Chinese culture is also flourishing grafted cuttings of camellias from the Jiangnan and this is very good for the camellia industry. area of China onto the indigenous Camellia People now value camellias highly and use them reticulata, raising more than fifty cultivars to decorate their cities as well as their lives. including ‘Jiuxinshibaban’ (‘eighteen petals with Camellias are getting increasingly popular, the nine stamens’). Yunnan was now leading the camellia industry is expanding, the culture of the cultivation of camellias in China. At the beginning camellia is flourishing and we are confident and of the Yuan dynasty, around 1279, Yang Hetai, a optimistic about our future. 52 Chuxiong Camellia, its an investigation, and discovered 9 camellia trees more than 100 years old. Discovery, History and Present Development Wang Zhonglang*1, Xia Lifang1, Feng Baojun1, Toshiaki Shiuchi2, Xu Chunmei3 * e-mail: [email protected] 1 Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China 2 Botanic Gardens of Toyama, 42 Kamikutsuwada, Fuchu-machi, Toyama 939-2713,Japan 3 Zixishan Red Wall Garden, Chuxiong 675000, Yunnan, China Introduction Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, located in the middle of the Yunnan Plateau of China, has an area of 29,256 km². There is one county-level Chuxiong City (capital of the prefecture) and 9 counties: Shuangbai, Mouding County, Nanhua, Yao’an, Dayao, Yongren, Yuanmou, Wuding and Lufeng. Chuxiong is formerly famous for Yuanmou Man and Dinosaur, as well as the colorful ethnic culture of theYi people. Chuxiong has a long history of cultivating camellias. The prime minister of the Dali Kingdom in the Song Dynasty (A.D. 1300) Gao Liangcheng, had built Shisang Town on Zixishan Mountain where many camellias were introduced and planted. Later, many Buddhist temples were built on the mountain and camellias were also planted in the yards of these Buddhist temples and in nearby villages. Many of them have now become very big trees. Investigation and historical research Many places like Dali, Kunming, Tengchong and Fengqing were well-known for camellias in the outside world, although Chuxiong was on the only road that you had to follow from Kunming to the west of Yunnan for many years. Kunming Institute of Botany (KIB) is an important research institute in China. In 1985 KIB’s Prof. Fig. 1 Two old trees were discoveried in Wanjiachun Xia happened to know that there were several old Primary School of Yunqing Township of Chuxiong City camellia trees at Lijia Village of Yongan district (Photos of trees taken on 16 Aug 1985). Two plants in Chuxiong. Immediately after learning this were named as ‘Guomei’ (top) and ‘Yanzhi’ repectively important information, Xia and her staff made in 1989 53 In the following year, an investigation team cultivars. The two old trees in Wangjia Village was formed by the staff of Chuxiong Bureau of Primary School were later named C.reticulata Construction and the staff of KIB. An extensive ‘Guomei’ and ‘Yanzi’ (Fig.1). In 1989 ten investigation was carried out for four years new cultivars of C. reticulata were named and with the focus in Zixishan Mountain and the registered: ‘Chuxiongcha’ (Fig.2), ‘Chudie’, surrounding 7 townships and 2 towns. A total of ‘Luchengchun’(Fig.3), ‘Guomei’(Fig.1), ‘Yanzhi’ over 70 old cultivated trees of camellia and 60 (Fig.1), ‘Zehe’, ‘Zixi’, ‘Ziyan’, ‘Donglin’ (Fig. 4) old wild trees were discovered, including 1 tree in and ‘Seben’. Lucheng town, 37 in Qianjing, 15 in Yongan, 5 in The discovery of the very precious cultivar Dongua, 5 in Ziwu, 4 in Donggua, 2 in Cangling, 2 ‘Tongzimian’ (Fig. 5) and many other old trees in Fumin, 2 in Daguokou, 1 in Lühe, 1 in Zhongyi. in Chuxiong attracted much attention from the Among these old camellia trees, many are Chinese camellia community. Many camellia lovers from traditional cultivars, for example, cultivars home and abroad came to Chuxiong to visit the of Camellia reticulata ‘Dalicha’, ‘Shizitou’, rich camellia resource and precious old trees ’Tongzimian’, ‘Songzike’, ‘Liuye Yinhong’ etc. (Fig. 6). Chuxiong camellias then became well- These old trees and surrounding wild camellia known throughout the world. In 2005 Chuxiong’s plants produced many new varieties with different application to host the 2012 International Camellia genetic backgrounds, by natural pollination over Congress was approved by the Directors’ meeting a long period. Some of them later became new of the International Camellia Society.

Fig. 2 ‘Chuxiongcha’ was found on 24 Fig. 3 ‘Luchengchun’ was found on Fig. 4 ‘Donglin’ was found on 30 Jan. Jan. 1986 in Lu’s Family Hall of Luyi 22 Jan. 1986 in Zhuxichong Village 1987 in.the relic of Donglin temple in Village of Ziwu Town, Chuxiong City. of Yong’an Town, Chuxiong City. Zixishan Mountain of Chuxiong City. 54 The successful application for the International Camellia Congress re-ignited great mass enthusiasm for camellias in Chuxiong in many apects. In 2006 Zhang Fangyu et al. discovered a large number of old wild camellia trees in Heiniushan Mountain of Zhongshan Town. This discovery attracted great attention in the world. In 2007 Dr. Masashi Nakata from Toyama Botanic Gardens of Japan came with the staff of KIB to Chuxiong to investigate initially camellias in Heiniushan Mountain, and suggested the method and relative technique for investigation. Later after much discussion a full investigation plan was made for the next several years. Forming a united team to investigate the old camellia trees throughout Yunnan Province they used up-to-date scientific instruments, and got financial support from the Commemorative Foundation for the International Garden and Greenery Exposition. After several years of investigation, we discovered that besides the rich camellia resource in the famous Zixishan Mountain, other mountains like Heiniushan, Baizhushan and Ailaoshan have also many wild camellia trees. In Heiniushan Fig. 5 This was the famous camellia tree with two colors, the red is ‘Zixi’ and the white is ‘Tongzimian’. Photo of the tree taken in Feb. 1985.

Fig. 6 Some ICS members visited Zixishan Mountain on 18 Jan 1994, photo with local Yi people

Fig. 8 Camellias in Mt.Heiniu of Chuxiong Fig. 7 Dr. Nakata measured the chlorophyll contents top: Single flower commonly very deep red in 2007 lower: fruit in Heiniu Mountain 55 in 2005 to host the 2012 International Camellia Congress the camellia industry has greatly increased and improved. The number of nurseries has now reached 31, and the scale of each nursery is much much bigger. The total number of camellia plants produced has been increased to more than 2 million. Here, we would like to select 3 companies as examples.

1. Xinlü Camellia Nursery Co. Ltd. of the World’s Best Cultivars, Chuxiong City Founded in 2006 it is located at Yinjiazhui near the Linxiu Lake. The owner Mr. Tang Yongjun came from SE China’s Jiangsu Province. Now he has an area totalling 450 mu, in which around 200 mu (about 13.4 ha) is for cultivating ornamental camellias, 150 mu (about 10 ha) is for planting oil camellias, as well as 100 mu (about 10 ha) for growing Synsepalum dulcificum. Besides the cultivars of C. reticulata which were commonly cultivated in Chuxiong’s nurseries, this company introduced many others, especially those from Fig. 9 Camellia in Mt Zixi, Chuxiong outside Yunnan, including many beautiful foreign top: Single flower paler in color cultivars. Now around 1200 cultivars are grown in lower: Flower in semi-double form this nursery. It has also developed some very good Mountain more than 30,000 individuals were growing media, (compost), for growing camellias, discovered in 66 populations at elevations from light in weight, with good drainage, and with 1826m to 2400m. There are 1893 trees with more highly effective ectomycorrhizal fungal activity than 85 cm of ground circumference aged more (Fig. 9). It also cultivates many bonsai camellias than 100 years old. Twenty one trees had more which are very special in China (Fig. 10). than 300 cm of ground circumference and were aged several hundred years This investigation is a good foundation for scientific conservation and sustainable usage of a precious resource.

From 2007, after further investigation and propagation, 47 new cultivars were selected, 28 of which had been verified by the specialists and had been officially published. All these cultivars have independent intellectual property and Chuxiong’s characteristics, some of which, like ‘Weixihong’, ‘Lifang’ and ‘Zilian’ etc., have become the new representatives of Chuxiong city. Fig. 9 Light and effective growing media

The development of Camellia nurseries This company has good relationships with scientific research units in Yunnan. For example, in Chuxiong with Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS on Before 2004, there was only one very small breeding new cultivars, and with Chuxiong camellia nursery in Chuxiong, with less than 500 Normal College on studing ectomycorrhizal fungi camellia plants. Since the successful application of camellia plants. 56

Fig. 10 One of the bonsai camellias

2. Redwall Camellia and Fruit Garden in Zixishan Mountain The company, founded in 1998, is a local Chuxiong company. It was formerly called the Chuxiong Eco-agriculture Research Institute. Besides growing camellias, the owner Mr. Jiao Jianping also cultivates many kinds of fruit plants, especially delicious cherry and plum. He also manages two mountain restaurants and one guesthouse in Zixishan Mountain. If you need to find local wild camellia plants, the company will give you a satisfactory answer. He grows many local camellia species (Fig. 11b), like C. crassipes, C. yunnanensis, C. saluenensis, C. trichocarpa etc, and other genera of plants in the Theaceae family, such as Schima argentea, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Polyspora chrysandra etc. He uses ‘drip irrigation’ / ‘micro-irrigation’ systems for cultivating camellias for effectively using precious water. This is the first time in Chuxiong that this system has been used in growing camellias (Fig. 11a). He likes Chinese traditional culture as well, and has collected some camellia paintings, calligraphy and Yi people’s embroidery (Fig.11c). He also set up a website for the education and introduction of camellia http://www.cxchw.com/

3. Baize Camellia and Orchid Nursery Founded in 2005. It was formerly a private Orchid nursery of Baoshan, W. Yunnan, that came to Fig. 11 Some photos on Redwall Camellia Garden Chuxoing in 2005 and has become the present a: drip irrigation system used in pot plants nursery company. The owner Mr. Yang Jinglong b: Mr. Jiao looking after wild camellias is very good at cultivating camellias, especially at (C. yunnanensis) in his garden grafting. Now the nursery has more than 250,000 c: Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy in the exhibition corner of his garden 57 camellias, which are mainly local cultivars of Camellia reticulata. The quantity and quality of camellias in this nursery is one of the best and the prices are also reasonable. Each year, many camellia lovers come to this nursery to buy camellia plants. The nursery has also bred and registered two new cultivars. They have attended the Camellia Exhibition in Yunnan several times, and received many awards.

The camellia festival and culture development Since 2006, Chuxiong city has held an annual camellia festival for three days near the Lantern Day (the 15th day after Chinese New Year Day). The scale of the festival is getting bigger and bigger each year. In the beginning, in 2006, there was only a camellia show. In 2011, the 5th festival, which was also one year before the 2012 International Camellia Congress, besides the large scale camellia exhibition, there were also photography, calligraphy, and painting competitions, and an exhibition of embroidery. During the opening ceremony, there were also displays of dance and song, not only on the stage, but also on the streets.

Fig. 12 Some grafted camellias in Baize Camellia and Orchid Nursery from top:- The 2nd month after grafting - Three years after grafting - Big rootstock grafting 58 The Camellia Ark: Australia’s New Camellia Conservation Project Stephen Utick E.G.Waterhouse National Camellia Gardens Management Committee, President Avenue, Caringbah NSW 2230, Australia email: [email protected] Introduction Australia’s Quarantine Wall for Importation of Camellias Since 1908 Australia as an island continent has relied on strict but necessary quarantine provisions to protect against introduced pests and diseases including plant pathogens and is one of the few countries that remain free of camellia flower blight, Ciborinia camelliae Kohn. Under the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, camellia flowers and foliage are excluded from importation into Australia and seed from only 65 camellia species are permitted entry. The stringent nature of these provisions means that any individual cultivar currently in an Australian collection that is lost for whatever reason, is unfortunately lost to Australian collections for the foreseeable future. Material for propagation Fig 4 Rolling Leaf Butterfly (top) and Chuxiong Gold cannot be imported from overseas and the many rare cultivars that are the legacy of ICS pioneers, The Camellia Ark including the late Professor Waterhouse and the In response to this challenge, the E.G. Waterhouse late Tom Savige, are under threat because of National Camellia Gardens at Caringbah in the very small numbers of representative stock Sydney has provided funds of AU$6000 (US$6400 scattered across the country. In some cases only or 40,000 Yuan) for a small but significant one or a handful of specimens of an individual project called the Camellia Ark. This aims to cultivar or species remain and these include a propagate and conserve a representative sample number collected from China by Australian ICS of these vulnerable cultivars for the benefit of members during the past twenty years before the Australian horticulture. The Camellia Gardens implementation of quarantine restrictions. has provided these funds to a Sydney camellia Australia’s frequent drought spells and water nursery Camellias-R-Us for propagating camellia restrictions often result in unexpected losses of scions and nurturing nursery stock on a non-profit, rare camellia cultivars, particularly those of C. public-good basis. The Camellia Gardens’ own reticulata, while many nurseries are just mass- records revealed scores of camellia varieties that producing a smaller range of more common were not held in other Australian collections and cultivars. were in danger of disappearing fast. Originally Many large suburban gardens that previously established as a three-year program to conclude in contained substantial collections of camellias, 2013, it will probably continue beyond to 2015, as have disappeared due to development pressures numerous cultivars have proved more difficult to and the number of camellia enthusiasts who can propagate than originally anticipated. The scarcity recognise older or more valuable varieties is also and quality of propagation material of many rare dwindling. cultivars often proves a barrier to progress and 59 Camellia Ark has been assisted by Australian ICS members including Bob Cherry and Graeme Oke who have kindly opened up their own respective private collections to supplement the range of material available for propagation.

Cultivar Selection ‘Camellias Australia’ maintains a digital database of collections across Australia that includes information on the rarity of each cultivar, and volunteers assist with the collection of scions. Nursery lists and public garden records have C. japonica ‘Dorothy Murphy’ proved invaluable primary sources to identify potential material. Floricultural merit, overall historical significance and breeding potential are also taken into account The project currently makes provision for and C. japonica ‘Kuro-tsubaki’ has been included conservation of just over 75 cultivars. Amongst precisely because of its value as a seed parent for these are examples of rare Australian-bred breeding dark red flowers: at the time Camellia camellias including the Waterhouse cultivars C. Ark began, only half a dozen remaining specimens japonica ‘Henry Price’ and ‘Moonflower’, the of this cultivar could be traced. Camden Park cultivar C. japonica ‘Cassandra’, Tom Savige’s C. japonica ‘Imperial Splendour’ Another criterion of selection is botanical and Alison Spragg’s C. japonica ‘Dorothy curiosity, with up to one third of the collection Murphy’. devoted to a selection of wild camellia species. For this, Camellia Ark acknowledges the generosity of Bob Cherry in allowing it to collect scions from specimens originally collected from provinces in Eastern China, and from Yunnan in particular.

The role of Public (or People’s) Camellia Gardens A central principle of Camellia Ark is the promotion of public or people’s camellia gardens as places for Australians to see rare camellias. Participating gardens include the E.G. Waterhouse National Camellia Gardens, Hornsby Shire’s C. japonica ‘Henry Price’ Lisgar gardens, the Eryldene Trust, Wagga Wagga Botanic Gardens, Camden Park, Graeme Oke’s garden at Shoalhaven and Stangate House in South Australia.

Public Subscription and Public Promotion One special feature of Camellia Ark is the role that the individual home gardener or camellia enthusiast can play in conserving Australia’s rarest camellias. In mid 2010, Derelie and Bob Cherry launched the Camellia Ark banner at an open day at their Kulnura Paradise Garden to draw attention to this C. japonica ‘Imperial Splendour’ aspect of the project. The event was a good omen 60

Camellia Ark Project Coordinator Stephen Utick receives donations from the Highlands Garden Club presented by the Hon. Pru Goward MLA, New South Wales Minister for Family and Community Services in 2011 The Collection Quest One of the more dynamic and challenging aspects of Camellia Ark is the collection quest. As the Public Promotion: Derelie and Bob Cherry project builds momentum all sorts of gardens (ICS Life Member) at the launch the Camellia Ark and sites have become open to inspection by the banner at Paradise Gardens, Kulnura, Camellia Ark team. These include the reticulata New South Wales in 2010 collection of the late Denerley Woolley at Pyree and the Rookwood necropolis and crematorium for Camellia Ark which has now received over in Sydney where ICS life member Silvio Torissi AU$3000 in public subscriptions across Australia. discovered five extremely rare varieties, two in the necropolis gardens and three in the crematorium For AU$15 home gardeners can sponsor a rare gardens camellia which also entitles them to purchase a Progress with Cultivation plant from the remaining Camellia Ark stock for To date, Camellia Ark through Camellia-R-Us as little as AU$10. has successfully propagated over fifty cultivars Garden clubs and associations have been very or species which could be potentially lost, using generous in their support, and many invitations a range of propagation techniques including have been received for promotional talks. Through standard grafts, cutting grafts and rooted cuttings, these Camellia Ark promotions, the Australian but the scarcity of propagation material makes gardening public is learning more about the it difficult to build up stock quickly. In many wonderful camellias of China and Japan and cases, only one or two specimens of a particular audiences are entranced by the pictures and cultivar or species have been initially successfully stories of the camellias: they learn for the first propagated. During 2012, further cuttings will be time of places like Dali and Chuxiong, and of taken from more vigorous grafted specimens that wonderful collections such as those of Kunming were first propagated in 2009. Botanical Garden and the International Camellia Species Garden at Jinhua. Some of our more International Exchange of Scions for Seeds generous garden club donors will receive some The Camellia Ark project would like to initiate complementary specimens from the collection, an exchange program, scions of rare Australian and Camellia Ark will encourage them to plant cultivars in return for seeds of C. reticulata and some rare camellia species in their own local wild camellia species, as part of our international public gardens. friendship links promoting camellias. 61 Preservation and were known to science, perhaps the most prominent being C. piquetiana (Pierre) Sealy, C. krempfii conservation of ancient (Gagnep.) Sealy and C. dormoyana (Pierre) Sealy. Theaceae germplasm from The well tested scientific and empirical evidence biological refuges in Vietnam shows that Theaceae and the member species of genus Camellia also occur in other geographically D. R. Winn and climatically varied regions of South-East Asia. Royal Botanic Gardens, Mrs Macquaries Road, Adjacent to the southern and western borders of Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia Viet Nam Camellia species can be found within email: [email protected] the rainforests of Laos and in Eastern Cambodia. A number of Theaceae genera, but not Camellia Abstract Recent discoveries of a large number are native to Mayanmar and to the rainforests of endemic Camellia species in South Viet of Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. One, and Nam indicate that the Da Lat Plateau and the possibly two, Camellia species occur in the Lang Biang Massif may be a remnant of a long Philippines. disputed centre of origin for the genus Camellia. This may lie geographically further south than The 2002 re-discovery of the ‘extinct’ C. piquetiana currently suggested, perhaps within the areas (Pierre) Sealy by Australian scientists gave the that now comprise southern Viet Nam, southern existing Australian Camellia research a new Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, parts of Mayanmar, impetus and helped to formulate a firm rationale the peninsular Malaysia, parts of the Indonesian for further scientific inquiry. The statement: ‘If a archipelago (Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Celebes) long lost, presumably ‘extinct’, plant species still and the eastern and western geographical areas of existed and could be found, could there be others?’ the now submerged sub-continent of Sundaland. became the basis for the ‘Project Camellia’ The possible origins and the preservation and research project. conservation of this ancient Camellia and Theaceae germplasm which is deemed to be of paramount The scientific basis for ‘Project Camellia’ was the importance, are discussed. already formulated hypothesis which was later published by Orel & Marchant in 2006. It proposed The author’s references within the text have been a new interpretation of known facts which pertain edited out but appear in the full version of this to the origin of Theaceae and in particular to paper on the ICS website. Ed. genus Camellia. The hypothesis considered the The preservation and conservation of ancient South Asian phyto-geographic region to be not Theaceae germplasm is of paramount importance only an important biological refuge but also a as it promotes the survival of the all important centre of genetic diversity for a large number of genetic pool from which the currently extant endemic species of ancient plants. The projection Theaceae genera and species evolved. Both the for the presence of ‘a large number of endemic traditional view, and the current and widely species’, including those of family Theaceae, was accepted hypothesis, regard North Viet Nam to based on then available data and the unpublished be the home of most known Vietnamese camellia personal observations. These indicated that the species, and the only geographical region within long disputed centre of the origin for the genus Viet Nam which contains the yellow flowering Camellia may lay geographically further south representatives of the genus. As the mountains that than currently suggested, perhaps within the areas delimit the Red River valley form the southern that now comprise southern Viet Nam, southern geographical continuation of the mountains of Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, parts of Mayanmar, the ‘Camellia provinces of China’ it was thought, the peninsular Malaysia, parts of Indonesian that the North to South speciation and radiation archipelago (Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Celebes) of Theaceae species (and Camellia) occurred and the eastern and western geographical areas of here some time in the past. Only a relatively few the now submerged sub-continent of Sundaland ‘primitive’ South Vietnamese species of Camellia see Fig. 1. 62 The hypothesis for the southern origin of Theaceae Thus the rainforests of Southern Viet Nam and and the South to North radiation of Theaceae the rainforests currently found on the Malay genera proposed the following scenario:- Prior to Peninsula, the Indonesian Archipelago and the the rise of Himalaya, genus Camellia, together with Philippines may be the survivors of Sundaland and other Theaceae genera or possibly their precursors, the period of time when the sea levels were 120 to formed an important floristic component in the 135 m lower than today. Other detailed studies add understorey of the then extensive tropical rainforest, further valuable evidence and seem to underpin which covered large parts of South East Asia. This the proposed hypothesis. dense forest covered a vast territory, parts of which, It is thought, that the general South to North due to repeated global glaciations and continuous radiation of Theaceae and other rainforest species tectonic activity, became episodically submerged, and genera occurred in response to the localised with large parts being separated from the Asian forces of evolution and natural selection which mainland. Evidence shows, that during the peak were engendered by fundamental changes in of the Last Glacial Maximum (in the Würm geography (tectonic and orogenic processes) and Glaciation Period, between 26,500 and 19,000 to climatic conditions. 20,000 years ago), the size of this ancient rainforest was reduced by the spread of the dryer deciduous Due to the partially conflicting evidence and forests. The rainforest remnants survived, mainly insufficient scientific data it remains unclear at in the East and also in the Western extremities of what point in time the proposed Northern radiation the Sundaland (Fig. 1.) of Theaceae and other species began. As we know,

Fig. 1 The sub-continent of Sundaland during the Last Glacial Maximum around 20,000 years ago (The Würm Glaciation Period). Murray & Dorobek, 2009. 63 there have been at least four glaciation episodes The discoveries of new and to science yet unknown within the last 600,000 years (Table 1.). It is Camellia and Theaceae species clearly highlights possible, that the South to North radiation of the the need for in situ and other forms of conservation said rainforest genera occurred earlier (within and preservation. Good examples of species in a period of some 600,000 years) and continued need of protection are the newly-discovered and sporadically when the prevailing geological and recently published C. dongnaiensis Orel, C. maiana climatic condition were optimal. Orel, C. luteocerata Orel and C. cattienensis Orel. To this date fewer than 30 individual plants of Table 1 Glaciation Periods in overview each of these taxa have been found, some being described from a single individual only. There are Günz Glaciation around 600,000 years ago also a number of newly found and un-described Mindel Glaciation 410,000 and 380,000 years ago South Vietnamese Camellia species which are Riss Glaciation between 200,000 and 125,000 being investigated. In addition several new years ago Polyspora (Gordonia) and Eurya species are also Würm Glaciation began about 110,000 years ago in the process of being described. All of these new and ended between 10,000 and finds are on endangered or critically endangered 15,000 years ago lists due to small individual numbers and habitat (Murray & Dorobek, 2009) destruction. The currently available molecular evidence and Recent changes in the quarantine laws of Australia the accompanying morphological data support prevent the importation of live materials of the proposed hypothesis in general terms. The all Theaceae species, including Camellia, into already known, as well as the newly discovered Australia. Importation of Camellia seed with South Vietnamese Camellia taxa are relictual, certain restrictions is still possible, but the supply warm climate species, suited to warm, rainforest is highly unreliable and most of the time seed is habitats with low light requirement. They also not available. The establishment of the Camellia possess morphological characteristics common Species Gardens near Da Lat City, Viet Nam was to most tropical rainforest plant species e.g., the the direct outcome and reaction to this prohibition. large adult leaves, prominent and sunken adaxial It is hoped, that the already collected and the yet leaf venation, soft and pedunculate juvenile to be discovered Theaceae germplasm grown in foliage, prominent leaf drip tips and mature seed the protected environment of the Gardens will, in with a short time span of viability. It should be time, furnish materials needed for further scientific noted that Theaceae and Camellia species with research and also produce viable propagation small, rigid leaves and thickened leaf cuticles, all materials. Seedling production of limited quantities morphological traits which may protect the foliage and of selected Camellia and Theaceae species will against cold, water loss and higher light levels, be utilized in restoration work that will be carried were not found. out in carefully selected areas of the rainforest. A systematic search of the Da Lat Plateau and the The proposed establishment of new Botanic adjacent Lang Biang Massif was the logical first Gardens in the Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park, Lam step in locating the presumed ‘large number of Dong Province, Viet Nam, under the auspices of the endemic Camellia (and other Theaceae) species’. Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney, will add further This search was rewarded almost immediately impetus to the preservation and conservation of by the discoveries of a large number of hitherto the rare and endangered Theaceae and Camellia unknown Eurya, Camellia and Polyspora species of Viet Nam. The project, although still (Gordonia) species. These unexpectedly abundant in its early stages, will give further impetus to finds suggest that the Da Lat Plateau and the the ongoing preservation and conservation effort neighbouring Lang Biang Massif may, in the past, to safeguard the unique Theaceae and Camellia have formed the northern boundary of the tropical genera and species of Viet Nam. area of origin for the family Theaceae and genus Camellia. 64 A challenging way to save the height of 8.15m, girth of 111cm and diameter of 35.5cm, and drew a schematic diagram of the cave ancient camellia tree at Mt. and camellia tree. Daluoshan in Wenzhou, China Jiyuan Li1*, Jiarong Wang2 1 Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, CAF, Fuyang, Zhejiang, China, 311400 2 Wenzhou Yunfeng Camellia Research Insitute, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China, 32500 * Email: [email protected]; Tel/Fax: 86 571 63346372 Before 1980s Although the diameter has varied slightly during Wenzhou is well-known not only for its flexible the last thirty years, the height has altered economy and richness but also for its camellias. dramatically. The most likely reason is that its Most camellia enthusiasts are aware of eight canopy was continually damaged by human precious camellia cultivars there but few people and natural factors, the most harmful being the can image that there is an ancient camellia tree indiscriminate collection of graft scions by some growing in a cave at the rocky Mt. Daluoshan, one- local selfish camellia growers during 1980s, hour’s drive from the center of Whenzhou city. removing much of its foliage and leaving the tree in poor condition. The healthy part of the trunk was becoming weak because of deterioration of the bark and by 1990 the trunk was only half its original size. Early New Century

Baoyan Temple It is said that this camellia tree was planted by a relative of the royal family in the Tang Dynasty, who once took refuge here. Another story tells us that the camellia was planted by a famous Chinese poet, Mr. Luo Yin, who hid himself from the rebellion in Baoyan Temple and planted the camellia tree in late Tang-Dynasty (833-909 A.D). The camellia tree was protected So, local people call it the ‘Camellia of Tang by covering concrete around the stem Dynasty’. These stories suggest that the camellia tree is more than 1,000 years old, although, In 2004 the local government started to pay more according to the girth of the trunk, it is about 400 attention to the tree and organized a team to protect years old. it. More than 1000kg of concrete was used to 1980s-1990s cover the decomposed trunk and the cave opening The huge camellia tree survives in a cave open at was made narrower by filling a big gap on the the top. In 1981, Wang recorded it as 6 m high and southwest side. 105cm in girth (Wang 1981). In 1996 Lin recorded This may have been the best practice available at it as 11.6 m tall and 33cm in diameter at breast the time but the tree was greatly damaged by these height. In 2001 Mr. You Muxian determined a procedures. It was the beginning of its decline. 65 Year 2011 In March of 2011, the Cross-strait workshop on camellia resources and conservation was held in Wenzhou. More than 150 participants from 13 provinces attended including ten delegates from Taiwan. A study was made of this ancient camellia tree. The tree was found to be blooming with very numerous single red flowers and somewhat unhealthy leaves. There was great concern about The camellia tree was protected with a netted its health and the study group discussed protection steel fence at height of 3m strategies. Finally a proposal on the protection of solution, and then to cover with clean moss or this ancient camellia tree was drawn up and sent plastic to prevent moisture loss to the appropriate department of the Wenzhou To remove more than 5000kg of waterlogged soil government. and replace with fresh soil containing peat

The ancient camellia tree with medium sized single red flowers, but somewhat yellowish green leaves The Wenzhou government responded quickly and gave this tree urgent attention, determined Mr. Wang Jiarong treating soil under decomposed stump to learn the lessons of past experiences with To supplement nutrition by injecting with a protection techniques. Delegates from universities nutritive solution and institutes were invited to conduct surveys and the Wenzhou forestry department conducted two workshops in order to avoid any mistakes during the protection project. Mr Wang Jiarong, the director of Wenzhou Camellia Association, was chosen to manage the protection project. Mr. Wang was like a doctor, caring for the tree as a patient. He had not realized that the tree was so weak, but he was confident that the tree could be protected, based on 40 year’s experience of growing camellias. His carefully drawn-up protection plan was made using the suggestions and comments from Supplemented with external nutrition by injection professionals and camellia growers. To prune some twigs and propagate by air layering The steps were as follows: To graft healthy camellia stock onto the trunk To support the stem and full canopy with numerous and large branches at different heights using the steel tubes approach grafting technique. To remove all of the concrete covering the trunk, The full text of this paper including literature cited and to clean the exposed areas with a disinfectant additional pictures can be found on the ICS website 66 Protection of Historic Protective Measures Camellia trees are strong and often used as Camellias in Goto Islands windbreaks. Old camellia trees planted around Chuji Hiruki*¹, Satoru Shima¹, Motoyo Oomi¹, houses and farms are often found growing in poor Shiori Kimura¹, Shusuke Kubo¹ soil or in an unfavourable location. It is therefore and Kanji Yoshida²,³ essential for the preservation of important historic camellias to improve the soil. In 2006, an attempt * [email protected] was made to improve the growth of the 250-year old historic camellia named ‘Toki-hime’ tsubaki Historical Background by spreading a 30cm layer of topsoil around the For many centuries the Goto Archipelago has tree as a mulch. From 2006 until 2011, yearly been known for abundant camellia forests growth measurements of new shoots were taken to and the production of camellia oils. Recent evaluate the effectiveness of the soil improvement archaeological excavations indicate that people programme and results from 2011 show the rate in the Goto area have been using camellia seeds of growth of the mulched tree to be double that since approximately 2,000BC. Camellia products of the untreated ones and the crown of ‘Toki-hime have been in use in many facets of human life in showed lush new growth. the Goto Archipelago. One Goto camellia such as ‘Tama-no-ura’ is noted not only for its own outstanding beauty, but also for its exceptional qualities as a seed parent, producing excellent progeny. Camellia oil is used in cooking and hair treatment as well as cosmetics. A systematic survey over the last 10 years has yielded very valuable findings on historic camellias in Goto as described below.

Current Status Survey Work Survey work has revealed that there are many giant and historic camellias in different areas on the islands. Some selected camellia stands were periodically measured for their circumference growth.

Fig. 3 The lush growth of ‘Toki-hime’ tsubaki after soil amendment (photographed in 2011).

Prospective Development In 2011, encouraged by the results obtained, similar soil improvement programmes were extended to other historically important camellia trees of approximately 400 years-old, with additional improvements such as provision of irrigation pipes at strategically important points on the ground under the trees. Care was taken not to compact the ground near the target trees after laying the Fig. 1 The measurement of the trunk circumference topsoil, which is important to encourage the new of ‘Virgin Maria’ tsubaki which shows a yearly shoot growth, and pipes were laid around the trees increase of 0.43cm per year to improve irrigation, see Fig 4. 67 Power Station, Genkai Town, Saga Prefecture, is a community project undertaken by volunteer workers. These historic camellia trees are important in the history of Goto Archipelago and attract numerous visitors during camellia festivals. More than 20 giant camellia trees are found to be growing in different areas of Goto. In the future, each tree will be carefully protected and its unique characteristics will be recorded to form a part of the record of the genetic diversity of Camellia japonica in the Goto Archipelago.

Fig. 5 ‘Virgin Maria’ tsubaki Fig. 4 The outline of soil amendment for historic camellias. Two famous camellias ‘Virgin Maria’ and ‘Hoso- Goryô’ were treated. ‘Virgin Maria’ tsubaki was so named because it was found to be the oldest tree in the farming area where camellia trees have been used as windbreaks by Christian farmers who came to Goto about 200 years ago to escape severe religious oppression. The tree has been protected carefully and is admired by numerous visitors every year. Hoso-goryô was a daughter of the powerful ruler Uku Sumitaka, who was one of the first Christian landowners of feudal Japan after the introduction of Christianity to Japan in 1549. Hoso-goryo was a rare beauty and was desired by the great warrior Toyotomi Hideyoshi, later to become the Taiko. However, Hoso-Goryô defied him and chose to die rather than be unfaithful to Fig. 6 ‘Hoso-goryô’ tsubaki her husband. The project to conserve ‘Hoso-Goryô’ tsubaki The full text, together with additional photographs, and the companion camellia ‘Taikô’ tsubaki, tables, graphs and references is available on the which is planted in front of the Genkai Nuclear ICS website. 68 Floral variations of wild Yunnan sports. There is a large Yunnan camellia forest in camellia on Mt. Zixi, Chuxiong City, Yunhua of Tengchoung in Yunnan province, which has both single and double form flowers in the Yunnan Province, China wild. In addition, it has also been reported that Toshiaki Shiuchi1, Tadashi Kanemoto1, Zhonglang there is a group of beautiful semi-double flowers in Wang2, Jingxiu Li2, Baojun Feng2, Kaiyun Guan2 the wild on Baotaishan Mountain in Yongping Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Thus, it is likely that 1 Botanic Gardens of Toyama, 42 Kamikutsuwada, valuable Yunnan camellia cultivars will be found Fuchu-machi, Toyama 939-2713, Japan in the fields of Yunnan Province which have high- 2 Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy quality resources in the future. of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, On Mt. Zixi, thousands of Yunnan camellias are 650204, P.R. China distributed in the wild, and there are also preserved Abstract: Floral variations of wild Yunnan a lot of precious cultivars such as ‘Xiangguo camellias were found on Mt. Zixi, Chuxiong City of Cha’ and ‘Donglin’ that are preserved. Zixishan Yunnan Province, China. The floral characteristics Mountain, has many old temples and there was and pollen stainability were investigated and also a garden of a villa, within the territory of compared with the typical wild population of Mt. Dali Kingdom, that had been planted with various Heiniu. The population of Mt. Zixi showed rich flowers and trees. flower color and much greater flower diameter and During the survey on Mt. Zixi in early spring 2009, number of petals than the Mt. Heiniu population. wild Yunnan camellias with their various flowers Pollen stainability of the Mt. Zixi population was were confirmed. Some of the plants included may more than 74.8% of the mean, and a significant be valuable to horticulture. The morphological difference was indicated in each population. It variations of wild Yunnan camellia on Mt. Zixi seems that the plants crossed between horticultural have already been reported in a Japanese paper. cultivars in the temple gardens and the wild camellias have escaped to the wild. Thus, it was Materials and Methods suggested that the flower diversity of the wild Yunnan camellias with various flower types camellias in Mt. Zixi were strongly influenced by from single flower to semi-double flower, as those camellias planted around temples. well as having rich flower colors, occurred near Camellia reticulata Lindl. is widely distributed the Nianfotang on Mt. Zixi, Chuxiong. For the from the northwest part of Yunnan Province, examination of floral differentiation, the materials through the southern part of Sichuan Province, to used for this study were randomly collected in western Guizhou Province, native to the evergreen the wild on Mt. Zixi and typical wild Yunnan broadleaved forest between 1500m to 2800m camellias at Mt. Heiniu (Table 1). One flower altitude. The name ‘Yunnan camellia’ is commonly per plant was sampled and the stamen was fixed referred to native, field and horticultural cultivars with 70% alcohol solution. The flower colors were including Camellia reticulata. ‘Yunnan camellia’ measured by the device of ColorReader CR-11 cultivars were originally mostly selected from wild (Konica Minolta Sensing, Co., Japan). The device Camellia reticulata but the creation of new cultivars indicates values by the Munsell color system. The has been performed more recently through selection method of measurement is according to Nakata by breeding the related species or bud mutations/ et al (2008). The following characteristics were

Table 1. Locations and the number of plants of Yunnan camellias examined (Shiuchi et al. 2012) Code Locations No. of plants examined Altitude (m) Wild yunnan camellia at Mt. Zixi, Chuxiong City, ZXW Yunnan Province, China 21 2280~2340 Wild yunnan camellia at Mt. Heiniu, Chuxiong City, HNW Yunnan Province, China 25 2279~2425 69 measured: flower diameter, flower height, pistil considered that a gene resides to make a white length, stamen length, stamen width, ovary length, flower color, resides in the Mt. Zixi population. ovary width, and the mean length and width of Regarding the floral characteristics, the significant largest three petals, and the number of stigma and difference was observed in flower diameter and petals were counted. petal width (ANOVA, p<0.05) and the number of Pollen with three anthers from each flower were petals (Mann-Whitney’s U-test, p<0.01) (Table gently squashed on a glass slide in a drop of iodine- 3). The flowers of Mt. Zixi have greater size and potassium iodide staining solution and the pollen a larger number of petals with more diverse flower stainability was observed under a microscope. colors compared to the Mt. Heiniu population. Results and Discussions ZXW-19 (Fig. 1R) is the most attractive flower in Flower colors and morphological variations this survey, with 17 petals. As a result of the measurement, nine types Pollen stainability of flower colors were confirmed in the wild A significant difference was found in the rates population of Mt. Zixi and seven types of colors of normal and abnormal pollen between each were in Mt. Heiniu (Fig. 1, Table 2). The variety population but there was no significant difference of flower colors showed richer flower colors in in the rates of Pseudopollen. The rates of normal Mt. Zixi population than those of Mt. Heiniu. pollen grain 74.8% in Mt. Zixi were less than It is known that the horticultural cultivar of 87.4% in Mt. Heiniu but the abnormal pollen grain ‘Tongzimian’(Baby Face) with the whitish flower was greater in Mt. Zixi. The low staining of normal color originated from Mt. Zixi. A similar whitish pollen grain in the population were thought to be flower color was seen on number ZXW-5. Itis caused by only some plants, e.g., ZXW-7 (38.9%),

Fig. 1. Flowers of wild Yunnan camellia at Mt. Zix population. A, ZXW-1. B, ZXW-2. C, ZXW-3. D, ZXW-4. E, ZXW-5. F, ZXW-6. G, ZXW-7. H, ZXW-8. I, ZXW-9. J, ZXW-10. K, ZXW-11. L, ZXW-12. M, ZXW-13. N, ZXW-15. O, ZXW-16. P, ZXW-17. Q, ZXW-18. R, ZXW-19. S, ZXW-20. T, ZXW-21. No photo of ZXW-14. (Shiuchi et al. 2012) 70 ZXW-20 (47.9%), ZXW-21 (12.7%). Owing to produced by breeding with the cultivars planted in high rates of pollen staining, the flowers of Mt. the mountains for the following reasons. Zixi were likely to pollinate with another plants, Yunnan camellia cultivars have been planted such as Yunnan camellia cultivars and another around temples as sacred trees in the northwest of species of Camellia growing in Mt. Zixi. Yunnan Province. The rebuilding of many temples It is noteworthy that degenerated small stamens had been repeated on Mt. Zixi after the destruction (anthers) did not produce pollen grains on HNW- by earthquake and fire. It is likely that seedlings 17 in the typical wild population at Mt. Heiniu. It from introgressive hybridization between is believed that this plant is male sterile. horticultural cultivars and wild Yunnan camellias escaped because horticultural cultivars on Mt. Zixi Origins of the flower variations in the wild had been planted in the field. In fact, the population Yunnan camellias at Mt. Zixi of Mt. Zixi was gathered near a Buddhist Temple According to the observations of pollen stainability, in the young secondary forest which is estimated it is possible to cross with other Yunnan camellias. to have been harvested for many decades. The Shiuchi et al. (2012) have reported that eight origins of the diverse population should be horticultural cultivars planted in Mt. Zixi which clarified by using molecular markers specific to have pollen stainability of an average 82.8%, Yunnan camellia cultivars. could not only be hybridized between themselves but also with wild Yunnan camellias on Mt. Zixi. Acknowledgements On the other hand, flower variations might be The authors would like to thank the People’s produced by the natural hybridisation between wild Government of Chuxiong City, the Forestry Yunnan camellias and another Camellia species, Bureau of Chuxiong City as well as Chuxiong C. saluenensis Stapf ex Bean and C. pitardii Camellia Society for their helpful support in the Cohen-Stuart var. yunnanica Sealy occurring near field survey. the study area. This study was partly supported by the However, it may be suspected that the flower Commemorative Foundation for the International variations in the Mt. Zixi population were Garden and Greenery Exposition, Japan.

Table 3. Morphological variations of floral charactaristics and the numbers of stigma and petals per flower in Yunnan (Shiuchi et al. 2012)

Character ZXW population (mean±s.d.) HNW population (mean±s.d.) Flower diameter (cm) 8.2±1.5 7.2±1.3* Flower height (cm) 5.8±0.9 5.9±0.7 Pistil length (mm) 36.2±5.0 35.4±4.4 Stamen length (mm) 33.1±4.0 34.5±6.1 Stamen width (mm) 13.8±2.3 14.8±1.8 Ovary length (mm) 4.1±1.0 4.4±0.9 Ovary width (mm) 4.9±0.8 4.9±0.8 Petal length (mm) 54.3±6.0 53.3±7.6 Petal width (mm) 32.8±6.8 37.7±6.7* Number of stigma 3.9±0.8 3.8±1.0 *Significant difference between ZXW and HNW were found by ANOVA (p<0.05) **Significant difference between ZXW and HNW were found by Mann-Whitney’s U-test (p<0.01) 71 Characterization and identification profiles that did not correspond with the reference of old Camellia japonica L. cultivars. Genetic characterization revealed that none of the analyzed plants belonged to the cultivars growing at the Pazo cultivars ‘Bella Romana’, ‘Federicci’, ‘Magnólia de Gandarón, Pazo de Lourizán, Rosa’ or ‘Malibran’. Finally, in the group of plants Soutomaior Castle and some of the studied, 14 cultivars were differentiated, of which urban gardens of Pontevedra and 3 could not be identified. Santiago de Compostela Introduction (NW Spain) Ornamental camellias, mainly Camellia japonica Salinero M.C.*1, Vela P.1, Couselo J.L.1, and to a lesser extent C. reticulata and C. Sainz M. J.2, Neves A.1, González M.1 sasanqua, were introduced in Galicia (NW Spain) in the 18th century. In historic gardens, both public 1 Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro, and private, and in the gardens of Pazos, there are Deputación de Pontevedra, Subida a la Robleda ancient camellia trees of unknown cultivars. The s/n, 36153 Pontevedra, España ‘Pazos’, manor houses of the Galician nobility, 2 Departamento de Producción Vegetal, which were built mostly between the 18th and 19th Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, centuries, have in general a large walled estate, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, España which includes, among other areas, a garden with many woody ornamental plants (Rodríguez * [email protected] and Izco, 1995), especially evergreen species, to The full version of this paper is available on the provide greenery in the garden during the winter ICS website. (Izco, 2008). Some camellias growing in the gardens of the Pazos are included in the Galician Abstract In both public and private historical Catalogue of Singular Trees (Xunta de Galicia, gardens, and in the gardens of Galician Pazos 2007) by Decree 67/1997 of 22 March, established (NW Spain), there are ancient camellia trees, to protect plant specimens of scientific, aesthetic mostly Camellia japonica belonging to unknown and/or monumental interest, recognizing its value cultivars. The aim of this study was to characterize as cultural heritage. This is the case of Camellia and identify the camellias grown in the historic japonica trees growing at the Pazo de Lens-Ames gardens of Pazo de Gandarón (Pontevedra), (Ames, A Coruña), Pazo de Santa Cruz (Vedra, Soutomaior Castle (Soutomaior), Pazo de A Coruña), Pazo de Torres Agrelo (Redondela, Lourizán (Pontevedra), Alameda of Santiago de Pontevedra) and Pazo Quiñones de León (Vigo, Compostela city and urban gardens in Pontevedra Pontevedra), a tree of C. reticulata at the Pazo city by morphobotanic descriptors and, when de Oca (A Estrada, Pontevedra) and a tree of C. needed, comparing them with drawings and sasanqua at the Pazo Torres Agrelo, some of them descriptions of cultivars from ancient books. of unknown cultivars. For those specimens morphologically similar, molecular characterization was performed using The Pazo de Gandarón (Pontevedra) was built microsatellite markers. The results showed that all in 1730-1795. It is believed that its garden was the camellias studied are C. japonica. Initially, by created in the last quarter of the 19th century, using morphobotanic descriptors, 31 specimens beginning then the collection of camellias that it belonging to 11 cultivars were identified, namely has today which includes 54 specimens (González ‘Bella Romana’, ‘Clotilde’, ‘Dom Pedro II’, et al., 2010). There are a few camellias of known ‘Federicci’, ‘Francesco Ferruccio’, ‘Incarnata’, name, among which four specimens of C. japonica ‘Magnólia Rosa’, ‘Malibran’, ‘Prince Eugene cultivars ‘Alba Plena’, ‘Fimbriata’, ‘Pope Pius IX’ Napoleon’, ‘Sangre de Pichón’ and ‘Vilar d’Allen’. (also known as ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’) and The analysis of allelic profiles confirmed previous ‘Oranda-kô’ stand out; but for most of them only botanical identification of 20 specimens. However, the Camellia species is known. Today it houses the remaining 11 camellia trees showed genetic the research center Misión Biológica de Galicia. 72 The identification and characterization of this old town, where the cathedral stands, we find the collection is important for knowing and preserving Alameda Park, which is the most prominent public the diversity of cultivars of Camellia species in park in the city and its main lung. Its origin dates Europe and to protect them as a natural heritage. back to the Middle Ages, when in the twelfth century the ancient Church of Santa Susana was The Pazo de Lourizán (Pontevedra) has 54 hectares built, of which today there are only some remnants. of garden, estate and woodland. The gardens The current composition of the park is the result of were created at different stages during the 19th several enlargements and restorations which have century. Around the house, exotic trees and shrubs shaped its magnificent architectural and botanical were planted in a certain order and bordered by heritage. It has 66 camellias planted in different boxwood parterres that outlined walking areas and areas. pathways. It is estimated that some magnolias and camellias (about 300 specimens) that surround The aim of this study was to identify and the Pazo were planted between 1840 and 1850; characterize, by morphobotanic descriptors and these camellias came from the Escuela Práctica de molecular markers, some historical camellias at the Horticultura de la Caeira (Poio, Pontevedra) and Pazo de Gandarón (5 plants) Pazo de Lourizán (5 the Estabelecemento Hortícola of Jose Marques plants), Soutomaior Castle (2 plants), the Alameda Loureiro (Porto, Portugal). In addition, the Park in Santiago de Compostela (13 plants) and camellia collection was expanded during the 20th some urban gardens in the city of Pontevedra century, with plants from Spanish nurseries and (6 plants). These camellias were compared the Moreira da Silva nursery (Porto, Portugal). The with 11 reference specimens corresponding to Pazo has a large botanical garden, with exotic and the cultivars ‘Bella Romana’, ‘Clotilde’, ‘Dom native species, established in 1949 under the name Pedro II’, ‘Federicci’, ‘Francesco Ferruccio’, of Arboretum which includes species planted since ‘Incarnata’, ‘Magnólia Rosa’, ‘Malibran’, ‘Prince the 19th century until today. Ancient camellias Eugene Napoleon’, ‘Sangre de Pichón’, and ‘Vilar grow not only around Pazos and manor houses in d’Allen’ (Fig. 1). Galicia, but also in the public gardens and streets of cities. Material and Methods Soutomaior Castle is an impressive building that Thirty one camellia trees were selected at the dates back to the 12th century. With an area of historic gardens of Pazo de Gandarón, Pazo de 35 hectares, it has a forest of indigenous species Lourizán, and Soutomaior Castle, and the urban (chestnut and oak trees), a vineyard, pear and apple gardens of the cities of Santiago de Compostela trees and a botanic park with an area of 6 hectares. and Pontevedra. The identification of species and This park has millennial chestnuts and trees from cultivars was carried out using the information the five continents, as well as four hundred plants provided by morphobotanic descriptors and, when of camellias belonging to 23 species that are a necessary, by photographic records, drawings reference for Galician nurserymen and camellia and descriptive texts published in catalogues and growers and enthusiasts. facsimiles of old books. For the morphobotanic characterization, size and form of each tree, The city of Pontevedra has an outstanding trunk diameter and tree crown diameter of the collection of camellias, distributed around the 31 camellia specimens were measured. For each historic gardens and streets of the city, as at the specimen three layers of foliage (upper, medium, Vicenti Gardens, the Palace of the Diputación lower) were visually established, and for each de Pontevedra, the Antonio Odriozola Walk, La layer 4 sectors, collecting samples of leaf and Herrería Square, the School of Fine Arts, etc. Most flower in each sector. The final sample per plant were created in the last half of the 19th century, consisted of 10 mature leaves and 10 flowers fully although some camellia specimens were planted developed. The specimens were characterized during the first half of the 20th century. In these by 31 morpholobotanic descriptors: one of the gardens there are more than 150 camellias. tree (form), nine of the leaf (length, width, leaf In the center of the city of Santiago de Compostela, index, petiole length, blade shape, shape of between the University Campus and the historic apex, base shape, margin, and blade color) and 73

Fig. 1 Flowers of the reference specimens used for morphobotanical and genetic identification. 74 Table 1. Main morphobotanic features of the 31 specimens of C. japonica from the historical gardens and the reference specimens (Bold). For each specimen, the label and the group that they were initially assigned by morphobotanic descriptors is indicated. The last column shows the cultivar that was assigned to each specimen after the genetic analysis. Within each initial group, the same genotypes are shaded with the same color. Specimen labels, A: Areeiro, MB: Pazo de Gandarón, L: Pazo de Lourizán, SC: Alameda Park in Santiago de Compostela and PP,H,V, BA: urban gardens in the city of Pontevedra.

Petals Cultivar Label Diameter Form of external/ Form Amount Margin Color and distribution identified (cm) internal petals double background pink, crimson A176 7-9 50-60 rounded/irregular incised/wavy Bella Romana incomplete streaks double background pink, crimson L78 7-9 50-60 rounded/irregular incised incomplete streaks double background pink, crimson L84 7-10 45-60 rounded/irregular incised/wavy incomplete streaks - double background pink, crimson S04 7-10 45-55 rounded/irregular incised incomplete streaks double background pink, crimson S116 7-10 70-90 rounded/irregular incised/ wavy incomplete streaks Semi-double- A87 8-9 40-50 rounded/elliptical smooth- wavy white,rosy striped peony Clotilde Semi-double- PP34 8-9 40-50 rounded/elliptical smooth- wavy white,rosy striped peony double rounded/rounded L47 7-9 35-40 notched-incised white, pink streaks incomplete elliptical double MB20 7-9 35-40 rounded /elliptical incised white, pink streaks incomplete double MB45 7-10 40-50 elliptical /irregular incised white, pink streaks Dom Pedro II incomplete double SC12 7-10 30-40 rounded/elliptical notched-incised white, pink streaks incomplete double SC35 7-10 30-40 rounded/elliptical notched-incised white, pink streaks incomplete rounded/acuminate and A581 anemone 8-10 20-25 notched red, white spots Federicci elliptical rounded/acuminate and MB35 anemone 8-10 20-25 notched red, white spots elliptical - rounded/acuminate and SC49 anemone 7-10 20-30 notched red, white spots elliptical A157 double formal 8-10 90-110 rounded/elliptical smooth scarlet, white spots

MB30 double formal 8-10 90-110 rounded/elliptical smooth scarlet, white spots Francesco Ferruccio PP10 double formal 8-10 90-110 rounded/elliptical smooth scarlet, white spots

PP26 double formal 8-10 90-110 rounded/elliptical smooth scarlet, white spots rounded /elliptical - A175 double formal 6-8 80-115 incurved-incised pale dawn pink acuminate rounded /elliptical- SC17 double formal 6-8 80-115 incurved-incised pale dawn pink acuminate rounded /elliptical - SC39 double formal 6-8 80-115 incurved-incised pale dawn pink acuminate Incarnata rounded /elliptical - L5 double formal 6-8 70-105 incurved-incised pale dawn pink acuminate rounded /elliptical - L102 double formal 6-8 80-105 incurved-incised pale dawn pink acuminate rounded/elliptical - L85 double formal 6-8 75-105 incurved-incised pale dawn pink acuminate Magnólia A16 semi-double 8-10 15-30 elliptical/elliptical smooth-incised uniform pink Rosa peony semi- SC5 6-8 15-30 rounded/elliptical incise-incurved uniform pink - double 75 21 of the flower (shape and diameter of petals; Results and discussion quantity, margin, colour, colour distribution Table 1 lists some of the main morphobotanic and venation, and form of external and internal features of the camellia flowers that have been petaloids: presence/absence, amount, disposition used to identify 31 ancient specimens from the and variegation, in stamens: presence/absence, gardens of Galicia. It also shows the features of the amount, layout, filament colour, anther colour, 11 reference specimens used for identification. All anther/filament union, anther dehiscence, and specimens showed morphobotanic characteristics androecium/gynoecium relative height). The similar to those of the corresponding reference descriptors were selected from those proposed for specimens. However, due to the natural variability C. sinensis by IPGRI (1997), for C. japonica by of the morphobotanic features within a single Corneo et al. (2000) and Salinero and Vela (2004), cultivar and the uncertain origin of the historical and from those studied by Luna and Ochotorena specimens, the genetic profiles of all specimens (2004) for Theaceae. were analyzed using 8 DNA microsatellite loci The specimens were grouped according to their (Table 2 - see ICS website). morphobotanical features. A reference specimen from the living collection of Diputación de Genotyping confirmed the morphobotanic Pontevedra growing at the Estación Fitopatolóxica identification of 20 specimens (PP34, MB20, do Areeiro was assigned to each group and their MB45, SC12, SC35, MB30, PP10, PP26, SC17, genetic profiles were compared using DNA SC39, L5, L102, L85, BA9, V11, SC4, SC27, microsatellite markers. For genotyping the DNA MB18, SC13 and SC34) but 11 samples (L78, was isolated from 50mg of leaves with the EZNA L84, S04, S116, MB35, SC49, SC5, SC21, SC44, HP Plant DNA kit according to the manufacturer’s SC63, H9) showed different genetic profiles from protocol. For more information see ICS website. the reference specimens and they could not be assigned to these cultivars.

peony semi- SC21 6-9 15-30 rounded/elliptical incise-incurved uniform pink - double

MB26 peony 7-10 15-25 oval/elliptical incised smooth uniform pink Malibran

SC44 peony 7-10 10-35 normal-oval/elliptical smooth-incised uniform pink -

SC63 peony 7-10 10-35 normal-oval/elliptical smooth-incised uniform pink -

double MB1 8-9 70-85 rounded/acuminate smooth-incised uniform red/several stripe incomplete double Prince BA9 7-10 90-110 rounded/acuminate smooth-incised uniform red/several stripe incomplete Eugene Napoleon double V11 7-10 70-90 rounded/acuminate smooth-incised uniform red/several stripe incomplete double H9 7-10 90-110 rounded/acuminate smooth-incised uniform red/several stripe - incomplete rounded-elliptical/ A174 anemone 8-10 8-10 smooth-incised uniform red elliptical rounded-elliptical/ Sangre de SC4 anemone 7-10 10-20 smooth-incised uniform red elliptical Pichón rounded-elliptical/ SC27 anemone 7-10 10-20 smooth-incised uniform red elliptical oval-rounded/ A22 anemone 9-10 15-20 notched uniform red rounded notched oval-rounded/ MB18 anemone 9-10 15-20 notched uniform red rounded notched Vilar d’Allen anemone SC13 7-9 10-25 rounded/elliptical notched uniform red -peony anemone- SC34 7-9 10-25 rounded/elliptical notched uniform red peony 76 The genotyping has allowed us to differentiate the difficulty of distinguishing many cultivars of specimens of 14 cultivars of which 8 are known C. japonica using morphobotanical descriptors (‘Clotilde’, ‘Dom Pedro II’, ‘Francesco Ferruccio’, alone. There are many cultivars with distinctive ‘Incarnata’, ‘Sangre de Pichón’, ‘Vilar d’Allen’, morphobotanic features but in other cases ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’) while the other 6 are differences in morphobotanic features are unclear unknown. The unknown cultivars may correspond so proper identification could be complicated. In to cultivars already registered but not genetically addition, some features are significantly unstable characterized or could be new cultivars originated within the same cultivar which complicates the in the gardens of Galicia that have not been identification (Fig. 2). Genotyping is a useful tool registered yet. for the identification of the cultivars ofC. japonica All specimens initially assigned to the cultivars with similar and/or unstable morphobotanical Clotilde (PP34), Dom Pedro II (MB20, MB45, features as the DNA is independent to the phenotype. SC12, SC35), Francesco Ferruccio (MB30, PP10, Currently, the genotyping approaches are used to PP26), Incarnata (SC17, SC39, L5, L102, L85), characterize plants of forestry, agricultural and Sangre de Pichón (SC4, SC27), Vilar d’Allen ornamental interest (Becher et al. 2000), as they (MB18, SC13, SC34) were correctly identified. complement the morphobotanical characterization However, none of the specimens assigned to Bella of the variety registration and avoid the synonymy. Romana (L78, L84, S04, S116), Federicci (MB35, Our results show that they are also a useful tool SC45), Magnólia Rosa (SC5, SC21) and Malibran in the management of historic gardens, especially (SC44, SC63) were properly determined by their when the original documentation of the garden morphobotanic features. The specimen H9 was project has been lost. also incorrectly assigned to cultivar Prince Eugene Acknowledgements Napoleon although BA9 and V11 showed the same This work was funded by Xunta de Galicia (grant genetic profile to the reference specimen of Prince PGIDIT03RAG60301PR). Eugene Napoleon (MB1). Although the definition of a cultivar refers to The list of references used may be seen on the ICS morphobotanic features, these results highlight website.

Fig. 2 Variability of the flowers of the reference specimen MB1, cultivar ‘Prince Eugene Napoleon’ 77 Multi-Characteristic Descriptions red, formal double-floweredC. japonica plants are of Camellia Cultivars for Long-Term the same or different cultivars. Now I am fairly convinced that three are the same, but I still am not Identification and Conservation sure if they match any reported cultivar. Perhaps it Martin F. Stoner is time for some molecular comparisons. California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Another difficulty is the time it takes to seek CA, USA comparisons in the form of photographs, live plants, or descriptions in rare literature. On the [email protected] positive side, the quest is fascinating. The full version of this paper may be seen on the All of this has created in me a deep concern and ICS website. feeling of urgency that conservation of cultivars Abstract Long-term recognition, identification and species of camellias is greatly threatened by and conservation of camellia cultivars require not only habitat or collection losses, but also by the exacting, highly definitive descriptions of flowers, generational changes in camellia enthusiasts and vegetative parts, and of the whole plant. Many allied losses of recognition and other knowledge previously published descriptions are of very about cultivars that is not properly recorded for the limited use. The Multi-Characteristic approach future. Particularly with regard to recognition, we emphasizes intensive observation of individual need to confront some realities. cultivars to visibly discern and accurately First, I have mentioned already the problem of describe not only conspicuous color, size, and many insufficient descriptions in publications. form characteristics, but also as many most- This is minimally offset today by person-to- distinctive or perhaps unique features as possible. person communication. Weakening awareness Co-occurrence of such features in the same of, and diminishing abilities to identify. camellia cultivar greatly increases likelihood of correct cultivars coupled with difficulties in maintaining identification and validation. Data support coded collections of plants in botanical gardens, nursery electronic files of cultivars and features, retrieval foundation stocks and other locations, seriously systems, and search keys are illustrated. threaten survival of historic as well as more recent cultivars. Introduction My research on heritage camellias in Hawaii I am proposing some ways of improving (Stoner, 2011) has made me keenly aware of the descriptions of cultivars that should simplify and crucial importance of careful and highly definitive expedite further identification over the long term. descriptions of camellia species and cultivars. I am also suggesting ways that those improved While there can be confusion or argumentation descriptions can be integrated into an efficient, over identification of a small fraction of over 200 cooperative, international system supporting long- species of Camellia, the prospect of matching term recognition, identification, documentation, collected specimens to previously reported ones in and widespread conservation of camellias. a field of over 5,000 cultivars is daunting. There Cultivars are repositories of genes, a priceless are additional difficulties involving very similar resource. We can work diligently to save what cultivars, overlapping descriptions and, in some cultivars we can but we first need to identify them. cases, genetic and environmental variations. In Principal Concepts and Values some field collections of flowers from the same plant, there can be significant seasonal variation of Multi-Characteristic Descriptions in flower form or color. To make matters worse, Most present cultivar descriptions concentrate on there is variability in the extent, quality and utility describing the basic flower form (e.g. single or of existing descriptions, lack of photographs, and peony form) and size, color, bloom season, and other problems. In my Hawaii work, it has taken perhaps some brief information of leaf shape and me nearly four years of multi-seasonal observation size or plant growth habit. These brief descriptions to convince myself as to whether four different may be sufficient in the relatively short term, but in 78 the long term such descriptions may be much less observations will be used in a relatively short useful. Major deficiencies are attributable to the but very strong, distinguishing description. This lack of exact descriptions of characteristics as well description, together with additional descriptive as the lack of highly distinguishing features of the data, can be placed with photographs or other flower, other parts, or the plant itself. visual matter in a large electronic file and/or paper file. The describer should observe the plant over Recently more detailed descriptions have been at least one year for any useful growth-related available but very weak descriptions are still features; the stability or variation of recorded being published. Improved multi-characteristic characteristics; and seasonal changes. Also the descriptions could still start with basic information describer should endeavor to observe the plant in as mentioned above; however, an effort should various environments and geographic locations, be made to search for and study typical features especially to evaluate stability of characteristics more carefully and to inject more precise, and other notable features that could increase the defining detail. For example, rather than simply value of the description. Multiple observations writing ‘anemoniform’ for the flower, note some can reveal missed features. distinguishing features of that form such as ‘anemoniform with center tightly clustered, narrow, All described features should be recorded in 1-inch-tall magenta petaloids and no stamens.’ precise detail, with careful descriptions of visible Rather than commenting ‘leaves elliptical,’ indicate aspects in addition to measurements. Molecular ‘leaves elliptical with very wavy margins.’ Rather information, if available, could be included (or than indicating ‘two-inch-tall, central column of added later), particularly if it is of comparative stamens,’ a closer look might reveal, ‘tall central use. It is best to record and file all observations in column of stamens, narrowing abruptly at the apex the field or lab. and bearing kidney-shaped anthers.’ In yet another Of upmost concern is detection of one or more case, ‘very large leaves’ could best be represented unusual or possibly unique, highly distinguishing as ‘four-inch-long, obovate leaves with blunt- (‘pivotal’) features. Preferably these should be tipped, nodding acuminate apex.’ In all the visually detectable (with a hand lens if necessary), above examples, the extra details are helpful but rather than features requiring laboratory tests. probably none or few would qualify individually Pivotal features must be present routinely in as pivotal in distinguishing this camellia from collected specimens and be genetically stable to be fairly similar look-alikes. In the future how may a of high value in comparisons. Exactitude functions person distinguish a flower from 100 other similar to greatly strengthen comparative identification of ones using very simple descriptions such as ‘bright cultivars. red semi-double; medium; with central column of stamens; ovate leaves; mid-season’? Multi-factor Corroboration of Identification by At the heart of the Multi-Characteristic Description Co-occurrence of Distinctive Characteristics in concept are two integrated functional components Descriptions that work to produce a highly distinguishing Multi-factor corroboration of an identification is description that facilitates and expedites achieved by increasing the number of carefully identification of a cultivar. Such a description is selected characteristics that are moderately much more useful in rechecking and validating and pivotally distinguishing for a cultivar. Co- foundation stock in nursery collections, botanical occurrence of distinctive characteristics in a single gardens, clonal germplasm repositories, and in cultivar greatly reduces the likelihood of confusion supporting other conservational purposes. between apparently similar cultivars, provided that careful comparisons are made. Just one pivotal Intensive, Exacting Observations Resulting in feature, in combination with other features of a Highly Definitive Descriptions single cultivar, could validate an identification Observations of a specific camellia plant and its if other carefully described characteristics are component parts to record detailed data should moderately distinctive. Two or more different be intensive and exacting. The crux of these pivotal features plus other distinctions in a single 79 plant make it highly unlikely that a description of their tendencies toward greater variability; will strongly fit more than one cultivar. Inmy although these are often described or illustrated experience so far, when I find a very pivotal to some extent to round out impressions of each characteristic, such as proliferation of styles on species. Some vegetative characteristics such as a distorted ovary that is consistently produced, reticulated leaf venation can be fairly distinctive in fine details of that feature tend to be reasonably some cultivar descriptions. consistent as well. Tendencies in a cultivar for In contrast, both sexual and nonsexual (vegetative) frequent variation in a specific feature, such as characteristics are potentially useful in highly having peony and anemone form blossoms at the effective descriptions of cultivars, providing same time, is worthy of note. selected features occur consistently in plants Special Considerations and are precisely described, based on intensive observation. While some wild species can be General Recommendations for Preparing brought into cultivation, most cultivars are cloned Descriptions and Reviewing Registered hybrids, cloned mutants of hybrids, or hybrids of Cultivars cultivars and wild species. They tend to have more Descriptions of morphological features, colors, diverse blends of characteristics and anomalies and other visually detectable features of whole probably attributable to their mongrel backgrounds plants or plant parts, measurements of structures, and complex genetics. descriptions of phenological or developmental Some additional basic insights into the biology characteristics, and anomalies or other highly of sexual and vegetative characteristics are individualistic distinctions are potentially appropriate here. Sexual features and vegetative useful. Familiarity with the range of structures (non-sexual) features have decidedly different and variations seen in camellias will help the evolutionary backgrounds, goals and functions observer to better identify useful characteristics. in plants. Sexual characteristics have evolved Surveys of named cultivars in botanical and become more efficient over time to mostly gardens, nurseries or other collections will help serve long-term goals and functions, namely strengthen awareness and develop perspectives. reproduction, genetic variation over time to aid Participation in camellia society meetings and in survival in a changing world, and, not least, flower shows is also illuminating. There isa survival itself. Survival is a prime directive built wealth of information, including illustrations, into organisms! Not surprisingly, sexual plant available in diverse Camellia literature and via the parts and mechanisms that benefit the directive internet. The International Camellia Register and are logically ‘conservative’ features and typically Supplement (Savige, 1993) and various editions subject to less variability over time. It isn’t of Camellia Nomenclature (latest edition 2009) logical to entirely change an essential feature and its Supplement for 1996 (Southern California if it is working well. Sexual characteristics are Camellia Society) provide lists of cultivars. aimed at the ‘conquest of geological time.’ You The International Camellia Register is more may see minor floral variations in relatively ‘non- exhaustive in coverage of cultivars and has more consequential features such as petal color or detailed descriptions. marginal shape, but the flower as a whole tends Significance and Utility of Descriptive to be highly conserved and recognizable in wild Characteristics types and useful to taxonomists, particularly in In descriptions of Camellia species, attention is describing taxa above the cultivar level. In the concentrated on features of the floral structures: wild, Camellia species need good functional sex primary sexual parts (ovary, stamens), secondary organs for survival. Cultivars may lack sex organs or accessory parts (petals, sepals) and derivative or have non-functional parts, but they still survive parts (fruit, seed), all of which usually show and increase in number only by human-assisted consistent and sound comparative distinctions. horticultural cloning. Less attention is given to the characteristics of Vegetative (non-sexual) features such as leaves, vegetative parts such as leaves and stems because stems, and roots are more concerned with the 80 ‘conquest of habitat’ Relatively minor changes in (especially in confusing areas such as medium, vegetative parts can occur in shorter periods of time red, formal doubles) matching the name of interest by driving forces of habitat change and selective will have to be found and confirmed. This may survival within local populations. Vegetative parts require some international cooperation to support may also have physiological abilities that allow first-hand comparison of potentially valid clones. for immediate adjustments in a ‘real time’ sense in Molecular genetic comparisons have already the environment, such as leaves or stems turning proved valuable in discerning the valid cultivar toward light – or chloroplast populations increasing from look-alikes. or concentrating in more illuminated areas in Collected, valid clones of that cultivar can then leaf cells in shaded plants. Other ‘spontaneous’ be subjected to exacting Multi-Characteristic changes in vegetative characteristics could occur observations, and improved descriptions prepared. by mutation or hybridization. This will permit also the determination of which clone or clones are most typical, free of viruses Utility of Molecular Testing or other systemic pathogens, and suitable as In coming decades, molecular distinctions foundation stock in protected clonal repositories between cultivars (involving comparisons of for conservation purposes and use by certified DNA, alloenzymes, etc.) will become increasingly propagators who could in turn supply wholesale useful and important in comparing and identifying growers. Qualified researchers may be able to cultivars. Visible morphological and developmental secure plants directly from a repository. features will remain very important in integrated, As revised electronic or printed editions of The practical descriptions and identifications. International Camellia Register (Savige, 1993) Efforts at molecular comparisons of cultivars or Camellia Nomenclature (Southern California are in the early stages of development. Some Camellia Society, 2009) and other treatises on comparisons aimed at differentiating between cultivars are developed, efforts should be made closely similar camellia cultivars and in validating to incorporate information from improved Multi- cultivar identifications have been done and Characteristic descriptions. Organized cooperation additional techniques are being developed. of organizations and individuals engaged mutually Coverage of cultivars using molecular techniques is in beneficial efforts should assure and facilitate extremely limited, so such data are of very limited such revisions. value for use in descriptions and comparisons on a Uses of Electronic Data Systems broad scale. It appears that more standardization of techniques will be needed before molecular Files of data, if inputted and managed properly comparisons on a broad scale can be done. Lastly, using carefully selected or designed software, access to, and costs of, molecular comparisons could be utilized for more than storing descriptions limit their broad scale use. In future molecular of camellias. Pre-planning for special uses should data of direct descriptive and comparative use in involve development of descriptive character cultivar studies could be included in electronic codes that could be electronically referenced, files. together with coded lists of known cultivars. In the future, when there are fairly comprehensive Example Characteristics Useful for files of named cultivars, revised or new programs Describing and Identifying Cultivars could be used to create something functionally See Table 1. akin to a taxonomic key whereby someone trying to identify an unknown cultivar could input descriptive codes representing the characteristics Ideas for Future Progress of it into the computer for a search. The computer Revision of Earlier Descriptions would display a list of cultivars that closely fit the Since descriptions of many old cultivars are sorely description. The researcher could then survey the lacking in definitive detail, efforts to conserve such full information files for these pinpointed cultivars varieties must include better descriptions. Before to further narrow the possibilities and perhaps this can be done, in some cases, the valid cultivar specifically identify or validate the cultivar. 81 Table 1 Example Characteristics Useful in Describing and Identifying Cultivars. (Characteristics should appear consistently in cultivar; all categories below imply unusual and very distinctive characteristics within context.) See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 for related picture examples.

FLOWER – PETALS OVARY Bizarre contortion Partially divided or multiple (Fig. 2-J) Chimeric variegation Grossly distorted gynoecium (Fig. 2-J) Color gradations (Fig. 2-G) Hairiness Cupping, rolling, twisting Fluted or ridged sides, tuberculate (fruit) Surface depressions, pits Slender or flattened Tiny green wads near flower center Aborted, thin or absent Other anomalies (Fig. 2-G, K) Wall fused with stamen filaments (Fig. 1-A) FLOWER – BUDS Other anomalies Shape (Fig. 2-I) STYLES AND STIGMAS Hairiness Distorted styles: twisted, bent, flat (Fig. 1-B) Nodding, never opening (Fig. 2-I) Proliferated styles (Fig. 2-J) PERULES Reduced, aborted or lacking (Fig. 2-J) Persistent LEAVES Pronounced non-green colors Special shapes (e.g., fishtail) Unusually shaped Irregular folds, creases, wrinkles (Fig. 1-F) Hairiness Short or long petioles Anomalies Chimeric variegation or distortion (Fig. 1-F) ANEMONIFORM CENTER VARIATIONS Hairiness (young vs. mature) Petaloid form and color details Pronounced rolling, twisting (Fig. 1-F) Distinctive arrangement of parts Textures (rough, pimpled) Compact or loose structure Margin (digitate projections) (Fig. 1-D) Anomalies Other anomalies STAMENS STEMS Sterile or missing anthers (Fig. 1-B) Serpentine (Fig. 2-L) Irregularities in columns, groups Zig-zag Separate groups of fused filaments Erect, pendant Imbalanced arrangements (Fig. 1-E) Stiff, wiry, brittle Stamens fused to ovary (Fig. 1-A) Rough flaky, fissured bark Higo-like patterns Hairy (young vs. mature) Bizarre or uneven arrangement (Fig. 1-E) PLANT HABIT, NATURE Unusual size or shape of anthers (Fig. 2-H) Broad bush treelike Stark variability: length, structure (Fig. 1-B) Fastigiate, spreading, flaring or clambering Other anomalies (Fig. 1-A,B; Fig.2-J) Twisted Distorted UNUSUAL OR VERY STRONG FRAGRANCE Galls or other swellings Other anomalies 82

A B

C D

E F

Fig. 1 Photographs of consistent, highly distinguishing characteristics of different camellia cultivars

B: abnormally short stamens and strap-like style with A: swollen stamen filaments fused to ovary wall. unequal stigma flares. C: five combined, describable features contributing to D: digitate leaf margin. flower’s beauty. E: curved, meandering stamens routinely separated by a F: chimeric variegation, distortion, and ridges in leaves distinct, upright petal. 83

G H

I J

K L

Fig. 2 Photographs of consistent, highly distinguishing characteristics of different camellia cultivars.

G: unusual coloration and elongation of normally tiny H: nodding ‘cobra head’ stamens central petals (late season behavior).

I: non-opening, nodding green flower buds in ‘Otome J: extremely distorted sexual center in flower

K: compact green wads of petal-like units in central L: serpentine stems area of flower 84 The computing power and information retrieval A summary of camellia programs for this work exist today, but the difficult work will be to carefully develop the Multi- conservation around the world Characteristic files and allied descriptor codes by Jennifer Trehane which searches can be done. Right from the start of developing electronic files of named cultivar Church Cottage, 353, Hampreston, Wimborne, descriptions, careful cooperative consultation and Dorset BH21 7LX. UK holistic imagination should be done to envision a E-mail: [email protected] coding system that could ‘grow’ as new descriptor codes are needed, and more coded named cultivar Abstract Conservation of Camellia species in descriptions are filed. Codes for molecular data both wild and in cultivated situations is generally could be similarly searched as part of descriptions. well established. The conservation or preservation of antique and historic cultivars starts with Such systems would be, or already are, useful to identification for which world-wide co-operation other crops or non-crop applications internationally, is suggested through the ICS following a stage by encouraging strong possibilities for governmental stage system for morphological identification and and/or business support, to systems sharing, and molecular analysis. Ultimately living gene banks other cost-saving possibilities. No doubt it would and a new register of these certified cultivars also involve considerable volunteer support for should create some order and provide access for creating, searching, amassing, and coding data collectors to more accurately name old cultivars. about named cultivars. But the outcome would be very valuable to many endeavors. Right now, a system like this could be developed for use by people working on restricted groups of camellia cultivars, as is the case with some molecular biologists studying Camellia species. This might be a good place to create a prototype, because molecular biology already has electronic files and retrieval systems for genetic information. Having electronic systems for broader applications would ‘complete the loop’ for cultivar identification, description, and clonal germplasm conservation in support of many camellia-related pursuits. International Cooperation We live in a world where ‘the past’ is becoming more important in our thoughts and indeed in our Most, if not all, of the endeavors, present or future, actions. ‘Conservation’ is a big topic throughout that have been discussed here can be facilitated by all countries where it is deemed that there is strengthening communication and cooperation of something worth conserving/preserving. The camellia hobbyists, nursery people, students, and genus Camellia has its place in this movement. We professional individuals affiliated with arboreta also have a long history of cultivation and some and botanical gardens, universities, departments venerable antique camellias, over 100 years old, of agriculture, governmental or private clonal to preserve, plus some increasingly valued, more germplasm repositories, various plant industries, recently bred, early-mid 20th century camellias. camellia societies, computer information services, and others. Accomplishing big aspirations can be The ICS Historic Camellias Group was formed in made more manageable by the efficiencies of joint order to assess the situation and to instigate action efforts. Volunteers will be an extremely important where needed. Work is already being carried out in component. several countries. Literature cited is on the website. What should be conserved? Why, how and where? 85 1. Camellia species. Wild colonies. George Orel tells us of his opinions about some species of the subtropical rainforests in Viet Nam and China, which are, he believes, yet to be discovered. Do they matter, are they of any present or future benefit to us or any other animals, as genetic material for future scientific studies, potential garden plants or sources of food or medicine for humans or as part of the food chain in their habitat? Who knows what the future holds? Should we make efforts now to conserve them?

C. granthamiana. This was a most dramatic Yellow hybrid. Japan conservation project as just one plant was found growing, and named after the Governor of nearby Wild populations are acknowledged and the living Hong Kong. Documents tell of its discovery, gene bank of yellow species in Nanning is now identification, propagation and distribution before well established. This group of camellias is safely that single plant died. Its descendants are now conserved and provides propagation material of valued as garden plants in warm climates. known provenance for those who require it. The first yellow flowered species C. nitidissima, C. azalea (syn.C. changii) caused great excitement originally named C. chrysantha, was discovered when it was discovered in 1987. Prof. Gao Jiyin growing in sub-tropical forests in South East China and his team’s efforts to use it as a parent to in the late 1940’s and, as more and more yellow produce hybrids that will give blooms in our flowered species were discovered, the range gardens during the summer months are now, more of possibilities for their use, both as cultivated than 20 years after its discovery, being launched. plants in their own right and, more importantly, Its value is acknowledged, the small area of natural as parents for hybridisation with other species habitat is safely preserved and plants propagated caused great excitement. At last, we could expect from it are now widely circulated. to have reasonably hardy yellow flowered hybrid camellias in our gardens! Alas, despite many thousand hybrids being produced, that goal has yet to be fully achieved. Nearly, but not quite. But tea made from the young shoots has been successfully marketed and provides a niche industry.

C. nitidissima (C. chrysantha) in bamboo forest near Nanning, Guangxi, China 86 Other, more established species. including the camellias had re-grown from stumps In 1994 I travelled through Yunnan and parts of or developed from seedlings and, with increasing Sichuan with other camellia enthusiasts, escorted shade, were beginning to lose their yellow, sun by Mme Xia Lifiang, Guan Kaiyun and others scorched appearance and starting to look healthy. from the Kunming Institute of Botany, specifically Local people can no longer use them as firewood to see camellia species growing in their natural but the annual camellia festivals in some areas habitat. Over many years, deforestation mainly by have resulted in mass gathering of branches which those seeking firewood for cooking, had removed is more difficult to stop. shade trees as well as causing severe damage to the shrub layer, including camellias. Species including C. reticulata, C. saluenensis, C. pitardii var. pitardii, C. pitardii var. yunnanica, C. Man with firewood yunnnanensis, C. oleifera are already appreciated, in wide circulation, and now safely conserved in their native habitats, where they are particularly valued in research projects by taxonomists. The International Species Collections in Jinhua and Kunming Botanical Garden provide vital gene banks of the majority of species collected from wild sources, and ensure their survival. Antique species camellias, in controlled environments. These include examples of ancient wild species This had been halted, conservation measures were such as the formerly wild trees of C. reticulata in place and in most places pines and other native seen in Yunnan and Sichuan some of which have trees were growing strongly. The under-storey, been estimated as over 600 years old.

C. pitardii var pitardii C.saluenensis

C. pitardii var yunnanica C. reticulata 87 A great deal of work has been done to identify, and Oshima islands of Japan, is a very significant record and conserve these specimens and contributor to the conservation of these camellias. populations. These formerly wild specimens and populations are Also included are populations of ancient wild C. now identified, and valued and some individuals japonica, and its forms, particularly in the coastal are managed as tourist attractions. Larger regions and islands of China and Korea, and in populations are valued, used and in some cases many areas of Japan. (Molecular analysis of the actively managed as oil producing trees, especially Sichuan camellia has not yet been carried out in in Japan, which also helps their conservation. order to clarify its classification but it is being very effectively conserved). 2. Named Cultivars. The camellia oil industry, especially on the Goto Antique camellias – Asian region. Camellias 100 years old or more. The truly ancient cultivars are, as might be expected, those in Japan and in China, where selection from the wild, cultivation and breeding began over 1,000 years ago, mostly associated with the Buddhist and Daoist temples. Identification and recording of most of the surviving ancient trees, a few of which are over 600 years old, is well under control as is their management. The majority are growing in townships, in the grounds of temples or public places so they become valued Wild C.japonica on Oshima Island. Japan local attractions.

Camellia in temple courtyard Jikko at Reikanji temple on Putou island. China with roots and trunk protected 88 In Japan they are designated ‘Natural Monuments’. these ancient camellias have a very difficult task. Competition from humans can be a problem but A combination of props and pruning is used. those with properties containing these veterans are generally proud of them and they are well When I visited Zixi Shan in 1993, there was a large cared for, especially where cold winter weather is old tree of ‘Tongzimian’ (‘Baby Face’) and ‘Zixi’. expected. Apart from the sheer size of this tree and its two varieties, there was a bulge near its base. Was this Most are found close to buildings where there is the result of a graft union that had taken place all some protection from severe weather but additional those years ago? Sadly the tree is now dead, killed measures are often taken. Most trees have a by over-zealous care, however we can still see old natural lifespan and deteriorate as they age so trees of ‘Baby Face’ near other temples on Zixi those who have the responsibility for maintaining Shan. She is still smiling!

A well cared for ancient camellia extremely close to a house. 89 Antique camellias. planting is sparse. There is much confusion partly Europe, Australia, New Zealand and America. due to movement of plants from one part of Europe In Europe, named camellias are recorded to have to another. Most had their original Japanese or Chinese names changed to stylised Latin, or overtly first arrived from China and Japan in the late 18th European in honour of some person involved with century, then, as their popularity increased and the family of the new owner, and some cultivars new varieties were bred these spread to America, soon acquired a variety of names. As thousands of Australia and New Zealand. new varieties were bred and introduced in the 19th Relatively few are accurately identified, as century more confusion followed as they were documentation relating to their acquisition and dispersed and often re-named.

C. reticulata ‘Tongzimian’ and ‘Zixi’ Graft union

Close up 90

‘Hagoromo’/ ‘Magnoliiflora’ ‘Masayoshi’/ ‘Donkelaarii’ There are specimens of some of these ancient morphological evidence to identify old camellias camellias in Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Germany, and I believe our friends in Galicia, Spain have a Italy, France, some of the Baltic countries, and the very important contribution to make. UK. Others arrived in Australia, New Zealand and Historic Camellias the USA. Now we wish to identify them in order to conserve them. It is a difficult and time consuming In the USA work is being done to identify and task; a major detective story on a global scale. conserve historic camellias; those bred in the early- mid 20th century. There is concern that with so Labels were lost and, as so often happens after a many varieties bred in this period and collected in period of great popularity, camellias lost favour in gardens, a large number are found to be unlabelled the first half of the 20th century. Garden staff went and may be lost as more and more land is being off to war and many gardens became neglected sold for housing and other development. Work has or even abandoned. Planting records were lost or started to try to identify them by morphological destroyed. methods, using documents and historic books and Occasionally there are lucky finds. Lead labels pictures. Some are being propagated ahead of firm were popular and are sometimes found, still identification, and living collections are planned. legible, deep in the leaf litter under old camellias. Proposal. Identification methods should use Records are also found in the libraries of some of defined stages. the old properties to which the gardens or camellia houses are attached. Stage 1. Examine historical evidence in the form of documents, including planting lists, nursery When available we use old nursery catalogues catalogues, old paintings etc. and paintings by artists of the time as well as the Stage 2. Morphological study. A system of famous books by Verschaffelt, Berlese, Chandler, key steps, should be devised to aid future and Booth, or the excellent facsimiles produced by identification by morphological methods in a more Kishikawa. The paintings are often stylised and systematic way. These steps should include digital can lead to inaccuracies unless supported by more photographs of flowers, flower parts, leaves, hard evidence. habit, and any other part of the plant that may be It takes many hours, sometimes years to have relevant as a characteristic for future identification. confidence that the name finally put on alabel If accepted the key should be available for use is probably accurate, using these methods and around the world as an approved ICS system for materials. morphological identification of camellia cultivars. Until recently, unlike the work done on Camellia Stage 3. Having made a preliminary identification species, it is just the flowers of cultivars that the next step is confirmation / negation by a have been studied; little attention has been paid recognised molecular analytical method. A data to leaves, habit etc. This must be changed. It is, base should be established for use as a standard for however, generally agreed that we need more than each cultivar. 91 The difficulty is in identifying which is/are the Stage 4. Propagation from the identified, certified true original plant/plants, (standard cultivars), specimens then follows, in order to establish particularly where there are several sources all living, certified collections of cultivars from these claiming to have plants of a particular cultivar. sources; in other words ICS recognised gene banks. Samples from a minimum of five different sources, preferably in different countries, should Material can then be made available to nurseries be analysed and where there is a majority of and collectors for propagation around the world. identical results the standard cultivar, or cultivars I would suggest that work is initially confined to where it is known to be widely planted, e.g ‘Alba the relatively small number of old specimens of Plena’, should be chosen from this majority. 19th century and pre-19th century cultivars, of Morphological characteristics and molecular C. japonica, termed Antique camellias. Work on profiles should then be made available for others to more recent cultivars can follow. use, and included in a new List (see below). Some form of ICS certification is suggested in order to provide validity for these plants.

Chiswick House, London, UK. Outside view

Chiswick House, London, UK C.japonica.’Nitida’ C.japonica.’Variegata’ Inside view 92 Breeding and Cultivation It is Joyful and Fun to Breed New time. Sometimes I have to try new approaches, Camellias Effectively new concepts, and new testing methods in order to trace the cause of a given problem. John Wang My Simple Idea and the Discipline 11 Easton, Ct. Orinda, CA 94563, USA [email protected] I want to share with you some of my simple ideas and the discipline to effectively produce nice new In 2006 the Chinese Camellia Breeding Group was flowers. The logic should be very simple. established at Shanghai, China. I was a guest at this meeting. Since then many new camellias cultivars Deciding on the major direction or a unique trait have been developed and registered through the that will allow your new camellia flower to stand ICS in China. I have learned that many people in out and not to produce another common nice China are growing camellias and some of them flower in an already crowded field. intend to breed new cultivars. Therefore, I would Formation of the breeding goal. I would already like to share my camellia breeding experience. have a mental picture of my new flower including Particularly I want to convey the joy and fun that the size, the color, the petal shape, the form, I experience when I breed new camellias more special genetic trait such as fragrance and cold effectively. hardy property.... etc. From my personal observations many of my Selection of parent plants : It should be a gradual, camellia breeding friends at the Northern careful process, looking over all possible camellia California Camellia Society are very dedicated species and over all camellia flowers. Evaluate gardeners. Many of them take care of at least one their attributes based on the goal of my ideal thousand or more camellia seedlings, day in and model. day out, for over 5 years, waiting to see the first flower open. There is an unwritten rule among Select the best ones. Then compare them again. camellia breeders: for every hundred seedlings Their merits and possible drawbacks, making there may be perhaps one very nice new camellia second and third screen tests. You can continue to found. For every 500 to 1000 camellia seedlings select parent plants till pollination time. there should be one great new camellia developed. Select only two mother plants and two pollen In their lifetime many of my camellia-breeding plants. The mother plants should be rather fertile, friends produce only a very limited number of top more petals is desirable. The pollen plants should quality camellia flowers such as ‘Harold Paige’, have the most possible petals such as full peony ‘Ruta Hagmann’, ‘Scented Sun’ and ‘Barbara form (not loose peony), rose form double or full Goff’. anemone. Sometimes it takes the second generation I often thought we ought to improve our success of seedlings to obtain more petals and proper size rate. Why not have one desirable flower for status because many species have single flowers. every 50 seedlings? How about for every 30 new seedlings? I seriously think that we should be The way I practice pollination able to produce a very desirable new flower for Pollination is carried out indoors so there is every 10-15 seedlings. If so, camellia breeding can no interference from rain, wind, bees, and become free of the burden of caring for so many temperature. Three days after the last flower is seedlings for so many years. Camellia breeding pollinated, I move the plant outdoors. can become even more filled with joy and fun for Cross pollination is done only among final selected us. My 40 year career as the Quality Assurance parent plants. Repeat the identical cross to produce Manager for a very large dairy enterprise and many identical seeds. managing multiple dairy processing plants helps. Trouble-shooting became my natural instinct. I got The seedling result can be very effective. Therefore used to solving critical problems in a very limited I am able to set up multiple goals and accomplish 93 multiple camellia breeding tasks such as very light poly bag. When two small leaves appear, water colored reticulata hybrids, 25% reticulata hybrids, soluble fertilizer fortified with trace minerals is time. Sometimes I have to try new approaches, fragrant camellias, cold hardy camellias, C. azalea applied. It is a carefree method even though I do new concepts, and new testing methods in order to hybrids and camellias with special coloration. check each pot occasionally. No worries about trace the cause of a given problem. watering, mold growth or temperature fluctuation. My Simple Idea and the Discipline I want to share with you some of my simple ideas In March the seedlings and the discipline to effectively produce nice new can be up to 6 inches and flowers. The logic should be very simple. are ready for approach grafting. The grafted Deciding on the major direction or a unique trait seedlings can reduce that will allow your new camellia flower to stand waiting time to see the out and not to produce another common nice first flower by one or two flower in an already crowded field. years. Formation of the breeding goal. I would already have a mental picture of my new flower including My newly built green- the size, the color, the petal shape, the form, house should speed up the special genetic trait such as fragrance and cold seedling growth. hardy property.... etc. Let me summarize the Selection of parent plants : It should be a gradual, procedure of my camellia careful process, looking over all possible camellia breeding. After I have species and over all camellia flowers. Evaluate To speed up my seedling growth decided my major direction for camellia breeding, their attributes based on the goal of my ideal A large pair of utility scissors is used to carefully I set up my goal with a mental picture. Then I look model. cut open a few of the hard shells. Soak the seeds very hard to select the most suitable parent plants. in water overnight. Peel off most of the seed shell. I pollinate the camellias in my warm living room. Select the best ones. Then compare them again. The seeds are germinated in my mini-green house. I germinate my seeds in a special mini green- Their merits and possible drawbacks, making In March, the seedlings are ready for approach house converted from an empty tropical fish tank second and third screen tests. You can continue to grafting. select parent plants till pollination time. equipped with a growth light. The electrical heater is placed in a long, narrow glass pasta jar. Select only two mother plants and two pollen Now I shall show you only a few of my new plants. The mother plants should be rather fertile, I only use microwave heated perlite in clean pots. flowers: more petals is desirable. The pollen plants should Each pot is individually enclosed with a transparent have the most possible petals such as full peony form (not loose peony), rose form double or full anemone. Sometimes it takes the second generation of seedlings to obtain more petals and proper size status because many species have single flowers.

The way I practice pollination Pollination is carried out indoors so there is no interference from rain, wind, bees, and temperature. Three days after the last flower is pollinated, I move the plant outdoors. Cross pollination is done only among final selected parent plants. Repeat the identical cross to produce many identical seeds. The seedling result can be very effective. Therefore I am able to set up multiple goals and accomplish 94

Approach grafted seedling plant

‘Nanshan Ziyu’ means ‘south mountain lavender Jade’ ‘Yemingzhu’means ‘glowing pearl in the dark’

‘Yaohuang Weizi’ meaning ‘touch of yellow and purple’ ‘Nüerhong’ is a famous brand of rice wine wine in China 95

‘Xizi Xianghe’ means ‘Westlake fragrant lotus’ ‘Xuri Guanhong’ means ‘morning sun through rainbow’

‘Jinsi Suxiu’ means ‘Suzhuo Embroidery’ ‘Longhuozhu’ means ‘Dragon Fireball’

New greenhouses to speed up growth 96 An excellent cultivar derived from excellent ornamental characteristics (as shown in F2 hybrids of Camellia nitidissima Fig. 1). We then did some grafting and got several individuals which show stable characteristics that Huang Liandong, Li Zhihui are the same as that F2 hybrid plant. We named this new cultivar Camellia ‘Dongyue’. It was Nanning Golden Camellia Park, Guangxi, China published in China Flowers & Horticulture (2010, Abstract In Nanning Golden Camellia Park, No.16, p.44). thousands of controlled pollinations have been carried out using Camellia nitidissima as seed Description of this cultivar parent, and some cultivars of C. japonica, C. Evergreen shrubs to small trees, 70cm tall now reticulata, C. sasanqua and C. oleifera etc. with a trunk of 2.24cm, medium growth rate. The as pollen parents. Several thousand F1 hybrid bark of the trunk grey-brown, nearly smooth seedlings are now gradually blossoming. But or slightly split. Young shoots pale purple and most of the F1 hybrids display characters either of glabrous. Terminal buds yellowish-green with the female or male parent, only a few show both slightly reddish color, oblate in shape, 2.6cm characters. Then we selected the hybrid with both long and 1.2cm wide, about 7 piece bracts characters, back crossed with C. nitidissima, and in imbricate arrangement, subglabrous, margin got some F2 hybrids. In this paper an excellent slightly green tomentose. Juvenile leaves reddish cultivar was selected from these F2 hybrids, with brown and glabrous; mature leaf shapes vary the introduction of the breeding procedure, the greatly in size in the same plant, ovate or elliptic, description in detail and the genetics of yellow 6 - 10cm long, 3 - 6.5 cm wide; apices caudate flowers. to acute with the tips up to 0.5-1cm long; bases Introduction cuneate; margins hard serrate; blades bright and deep green at the upper surface, light green at the Guangxi is the hometown of the Golden Camellia, back, both sides glabrous, midrib obvious,lateral where 35 wild species were found with yellow veins 7–9 pairs; petiole 0.7–1cm long with a flowers. The hybridization work on these yellow longitudinal shallow groove, green and glabrous. camellias has been done for many years. Although we have obtained many F1 hybrids, it is hard to find a good seedling with good ornamental characters. So we continue to do some backcross pollination, and finally achieved some F2 hybrids with excellent ornamental characters. In this paper, we would like to introduce this new cultivar.

Breeding procedure F1 plants were pollinated in 1984, using C. nitidissima as female parents, and C. sasanqua ‘Dark red sweet’ as male parent. In the 1990s, some F1 hybrid seedlings began to bloom, and we used them as parents to breed new cultivars, but without much success. Finally in 2004, we used one F1 Fig. 1 The plant and the flower of the new cultivar seedling as a female parent, and backcrossed with Camellia ‘Dongyue’ C. nitidissima. We pollinated 98 flowers, 4 of Flowers single or more than 2 fascicled, axillary or them bore fruits. The rate of fruit set is around terminal, flower about 6 - 7cm in diameter, pedicel 4%. From 4 fruits, we obtained five seeds with the about 0.2cm long, purple white, bracts and sepals weight 0.8 g, 0.4 g, 0.5 g, 1.4 g and 3.0g. Four green, with grey tomentose, broadly ovate, apex of them failed to germinate, only the 2nd heaviest obtuse, length increased to 1.5–2mm long with seed (1.4 g) germinated and became a plant. In 1.5–1mm width when in full bloom. Sepals 5-6 2009, this plant came into bloom, and showed in complex imbricate arrangement, semiorbicular 97 to broadly obovate, 2 - 6mm long and 2 -3mm yellow flowers from the hybrid of Camellia wide, apex nearly orbicular or ovate, glabrous euphlebia×return F1. The flowers of F2 plants are both sides. flower is rose form, milky yellow, 6-7 no longer single and red but display yellow. Other cm in diameter, stamens mostly petaloid, pistils 3 experiments show similar results when we do more cracked. Ovary glabrous. The flowering season is backcrosses with Camellia nitidissima. These F2 from January to March. hybrids are dominant in yellow when crossing the F1 plant with the wild yellow species. To cross We have done more hybridization using the several times, again and again, is an important way F1 hybrid as parents. We successfully get pale to breed new yellow cultivars.

Table 1 Comparison of the new cultivar ‘Dongyue’ to its parents

Items Leaf pedicel Flower flower size Size shoots fragrance （cm） color （cm）

Male parent 11—16 long Golden yellow 6—8cm with Camellia glabrous 0.51long none 4—6 wide and waxy 8—11 petals nitidissima

Female parent 6—7 long 6—7cm with tomentose none pink Light sweet Fa Seedling 3—5 wide 20—30 petals

6-10 long 6—7cm with F2 ‘Dongyue’ glabrous none yellow none 3-6.5 wide 26—30 petals 98 fungi. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are often associated Ectomycorrhizal Fungi with tree species and have significant growth Promote Cultivation of stimulation effects on their hosts. Camellia Plants In recent years, ectomycorrhizal fungi have Tang Yongjun, Zhou Ming* been used in forest restoration, which proved Xin-Lü Camellia Nursery Co. Ltd. of successful in some cases. However, to our the World’s Best Cultivars, Chuxiong City knowledge, investigation on Camellia species from a mycorrhizal perspective has been rare email: [email protected] and no studies have been done regarding the application of mycorrhizal fungi to Camellia Abstract Twenty ectomycorrhizal fungal isolates cultivation. In this paper, we report a case study were obtained and identified from rootlets of wild of application of ectomycorrhizal fungi to the Camellia trees around Chuxiong City. Effects of cultivation of Camellia cultivars. We isolated and those fungi on growth performance of camellia identified mycorrhizal fungi from natural habitats seedlings, rootstocks and cuttings were studied of Camellia and propagated the fungi as inocula under greenhouse conditions. The results showed for the cultivation of Camellia cultivars. The that inoculation with the fungi significantly mycorrhizal inocula have been widely used in our increased survival rate, plant height, and flowering company for cultivation of Camellia cultivars and rate of tested Camellia seedlings, improved have shown significant promoting effects on the growth performance of Camellia rootstocks, performance of the plants. The successful isolation and stimulated rooting of camellia cuttings. The and application of ectomycorrhizal fungi are of fungal inocula have been successfully used for great importance for production of high quality commercial production of Camellia cultivars by cultivation media as well as commercial seedlings our company. To our knowledge this is the first of Camellia cultivars. large-scale application of ectomycorrhizal fungi to cultivation of Camellia plants. Materials and Methods Isolation and identification of ectomycorrhizal Introduction fungi Mycorrhizae are widespread symbioses formed Camellia rootlets from their natural habitats were by a group of soil fungi (known as mycorrhizal used for isolation of ectomycorrhizal fungi. The fungi) with plants. Recently, mycorrhizal fungi rootlets were surface sterilized using sodium have been found to influence plant distribution and hypochlorite (NaOCl) or mercuric chloride plant community structure. They may also affect (HgCl2) and then rinsed thoroughly with sterilized interactions between plant species. Furthermore, water. Several growth media were used for fungal their effects on other ecological processes in isolation, including potato dextrose agar (PDA) their ecosystems have been suggested. In most medium, modified CzapeK-DoX medium, spore- cases, mycorrhizal fungi have beneficial effects promoting medium, and wheat bran medium. on host plants, physiologically or ecologically Identification of the isolated fungi was based on promoting performance of their associated hosts. their characteristics of colony morphology and As a result, productivity and biomass of their hosts microscopic structure of spores when cultivated in are increased and resistance of the hosts to stressed PDA medium and modified CzapeK-DoX medium. environment is often enhanced. Mycorrhizal fungi For fungi that did not produce spores, their stimulate growth of their host plants in several morphological characteristics in spore-promoting ways, including increasing the absorption area medium were used as references for identification. of host roots with fine hyphae, producing plant enzymes for activation of otherwise inaccessible Propagation of fungal inocula nutrients, or secreting antibiotics against plant Mother inocula were obtained by growing purified pathogens. Based on their colonization sites, hyphae of the fungal isolates on PDA slopes for mycorrhizal fungi are grouped into two groups, 8-10 days at 28 ℃. The mother inocula were then ectomycorrhizal fungi and endomycorrhizal cut (fungal hyphae together with the PDA medium) 99 into small pieces 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 cm3 and moved HgCl2, including mainly the genera Paecilomyces, into flasks/bags filled with wheat bran medium. Staphylotrichum and Fusarium. The flasks/bags were kept in an incubator for 30 Effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on cultivation days at 28 ℃. Inocula without contamination were performance of Camellia plants. (These are chosen for cultivation of Camellia plants. ilustrated in Fig. 1 which can be found on the ICS website). Inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi, growth condition, and parameter recording Inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi significantly increased survival rate, plant height, To test the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on and flowering rate of testedCamellia plants (Table performance of Camellia, two treatments were 1), improved growth performance of Camellia set up for each experiment, one with inoculation rootstocks (Fig. 2), and stimulated rooting of of isolated mycorrhizal fungi, and the other Camellia cuttings (Fig. 3). without mycorrhizal inoculation. For mycorrhizal treatment, inocula were mixed with cultivation Discussion medium directly before planting. The results showed that ectomycorrhizal fungi have Seedlings of Camellia were grown under a potential in promoting cultivation of Camellia greenhouse conditions for three months. The plants. However, because the inocula used in our following parameters were recorded: total number experiments were mixtures of fungal isolates, it is of Camellia seedlings planted at the beginning, not possible at this stage to determine which fungal number of Camellia seedlings that survived after species contribute the most to growth stimulation three months of planting, survival rate, seedlings of the Camellia plants. Further investigation is height, flowering rate. Effects of ectomycorrhizal required to obtain more effective inocula. fungi on growth performance of Camellia According to the existing literature, mycorrhizal rootstocks were checked under greenhouse fungi are widespread and often in great abundance conditions. Rooting rate of Camellia cuttings was in the soil of most ecosystems. However, we also examined. isolated only 20 fungal species from the Camellia rootlets collected from the field, which is far below Results the estimated number. Surface sterilization may Isolation and identification of ectomycorrhizal have killed some mycorrhizal fungi. In addition, the fungi small sample size of the Camellia rootlets used for Twenty fungal isolates belonging to six genera were mycorrhizal fungal isolation accounts for the low obtained in total. Eleven isolates were obtained diversity. To screen for more growth-promoting from rootlets that were surface sterilized using mycorrhizal fungal species, a larger sample size NaOCl. The isolates belong mainly to the genera and a wider sampling area are required in future Paecilomyces, Humicola, Trichoderma, Phoma research. Molecular techniques will help in and mycelia sterilia. Nine isolates were obtained revealing the natural mycorrhizal fungal community from rootlets that were surface sterilized using structures associated with Camellia in the field.

Table 1 Effects of ectomycorrhizal inoculation on growth performance of Camellia plants after three months of planting.

Treatment TNCS SNCS SR % MTH (cm) FR %

Non-mycorrhizal 8000 5760 72 5 72

Ectomycorrhizal 8000 7760 97 9 97

Notes: TNCS, total number of Camellia seedlings planted at the beginning of the experiment; SNCS, number of Camellia seedlings survived after three months of planting; SR, survival rate; MTH, mean seedlings height; FR, flowering rate. 100 Fig. 2

Fig. 3 101 A significant achievement on seedlings are true hybrids of C. azalea (Gao et al. Camellia breeding in China 2011). A part of the flower genes ofC. azalea have been successfully transferred into the hybrids. - Fifteen Summer-blooming hybrids We selected 15 hybrids which involved 6 cross- obtained from crosses between combinations. These hybrids have bloomed Camellia azalea and other camellias and their characteristics have been stable. The Liu Xinkai, Huang Wanjian, Zhong Naisheng, common characteristics of the hybrids are that Chen Guanghui, Feng Guimei and Gao Jiyin flowers are bright, flower forms are various, leaves are dark-green, resistances are higher, plants are The Academy of Landscape, The Palm Landscape vigorous and the blooming periods are from June Architecture Co., Ltd., China, 510627 to December. They can bloom normally under full Abstract In order to fill the blank where camellias sun, when the temperature of the environment is do not flower in summer, more than 50,000 flowers usually over 38℃ (100.4°F) in the summer. have been pollinated with C. azalea as a parent and over 1,500 hybrid seedlings have been obtained 1. Presentations of 15 summer-blooming since 2006. Fifteen hybrid seedlings were selected hybr C. azalea X C. japonica’s cultivar A * to be presented in detail from the hybrids that have The breeding objective of this group is to produce bloomed. Also the genetic tendencies of C. azalea’s new cultivars with multi-petals, large flowers or cold- hybrids, especially in the blooming period, flower hardiness, in addition to being summer-blooming. characteristics and plant habits were discussed. These summer-blooming hybrids showed that a 1-No. 1: Flower buds long-ball-shaped and sepals significant breakthrough in camellia breeding has light-green. Flowers dense, pink, rose-double to been achieved in China. formal double form, medium to large, 9-12 cm in diameter, petals over 38, arrangement in order, As is well known, with the exception of a few slightly involute at the edges. Leaves dark-green, camellia species, such as C. azalea (Gao. 2001. broad-elliptic. Plant compact and branches dense.

Gao et al. 2008), C. amplexicaulis (Gao 2002) and Blooming from Jun. to Dec. C. chuangtsuoensis (Gao et al. 2010), almost all camellias bloom in late-autumn, winter or spring. It is obvious that camellias are lacking summer- blooming or year-round-blooming cultivars (Savige. 1993). It is, perhaps, because no camellia flowers can be enjoyed in the heat of summer that the world’s camellia people actively wish to create brand new cultivars using C. azalea which blooms year-round (King 2010) . The Palm Landscape Architecture Co. Ltd. China has been devoting time to studies to change the camellia blooming period since 2006. There have been more than 80 cross-combinations which involved 20 species and 50 cultivars, and over 50,000 flowers were used during the interspecies crossing with C. azalea at the company’s nursery. We have produced more than 1500 F1 hybrid seedlings and the seedlings started to bloom continuously from 2010. It has been confirmed with molecular marker determinations and morphological observations that most of the 102 1-No. 2: Flower buds long ball-shaped and sepals green, long-elliptic, thick coriaceous and surfaces yellow-green with white silky hairs. Flowers shining. Plant both compact and dwarf and growth dense, pink with some red petals, some deep-red vigorous. Blooming from Jun. to Dec. veins visible on the petals, semi-double to peony form, very large, over 13 cm in diameter, petals 37, outside petals arranged in order, inside petals slightly waved, stamens 196, filaments light-red and slightly fused at the base, stigma splits into 7 at the tip. Leaves dark-green, coriaceous, edges shallow serrated. Plant spreading and branches dense. Blooming from Jun. to Dec.

2-No. 2: Flower buds ball-shaped and sepals yellow- green. Flowers dense, light-red, occasionally some white stripes on petals, anemone form, large, 10- 11 cm in diameter, outside large petals 11, long- obovate, inside small petals 114 mixed with a few stamens, filaments milky white. Leaves dark- green, long-elliptic. Plant spreading and branches dense. Blooming from Jun. to Dec. 1.2 C. japonica’s cultivar B* X C. azalea The breeding objective of this group is to get new cultivars with large & dense flowers or multi- petals, multi-color or cold-hardy, besides summer- blooming. 2-No. 1: Flower buds ball-shaped and sepals light- green and slightly white-pubescent. Flowers dense, light-pink, blotched white in centre, single to semi- double form, medium, 8-9 cm in diameter, petals 18, long-obovate, tips slightly-cleft and margins involute, stamens over 100 with some petaloids, anthers yellow, filaments light-pink. Leaves dark- 103 obovate, inside small petals many, clustered into a ball which is blotched some white and mixed with a few stamens. Leaves dark-green, long-elliptic, Plant spreading and branches dense. Blooming from Jun. to Dec.

2-No. 3: Flower buds long ball-shaped and sepals green with slight white-pubescence. Flowers dense, light-red with purple tone, single form, miniature, 5-6 cm in diameter, petals 5-6, broad- obovate, deep-red veins visible on the surfaces, tips slightly curled, stamens many, filaments milky- white. Leaves dark-green, elliptic, coriaceous and surfaces shining. Plant compact and growth vigorous. Blooming from Jun. to Dec.

2-No. 5: Flower buds fat ball-shaped and sepals green with white-pubescence. Flowers dense, deep-pink, semi-double to rose-double form, large, 11-12 cm in diameter, petals over 20, ovate, arranged regularly into a star-like shape, tips rounded, stamens about 160, filaments pink and slightly fused at the base. Leaves dark-green, elliptic, surfaces shining. Plant compact and growth vigorous. Blooming from Jun. to Dec.

2-No. 4: Flower buds ball-shaped and sepals green with some white-pubescence. Flowers dense, light-red, occasionally very narrow white edges on outside petals, anemone form, large, 10-12 cm in diameter, outside large petals 12-13, broad- 104 C. japonica’s cultivar C* X C. azalea The breeding objective of this group is to get new ones with dark-red and dense flowers or cold hardiness, besides summer-blooming. 3-No. 1 Flower buds longer in shape and 6 green sepals. Flowers dense, dark-red with pubescent texture, single form, medium, 9-10 cm in diameter, petals 7-9, obovate, slightly wrinkled and tips slightly notched, stamens about 90, fused at the base, filaments red and anthers yellow. Leaves dark-green, elliptic and thick-coriaceous. Plant compact and growth vigorous. Blooming from 2-No. 6: Flower buds ball-shaped and sepals light- Jun. to Dec. or later. green. Flowers dense, deep pink to red, occasionally blotched white, single form, mini-ature, 5-6 cm in diameter, petals 5-6, broad-obovate with lucency (shine), tips with tiny splits, stamens about 70- 80, filaments white and slightly fused at the base. Leaves dark-green, long-elliptic, surfaces shining, edged with shallow serrations. Plant spreading, branches dense and growth vigorous. Blooming from Jun. to Dec.

1.4 C. azalea X C. japonica’s cultivar D* The breeding objective of this group is to get new cultivars with special color or cold hardiness, besides summer-blooming. 4-No. 1: Flower buds long ball-shaped, sepals light-green and blooming densely. Flowers claret red to red, occasionally blotched white, semi- double to rose-double form, medium to large, 8-12 cm in diameter, petals 19, broad obovate, loosely 105 arranged, tips slightly notched, edges involute, stamens 70-100, filaments milk-white and anthers light yellow. Leaves dark green, long elliptic and surfaces shining. Plant upright and growth vigorous. Blooming from Jun. to Dec.

5-No. 2 Flower buds long-spindle-shaped and sepals green. Flowers dense, dark-red, occasionally blotched white, single form, medium, 8-9 cm in diameter, petals 7, broad-obovate, tips slightly notched and surfaces slightly wrinkled, deep red veins visible on the surfaces, stamens many and fused into a tube at the base, filaments light red. Leaves dark green, shining, edges thinly shallow- 1.5 C. azalea X C. reticulata’s cultivar E* serrated. Plant both upright and compact, branches The breeding objective of this group is to get new dense and growth vigorous. Blooming from Jun. cultivars with large & dense flowers, multi-petals to Dec. or cold-hardy, besides summer-blooming.

5-No. 1: Flower buds ball-shaped and sepals green. Flowers dense, deep-red, single to semi-double form, medium, 8-9 cm in diameter, petals 17, obovate, tips slightly notched and surfaces deep- red, veins visible, stamens over 100, occasionally some erect petaloids occur in the centre and filaments are light-pink. Leaves dark green, long elliptic, thick-coriaceous surfaces smooth and edges shallow-serrated. Plant compact, branches dense and growth vigorous. Blooming from Jun. to Dec. or later. 106 C. chekiangoleosa x C. azalea The breeding objective of this group is to get new cultivars that are very cold-hardy, besides summer- blooming. 6-No. 1: Flower buds long ball-shaped and sepals green with white pubescent. Flowers separately apical or axillary, light red, single form, medium, medium, 8.5-9.5 cm in diameter, petals 6-7, obovate, tips deeply notched, stamens 104, filaments pink, fused into a tube at the base. Leaves dark green, narrow elliptic, slightly serrated at the edges. Plant spreading, branches soft and growth vigorous. Blooming from Jun. to Dec.

5-No. 3 : Flower buds short ball-shaped and sepals green. Flowers dense, pink with a few white stripes, semi-double to rose-double form, medium, 9-10 cm diameter, petals 45, outside petals obovate and arrangement regular, central petals slightly wrinkled, stamens clustered, filaments pink. Leaves dark green, broad elliptic, shining. Plant compact, branches dense and growth vigorous. Blooming from Jun. to Dec.

6-No. 2: Flower buds spindle-shaped and sepals light green. Flowers pink with many tiny white dots which look like sand, single form, medium, 8-9 cm in diameter, petals 6-7, obovate, slightly wrinkled, tips notched, stamens 180, fused into a tube at the base, filaments light-red. Leaves dark green, long elliptic and serrations visible. Plant spreading and branches dense. Blooming from Jul. to Dec. 107 listed in Table 1. From Table 1, we can get the following preliminary conclusions on the hybrids’ genetic tendencies: a) Flower color of the hybrids tends towards the parent in which flower colours are deeper, whether C. azalea is the female or male. White colour genes of flowers are recessive to red flowers, so there are no white hybrids even when we used a white parent, such as 4-No.1. However, if the flowers of another parent in a cross-combination are white blotched or striped, its hybrid will occasionally be blotched white or striped. If all the flowers of the double parents in a cross-combination are red, their hybrids will be red or pink, such as 5-No.3, 6-No.2 etc. b) Flower forms in the hybrids tend to follow either father or mother. C. azalea is single. If another parent in a cross-combination is semi- double, anemone or peony, the hybrid will be single (which is like C. azalea’s), semi-double, rose-semi-double, peony or formal double, such as 1-No.1 to 1-No.2, 2-No.1 to 2-No.6, 4-No.1 and so on. If another parent is single, the hybrid must be Note: Cultivars A, B, C, D and E with * indicate that the single, such as 6-No.1 and 6-No.2. cultivars’ names are kept secret temporarily in the paper due to application for plant patents. c) Flower sizes in the hybrids are very complex. Usually, parents with large flowers will produce 2. Discussions on genetic tendencies large flowered hybrids, however, a few hybrids of the hybrids with small or miniature flowers can also occur, 2.1 Genetic tendency on blooming period in the such as 2-No.3 and 2-No.6. hybrids 2.3 Genetic tendency on characteristics of leaves The 15 hybrids contain 50% genes of C. azalea and plants in the hybrids which can bloom year round and so the blooming period of the hybrids should be, to a certain degree, According to our assessments, the leaves of changed. Fig.1 shows that the hybrids start to the hybrids are all dark-green and long-elliptic bloom in June, which is later than C. azalea by 4-5 shaped, slightly similar to C. azalea. Most of the months and earlier than ordinary camellia cultivars hybrids are compact in habit, dense in branches by 3-4 months. From the peak to the trough of and vigorous in growth, also very similar to C. blooming, we can see that the hybrids are nearly azalea. It should be pointed out that in the cross- the same as C. azalea, but different from ordinary combination, C. chekiangoleosa x C. azalea, the cultivars. These tell us that the hybrids only got hybrids mostly tend to C. chekiangoleosa both in some of the genes which control the blooming leaves and plant habits. season from C. azalea. Therefore it is necessary From the above, we can see that C. azalea is not for the hybrids to be further back-crossed with C. only a high heterozygote, but also a high breeding azalea. potential species. Our research is only just starting 2.2 Genetic tendency of flower characteristics in to use it in hybridisation. We are sure that,with the hybrids the increase in quantity of C. azalea’s hybrids, The results of the comparisons of color, form and camellias with year-round blooming will be size of flowers in hybrids and their parents are available to us in the near future. 108 Fig. 1. Comparisons of blooming period among hybrids, C. azalea and ordinary camellia cultivars

Table 1. Comparisons of flower characteristics in hybrids and their parents Color Form Size No. Female Male Hybrid Female Male Hybrid Female Male Hybrid Medium 1-No.1 Pink Formal double Red Red with Medium Medium to large Single Peony white Semi-double to large to large 1-No.2 Pink Very large to peony Medium Pink with white to large 2-No.1 Semi-double Medium Light-pink Light-red with 2-No.2 Rose pink Loose Anemone Large white stripes Medium Medium bordered Red Light-red with peony Single 2-No.3 Single to large to large Miniature white. purple form 2-No.4 Light-red Anemone Large Semi-double to 2-No.5 Deep-pink Large rose-double Deep-pink to 2-No.6 Single Miniature red with white Semi- Medium Medium 3-No.1 Dark red Red Dark red Single Single Medium double to large to large Claret-red to Semi-double to Medium Medium Medium 4-No.1 Red Dark-red Single Single red rose-double to large to large to large Single to 5-No.1 Deep-red Medium semi-double Dark-red Medium Very 5-No.2 Red Red Single Peony Single Medium with white to large large Pink with Semi-double to 5-No.3 Medium white stripes rose-double 6-No.1 Light-red Single Medium Medium Medium Red Red Single Single Pink with to large to large 6-No.2 Single Medium white dots 109 Pollen morphology, vitality and storage capacity of Camellia rosthorniana Hand.-Mazz Xu Lin1,2*, Du Kebing3, Chen Fazhi1,2, Yang Shoukun1,2, Chen Weidong1,2 1 Scientific and Research Institute of Forestry and Fruit Sciences of Wuhan City, Wuhan 430075, China 2 Landscape Plants Engineering Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430075, China Camellia rosthorniana 3 College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Materials and methods 430070, China Materials e-mail: [email protected] 3-year-old strong propagules C. rosthorniana ‘Tianshan fen’ were used as materials and the The full text can be found on the ICS website experiments were performed in the Wild Plants Introduction Resources nursery of the Scientific and Research Institute of Forestry and Fruit Sciences of Wuhan The species Camellia rosthorniana, which belongs City. to Sect. Theopsis of genus Camellia, is an excellent species with fragrant and dense flowers. It could Observations of the pollen morphology under be a significant species for use in hybridization to SEM produce fragrant cultivars. We found wild plants Flowers were collected at about 10 a.m. on sunny of C. rosthorniana at Tianzi Mountain when we days when they were just blooming at the full surveyed the vegetation of Wuhan City in 1999 flowering stage. After preparation, the anthers were and selected a well-grown 10 year-old plant named scanned using an electronic microscope (SEM) ‘Tianshan fen’ to propagate from. This research and photographed. 20 pollen grains were selected focused on the pollen morphology, vitality and randomly for observations of their shape, polar storage capacity of C. rosthorniana ‘Tianshan fen’. view, equatorial view, germinal furrow, and exine ornamentation. The length of polar axis, equatorial axis and germinal furrow were measured. Pollen viability test Anthers were collected and placed on white papers for 24 hours at room temperature to allow them to rupture. Pollen was gathered for the test of vitality and storage capacity. Determination of pollen germination time Five kinds of liquid media were dropped on the fluted slide and fresh pollen was evenly spread on the surface of the medium by using a dissecting needle. Then the slides were placed in the culture dishes covered with wet filter paper and cultivated in an incubator for 2, 24 and 48 hours at a temperature of 25℃, in darkness. Pollen Flowering plant of C. rosthorniana germination rates were observed and calculated to 110 determine the optimal observation time of pollen Vitality variation of storage pollens germination. Germination rates in the stored pollen showed Determination of the optimum pollen only a slight decrease after 60 days: after 90 days germination medium germination rates fell by 50%. Therefore, dried Pollen grains were placed on five different kinds pollens of C. Rosthorniana ‘Tianshan fen’ can be of liquid media and incubated for 48 hours. To successfully stored for 60 days. determine the best pollen germination medium ‘Table 2 Pollen germination rate of C. composition for C. rosthorniana, the germination rosthorniana during storage under 4°C’ can be rate was observed under a microscope and the found on the ICS website. pollen tube lengths were measured. When the pollen tube length was more than the diameter of Discussions pollen, the germination status was recorded, and The inclusion of the study of pollen morphology the germination rate calculated. is an important basis for species identification. The genus Camellia shows great variations and Determination of pollen storage capacity therefore it is a reliable method to use pollen Fresh pollen grains were placed in tubes, which morphology to study the taxonomy of the genus. were plugged with cotton wool, placed in a To date, study on pollen morphology of C. desiccator and stored at 4℃. Every 30 days, pollen rosthorniana had not been reported. This research grains were removed and tested for viability. showed that the pollen shape of C. rosthorniana Data analysis ‘Tianshan fen’ was in accordance with the general character of genus Camellia but that there were An analysis of variance and multiple comparisons significant differences between C. rosthorniana were performed. with the other six species of Sect. Theopsis. These differences showed that C. rosthorniana might Results and analysis have a special taxonomy status within the genus Observation of pollen morphology Camellia and further research is needed. The SEM results showed that pollen grains of In general, the flowering season of C japonica is ‘Tianshan fen’ differed in many respects from from February to April: that of C. rosthorniana other species of Sect. Theopsis, details of which, ‘Tianshan fen’ is from February to March. Results including photographs, can be found in Figure 3 showed that dried pollen of C. Rosthorniana on the ICS website. ‘Tianshan fen’ can be successfully stored for 60 days, which could be useful in solving the problem In vitro culture of pollens of asynchronous flowering time with C. japonica Pollen germination time in cross breeding. Germination rates on the five different media were Additional photographs, references and literature observed after two hours and 24 hours. It was cited can be found on the ICS website. found that germination rates after 24 hours were close to the maximun achieved after 48 hours so that pollen germination rate could be measured after 24 hours culture. Pollen germination medium Culture medium containing sucrose was found to be significant in obtaining higher germination rates. The full table of results, ‘Table 1 Pollen germination rate of C. rosthorniana on different concentrations boric acid and sucrose’ can be found on the ICS website. C. Rosthorniana flower 111 Grafting methods and into the rootstocks, under the peeled bark. In order to make cambiums of both scion and rootstock rootstock varieties of combine closely and ensure that the cut surfaces Camellia in Sichuan of scions should be 0.5cm above the cut surface of Li Zhou, Wei He*, Bo Tian, Chongping Tan, the rootstock. Tie with string. Hongqun Jiang Plastic strips were used to airproof the cut surfaces. Wet wood sawdust was put in waterproof plastic Chongqing Nanshan Botanical Garden, Nanan, bags to keep the scions wet and fresh. Regular Chongqing, 400065 observation is necessary after grafting, If there is * email: [email protected] growth on the scion, the plastic bags should be The full version of this paper is on the ICS website. perforated to make it grow free. Bags should be removed when the weather becomes cold in the Introduction autumn. Sichuan Camellias are fine ornamental cultivars, with bright flowers distributed in the Sichuan Basin. They are adaptable, have a long flowering period and the flowers do not damage easily. We aimed to choose the cultivars as rootstocks with the highest survival rate, to offer the technique for large scale production of Sichuan Camellias.

Materials and methods Rootstock Cultivars: ‘Hongluzhen’, ‘Zijinguan’, ‘Jindingdahong’, ‘Qixinhong’ and ‘Chidan’. Bark grafting Scion Cultivars: ‘Baiyangpian’, ‘Jinxindahong’, ‘Shiliutiao’ and ‘Rongtuancha’. All Camellia cultivars were collected from Nanshan Botanical Garden. Methods: Five Sichuan Camellias cultivars were used as scions and another five Sichuan Camellias cultivars, as listed above, were used as rootstocks, to compare five different grafting methods. The optimal rootstock, scion and methods were then selected, based on their survival. The scion for bark grafting Bark grafting Plants aged 2 years or more with branches of more than 0.5 cm diameter, with smooth bark were required as rootstocks. One-year-old healthy branches were cut as scions, Scions were cleaned and half of the leaves were cut off. Saw off the selected rootstocks where the bark is smooth, and make surfaces flat. Then make a vertical incision and peel the bark so that the length of peeled rootstock is similar to the cut surface length of scion. Keep 3-4 buds in each scion with 4-5 cm length of cutting surface on both sides of their lower ends. Then insert scions The rootstocks with bark grafting 112 Cleft grafting Pith-cambium grafting This method of dealing with rootstocks and scions This method of dealing with rootstocks and scions was similar to that described above. 2-3 buds were was as already described. Cut the rootstocks from kept on scions of 15 cm length which were cut the top down 6-7cm or so to expose the cambium, into wedges of 3-5cm length, smooth and flat at and then cut off part of the surface of the rootstock, their lower surfaces and the scion inserted into only 2 cm length of surface layer is enough. Scions the rootstock. Their cambiums should be exactly with 2-3 buds should be made with a cut surface combined with the cut surface of the scion and the of similar length to the rootstock’s cut surface. scion should be 0.5 cm above the cut surface of Cut the other surfaces of the scion into wedges, the rootstock. Two scions should be inserted in one then slowly insert it into the rootstocks, so that the rootstock. The rest of the procedure was the same cambiums of both rootstock and scion are aligned. as described above. Then tightly fix the combination with string. Another scion could be grafted on the other side of the stock. The rest of the procedure was the same as described above.

The scion for pith-cambium grafting The rootstocks with cleft grafting

Pith-cambium grafting

Finishing with cleft grafting 113 Shoot grafting Inarch grafting with a bottle of water Rootstocks and scions selection should be finished Generally, the best time for inarching grafting with at the end of April. Semi-lignified branches of water was from May to June, or from August to about one year old were required. The diameter September if temperatures are high in summer. of rootstocks and scions were similar. Cut off the One or two-year-old scions and rootstocks with half head part of the rootstocks, then cut in the similar diameter were selected. Cut out 4-6 cm middle of the incision. Scions should be formed length of smooth surfaces at the same place on as a wedge at their end, with a length similar to both scion and rootstock. Keep 3-4 leaves on their rootstock’s incision. Then the scions should each scion, and 5-6 cm length at the end of the be immediately inserted into the rootstock, with wedge, to encourage good moisture absorption. cambium of both scions and rootstocks aligned. Make sure the surfaces of both scion and rootstock Bind this grafted part from top to bottom, and touch, with each of their cambiums in contact. cover with plastic bags. Avoid exposure to strong If the diameter of scions or rootstocks are too sunlight by using a shade net. different to match together, ensure at least one side of the scion’s cambium is in contact. Tie, and Two months later remove the bags for higher cover the cut surface with plastic. Put the free end survival. of the scion into a plastic bottle of water, then fix the system in the crown of the host plant and label it. Shade the grafting plant to reduce evaporation, and replenish water regularly. Once the union is healed, cut off unwanted rootstock above the place of grafting and scions below it and then remove all of the twigs on rootstocks at the same time.

The scion for shoot grafting

The scion for inarch graft with bottle of water

The rootstocks with shoot grafting Inarch graft with bottle of water 114 Discussion The Key Technology of Cutting Comparing these five different grafting methods :- Propagation for Camellia reticulata inarching graft with water (92.1%), shoot grafting 1 *2 3 (91.0%) and bark grafting (87.4%) are relatively Yang Yuexian , Wang Zhonglang , Duan Anan , 1 1 more successful than the other two methods, with Dong Li , Gao Yuanhua cleft grafting (79.5%) and Pith-cambium grafting 1 Chuxiong Agricultural school of Yunnan, (73.8%). Inarching graft with water can always Chuxiong 675000, China supply water to the scions and keep moisture for 2 Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy healing, so it has the highest success rate. However of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China this method is both labour and time consuming, 3 Southwest Forestry University, Kunming so it is not suitable for mass production and 650224, China reproduction, and it is suggested that it is fit for * e-mail: [email protected] small areas. The scions for shoot grafting being one-year-old, have strong growth potential Introduction and union healing ability, which makes their The species C. reticulata is a world-famous survival also high (Xue 2010). For bark grafting, ornamental plant. M.P.Wilder (1835) wrote a the rootstocks and scions have a large contact first report in the west, cited in Amer. Gardener’s surface, which also makes for quick healing and Mag.: “This is by far the most splendid of the high survival. For cleft grafting, rootstocks were genus that has yet been introduced. The flowers split from their middle cross-section and scions are remarkably handsome… and when expanded combined with rootstock’s cambium only on the measure no less than 5.5 inches in diameter. It edge, making it difficult for the incisions of the is more difficult to propagate than any other of rootstock to heal quickly, because their water and the camellias…”. Traditionally C. reticulata was nutrient supplies from above and below are cut. reproduced by approach grafting, in recent years, All these have the effect of reducing survival. The cleft graft has also been used to propagate new mechanism of Pith-cambium grafting is not yet plants. But, to quote J. Nuccio (1978) “A fine, understood. new, distinct variety that performs well but must be Of the five rootstocks, ‘Zijinguan’, ‘Hongluzhen’ reproduced through grafting will never reach great and ‘Jindingdahong’ are relatively effective, which popularity in the trade. Camellias that strike root might be due to the rapid generation of cambium easily by vegetative cuttings are the true money cells of these camellias (Liu 2009). makers for nurserymen.” Shoot grafting and bark grafting are suitable for In this paper, an effective cutting propagation large-scale production. Inarching grafting with system is introduced to all ICS members for water is suitable for small-scale testing. propagation purposes. The success rates of different five rootstocks Methods and Results cultivars are, in order of success: ‘Zijinguan’ > ‘Hongluzhen’ > ‘Jindingdahong’ > ‘Chidan’ > Building cuttings bed ‘Qixinhong’. After many years of experimentation we have found that the best cuttings bed is 38cm deep References (25cm above the ground), 100 cm wide, 1200cm long. Layers from bottom to top of the bed are: Xue G.G. 2010. How to graft Camellia japonica the 1st layer, drainage layer, 8cm thick, filled using Camellia oleifera as rootstocks, Journal of with1-4cm pieces of brick, the biggest bricks at Zhongguo Huahui Penjin, 01:23-25 the bottom and the small ones at the top. The 2nd Liu X.W. 2009. Research on grafting using layer is a buffer layer which is 5cm thick filled Zijinguan as rootstocks and Shiba Xueshi japonica with mountain sand. The 3rd layer is a temperature as scions, Journal of Fujian Forest science and controlling layer 5cm thick, which consists of 3cm technology, 01:43-45 sawdust, covered with 2 cm of mountain sand, 115 and then heating wire (Fig.1). The 4th layer is the rooting media temperature about 20ºC have a good cutting media layer, 15cm thick (Fig.2) effect on root formation of Camellia reticulata. Air temperature less than 18ºC will decrease the metabolism of cutting tissue, thus affecting the basal callus and root formation and growth. T/H Controller When the air temperature is above 30ºC, cuttings cannot absorb enough water so that accelerates dehydration of cuttings which wilt or even die. RH T/H sensor of air above 80% keeps enough water to maintain Wire heater normal metabolism, and promote root formation of cuttings (Gao et al. 1986). Cuttings media can fix and provide water and nutrition for cuttings. Suitable media temperature is conducive to root Fig. 1 Ground heating system differentiation and growth of cuttings. When the temperature of media is too high then the base tissue of cuttings age easily and there is metabolic disorder thereby inhibiting root formation. If it is very low, tissue metabolism is weakened and it is difficult for roots to form. Optimal cutting time Cuttings of Camellia reticulata are collected in late March, April, May, June, July and August. The results showed the optimal time is middle to late June. The current year’s growth has lignified sufficiently, is wellnourished, and buds are plump. To ensure the water holding capacity of cuttings, Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of cutting bed morning is the optimal time to collect. Select mother trees with high ornamental value, Cutting media robust, pest-free, with plump buds. Then select Based on reviews of literature and field cuttings from the top canopy with 2-3 buds or investigations of the soil conditions in Chuxiong, 8-10cm long, cut flat from 1cm above the top bud Dali and Tengchong, where Camellia reticulata of the branches and cut 1cm below the bottom is grown, we chose a volcanic soil medium, 50% bud into a horseshoe-shaped slope, making sure volcanic soil with 50% red soil and clay media. surfaces are smooth and leaving complete leaves Test results showed the optimal media for cutting at the top. Camellia reticulata is the equivalent mixture of 50% volcanic soil and 50% red soil. The type and concentration of root stimuli (promoter), and screening test Environment of cuttings We used three types of root stimuli in the study— A mini-greenhouse was built, 50cm high above the NAA, IBA and NAA+IBA equivalent mixture cuttings bed, covered with plastic film (4S), then with six concentration gradients for each type, two layers of shade net (shading rate is 50%). A 18 concentrations in total. There were three temperature and humidity controller was installed experimental plots for each concentration solution outside the cuttings bed to keep the temperature (ie. three repeats), in each plot insert less than between 18ºC and 30ºC, relative humidity about 120 cuttings, 54 plots in total. The result showed 80% and cutting media temperature about 20ºC the best treatment is 300 ppmNAA+300ppm IBA (Table 1). equivalent mixture. The study result showed that air temperature We then used this mixture to do screening tests of between 18 to 30ºC, RH above 80% and the the cuttings by dipping the cuttings in it, giving 116 different treatment times. The result showed that the best treatment time is 4 hours.

Cutting methods The matrix (compost) was soaked with water two days before insertion and 0.5% potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution was sprayed on it two hours before insertion, then drilled according to row spacing (3-5 cm) by 6 cm (line spacing) with holes slightly smaller than cuttings. Cuttings were inserted obliquely into the matrix to a depth 1/3-1/2 of their length with all the leaves facing in the same direction; pressed down slightly after finishing each row, then sprayed to wash away any soil on the leaves.

Optimal transplanting time of cuttings Fig. 4. The transplanted cuttings after inserting The cuttings were transplanted into flowerpots after for 10 months (have grown new leaves) insertion for six months and ten months. For six- month old cuttings, those selected had 6-15 healthy, new leaves than the ones that had not grown new fibrous roots 5-16cm long, and no new leaves (Fig. leaves. After numerous experiments we showed 3); for ten-month old cuttings, the root systems had that the best transplant time was when cuttings 6-18 fibrous roots, 3-15cm long, They had grown have grown 2-5 new leaves. 2-5 new leaves and a 1-10cm long new shoot (Fig. 4). Pots were placed in the shade house after Transplanting and nutrient soil preparation transplanting. Water and fertilizer management was Camellia reticulata prefer acid rather than alkali regularly monitored, also recording of the survival conditions, so the optimal soil is slightly acidic rate and growth conditions of the seedlings. soil (PH5-6). The transplanting nutritive soil is The results showed the survival rate is higher and a mixture of red clay, humus and mountain sand the growth rate is better for the seedlings with 2-5 (V: V: V=3:3:1); with withered leaves at the bottom, 1/2 nutritive soil, then some composted pig manure, and the remaining nutritive soil; one cutting one pot. Conclusion In the 1950-60s, experts carried out a simple test with Camellia reticulata, but the rooting rate was only 20%-30%. In this study, we optimized and parameterized a series of key management technologies, such as establishing cutting beds with ground heating wire, better preparation and treatment of cuttings, micro-environment control of temperature and humidity, preparation of cutting matrix, water and fertilizer management. Also hardening and transplanting of cuttings and young plant management. We achieved an improved rooting rate and survival rate of cuttings, to 92%, 81.6%, respectively. This can provide necessary Fig.3 The transplanted cuttings after inserting technical support for large–scale breeding and for six months (without new leaf) industrial development of Camellia reticulata. 117 Camellia, with literature records as early as the Hybridization of Camellia Tang Dynasty (Xia 2003). At the beginning of species and study the 7th century Japan first introduced the plant of on chromosomes of hybrids C. japonica from China, and in the 17th century, Shen Yunguang, Wang Zhonglang*, introduced a semi-double form of C. reticulata Feng Baojun, Xie Jian from Yunnan (Xia 2003). In 1740 camellias reached European countries (Ackerman, 1971), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of and gradually spread to USA and Australia. Sciences, Kunming 650204, China Many of them have been very important breeding * e-mail: [email protected] materials in these countries. The full paper, including the study of chromosome It is well-known that hybridization may occur numbers is on the ICS website. at three levels, intraspecific (within species), interspecific (between species) and intergeneric Abstract During the flowering season ofCamellia (between genera), each progressively more from December 2007 to March 2010, controlled difficult to accomplish. The first interspecific pollination was done in Kunming Botanical hybrids produced were the Williamsii hybrids, Garden. In total 623 flowers were pollinated in 137 crosses between C. saluenensis and C. japonica combinations, of which 129 combinations were made in the early 1930’s (Ackerman 1978). In interspecific crosses. However, only 14 crosses our country, although we have very rich camellia obtained capsules. Among these 14 combinations, resources, hybridization started late, and has not 4 belonged to intraspecific crosses and 10 been emphasized until recently. Most ornamental belonged to interspecific crosses. the seeds of 9 camellias have no fragrance, with flower colour combinations successfully germinated and grew. from white to red, other than yellow flowers in Root tip cell chromosome of 5 crosses’ seedlings Sect. Chrysantha. The species C. reticulata has were observed. big, bright flowers, but less hardiness, and the shape of the tree is loose with fewer branches. To Results indicated that chromosome number of breed new cultivars with fragrance, rich colour, Camellia japonica ‘Hototogisu’  C. japonica strong hardiness, compact and dense plants has ‘Margaret Davis’ is 2n=45. C. japonica been the common objective for camellia breeders ‘Hototogisu’  C. japonica ‘Elegans Champagne’ for many years. In this paper we focused on the is 2n=30. C. reticulata ‘Xiaoyinhong’ C. target, some controlled pollinations were carried saluenensis is 2n=60. C. reticulata ‘Damanao’ out in Kunming Botanical Garden again in recent C. edithae is 2n=60. C. reticulata ‘Zaotaohong’  years. C. saluenensis is 2n=90. Camellia, as a woody plant, commonly needs At the same time, compared with parents’ more than five years to bloom from seedlings. In chromosome number and morphological character, order to identify younger plants, it is necessary to the first 4 were successful hybrid plants, but the last check chromosomes in the early stage of hybrids. one was unsuccessful and the seedlings perhaps Ackerman (1971) had already used this technique are female parent’s seedlings. to study hybridization in the genus Camellia.

Introduction In China, we have many chromosome researchers In the genus Camellia, four species C. japonica, on camellias, but most of them concentrate on the C. reticulata, C. sasanqua and C. nitidissima are wild species, and hardly any have used this form the most important ornamental plants. According of research in cultivated plants for hybridization to Min (2000), the genus Camellia has around 120 purposes (Xia 1994). In this paper we report wild species in the world, in which China is the some results on chromosome checks of 5 cross original center and distribution center, with nearly combinations together with the comparison of 100, accounting for more than 80% of the total morphological characters, in order to identify numbers. China has a long cultivation history of hybrids from an early stage. 118 Material and methods Fixed root tips were hydrolyzed in 1N HCL for 1-1.5min at 60℃, and then washed. Root tips Material were stained with 1% aceto-orcein for one night Cultivars of Camellia reticulata Lindl., C. at room temperature. Next day the stained root japonica L. and other species of Camellia in tips were cut and squashed (Li & Zhang,1991). Kunming Botanical Garden were used as parents Mitotic cells were observed by using a light for hybridization. The plants are in the ground or microscope and well-squashed representative cells in pots. Chromosome studies of F1 hybrids’ root were photographed. The chromosomes of each tip cells were made. individual was counted. Methods Results Hybridization of Camellia species and cultivation During the blooming season of Camellia from of hybrid seedlings 2007 to 2010, a total of 623 flowers were From December 2007 to March 2010, controlled pollinated, including 137 cross combinations. pollination was done in the blooming season In these combinations, 129 were interspecific of Camellia species. After 9:00 a.m on a sunny hybridizations and were between distantly related day the desired flowers selected to be female species. These had lower affinity, so only 14 parents were emasculated by cutting stamens hybridizations obtained capsules (Table 1). Most with attached anthers before dehiscence. Then the ovaries didn’t develop or only developed to an male parent’s pollen was laid on the stigma of the early stage, then fell off after one or two months. emasculated flower. Both fresh and stored pollen According to the hybridisation results (Table were used for making controlled crosses. In many 1), the combinations which used C. reticulata cases, the blooming seasons of the parental species ‘Fenyulan’ as female parent had the highest to be hybridized didn’t overlap and pollen had to ratio of capsule and seedling. The ratios were be collected in advance and stored for later use. over 70%. The capsules developed well and had The pollen could be dried at room temperature many good seeds. The second were the backcross for several hours and then stored in a small hybridizations between C. nitidissima and F1 plastic centrifuge tube at 4℃. After pollination hybrid (C. reticulata X C. nitidissima), their ratios the flowers of female parents were labeled and of F2 capsules also exceeded 70%, but seeds bagged with paper or cotton bags for protection were very small and did not develop well enough, from pollination by insects. About one or two although many seeds were obtained. This factor weeks later, when the stigma became black, the led to seeds that could not germinate or stopped bags could be removed Approximately one or at the hypocotyl stage, and sometimes seeds died two months after pollination, the development of before true leaves grew, so the ratio of seedling of ovaries was observed. In September, capsules were F2 backcross hybridization is 0. The cross using individually collected and recorded. Seeds were C. nitidissima as male parents was the same. sown in perlite when capsules dehisced. Root tips Although some hybrid seeds could be obtained, could be cut when the radicle roots grew to 2cm in they did not develop well, most of them being length. This method stimulates lateral roots. Later dry and empty or dehisced easily. Some hybrid growing seedlings need to be transplanted to red seeds could germinate, but could not develop into soil. The ratio of seedling to seed was calculated. seedlings. So no seedlings could be achieved from this combination of C. nitidissima. Observation of root tip cell chromosome of hybrids Discussion Actively growing root tips were collected from From the results of this study, although the time hybrids between 9:00-11:00 am. Root tips were was limited and the number of pollinated flowers pretreated with 0.002M 8-hydroxyquinoline for 6h and the number of hybrid capsules were low at 12-15℃, then washed with distilled water. The so it is hard to get significant statistics, very big washed root tips were fixed in acetic acid-ethanol differences were found among combinations. In 14 (1:3) for 15-20h at 4℃, and then stored in 70% combinations which produced capsules, the parents ethanol at 4℃ until required. ‘Hototogisu’, ‘Elegans Champagne’ and ‘Margaret 119 Davis’ are cultivars of C. japonica. ‘Terrell Weaver’ cultivars ‘Hototogisu’, ‘Shizitou’, ‘Dataohong’, is the hybrid cultivar of C. japonica x C. reticulata ‘Xiaoyinhong’, ‘Zaotaohong’ and ‘Damanao’ have ‘Dataohong’ (Savige 1993). All above belong to flowers with semi-double to double form. Their Sect. Camellia of Subgenus Camellia. ‘Fenyulan’, stamens and pistils are not well developed. The ‘Jiuxin Zipao’, ‘Yanzhi’, ‘Shizitou’, ‘Dataohong’, ratio of fruit set is lower. Thus, it is an important ‘Xiaoyinhong’, ‘Zaotaohong’ and ‘Damanao’ are factor that the female parents has well developed cultivars of C. reticulata. The species C. edithea pistils. and C. saluenensis also belong to Sect. Camellia. C. reticulata is a plant with a tap root system; it They have a closer relationship. The species C. commonly has only one main root, with fewer yuhsienensis belongs to Sect. Paracamellia of lateral and fibrous roots. So the transplanting of Subgenus Camellia, but C. nitidissima belongs seedlings is difficult compared with other plants. to Sect. Archecamellia of Subgenus Thea. They In order to increase the ratio of seedlings, it is have a much more distant relationship with others. necessary to cut the root tip off when the radicle The closer the relationship of a combination, the is 1.5-2.0 cm long. This treatment will promote the easier it is to obtain hybrid seeds. The intraspecific growth of lateral and fibrous roots (Fig. 2), which cross within a same species, like ‘Fenyulan’ benefits the survival of juvenile seedlings. X ‘Jiuxin Zipao’ and ‘Yanzhi’ , ‘Hototogisu’ X ‘Margaret Davis’ and ‘Elegans Champagne’, the ratio of seedling production is higher than those between species. Those combinations using C. nitidissima and C. yuhensienensis as parents, the ratio of seedlings is much lower than those of other combinations, especially those using C. nitidissima as parents, when the hybrid seeds were not able to become seedlings. The cultivar ‘Fenyulan’ has a single form flower and it is easy Fig. 2 Cutting the root promotes the growth of lateral to obtain seeds in natural conditions, while the and fibrous roots

Table 1 14 crosses in Camellia resulting in hybrid plants No. of Ratio of Crosses Ratio of Number No. of No. of No. of seeds seedling capsules to of hybrid flower capsules seeds germ- to seed ♀ ♂ pollination % seedlings Female Male inated %

F1 hybrid of C. reticulata C.nitidissima 17 13 76.5 56 4 0 0 and C. nitidissima C. japonica ‘Margaret 14 1 7.1 3 3 2 66.7 Davis’ C. japonica ‘Hototogisu’ C. japonica ‘Elegans 5 3 60.0 11 7 5 45.4 Champagne’ C. reticulata ‘Jiuxin 2 2 100 15 13 13 86.7 Zipao’ C. reticulata ‘Fenyulan’ C. reticulata ‘Yanzhi’ 4 3 75.0 22 16 16 72.7 C. ‘Terrell Weaver’ 1 1 100 7 6 6 85.7 C. japonica ‘Hototogisu’ 16 1 6.3 2 0 0 0 C. reticulata 11 1 9.1 2 2 0 0 C. nittidissima F1 hybrid of C. reticulata 39 7 17.9 19 6 0 0 and C. nittidissima C. reticulata ‘Shizitou’ C. grijsii 11 1 9.1 6 1 1 16.7 C. reticulata ‘Dataohong’ 3 1 33.3 5 0 0 0 C. reticulata C. saluenensis 4 1 25.0 1 1 1 100 ‘Xiaoyinhong’ C. reticulata ‘Zaotaohong’ 9 3 33.3 19 15 13 68.4 C. reticulata ‘Damanao’ C. edithae 3 1 33.3 2 2 2 100 120 on optimum substrate pH of any of these cultivars. Effects of liming on the Camellia plant production nurseries use substrates growth of Camellia japonica based on mixtures of composted pine bark and cultivars in acid soils peat that have acidic pH. When sold for gardening Salinero M.C.*1, Vela P.1, Sainz M.J.2, Couselo J.L.1 and landscaping, camellia plants are frequently transplanted into soils that can have a pH higher 1 Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro, Deputación than 5.5 due either to natural soil characteristics de Pontevedra, Subida a la Robleda s/n, 36153 or to soil liming. Lime application is a common Pontevedra, España. agronomic practice in acid soils to improve 2 Departamento de Producción Vegetal, macronutrient availability (especially phosphorus) Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, and reduce aluminium toxicity for plants. In this Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, España. work we studied the growth response of four Camellia japonica cultivars in three acid soils * email: [email protected] affected by liming. The full paper including references may be seen on Materials and methods the ICS website Bulk soil was collected at three sites, namely Introduction Areeiro-Lalín (A), Areeiro base (B), and Lalín nº 1 (C) in NW Spain. Soils were air-dried and passed Despite scarce information about soil pH through a 5 mm mesh to remove coarse rock requirements of Camellia species and cultivars, fragments and plant material. For analysis of main these plants are known to grow best in acid soils. physico-chemical soil characteristics (Table 1), Soil pH range between 4.5 and 5.5 is considered samples of each soil were passed through a sieve optimal for camellias, since at higher pH these with a 2 mm mesh. plants are supposed to suffer from iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) deficiencies Uchida ( and Hue, Half the volume of soils A and B was limed to 2000). However, we do not know of any studies lower the percentage of aluminium (Al) saturation on pH differences, or on other soil properties, to under 20%. Soil C was not limed due to its low requirements among species of camellias or among Al saturation. Well-rooted one-year old plants of cultivars of a given species, except for Camellia Camellia japonica ‘Compacta Alba’, ‘Rubescens sinensis, the tea plant, due to its economic Major’, ‘Triumphans’ and ‘C.M. Hovey’ were importance. The optimum pH range for C. sinensis transplanted to 0.8 L pots filled with sand and the is 5-5.6 (Othieno, 1992). Yield and quality of tea corresponding soil, either limed or not, in a ratio of are negatively affected in highly acidic soils, since 1:3 (in vol.). Pots were randomly arranged under availability of nutrients is low (Ruan et al., 2004). shade mesh exposed to natural environmental conditions. Plants were fertilized with a slow- Camellia japonica is cultivated worldwide as release NPK fertilizer, and regularly watered. an ornamental. More than 32,000 cultivars of this species are included in the International Plant height, stem diameter at 5 cm above pot Camellia Register (Savige, 1994), although surface, number of shoots, total length of shoots main producing nurseries grow a relatively low (sum of lengths of individual shoots), and number number of cultivars. No information is available of leaves were recorded after one year of growth.

Table 1. Characteristics of soils

Soil pH C OM N C/N P Ca Mg K Al Al sat.

-1 -1 H2O % mg kg cmol kg %

A 5.04 5.89 10.15 0.39 15.06 49.42 0.87 0.07 0.11 2.65 64.25 B 5.00 2.00 4.24 0.18 13.67 34.65 1.50 0.33 0.46 1.00 28.21 C 5.91 3.08 5.31 0.30 10.10 5.60 1.38 0.72 0.15 0.60 19.19 121 Fig. 1. Plants of Camellia japonica cultivars ‘Compacta Alba’, ‘Rubescens Major’, ‘C.M. Hovey’ and ‘Triumphans’ after one year growth in three soils (A, B and C) unlimed (C) or limed (L) 122 Data were subjected to analysis of variance to increased soil pH, as plants growing in the soil A (ANOVA), using the least significance difference limed, soil B limed or unlimed, and soil C showed test for means separation at P<0.05. a significantly lower height than in the soil A unlimed. ‘Triumphans’ plants presented a similar Results and discussion growth in the soil A limed or unlimed, but lower in The four cultivars of C. japonica showed different the other two soils (at pH 5.5 or over). growth responses in the unlimed soils and when cultivated soils were limed (Table 2). ‘C.M. Hovey’ These results indicate that cultivars of C. japonica and ‘Rubescens Major’ plants showed a poor might have different growth responses when grown similar growth in all soils, either limed or unlimed, in different soils. This should be studied because suggesting that soil characteristics other than or in the commercial purpose of nursery-produced addition to pH were not suitable for them. However plants is to sell the plant for planting in soil. ‘Compacta Alba’ and especially ‘Triumphans’ plants grew well and best at the lowest pH (soil Acknowledgements A unlimed), reaching more than 20 cm in height. This work was funded by Xunta de Galicia, Spain The cultivar ‘Compacta Alba’ was very sensitive (grant PGIDIT06 RAG26103PR).

Table 2. Plant height, number of new leaves, length of new shoots and internode length of four cultivars of Camellia japonica after one year growth in three soils, limed or unlimed.

Soil A Soil B Soil C

Cultivar Control Limed Control Limed

pH 5.0 pH 5.5 pH 6.0

Plant height (cm) 7.3 6.9 6.7 9.0 8.5

Nº new leaves 1.8 3.5 3.4 2.4 2.3 ‘C.M. Hovey’ Length of new shoots (cm) 2.1 4.1 4.1 3.2 2.9

Internode length (cm) 1.48 1.12 1.20 1.38 1.33

Plant height (cm) 21.5 a 15.6 b 14.3 b 16.8 b 16.8 b

Nº new leaves 3.4 4.0 3.8 3.4 5.2 ‘Compacta Alba’ Length of new shoots 8.2 9.0 7.6 6.6 10.4

Internode length (cm) 2.35 2.28 1.96 2.05 2.09

Plant height (cm) 13.8 14.3 14.7 12.9 14.5

‘Rubescens Nº new leaves 3.8 4.0 4.3 3.8 4.6 Major’ Length of new shoots 9.9 9.5 11.8 10.5 11.9

Internode length (cm) 2.68 2.38 2.90 2.59 2.54

Plant height (cm) 23.1 a 23.4 a 10.2 b 14.8 b 13.8 b

Nº new leaves 5.4 4.8 3.6 4.2 4.8 ‘Triumphans’ Length of new shoots 13.3 a 13.5 a 7.1 b 9.9 b 8.6 b

Internode length (cm) 2.45 ab 2.78 b 1.92 a 2.35 ab 1.73 a 123 Disease and Pest Control

with camellias identified in our laboratory over the Scale insects detected past 10 years are presented. Their morphology and on camellia in Galicia biology are described and we provide data on the Rosa Pérez-Otero, Pedro Mansilla, incidence and the scope of damage they cause. Carmen Salinero Materials and methods Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro, Samples were taken at different times over 10 years Deputación de Pontevedra, Subida a la Robleda in the four Galician provinces (A Coruña, Lugo, s/n, 36153 Pontevedra, España Ourense and Pontevedra). The largest number of The full text of this paper is available on the ICS scale insects was collected in Pontevedra, our main website area of influence, which, together with A Coruña, Introduction is the province with the most camellias in gardens. Lugo and Ourense provinces have unfavourable Scale insects (Homoptera, Coccoidea) are conditions for camellia growth (continental, cold polyphagous (feed on a wide range of hosts) weather in winter), and thus camellias are scarce. small insects, usually less than 3 mm long. Many are frequent and serious pests of trees, shrubs, In each survey, camellia plants were examined and and indoor plants. These species have a distinct when some form of Coccoidea was detected, those sexual dimorphism: adult females are neotenic and plant organs with the scale insect were separated, apterous/wingless, whereas males are winged and placed in bags inside a portable cooler and do not feed. The integument of females is provided transported to the laboratory. Species determination with glands that secrete wax or lacquer to protect was carried out using microscopic preparations of themselves from adverse weather conditions adult females. Females were carefully separated and natural enemies (García-Marí et al. 1994). from plant organs with the aid of an entomological They tend to be species with a high reproductive needle. Then they were clarified, stained and potential that can attain large populations. They mounted. Species was determined by morphology are usually oviparous insects. At birth, they are using taxonomic keys. mobile, but later they lose part or all their legs Results and discussion so their movements are limited or they become The Coccoidea species found on camellia were three immobile. They may be found on the leaves, on species of the Coccidae family (Chloropulvinaria the bark and on fruits. Scale insects introduce floccifera Westwood, Coccus hesperidium L. and their stylet-like mouthparts into plant tissues Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio), two belonging and suck their fluids. Damage observed in fruit to the Diaspididae family (Hemiberlesia rapax crops include fruit depreciation, discoloration at (Comstock) Sign. and Parlatoria camelliae the feeding point (in certain species), crop yield Comstock), and one of the Pseudococcidae family reductions and plant weakening. They cause (Planococcus citri Risso). No other species weakening in ornamental plants. The occurrence frequently detected in other countries was reported of insects and the appearance of sooty mould fungi on camellias. on the sugary substance (honeydew) that some scale insect families secrete lead to the loss of the Chloropulvinaria floccifera Westwood is the most ornamental value of the species; certain species frequent species. It is usually found in gardens also cause discoloration. throughout the region, especially in warmer climate zones (coastal and southern parts of Pontevedra Camellias are highly appreciated plants widely and A Coruña). It can be seen all year round as distributed in Galician parks and gardens, mainly nymphs and females when the weather is mild, or due to the soil and climatic conditions here, and as remains of ovisacs during autumn-winter. The the dominant species is Camellia japonica L. ovisacs are first visible during the spring, when In this paper the Coccoidea species associated egg-laying starts, but remain on the plant even 124 when the female has completed the annual cycle Coccus hesperidium Linnaeus is the second and dies. species most commonly occurring on camellias in Galicia. It is also more abundant in Pontevedra C. floccifera is also a species causing severe and A Coruña. Different developmental stages of damage. Immature and adult stages produce the species are present in most camellia plants, plenty of honeydew that serves as a medium for especially in spring. The female body is oval and the growth of sooty moulds. These fungi cover the flat, about 4 mm long, yellow-green, but shades plant completely, hindering photosynthesis and into yellow-brown at the end of its life. It is almost respiration and also reducing the ornamental value immobile; the ovigerous cavity is not present: of the plant. If this happens, at least one or two larvae are born directly from the adult female insecticide treatments are required during the year, body. The nymphs are yellow and look flat, with and they may not be efficient. well-developed legs and antennae. The adult female (3-4 mm in length) is oval and slightly convex, usually widest near the centre. C. hesperidium does not usually damage camellias, At first it is light green, but when the oviposition probably because their populations are not large is finished it turns greenish-brown. The ovisac enough and there is a high natural parasitism. is very long, containing more than 1,000 white- They attack leaves, especially the underside and yellow eggs. The nymphs are elliptical, somewhat along the midrib; they also affect buds and tender narrowed in their anterior half, and flat. They have branches. Both adult and immature stages secrete hairs scattered regularly around their contour, and abundant honeydew. It is a typical species found a colour varying from brown to yellowish green. on citrus fruits and also affects many ornamental plants (it has been reported feeding on hundreds of different plants). The coccid Ceroplastes sinensis is rarely found on Galician camellias. All detections have been on C. japonica. It has been found only in plants growing in Pontevedra in early spring extending until fall. The adult female is oval and convex; it is 3 mm in diameter. The body is covered with plates of whitish waxy substances whose plates fade at the end of insect´s life. The nymphs are reddish. They have white waxy pyramidal exudates which are Chloropulvinaria floccifera nymphs lost during their development. Egg-laying occurs under the female body. It is a very polyphagous species with preference for Citrus.

Adult female with egg-laying

C. floccifera is a highly polyphagous species. It Adult females and Ceroplastes sinensis nymphs can be found on camellia and on other ornamental plants (euonymus, rhododendron, holly tree, Hemiberlessia rapax (Comstock) Sign. is also Pittosporum, yew, maple, etc.) as well as on citrus. abundant in Galicia. Colonized plants do not 125 usually show damage as their populations are not various species of Acer, Aucuba, Citrus, Euonymus, large enough. Ficus, Gardenia, Laurus, Rhododendron and other ornamental plants. Hemiberlesia rapax is a highly polyphagous species that seems to prefer woody ornamental Only one species of mealybug scales was reported plants. Hosts include camellia, acacia, boxwood, on camellias in Galicia: Planococcus citri Risso. cactus, fruit trees, holly, ivy, laurel, magnolia, The insect was scarcely detected on Camellia pittosporum, pyracantha, willow. japonica in our region. Apart from segregating honeydew, this mealybug does not usually cause The other diaspidid found on camellias in Galicia important damage. is Parlatoria camelliae. It has only been detected on two plants of Camellia wabisuke var. Uraku in The adult mealybug female has an oval body, slightly a garden in Vilanoviña parish (Meis municipality, rounded in lateral view. Its color is at first yellow, Pontevedra). These plants showed evident signs of and pink or orange-brown when it is fully mature. It discoloration at the leaves’ insertion point. This is is not visible because it has a mealy wax covering the last species detected in Galicia. Scale cover of it. It has18 pairs of lateral wax filaments, most the adult female is broadly elongate oval, greyish relatively short; the posterior pair is slightly to brown. Its body is pyriform, purple in colour. longer. The legs are well developed. Nymphs are Nymphs are also faintly purple. narrow, oval in form and yellow with red eyes. When developed, they are covered by wax.

Parlatoria camelliae: female body

Planococcus citri: mounted female

P. citri may attack camellias, although it is a major pest of the Citrus genus. It also attacks a wide range of other hosts (grapevine, gardenia, ficus, ivy, rhododendron, begonia ...).

The results of this work indicate that are few species of scale insects associated with camellias in Galicia, but they are common, mainly in those provinces with a warmer climate. Among them, only Chloropulvinaria floccifera, the most widely distributed species, causes significant damage and Colony on camellia leaf requires chemical control.

P. camelliae is a polyphagous species, but seems more attracted to camellias. Their hosts include 126 Camellia japonica dieback caused by Neofusicoccum luteum and N. parvum in Spain Pintos, C., Redondo, V., Chaves, M., Rial, C., Aguín, O., Mansilla, J.P. and Salinero, C. Estación Fitopatolóxica Do Areeiro, Deputación de Pontevedra, Subida a la Robleda s/n. E-36153 Pontevedra, Spain This is an abstract from the paper given at the 2012 Camellia Congress in Chuxiong. The full text and some additional photographs can be found on the ICS website. In Galicia (NW Spain) there are several fungal diseases detected on Camellia japonica. Regarding wood diseases, the most referenced disease is Camellia dieback and canker caused by Glomerella cingulata. In 2011 samples of decayed C. japonica plants were received at our laboratory. Samples of leaves and wood were processed and Neofusicoccum luteum and N. parvum were isolated. Introduction Camellia species, and their hybrids and cultivars, are ornamental plants widely disseminated in the Galicia region of Spain. At present there are several diseases that are damaging these Figure 1: Symptoms in Camellia spp. plants. Several fungi have been reported to cause Materials and Methods Camellia root rot and the species is also affected by a number of aerial fungal diseases including Isolation and identification Ciborinia camelliae and Phytophthora ramorum, Wood and leaf samples were prepared, processed which are included in the European Plant and incubated. Neofusicoccum spp. were identified Protection Organization Pest lists and detected, by cultural, physiological and morphological for the first time in Spain, in the Galician region. characteristics and confirmed by molecular There are several references to trunk diseases analysis. Fungal DNA was directly extracted from found in Camellia spp. of which Camellia dieback mycelia which were grown on plates and then and canker caused by Glomerella cingulata is the analyzed using a Genetic Analyzer sequencer. most cited. Some Botryosphaeriaceae species Sequences obtained were analyzed and submitted have also been reported for Camellia spp. Plants to the GenBank database. affected show canker dieback and leaf spots, but Pathogenicity test. Artificial inoculations were Neofusicoccum species has not been identified yet conducted in April 2011 in thirty 4 year-old on Camellia in Spain. Camellia japonica seedlings grown in pots. One In March 2011 decayed C. japonica plants were shallow cut was made in the stem of each plant. A submitted to the laboratory of the Estación colonized agar plug, from the margin of a growing Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro. Affected plants showed colony of N. luteum was inserted into the wounds leaf spots, cankered branches and dieback. made in ten plants and sealed. The process was Samples of leaves and wood were processed and repeated with N. parvum on 10 plants. Ten control two Neofusicoccum species were isolated. seedlings received only sterile plugs. 127 Results and Conclusions Isolation and identification Colonies of Neofusicoccum parvum Fig 4 and Neofusicoccum luteum were produced.

Figure 4: Neofusicoccum luteum, pycnidium and conidia

Neofusicoccum luteum was isolated from leaf samples and wood whereas N. parvum could only be isolated from leaves. The identity of both species was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. Pathogenicity test. After two months, inoculated plants started to show cankers around the point of Figure 2: artificial inoculations ofC. japonica stems inoculation. After 6 months, the length of necroses Plants were labelled and maintained in a chamber measured an average of 20.8 mm long in N. luteum under controlled temperature and humidity and 31.7 mm in N. parvum. conditions. After six months, the length of external Neofusicoccum is a genus that comprises many lesions was recorded. species: it has a cosmopolitan distribution and Figs 3 and 5 are available on the ICS website can cause dieback and canker diseases in woody 128 hosts. Neofusicoccum parvum and Neofusicoccum rhododendron. To our knowledge, this is the first luteum are polyphagous fungi detected in multiple report of N. luteum and N. parvum on C. japonica hosts such as grapevine, avocado, mango or in Spain.

Figure 6: Neofusicoccum parvum, pycnidium and conidia

b d e

Figure 7: Symptoms of camellia associated with N. parvum: (a) cross-section (b) stem canker (c) internal necroses. Symptoms of camellia canker associated with N. luteum: (d) stem canker (e) internal necroses (f) cross-section. 129 Assays with commercial large number of sclerotia or reducing their size. In contrast to previous in vitro assays with these fungicides against sclerotia fungicides, our results indicate that petal tissues formation in flowers infected provide protection to the mycelium of the fungus that develops inside the petals. This allows the by Ciborinia camelliae formation of sclerotia without interrupting the cycle * Salinero M.C. , Couselo J.L., Vela P., Neves A., of the fungus at this point. Moreover, differences González M., Mansilla, P. in size and number of sclerotia formed in flowers of different cultivars have been registered for the Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro, first time. There is a clear correlation between the Deputación de Pontevedra, Subida a la Robleda number of petals of the flower and the number of s/n, 36153 Pontevedra, Spain sclerotia produced. Since the number of flower * email: [email protected] petals is a feature inherent to each cultivar, it is clear that not all cultivars contribute equally to the Abstract Camellia flower blight is caused by spread and incidence of the disease. sclerotia-forming fungus Ciborinia camelliae (Kohn). Current control strategies are focused on Introduction the interruption of the fungal cycle to reduce the Ciborinia camelliae Kohn is a highly specialised incidence of the disease. This work summarises fungal pathogen that attacks the flowers of many the effects of five commercial fungicides against species of the genus Camellia causing the disease sclerotia formation in camellia flowers infected by known as Camellia Flower Blight which is the C. camelliae in a field trial. None of these fungicides main plant sanitary problem affecting Camellia were capable of preventing the formation of a cultivars of ornamental value. Most cultivars are

Fig. 1. Ciborinia camelliae life cycle (Northern hemisphere) 130 susceptible to the disease, although in the last they infect the flower, and the life cycle of the decade several cultivars resistant to the disease fungus starts again (Fig. 1). have been described (Vingnana et al. 2001, Several attempts have been made to control the Taylor 2004). The fungus affects flower petals, disease. All of them have been focused on the which turn brown, and causes premature flower interruption of C. camelliae life cycle to reduce drop, although sometimes the whole flower turns the incidence of the disease. These include direct brown but still remains on the plant. Once flower methods such as preventive cultural measures, the petals are infected, the fungus develops inside more effective being the immediate removal of the flower and subsequently a grey mycelium fallen flowers to reduce sclerotia formation. Other appears between the calyx and the corolla. Then preventive measures are the elimination of weeds sclerotia (Fig. 1), a hardened mass of mycelium around the plants and pruning of low branches that forms at the petal base and which is resistant to allow plant base ventilation and to create to adverse environmental conditions, overwinters unfavourable conditions for sclerotia development. in the soil once the flower has dropped, until the next camellia flowering period when they become However, these preventive measures have not active. Sclerotia can remain dormant in the soil been enough to control the disease, thus in recent for several years before activating for the first years research studies have been developed to time, or they can activate repeatedly, producing find an effective method to control C. camelliae. apothecia during successive years. The sclerotia The effects of different fungicides and biological produce beige to brown mushroom-like structures control agents (BCAs) on sclerotia (van Toor et named apothecia. When apothecia are mature they al, 2002; McLean et al, 2004; Montenegro et al. produce ascospores that are disseminated by the 2010) have been assessed. Although some of them wind and, when reaching camellia petal surfaces, have been effective in reducing the viability of

Table 1. Fungicides used against sclerotia formation in flowers infected by Ciborinia camelliae.

Active ingredient / Dose Brand Mode of action

Coniothyrium minitans Coniothyrium minitans is a parasite that attacks the resting stage (strain CON/M/91-08) Contans® (sclerotia). This breaks the “cycle of disease” by reducing or 4kg/Ha eliminating the disease-causing fungus from treated soil. Systemic fungicide of the azole group. Like many other azoles, Tebuconazole Folicur® affects the fungal organism’s sterol biosynthesis inhibiting 1g/L mycelia growth. Contact and systemic fungicide through the inhibition of Boscalid Cantus® complex II in the respiratory chain, it inhibits spore germination, 1g/L germ tube elongation, mycelia growth, and sporulation. Contact and systemic fungicide that is relatively non-toxic to humans and the environment. Azoxystrobin act at the Quinol Azoystrobin outer binding site of the Complex III of the mitochondrial electron Ortiva® 1mL/L transport chain. They inhibit electron transfer in mitochondria, disrupting metabolism and preventing spore germination and the early stages of fungal development. The fungus Trichoderma atroviride is a fungus with direct Trichoderma atroviride antagonist action (predation, metabolites production and (strain MUCL 45632) Condor® competition) against many pathogenic fungi (Fusarium spp., 4Kg/Ha Rhizoctonia spp., Verticillium spp., Armillaria spp., Phyrochaeta spp., Phytophtora spp., Botrytis spp. etc.). 131 Fig. 2. Flowers of the ten cultivars used in the assays with fungicides against C. camelliae. CV, number of the cultivar in field trial. In brackets, average number of petals of each cultivar.

Cv1. Orandako (50) Cv2. Lavinia Maggi (50)

Cv3. Dona Herzilia de Freitas Magalhaes(18) Cv4. Joshua E. Youth (22)

Cv5. Vilar d'Allen (18) Cv6. Rubescens Major (45)

Cv7. Tomorrow (22) Cv8. Triumphans (20)

Cv9. Mary Phoebe Taylor (12) Cv10. Mikuni-no-homare-(7) 132 the fungus in vitro (inhibiting mycelia growth or Material and methods sclerotia viability), none of them have been able In a field trial, five fungicide treatments were to significantly reduce the viability of natural applied to infected flowers of camellias (Table 1). sclerotia in field trials (van Toor, 2002, 2005b) Two treatments were performed with biological and only the application of calcium cyanamide fungicides and three were carried out using has proved to be effective preventing apothecial chemical fungicides. At the same time an untreated development (van Toor et al. 2004). Different control was conducted. Flowers from ten different fungicides and BCAs have also been tested on cultivars were used for each treatment (Fig. 2). flowers (van Toor et al, 2002, 2005a) but only frequent application of azole-type fungicides Four to five replicates for each treatment were has been shown to protect the flowers against conducted and ten flowers per replicate were ascospore infection (van Toor et al, 2003). Despite used. A total of 2,520 flowers were used in the this progress, so far there is no known fungicide or trial. The flowers were placed on peat in wooden BCA that prevents the formation of new sclerotia boxes. The trial was conducted in a shaded area on infected flowers, so the disease cycle continues. away from camellia bushes, and boxes covered This paper summarises the results of experiments with a reticulated mesh to protect the trial. Overall that evaluated the effects of commercial fungicides the trial covered an area of 46 m2 (Fig. 3A). The against sclerotia formation in flowers infected by flowers were collected from the camellia plants Ciborinia camelliae. of the Diputacion of Pontevedra living collection

Fig. 3. A: spraying of fungicides over camellia flowers placed on peat in wooden boxes. The boxes were divided into two parts. Each part was an independent replicate (10 flowers). Each treatment was applied to 420 flowers arranged in groups of 21 boxes. B, C, D: Flowers used in the trial. Observe for symptoms of infection, including mycelial ring. Note that flowers where sclerotia had been formed were rejected for the trial.

B C D 133 located in the Estacion Fitopatoloxica do Areeiro. petals of the camellia flower so that sclerotia were The flowers affected by C. camelliae but where not formed. However, a large number of sclerotia they had not yet formed sclerotia were selected were formed in all treatments (in the whole trial (Fig. 3B, C, D). The application of fungicides 15238 sclerotia were recorded) and none of them was performed according to manufacturer’s was able to reduce the size of sclerotia formed in instructions, by spraying and using the maximum the flowers (Table 2, 3). dose recommended for ornamentals (Table 1). The In previous in vitro assays, these fungicides were flowers remained in the field for 8 weeks. Then the capable of preventing the growth of the mycelium flowers were collected and the number and weight of C. camelliae. However, in view of our results it of sclerotia that were formed in each one were is clear that the petal tissues protect the mycelium recorded. of the fungus that grows inside the flower from Statistical analysis of the effect of fungicides on the adverse effect of these fungicides. Even direct the number and weight of sclerotia was performed exposure of the mycelial ring to fungicides (Fig. by two-way ANOVA (significance p <0.05) using 3B) cannot prevent the formation and development the SPSS 10.0 statistical software. of sclerotia. Results and discussion In addition, as the size of the sclerotia is an indicator of the viability of sclerotia (van Toor, Effect of fungicides on the number and size of 2002), viability is not adversely affected by the sclerotia treatments because the size of the sclerotia formed The aim of the treatments was to stop the growth in the treated flowers did not differ from that of C. camelliae mycelium within the tissues of the reached in untreated control flowers (Table 3).

Table 2. Number of sclerotia formed in each flower (mean ± SE) according to the cultivar to which it belongs (CV) and the fungicide applied. Cultivars correspondence: CV1 Orandakô; CV2 Lavinia Maggi; CV3 Dona Herzília de Freitas Magalhães; CV4 Joshua E. Youtz; CV5 Vilar d’Allen; CV6 Rubescens Major; CV7 Tomorrow; CV8 Triumphans; CV9 Mary Phoebe Taylor; CV10 Mikuni-no-homare. The averages among cultivars followed by the same letter (columns) are not significantly different at p <0.05.

CV1,a CV2,b CV3,c CV4,c CV5,d CV6,e CV7,f CV8,g CV9,c CV10,c Contans® 17.38 2.52 2.30 4.33 10.55 7.10 4.77 2.33 2.90 (Coniothyrium 11.09±0.78 ±1.09 ±0.29 ±0.34 ±0.41 ±0.88 ±0.52 ±0.45 ±0.27 ±0.30 minitans)

Folicur® 16.98 2.13 2.20 4.03 11.13 6.31 5.06 2.89 3.23 11.57±0.81 (Tebuconazole) ±1.48 ± 0.29 ± 0.28 ±0.41 ±1.12 ±0.59 ±0.59 ±0.32 ±0.23

Cantus® 18,30 2.63 3.06 4.18 10.13 6.57 5.27 2.80 3.03 12.17±0.72 (Boscalid) ±1.10 ±0.32 ±0.41 ±0.39 ±0.95 ±0.62 ±0.47 ±0.20 ±0.29

Ortiva® 17.73 1.96 2.65 4.15 10.63 6.83 4.93 2.23 2.83 11.18±0.67 (Azoystrobin) ±0.95 ±0.41 ±0.33 ±0.46 ±0.91 ±0.56 ±0.46 ±0.29 ±0.38

Condor® 18.75 2.00 1.97 4.75 10.97 6.5 5.50 2.4 2.96 (Trichoderma 10.93±0.73 ±1.18 ±0.34 ±0.31 ±0.37 ±0.89 ±0.60 ±0.40 ±0.34 ±0.42 atroviride)

18.09 2.83 2.16 4.03 10.33 7. 16 5.16 2.13 3.14 Control 11.05±0.69 ±1.05 ±0.36 ±0.38 ±0.50 ±1.03 ±0.65 ±0.48 ±0.38 ±0.35 134 Effect of cultivar on the formation of sclerotia Conclusion Both the number of sclerotia formed inside a The results obtained in this work highlight the flower as well as its size clearly depends onthe limited value of the in vitro assays against the mycelium of C. camelliae. In nature this mycelium cultivar involved (Table 2,3).Thus, while in the cultivar ‘Lavinia Maggi’ (CV2) an average of 18 develops just inside the petals and these effectively sclerotia per flower were formed, in the cultivar protect the mycelium against the negative effects ‘Dona de Freitas Herzíla Magalhães’ (CV3) only 2 of the fungicides. The protective effect is probably were formed (Table 2). due to the fact fungicides are not able to make contact with the mycelium of the fungus. Future We did not find a relationship between the work should be addressed to ensure that the number and size of sclerotia formed in a flower. fungicide can penetrate or be distributed inside the For example, while in the cultivar ‘Mary petal to stop the infection and stop the life cycle Phoebe Taylor’ (CV9) 3 sclerotia per flower of C. camelliae to prevent the formation of new were formed with an average of 0.044 g, in the sclerotia. The number and size of sclerotia formed cultivar ‘Rubescens Major’ (CV6) 11 sclerotia in a flower depends largely on morphological were formed with a very similar average weight features, such as the number of petals, which in (Table 3). The cultivars with the largest number of turn are associated with each cultivar. It follows sclerotia are those with a greater number of petals, that, at least partially, the ability of the disease to namely ‘Lavinia Maggi’ (50), ‘Orandakô’ (50), spread and its impact on the next flowering season and ‘Rubescens Major’? (45) (Fig. 2). depends on the cultivars present in each region.

Table 3. Average weight (g) of sclerotia formed in the flowers (mean ± SE) according to the cultivar to which they belong (CV) and the fungicide applied. Cultivars correspondence: CV1 Orandakô; CV2 Lavinia Maggi; CV3 Dona Herzília de Freitas Magalhães; CV4 Joshua E. Youtz; CV5 Vilar d’Allen; CV6 Rubescens Major; CV7 Tomorrow; CV8 Triumphans; CV9 Mary Phoebe Taylor; CV10 Mikuni-no-homare. The averages among cultivars followed by the same letter (columns) are not significantly different at p <0.05.

CV1,a CV2,b CV3,c CV4,d CV5,e CV6,c CV7,c CV8,e CV9,e CV10,c Contans® 0.0135 0.0179 0.0490 0.0410 0.0482 0.0480 0.0641 0.0338 0.0497 0.0628 (Coniothyrium ±0.001 ± 0.001 ±0.010 ±0.021 ±0.008 ±0.005 ±0.012 ±0.003 ±0.007 ±0.019 minitans)

Folicur® 0.0116 0.0166 0.0548 0.0401 0.0438 0.0469 0.0580 0.0476 0.0468 0.0613 (Tebuconazole) ±0.001 ±0.001 ±0.012 ±0.010 ±0.010 ±0.004 ±0.023 ±0.006 ±0.007 ±0.010

Cantus® 0.0136 0.0169 0.0519 0.0383 0.0501 0.0511 0.0625 0.0341 0.0466 0.0613 (Boscalid) ±0.001 ±0.002 ±0.021 ±0.010 ±0.013 ±0.006 ±0.008 ±0.005 ±0.015 ±0.013

Ortiva® 0.0132 0.0172 0.0552 0.0450 0.0431 0.0479 0.0657 0.0414 0.0447 0.0598 (Azoystrobin) ±0.001 ± 0.004 ±0.016 ± 0.018 ±0.004 ±0.011 ±0.005 ±0.007 ±0.012 ±0.017

Condor® 0.0142 0.0174 0.0508 0.0429 0.0466 0.0494 0.0589 0.0448 0.0415 0.0557 (Trichoderma ±0.002 ±0.001 ±0.009 ±0.010 ±0.007 ±0.003 ±0.006 ±0.004 ±0.012 ±0.015 atroviride)

0.0123 0.0181 0.0522 0.0391 0.0485 0.0502 0.0584 0.0418 0.0436 0.0575 Control ±0.004 ±0.005 ±0.007 ±0.012 ±0.009 ±0.006 ±0.014 ±0.002 ±0.008 ±0.010 135 In vitro assessment of the 2011). At the moment, there is no fully effective treatment to cure camellias of the disease. The antagonism of Trichoderma existing preventive strategies of disease control are based on the interruption of Ciborinia camelliae spp. isolates for the control life cycle. The most effective preventive method of Ciborinia camelliae is the removal of the flowers fallen on the ground in order to reduce the formation of sclerotia, which Aguín O.*1, Dalama J.1, Sainz M.J.2, are resistant structures of the pathogen. Practices Salinero M.C.1, Mansilla J.P.1 to create in the soil unfavorable conditions for formation and development of sclerotia, like 1 Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro, pruning the lower plant branches and removing Subida a la Robleda s/n, weeds to ensure good ventilation in the base of the 36153 Pontevedra, Spain plants, have also shown some efficacy. 2 Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Another strategy to control C. camelliae has Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain focused on the application of chemical pesticides on flowers (van Toor et al., 2001), sclerotia (van * email: [email protected] Toor et al., 2002), or apothecia (van Toor et al., 2004), reducing in some of them the viability of Abstract Ciborinia camelliae causes a camellia the fungus, but only in vitro. In the field, only soil plant disease characterized by the premature fall of application of calcium cyanamide and bicarbonate the flower. The application of fungal antagonists salts has proven to be effective in preventing the have shown efficacy for control of some fungal development of apothecia in soil (van Toor et al., pathogens in crops of commercial interest. Among 2004). Unfortunately, neither calcium cyanamide them is the genus Trichoderma, which includes nor bicarbonate salts affect the formation and species that can parasitize phytopathogenic fungi. viability of sclerotia in the petals. The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro effectiveness of threes isolates of Trichoderma In recent years the use of microbial antagonists for spp. to inhibit the growth of three isolates of C. control of plant fungal diseases has received much camelliae obtained from Camellia japonica plants. attention. Fungi of the genus Trichoderma have The antagonism was estimated in dual cultures by been shown to be effective as biocontrol agents of assessing the percentage inhibition of growth and several soil borne phytopathogens (Benítez et al., the percentage of overgrowth of Trichoderma spp. 2004), and could be useful agents to control fungal isolates on C. camelliae. Trichoderma harzianum diseases affecting aerial parts of plants. In this showed the highest effectiveness to microparasite work, we evaluated the in vitro antagonistic activity C. camelliae. of two species of Trichoderma (T. harzianum and T. asperellum), obtained in two camellia nurseries Introduction in Japan (Genkai and Hisatoni), against Ciborinia Ciborinia camelliae Khon is a highly specialized camelliae. pathogen that attacks the flowers of many species Materials and methods of Camellia, causing the disease known as camellia flower blight. It is considered the main Isolation of antagonistic fungi phytosanitary problem for cultivars of Camellia Two isolates of Trichoderma asperellum and one spp. with ornamental value. The vast majority of of Trichoderma harzianum were obtained from the cultivars are considered susceptible to the disease; greenhouse soil of two camellia nurseries in Japan although in the last decade some cultivars were (Genkai and Hisatoni) (Table 1), and were grown found resistant (Taylor, 2004). in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium at 25 ºC in The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection the dark for about seven days. Trichoderma species Organization (EPPO) includes Ciborinia camelliae were identified on the basis of their morphological in the A2 list as a quarantine organism (EPPO, characteristics and molecular techniques. 136 Isolation of Ciborinia camelliae pathogen or the antagonist alone). The plates Three isolates of Ciborinia camelliae were obtained were then incubated at 20 ºC under a L:D 12:12 from flowers of Camellia japonica plants growing h photoperiod for 6 days. Colony growth of the in Pontevedra (NW Spain) (Table 2), and cultured pathogen and the antagonists were recorded after in PDA amended with streptomycin (PDAs) at 20 4 and 6 days. Growth of C. camelliae cultivated ºC in darkness. Fungal identification was done by alone was used to estimate the percent growth observing morphological characteristics and by inhibition of the pathogen by the antagonists. molecular methods. Results and discussion In vitro antagonism tests After 4 days of culture, no growth of C. camelliae The competition between Ciborinia camelliae isolates was observed, while the three isolates and the three antagonists (T. asperellum Genkai, of Trichoderma formed colonies of 2.1-2.5 T. asperellum Hisatoni and T. harzianum cm in diameter, either in dual cultures or the Hisatoni) were evaluated in dual cultures. For corresponding controls. Under the experimental each Trichoderma and C. camelliae isolates conditions, Trichoderma isolates grew faster than combination, mycelial discs (5 mm diam.) of those of C. camelliae. After only 6 days of growth, the potential antagonist and the pathogen were the control colonies of both T. asperellum and T. placed simultaneously 3 cm apart on a Petri dish. harzianum isolates occupied the entire Petri dish. There were six replicates per combination and At that time, isolates of C. camelliae had grown the corresponding controls (dishes with the plant 4-4.5 cm in diameter (Table 3).

Table 1. Isolates of Trichoderma spp. obtained from greenhouse soil in two camellia nurseries in Japan.

Isolate code Trichoderma species Source Year of Location isolation G1 R3 T. asperellum Soil 2010 Genkai (Japan) HR 4T T. asperellum Soil 2010 Hisatoni (Japan) HR 7T T. harzianum Soil 2010 Hisatoni (Japan)

Table 2. Isolates of Ciborinia camelliae obtained from flowers of Camellia japonica plants growing in Pontevedra.

Isolate code of Host Source Year of Location Ciborinia camelliae isolation EFA 866.2 Camellia japonica Camellia flower 2010 Pontevedra (NW Spain) EFA 866.5 Camellia japonica Camellia flower 2010 Pontevedra (NW Spain) EFA 909.1 Camellia japonica Camellia flower 2010 Pontevedra (NW Spain)

Table 3. Colony diameter of three isolates of Trichoderma spp. and three isolates of C. camelliae in control cultures after 4 and 6 days of growth at 20 ºC.

Colony diameter (cm) 4 days of growth 6 days of growth T. asperellum Genkai 2.2 8.6 T. asperellum Hisatoni 2.3 8.6 T. harzianum Hisatoni 2.1 8.6 C. camelliae EFA 866.2 0 4 C. camelliae EFA 866.5 0 4.5 C. camelliae EFA 909.1 0 3.9 137 When grown in dual culture, overgrowth and However, T. asperellum Genkai hardly inhibited sporulation of Trichoderma isolates on all C. the growth of the pathogen isolate EFA 866.2 and camelliae isolates were observed (Figure 1). A was less effective than the other two Trichoderma reduction of the colony diameter of C. camelliae isolates to antagonize the isolate EFA 909.1. In was also noted (Table 4), thus indicating an contrast, Trichoderma asperellum Hisatoni was as antagonistic effect of Trichoderma isolates on effective as T. harzianum to inhibit growth of those the pathogen. two isolates of C. camelliae (EFA 866.2 and EFA 909.1). Our results suggest that T. harzianum Hisatoni and T. asperellum Genkai could be effective C antagonists of C. camelliae, given its rapid colony formation and its ability to inhibit T growth of C. camelliae in vitro in the short term. The suitability of applying inocula of these Trichoderma isolates as a control method of camellia flower blight must now be tested in greenhouse and field conditions. Some authors Fig. 1 Dual culture of Trichoderma asperellum have found that fungi showing antagonism Genkai (T) and C. camelliae EFA 866.5 (C) after 6 under controlled growth conditions are not days of growth, showing overgrowth of the antagonist. effective in the field due to soil characteristics The most effective antagonist was Trichoderma and/or competence with indigenous microbial harzianum, which causes the highest growth populations (Garveba et al., 2004). inhibition for the three C. camelliae isolates. References may be seen on the ICS website.

Table 4. Percent growth inhibition of three isolates of Ciborinia camelliae caused by Trichoderma spp. after 6 days of growth in dual cultures. For each growth parameter, values followed by a different letter are significantly different for P < 0.05.

Growth inhibition (%) C. camelliae EFA 866.2 C. camelliae EFA 866.5 C. camelliae EFA 909.1

T. asperellum Genkai 5.0 a 26.7 ab 12.5 a

T. asperellum Hisatoni 22.5 b 22.2 a 22.5 b

T. harzianum Hisatoni 20.0 b 33.3 b 22.5 b 138 Fungal transmission of a color-breaking virus in Tama-no-ura camellia in Japan Chuji Hiruki Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada email: [email protected] Fig. 1 A healthy ‘Tama-no-ura’ camellia. Abstract A potted plant of camellia (Camellia was believed to be very similar to one described japonica ‘Tama-no-ura’) with color-breaking was in an ancient scroll in Japan and thought to be found in Goto in 2004. Using young seedlings extinct. ‘Tama-no-ura’ has been accepted by many of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) as a bait plant, enthusiasts around the world for not only by its obligatory soil fungus Olpidium sp. was found own outstanding beauty but also for excellent to carry a virus causing color-breaking and green genetic trait as a dominant gene source. mottle when camellia seedlings were infected during and shortly after germination. These The color-breaking of ‘Tama-no-ura’ was found symptoms persisted at least 5 years. This is the to be caused by a virus causing a green mottle first report in which fungus transmission ofa and spots in the leaf tissue of the infected camellia virus is demonstrated. The color-breaking camellia plants. The mode of soil transmission of ‘Tama-no-ura’is detrimental to its aesthetic was established to be vectored by an Olpidium value. A mature ‘Tama-no-ura’camellia was found sp. for the first time in this study. infected with the color-breaking virus in the field Materials and Methods and was confirmed that it was originated from the same supplier of the potted camellia seedling. Plants. A camellia seedling suspected of being infected with a virus was obtained in 2004. The Introduction potted plant of ´Tama-no-ura´ showed an irregular Of many species of Camellia family, Camellia wavy pattern in the white edge of petals (Fig. 2). japonica, indigenous to Japan and the southeastern Pot soil in which the plant was growing was used Asia, was grown as garden specimens as early as in the present study. the seventh century in Japan (Nakamura, 1975). At the present time, it is grown in many areas of moderate climate in the world as valuable ornamentals in gardens and greenhouses. This species has numerous cultivars in a varying range of colors of reds, pinks, mauvish reds, creams, whites and many bi-colors. It is not uncommon for collectors to have more than 1,000 different cultivars in their gardens. C. japonica ‘Tama-no- ura’ (Fig. 1), (Hiruki, 2008), a bi-color picotee mutant, was found growing as a mature tree, about 200 year-old, in a deep forest for the first time in 1947 by a charcoal worker in Tamanoura Town, Goto islands, Japan.

As soon as it was introduced at a camellia show Fig. 2 ’Tama-no-ura’ camellia with wavy patterns on in Nagasaki in 1973, it achieved instant fame as it the petal suggesting virus infection 139 Growth conditions. Unless otherwise stated, a rubber stopper. About one gram of Olpidium- camellia seedlings were grown in 17 cm diameter containing root powder was mixed with 9 grama plastic pots containing a commercial premixed soil of autoclaved soil. The mixture was spread thinly (Registered name: Sunshine mix LA4, peat/perlite/ over pot soil in each pot and camellia seeds were vermiculite/sand) from Sun Gro Horticulture placed in the mixture. About one month after the Canada Ltd., Seba Beach, AB T0B 2B0, Canada). seeding, tobacco seeds were sowed in the same pot for Olpidium detection, as it was found easier to Greenhouse temperature was maintained at 21±1ºC find Olpidium in young tobacco roots, although during day and 18ºC at night. Light period was 16 Olpidium was found in camellia roots as well (Fig. hrs with a light intensity of 400 mv provided with 4). C5F54T5/835/color HO Highoutact band lamps. Fertilizer (15/30/15) was provided biweekly at a concentration of 200 ppm. Scanning Electron microscopy. Methods employed were the same as published previously (Hiruki and Alderson, 1976).

Results Detection and isolation of viruliferous Olpidium sp. from infested camellia soil. In a preliminary tests including several species of plants, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) was found to be most susceptible to Olpidium. Young tobacco seedlings Fig.4. Olpidium infection in camellia tree was detected were used as a trapping plant for the detection and easily by using young tobacco seedlings as a trap plant. isolation of Olpidium. Detection of Olpidium from virus infected Zoosporangia and zoospores were found in the camellia plants. Observation of green mottle root tissues of 3 repeated seedings of tobacco symptom development and the presence of for trapping. Resting spores typical for Olpidium Olpidium in the camellia roots and pot soil were were found at a late stage of infection (Fig. 3). continued for 5 years using 5 camellia seedlings after inoculation of germinating camellia seedlings in 2006 (Fig. 5). The symptoms of green mottle were developed 3 to 5 months after inoculation. The typical green spots and mottle developed each year as new leaves emerged. In 2009 the first floral buds were formed. Color-breaking of typical picotee in ‘Tama-no-ura’ was observed in the camellia plants artificially inoculated by mean of Olpidium in this study (Fig. 6). Discovery of naturally infected ‘Tama-no-ura’ camellia showing color-breaking in the field. In 2006, a ‘Tama-no-ura’ camellia about 10 years Fig.3. A resting spore of Olpisium sp. old growing in the field was found showing color- breaking (Fig. 7, 8). Leaf symptoms in the infected Inoculation of camellia seedlings with plant were not very distinct as it was exposed to viruliferous Olpidium. sun in the field, but flowers displayed severe color- After establishing a culture of viruliferous breaking of various degrees. This tree and the Olpidium in tobacco, Olpidium-infected roots original potted plant obtained in 2004 originated were air-dried and pulverized in a mortar with from the same supplier. 140 Fig. 5. Green mottle symptoms in the inoculated camellia seedlings 141

Discussion This is the first case in definitive reduction of the aesthetic value of a camellia cultivar. There are numerous cases of color-breaking in camellias and some of them are prize winners in camellia flower shows like ‘Donkelaarii’ (= ‘Masayoshi’). In some cases, the introduction of virus by means of grafting was reported previously (Plakidas, 1948, 1952, 1954; Tourje, 1950) and it was suggested that grafting was a useful means of producing attractive new cultivars (Plakidas, 1948). However, in the case of ‘Tama-no-ura’, virus infection is definitely detrimental to its aesthetic value and Fig. 6. Color-breaking of ‘Tama-no-ura’ after artificial results in the drastic reduction in the salability of inoculation in the greenhouse. the seedlings in the market. Thus, virus infection of ‘Tama-no-ura’ should be avoided by all means.

First case of fungus transmission of a camellia virus. Sap transmission of virus is very common in many virus infections in plants. However, camellia variegation (=yellow mottle) virus could not be transmitted by sap (Hiruki, 1985). In this paper, fungal (Olpidium sp.) transmission of the virus in ‘Tama-no-ura’ has been established for the first time, although the result from a previous electron microscopy study (Hiruki, 1985) suggested that camellia variegation virus morphologically belongs to a varicosa virus that is transmitted by Olpidium (Hiruki, 1996). Fig. 7 Color-breaking of ‘Tama-no-ura’ found on the naturally infected camellia plant in the field Perspectives in the future studies. There are many cases of color-breaking in camellia cultivars that are suspected to be caused by a virus or viruses (Milbrath et al.,1946). However, there are no data to relate each case to establish relationships among presumptive viruses, although a suggestion was made for the presence of strains of a camellia virus (Plakidas, 1962). Detailed molecular studies are expected to shed light to the classification of camellia viruses in the near future.

Acknowledgements The author would like to thank the International Camellia Society for a generous financial support of this project with the Otomo Fund.

Fig. 8 Naturally virus-infected plant of ‘Tama-no-ura’ See references on the ICS website camellia in the field 142 Taxonomy and Genetic Research

Studies on the Origin of At first, Wabisuke camellia was scientifically Camellia x wabisuke described as a variety of Camellia reticulata, Thea reticulata var. Wabiske by Makino (1910). Takayuki Tanaka Nakai (1950) reclassified Wabisuke camellia to C. School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Minami- cuspidata for ‘KochÔ-wabisuke’ and ‘Sukiya’, C. aso-mura, Aso-gun, Kumamoto 869-1404, Japan rosaeflora for ‘TarÔkaja’ ( = ‘Momoiro-wabisuke’) or hybrid origin. Abstract Nineteen cultivars of Wabisuke camellia, Camellia x wabisuke, were surveyed Then Kitamura (1961 and 1965) thought it was a morphologically, historically and cytologically. hybrid between C. sinensis and C. japonica with From the survey, ‘Tarôkaja’ is considered to be a note that the leaf of ‘Uraku’ was similar to that the F1 hybrid between C. pitardii and C. japonica of C. pitardii. Kondo (1976) considered it as an which originated before 1695 when ‘Kochô- intraspecific variation of C. japonica because wabisuke’ appeared in the old Japanese book, Wabisuke camellia showed the morphological Kadan-Chikinsho. The numbers of chromosomes traits similar to C. japonica. of cultivars of Wabisuke camellia were 2n = 2x Originally the author could not imagine the = 30 except triploid ‘Miyo-no-sakae’ as well as possibility of C. pitardii as one of the parents the putative parents. Then, the rest of cultivars of the Wabisuke camellia, because C. pitardii of Wabisuke camellia other than ‘Tarôkaja’ var. pitardii introduced from Australia had are considered to be the back cross generation small compact leaves. It was now considered as of ‘Tarôkaja’ (mostly BC1) by C. japonica and C. saluensis. However, in 1980 when the real C. classified into two groups, namely cultivars pitardii (C. pitardii var. pitardii) was introduced of Wabisuke camellia in the narrow sense and from China, Kirino, Hakoda and the author ‘Seiôbo’ type. hit upon the idea that C. pitardii is one of the Introduction parents of Wabisuke camellia. The image of the

Wabisuke camellia have been very popular in Japan characteristics of the F1 hybrid between C. pitardii for a long time because of the Japanese preference and C. japonica is that of ‘TarÔkaja’ for us. Tanaka for its tiny single flower rather than gorgeous (2001) also pays attention to the small brown double flowers, especially at the Japanese tea spots (tanniferous cork warts) on the undersurface ceremony, where they prefer to decorate the room (abaxial surface) of the leaf which is observed only with the flower of Wabisuke camellia. More than on the leaf of C. japonica in the genus Camellia. All twenty cultivars of Wabisuke camellia were found of the cultivars of Wabisuke camellia have them. in Japan. In our former paper (Tanaka 2001), the authors wrote a paper on the origin of Camellia wabiske in Typical cultivars of Wabisuke camellia show 2001 that ‘TarÔkaja’ is a primary hybrid between small cupular lavender-pink single flowers, C. pitardii and C. japonica and other cultivars of with pubescent ovaries. Oblanceolate-elliptic or Wabisuke camellia are the backcross generation broad elliptic leathery leaves with the teeth pro- with C. japonica from the morphological and minently and regularly serrulate to almost serrate. historical perspective. Then Wabisuke camellia These characteristics are not found in the normal were renamed as Camellia x wabisuke (Kitam.) C. japonica. While Wabisuke camellia has some T. Tanaka from Camellia wabisuke Kitamura. ‘x’ anomalous characteristics such as much reduced is a denotation to indicate that the species is of or abortive androecium and the imperfect ovules hybrid origin. which are sometimes observed in the interspecific hybrids. Therefore, Wabisuke camellia has been After then Tanikawa et al. (2010) make clear, by considered as being of hybrid origin from the early the ctDNA analysis, the maternal parentage of the times despite the fact that its parentages were not Wabisuke camellia. On the other hand, the study clarified. of chromosome numbers was a pre-requisite for 143 the breeding project of the plants and also for the serrulate to almost serrate, the teeth 1 - 2 mm apart, study to make clear the origin of putative hybrid and other characteristics of the leaves were thinly species. The cytological studies on the genus leathery, glabrous, dark green above, light green Camellia was carried out by Fukushima, Kondo, below and nervation visible on both surfaces. Tanaka and others. Here, the author adds the data Small brown spots (cork warts) existed on the leaf on the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of abaxial surface of all of the cultivars of Wabisuke Wabisuke camellia. camellia. The small brown spots were observed only on the leaves of C. japonica, but not on Materials and Methods those of C. pitardii and other species of the genus The oldest records of each of eighteen cultivars of Camellia. Wabisuke camellia were surveyed in the old books and catalogues published in Japan. Then the place Most cultivars of Wabisuke camellia used in and their girth size of oldest trees discovered in the present study had terminal and/or axillary, Japan and their flowering seasons were studied. solitary or geminate, small, cupular and purplish Morphological characteristics of Wabisuke rose-pink flowers consisting of 5 or 6 petals. The camellia and species of the section Camellia were androecia were adnate to the abortive or reduced surveyed either on the young cuttings or the adult except ‘TarÔkaja’, ‘SeiÔbo’, ‘MishÔ’ and ‘Miyo- trees. no-sakae’. The ovules were atrophied and seed fertilities were very low except ‘TarÔkaja’, Thirteen cultivars of Wabisuke camellia were ‘SeiobÔ’, ‘MishÔ’ and ‘Kaga-wabisuke’, in- studied cytologically. Root tips were taken from dicating that they are of hybrid origin. The ovaries three year old cuttings. They were pretreated in were tomentose or pubescent like C. pitardii except 0.002 mol 8-hydroxyquinoline for five hours, ‘Sukiya’, ‘Owari-wabisuke’, ‘Mikawa-sukiya’ and hydrolyzed immediately (without storage) in 1N ‘EishÔji-wabisuke’. Most of these cultivars grow HCl for 15 minutes and stained in basic Fukushin. compact except ‘TarÔkaja’, ‘SeiÔbo’, and ‘Miyo- Slides made by the squash method were frozen no-sakae’. and then the cover slips were removed. Finally, the preparations were restained with Giemsa’s By these characteristics, Wabisuke camellia solution. Karyotype analyses were carried out could be easily distinguished from C. japonica, under microscopes. and showed greater similarity to both C. pitardii and C. japonica than any other Camellia species. Results and Discussion ‘TarÔkaja’ especially was very similar to C. Morphological characteristics of nineteen cultivars pitardii, as was suggested by Kitamura (1965). of Wabisuke camellia and seven species of the However, small brown spots on the abaxial section Camellia are shown in Table 1 and 2, surface of the leaves which existed frequently only respectively. In the present study, we focused on in C. japonica were observed as well as in other the typical Camellia x wabiske that had certain cultivars of Wabisuke camellia studied. characteristics that differed from C. japonica. The year of issues of the books or catalogues, the While there are so-called Wabisuke camellias, some sources and the girth sizes of the old trees of twenty are not really C. x wabiske:- 1) ‘Yae-wabisuke’ is cultivars of Wabisuke camellia are shown in Table a cultivar of C. x vernalis; 2) ‘Aka-wabisuke’, 3 mainly from the survey by Kirino (1971, 1982 ‘Kuro-wabisuke’ and ‘Kon-wabisuke’ are cultivars and 1986). The first record of C. x wabiske was of C. japonica which have small bell type single ‘KochÔ-wabisuke’ (‘Wabisuke’) in the Japanese flowers similar to the Wabisuke camellia and 3) book ‘Kadan-Chikinsho’ published in 1695. ‘Ichiko-wabisuke’ and ‘Sado-wabisuke’ are bud- Then ‘TarÔkaja’ appeared in 1739 in the book mutated cultivars of C. japonica which have the ‘Honzo-Hanamakie’. However, ‘TarÔkaja’ must aborted androecium. be the oldest cultivar of C. x wabiske from the Leaves of typical Wabisuke camellia were oblong- estimated age (ca. 300 - 400 years old) of the tree elliptic or oblanceolate-elliptic or broad elliptic, discovered recently in Momigio village, Miyazaki abruptly acuminate to caudate, base cuneate. The Prefecture, Kyushu Island, Japan. It is 243 cm in edge of the leaves were prominently and regularly girth. Seven other old trees (> 130 cm) were found 144 Table 1. Morphological characteristics of the cultivars of Camellia wabisuke

Cultivar Kocho- Shibenashi Shiro- Beni- name Tarokaja wabisuke Hatsukari wabisuke wabisuke Sukiya wabisuke Purplish pinkPale Flower color Purplish pink marbled purplish Purplish rose White Purplish pink Purplish rose white pink Flower form Trumpet Trumpet Trumpet Trumpet Trumpet Trumpet Long trumpet Flower size Medium Small Small Small Small Small Small Ovary Tomentose Pubescent Tomentose Tomentose Pubescent Glabrous Tomentose abortive or Reduced and Androecium normal atrophied Reduced Atrophied Reduced Reduced Reduced Seed fertility Occasionally Sterile Sterile Sterile Sterile Sterile Sterile Blooming period Jan. - Mar. Mar. - Apr. Nov. - Mar. Mar. - Apr. Nov. - Mar. Jan. - Mar. Dec. - Mar. Leaf size Medium Medium Medium Medium Small Small Small Leaf serration Prominently Prominently Prominently Prominently Regularly Prominently Regularly Leaf tip Caudate Acuminate Caudate Acuminate Acuminate Acuminate Acuminate Leaf shape Oblong Elliptic Broad elliptic Broad elliptic Elliptic Broad elliptic Elliptic Cork warts Exist Exist Exist Exist Exist Exist Exist Loosely Compact Compact Compact Compact Compact Type of growth branched form form form form form Compact form

Cultivar Seiobo Hina- Kanzaki-aka- Fukurin- Misho Owari- Mikawa- name wabisuke wabisuke wabisuke wabisuke sukiya Pale purplish Pale purplish Pale Flower color pink with Purplish pinkPurplish rose pink with purplish Rose Purplish pink darker margin white margin pink Flower form Bell Trumpet Trumpet Trumpet Trumpet Trumpet Long trumpet Flower size Medium Small Small Small Small Small Small Ovary Pubescent Pubescent Tomentose Tomentose Pubescent Glabrous Glabrous Androecium Normal Reduced Atrophied Reduced Normal Reduced Reduced Seed fertility Occasionally Sterile Sterile Sterile Sterile Sterile Sterile Blooming period Sep. - Mar. Nov. - Mar. Jan. - Apr. Nov. - Mar. Nov. - Mar. Jan. - Apr. Jan. - Mar. Leaf size Medium Small Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Leaf serration Regularly Regularly Prominently Prominently Regularly Regularly Regularly Leaf tip Caudate Acuminate Acuminate Caudate Acuminate Acuminate Acuminate Leaf shape Broad elliptic Elliptic Broad elliptic Broad elliptic Elliptic Broad elliptic Broad elliptic Cork warts Exist Exist Exist Exist Exist Exist Exist Loosely Compact Compact Compact Compact Compact Type of growth branched form form form form form Compact form 145 in Miyazaki Pref. and also in Honshu Island, Rawes’) from China. Thus, Satsuma (Kagoshima) Japan, where many old trees are found. A 185 cm had an important role in introducing foreign plants tree in Tottori Pref., a 165 cm tree in Nara Pref., a and Miyazaki is the neighbouring prefecture of 110 cm tree in Kyoto City and others (Shizuoka Kagoshima. Pref., Mie Pref. and Tokyo). Though Nara and Therefore, the authors considered the three steps Kyoto were the old capitals in Japan before Tokyo, in the distribution of Wabisuke camellia:- the Momigio is located in a very remote, mountainous first place where C. pitardii was introduced was small village. Satsuma, then ‘TarÔkaja’ was established and In the Edo period, Japan was politically isolated planted in Miyazaki prefecture, and finally it from other countries except Port Dejima, Nagasaki spread to other places of Japan. Now we can Pref. which traded with the Netherlands and China understand the reason why the oldest tree of and illegal foreign trade through Satsuma (old Wabisuke camellia was planted not in the old, big name of Kagoshima Pref.) via Ryukyu (Okinawa and developed city, Tokyo or Kyoto but in one Pref.) both in Kyushu Island. Horticulture was so of the most rural places in Japan. Furthermore, popular then that they might import exotic plants ‘TarÔkaja’ could be traced back to before 1549 if from there. The imported plants might not survive ‘Usuiro-tsubaki’ was the synonym of ‘TarÔkaja’ the long journey to Edo (old name of Tokyo) or from the record of the Japanese tea ceremony by Kyoto, indicating that they have been planted Kirino (1996). somewhere else in Kyushu Island temporarily. Species of the genus Camellia have strong self- In fact, sweet potato is called ‘Satsuma’-imo incompatibility (Tanaka, 1986) and Camellia in Japanese which is considered to be named pitardii planted alone might not set any fruit if it after the place of import, Satsuma. In addition, had not been pollinated by the pollen of the allied the name of the cultivar of the oldest Camellia species, C. japonica which grew wild abundantly reticulata tree (ca. 200 - 300 years old) planted at there. Therefore, when seeds were obtained, the

Kitadani , Dazaifu, Fukuoka Pref., Kyushu Island probability of the seedling being their F1 hybrid is was ‘Satsuma-kurenai’ (synonym of the ‘Captain reasonably high.

Table 1 Continued Cultivar Hime- Sagami- Miyo-no- Kaga- Eishoji- name wabisuke wabisuke sakae wabisuke wabisuke White with Pale purplish Flower color purplish pink pink with darker Pale purplish pink Purplish pink Purplish rose striped margin Flower form Trumpet Trumpet Trumpet Trumpet Long trumpet Flower size Small Small Medium Small Small Ovary Tomentose Tomentose Pubescent Pubescent Glabrous Androecium Reduced Reduced Abortive Normal Atrophied Seed fertility Sterile Sterile Sterile Occasionally Sterile Blooming period Nov. - Mar. Nov. - Mar. Jan. - Mar. Nov. - Mar. Dec. - Mar. Leaf size Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Leaf serration Regularly Regularly Prominently Prominently Regularly Leaf tip Acuminate Acuminate Acuminate Acuminate Acuminate Leaf shape Broad elliptic Broad elliptic Broad elliptic Broad elliptic Elliptic Cork warts Exist Exist Exist Exist Exist Type of growth Compact form Compact form Compact form Compact form 146 After the above two cultivars, ‘Hatsukari’ (1739), ‘Miyo-no-sakae’ (1975), ‘Kaga-wabisuke’ (1975) ‘Shibenashi-wabisuke’ (1789), ‘Shiro-wabisuke’ and ‘EishÔji-wabisuke’ (1976) were released to (1844), ‘Sukiya’ (1879), ‘Beni-wabisuke’ (1879), the public and relatively old trees of them were ‘SeiÔbo’ (1947), ‘Hina-wabisuke’ (1960), discovered in Japan (Table 3). ‘Kanzaki-aka-wabisuke’ (1960), ‘Fukurin- wabisuke’ (1960), ‘MishÔ’ (1969), ‘Owari- ‘Table 2. Morphological characteristics of the species wabisuke’ (1970), ‘Mikawa-sukiya’ (1973), ‘Hime- in section Camellia’ may be found on the ICS wabisuke’ (1974), ‘Sagami-wabisuke’ (1974), website.

Table 3. Published year of the oldest literature and the place (girth in cm) of the old trees of the cultivars of C. wabiske.

Year of Cultivar name Synonym Reference Place of old tree in Japan (cm) report Miyazaki (243), Tottori (185), ‘Tarokaja’ Uraku 1739 Honzo-hanamakie Nara (165), Kyoto (110) ‘Kocho-wabisuke’ Wabisuke 1695 Chikinsho Kyoto (170), Ehime, Shimane

‘Hatsukari’ Showa-wabisuke 1739 Honzo-hanamakie Kyoto ‘Shibenashi- Shinkuri,omonashi- Shoshoku- 1789 wabisuke’ wabisuke hanagatacho ‘Shiro-wabisuke’ 1844 Somoku-binran Ehime (85), Kyoto (65)

‘Sukiya’ 1879 Ito-chinkashu Saitama (110)

‘Beni-wabisuke’ 1879 Ito-chinkashu Tokyo

‘Seiobo’ 1947 Ishikawa Catalogue of ‘Hina-wabisuke’ 1960 Jurakuen ‘Kanzaki-aka- Catalogue of 1960 Aichi wabisuke’ Jurakuen Chubu Camellia ‘Fukurin-wabisuke’ 1960 Mutation from Hatsukari Society ‘Misho’ Iyo-seiobo 1969 Kyoto Garden Club Ehime(94) Chubu Camellia ‘Owari-wabisuke’ 1970 Aichi Society Nagoya Camellia ‘Mikawa-sukiya’ 1973 Aichi(100~200 Y) Society ‘Hime-wabisuke’ 1974 Kyoto Garden Club Aichi(90) Japan Camellia ‘Sagami-wabisuke’ 1974 Kanagawa(64) Society Japan Camellia ‘Miyo-no-sakae’ 1975 Kumamoto(90) Society Nizaemon- Ishikawa Camellia ‘Kaga-wabisuke’ 1975 Ishikawa wabisuke Society Kamakura Camellia Eishoji-wabisuke 1976 Kanagawa Show 147 Photographs, genetic studies and results may be Molecular and morphological found on the ICS website. comparison of Camellia The ‘TarÔkaja’ sets capsules (fruits) occasionally amplexicaulis (Pitard) and the open-pollinated seedlings were more or less similar to the ‘KochÔ’ type cultivars of Coh. Stuart (Theaceae) Wabisuke camellia (Kitamura, 1970; Kirino 1971, with its selected interspecific 1982, 1986), indicating that they are offspring hybrids of ‘TarÔkaja’. Some of them have reduced or 1 1 2 abortive androecium and compact (weak) growth G. Orel* , A. D. Marchant , A. S. Curry characteristics which are observed in the back 1 National Herbarium of New South Wales, cross generation. As the species of the genus Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Camellia has strong self-incompatibility (Tanaka, Mrs Macquarie’s Road, Sydney 1986), most of the seedlings from the ‘TarÔkaja’ NSW 2000, Australia. might be reasonably hybrid (BC generation) with 1 2 Technical and Further Education NSW, the abundant C. japonica. BC1 is a segregating generation and the odd combination of the alien Richmond College, Locked Bag 7, Richmond, genes causes both the deficiency and vigorousness NSW 2753, Australia. of the progeny. * email: [email protected] The rest of cultivars of Wabisuke camellia other The full paper is on the ICS website. than ‘TarÔkaja’ are classified into two groups; Abstract: The molecular comparison of five 1) Cultivars of Wabisuke camellia in the narrow Camellia amplexicaulis (Pitard) Coh. St., three sense, and inter-specific hybrids and a further two related 2) ‘SeiÔbo’ type. Theaceae taxa was undertaken to establish: 1. The nature of the intraspecific relationships between the ‘KochÔ-wabisuke’ is a typical cultivar of the fiveC. amplexicaulis; 2.The degree of similarity, or former group which has small sized flowers with otherwise, between the three interspecific hybrids; atrophied androecium and some of the cultivars are 3. The nature of the relationships between the an intermediate type. In Japan, Wabisuke camellia five accessions of C. amplexicaulis and the three is exclusively defined as cultivars related to interspecific hybrids and 4. The relationships ‘TarÔkaja’ in origin with the abortive androecium. between C. gigantocarpa, Polyspora axillaris and At this point, ‘SeiÔbo’ is not counted as a Wabisuke the remainder of the taxa used. The morphological cultivar because of its normal androecium in the characteristics of the five C. amplexicaulis of medium sized flower though it obviously has diverse provenances and the five C. amplexicaulis characters which originated from ‘TarÔkaja’ or interspecific hybrids were also compared. ‘Kaga-wabisuke’. Cultivars of Wabisuke camellia in the narrow sense do not set any seeds because Introduction of the abortive androecium and ovary. Therefore, Camellia amplexicaulis is a species of North from not only these historical records and the Vietnamese provenance and is known from oldness of the trees but also their morphological cultivated sites only (Pitard, 1910, Sealy 1958, characteristics, the authors (T. Tanaka et al., 2001) Gao et al 2005). Despite repeated efforts, to date, advocated defining Camellia x wabiske (Kitam.) the hoped-for wild population has not been located as cultivars of Wabisuke camellia in the broad and it is thought that this once wild species has sense which include the F1 hybrid (‘TarÔkaja’) been extinct for a considerable length of time (pers. and/or back cross generation (mostly BC1) between obs. G. Orel). Being subject to a long selection C. pitardii and the recurrent parent, C. japonica. process, mostly for larger flowers and showier leaves, C. amplexicaulis, as we know the species Literature cited is on the ICS website. today, may be phenotypically and genotypically dissimilar to the representatives of the once 148 extant wild population(s). This paper inquires Molecular protocols and procedures into the intraspecific closeness, or otherwise, of C Fresh leaf samples of cultivated taxa were collected amplexicaulis accessions of diverse provenances in situ from the Paradise Plants site at Kulnura. and into the relationships that exist between the Dried leaf samples from the two non cultivated species plants and their interspecific hybrids. accessions were obtained from the previously Production of hybrid plants with morphologically collected dried leaf samples (Table 1). Genomic ‘superior’ and commercially ‘desirable’ traits DNA from all leaf samples was extracted utilising through interspecific hybridisation with other the QIAGEN DNeasy Plant Mini Kit package. Camellia species is also discussed (Gao et al 2005). Morphological comparisons of interspecific hybrids and C. amplexicaulis species of diverse Materials and Methods provenances Provenance details and collection notes for taxa Comparisons of morphological characteristics of used in molecular work five interspecificC. amplexicaulis hybrids with five of the species plants were undertaken to evaluate All collected materials, except for C. gigantocarpa their morphological closeness. The flower and leaf (CAM 173) and Polyspora yunnanensis (CAM measurements are presented in Tables 5. and 6. 240), were of cultivated origin. The presented C. Images of used leaf materials are presented in Figs. amplexicaulis accessions were grown from seed, 1. and 2. Aesthetic desirability of interspecific or propagated by grafting. Provenance details of hybrids and their possible commercial value is also all materials used are shown in Table 1. discussed.

Table 1 Provenance details and notes for fiveC. amplexicaulis accessions, three interspecific hybrids and two members of the out-group used in molecular work

Taxon* Provenance Notes

CAM 1038 C. amplexicaulis Nth. Viet Nam Selection, deep red flws

CAM 038 C. amplexicaulis Nth. Viet Nam Selection, red flowers

CAM 037 C. amplexicaulis Sth. Viet Nam Cultivated specimen

CAM 1034 C. amplexicaulis Sth. Viet Nam Selection, port wine flws

CAM 1046 C. amplexicaulis unknown RBG Acc. No.20070683

CAM 1051 C. amplexicaulis x C. sasanqua ex Paradise Plants

CAM 1053 C. amplexicaulis x C. chekiangoleosa ex Paradise Plants

CAM 1054 C. amplexicaulis x C. japonica ‘Black Opal’ ex Paradise Plants

CAM 173 C. gigantocarpa China wild population

CAM 240 Polyspora yunnanensis China wild population

* Accessions, except CAM 1046, collected by G. Orel and A. Curry 149 Results of a typical, very large, C.amplexicaulis leaf Paradise Plants Camellia breeding program, all (scale1:1). See ICS website. Camellia species in overview C. amplexicaulis (Pitard) Coh. Stuart: Table 2 Total Camellia hybrid production for Leaf and Flower morphology details years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006 : Table 2 can be found on the ICS website. Note: All measurements presented in Tables 5. and Statistical analysis of the above presented data 6. were rounded off to the nearest 0.5 cm. Only indicates that during 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2006, adult leaves and flowers were used. 2.0% of attempted crosses resulted in the creation Table 5 Leaf measurement details and notes for of hybrid plants. the five C. amplexicaulis and three interspecific Paradise Plants Camellia breeding program: hybrids used in this work. C. amplexicaulis hybrid production All five C.amplexicaulis showed leaves typical of Details for the years 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2006 the species. Interspecific hybrids had leaves typical Table 3 C. amplexicaulis hybrid production for of the female parent, (C.amplexicaulis). years 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2006 : Table 5 can be found on the ICS website. Table 3 can be found on the ICS website. Statistical analysis of the above presented data Data analysis results indicates that during the years 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2006, some 59.6% of attempted crosses Figure 3 The most parsimonious tree that resulted in the creation of hybrid plants. was derived from the SSR data, using the Figure 1 Camellia amplexicaulis (Pitard) Coh. Pars-Discreet Character Parsimony computer Stuart: a typical adult leaf (scale 1:1) : software : There was insufficient space to include the image See ICS website.

Table 4 C. amplexicaulis hybrid production details

Year Taxon* No. of surviving hybrid plants

2001 C. amplexicaulis x C. pitardii var. pitardii* 7

C. amplexicaulis x C. reticulata ’Lasca Beauty’* 1

2002 C. amplexicaulis x C. reticulata ‘Lasca Beauty’* 1

C. amplexicaulis x C. japonica ‘Black Opal’* 2

2003 C. amplexicaulis x C. sasanqua ‘Belinda’* 2

C. amplexicaulis x C. chekiangoleosa* 35

C. amplexicaulis x C. pitardii* 1

C. amplexicaulis x C. saluenensis* 19

2006 No hybrids produced 0

* indicates maternal parent 150 Discussion live and herbarium materials of a number of The survival of C. amplexicaulis as a distinct cultivated C. amplexicaulis accessions, from a Camellia species is mostly due to aesthetic reasons, wide range of Vietnamese and Chinese sources. although its cultural and religious significance Access to C. amplexicaulis interspecific hybrids, may have also contributed to its survival. Over via the Paradise Plants breeding program, afforded the last decade the authors of this work collected a unique opportunity for further and considerably

Figure 2 Camellia amplexicaulis (Pitard) Coh. Stuart: interspecific hybrids, adult leaves (scale 1:1)

1. C. amplexicaulis x C. chekiangoleosa 3. C. amplexicaulis x C. saluenensis 2. C. amplexicaulis x C. japonica ‘Black Opal’ 4. C. amplexicaulis x C. pitardii var. pitardii 54. C. amplexicaulis x C. sasanqua5 var. 3 1 2 151 expanded research into the intraspecific and pollinations resulted in the creation of hybrid plants interspecific relationships of this, preserved by (Table 3). The figure of 59.6% is significantly man, Camellia species. higher than the 2% success rate recorded for all Camellia species used. The available data also It is a matter of well known record, that many indicates that C. chekiangoleosa and C. saluenensis members of genus Camellia produce interspecific tended to produce a larger number of interspecific hybrids only infrequently. Statistical analysis of hybrids than other Camellia (Table 4). the interspecific hybrid creation, for all Camellia species used in the Paradise Plants breeding Despite the indications that the ability of C. program, indicated that during the years 2001, amplexicaulis to form interspecific hybrids may 2002, 2003 and 2006, only 2.0% of all attempted be high in some cases, it should be noted that it cross pollinations resulted in the creation of hybrid is also rather limited. Records supplied by the plants (Table 2). This relatively low percentage Paradise Plants breeding program indicate that of success may indicate why the occurrence of interspecific hybrids were created only in cases Camellia hybrids on cultivated sites tends to where C. amplexicaulis was the paternal parent be only sporadic. Despite a thorough search of (Table 4). All reciprocal cross pollinations failed. available literature it was not possible to estimate When the pollen of Camellia species (other the number of the randomly generated interspecific than C. amplexicaulis) was introduced onto C. hybrids produced under natural conditions. amplexicaulis flowers, hybrids were not generated. The survey of data supplied by the Paradise Plants The presented molecular study supplied a degree breeding program indicated that C. amplexicaulis of insight into the nature of the intraspecific was also capable of forming interspecific hybrids. relationship that exists between the five C. Statistical analysis of pertinent data indicated amplexicaulis accessions. Although forming one that during the years 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2006, clade, indications are, that these randomly selected some 59.6% of attempted C. amplexicaulis cross C. amplexicaulis taxa may be the products of

Table 6 Flower morphology details and notes for the fiveC. amplexicaulis and three interspecific hybrids used in this work

Taxon* Diam. (cm) Colour Notes CAM 1038 C. amplexicaulis 5.0 cm deep red Only one plant found CAM 038 C. amplexicaulis 6.5 cm red Large, distinct flower CAM 037 C. amplexicaulis 4.5 cm pink Flowers relatively small CAM 1034 C. amplexicaulis 6.0 cm port wine red Only one plant found White pigmentation CAM 1046 C. amplexicaulis 7.0 cm pink, white margin not stable CAM 1051 C. amplexicaulis x Flowers of inferior C. sasanqua 5.0 cm pink colour C. amplexicaulis x Flowers of inferior CAM 1053 C. chekiangoleosa 5.5 cm pale pink colour C. amplexicaulis x CAM 1054 C. japonica ‘Black Opal’ 4.5 cm dark pink Showy flowers C. amplexicaulis x Small and insipid CAM PP1 C. saluenensis 3.5 cm pink flower C. amplexicaulis x Flowers of inferior CAM PP2 C. pitardii var. pitardii 4.5 cm pale pink colour * All accessions collected by G. Orel and A. S. Curry 152 three separate breeding lines, although their Genetic diversities and common ancestry is implied (Fig 3). In this case the closeness of taxa from the north of Viet Nam conservation strategies of (CAM 1038 and CAM 038), and the similarity of Camellia japonica populations taxa from the south (CAM037 and CAM 1034) is between China and Japan most instructive. The reasons for the separation Li Lin1,2, Jiyuan Li 2*, Sui Ni 1*, Yue Chen 1,2, of CAM 1046 (of unknown provenance) from Zhenqi Fan 2, Xinlei Li 2 the remainder can only be speculated about. Indications are that this collection may not have 1 Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, been made in Viet Nam. The rather ordered Fuyang 311400, China distribution of the C. amplexicaulis species within 2 Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of the dendrogram in Fig. 3., seems to confirm the Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China existence of differences engendered by either the genetic dissimilarity of available C. amplexicaulis email: [email protected]; [email protected] propagation materials in different parts of Viet Nam or perhaps by cultural preferences in regards The full text of this paper including attributions, to leaf and flower morphology. references, tables and literature cited is available on the ICS website. As expected, the degrees of dissimilarity between the three interspecific hybrids appear to be Introduction more pronounced than those of the species C. Genetic diversity, which is affected by breeding amplexicaulis (Fig 3.). The noted dissimilarities systems, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection may be caused by the differences in the molecular and many other factors, has been recognized as make up of the respective maternal parents, one of three levels of biological diversity requiring i.e. C. sasanqua in C. amplexicaulis x C. conservation. Insular species have been considered sasanqua (CAM 1051), C. chekiangoleosa in C. as model species to study genetic differentiation amplexicaulis x C. chekiangoleosa (CAM 1053) because of its characteristics of geographical and C. japonica ‘Black Opal’ in C. amplexicaulis isolation, gene flow barrier and small population x C. japonica ‘Black Opal’(CAM 1054) and also size. Nowadays, speciation processes giving rise by the variations in the respective C. amplexicaulis to endemic species and lineages on oceanic islands genomes. The apparent genetic closeness between have been widely discussed, leading to alternative the C. amplexicaulis x C. chekiangoleosa (CAM models of evolution, but less attention has been 1053) hybrid, C. japonica ‘Black Opal’ hybrid paid to populations of species distributed both (CAM 1054) and the species C. gigantocarpa may on continents and oceanic islands, Nonetheless, be of interest to professional Camellia breeders. populations of the same species distributed in Further detailed, ‘in depth’ studies are required to insular and mainland areas can provide key determine the scientific reasons for this closeness. insights into micro evolutionary processes The above presented data shows that from a underlying recent colonization and early stages commercial point of view the interspecific crosses, of differentiation. As a general pattern, lower where C. amplexicaulis was used as the maternal levels of genetic variation are expected in island parent, were not successful. populations as compared to mainland populations due to founder effects and restricted gene flow. The rest of this paper and the literature cited may However, Tsumura reported that the theory was be seen on the ICS website. not completely correct; the genetic diversity of insular species was affected by many factors. Dedication Camellia japonica, belonging to Theaceae, is The authors of this work would like to express widely distributed in southern of China, Japan and their sincere thanks to Mr. Robert Cherry and to the Korean Peninsula. The plants are evergreen the Otomo Endowment Research Fund. Their help shrubs or small trees with highly ornamental made this paper possible. value, so the Camellia germplasm resources had 153 been exploited for a long time and the number Results of populations reduced sharply. In this study, Genetic differentiation of C. japonica ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat) technology was used to detect genetic structure of Camellia Analyses showed that there were highly significant japonica distributed in China and Japan. The main genetic differences among the thirteen populations purpose was to reveal genetic diversity and genetic of C. japonica: 22% variation resided among differentiation among thirteen populations and populations, and the rest (78%) among individuals. to analyse the influence of insular geographical A significant correlation was found between isolation on population genetic structure. This genetic distance and geographic distance based on study can provide the basic information for the Mantel test. effective conservation and rational utilization of resources. Discussions Materials and methods Genetic diversity of C. japonica and the Sampling affecting factors C. japonica samples were randomly collected ISSR has been applied in genetic studies of rare according the distance method , a total of 390 and endangered species in recent years and samples were collected from thirteen populations indicate that genetic diversity within the Camellia with 30 individuals within each population in species is high. Factors such as recent speciation south-eastern China and South Japan. Young from a more widespread species, recent changes leaves were collected and dried quickly with silica in distribution or habitat, breeding system, somatic gel in sealed plastic bags in the field and then mutations, multiple founder events, or Pleistocene stored at -80C for further use. refugia have been used to explain high levels of genetic diversity. Wendel and Parks used seeds to analyse allozyme variation in 58 Japanese and two Korean natural populations and found this species maintains higher levels of genetic variability within populations than other woody species. It has been suggested that pollen flow is extensive in C. japonica, and a high outcrossing rate has been observed. We compared the domestic populations to the Japan populations and we found that the genetic diversity of Chinese populations is lower. The Zhoushan Islands, located in the North-eastern of Zhejiang Mt. Tiantai, elevation 200~500m, is a single habitat condition, and populations have similar genetic background. The Xiangshan population was a small-scale distribution, because nearby residents collected wild C.japonica as a rootstock and nowadays there Fig.1 13 sampled populations in China and Japan are almost no large areas of Camellia forest, and big camellia trees are also rare. DNA extraction and ISSR-PCR amplification The individuals of Qingdao populations came Genomic DNA was extracted, amplified and from Changmenyan Island, which is located in analysed. A Mantel test was performed to test the Yellow Sea, 21.3 km from Laoshan, and has the correlation between genetic distances and an area of only 0.16 km2. In the early 1950s, the geographic distances. island was full of camellia trees, but no longer. 154 The present number of camellias is small, populations implied that insular isolation played mainly the result of vandalism. Affected by these an important role in genetic differentiation. factors, these populations have been small for a Strategies for conservation long time. Genetic diversity is closely related to population size. The small numbers have resulted Camellia populations in Japan have high genetic in an increased frequency of inbreeding, while diversity, which has probably contributed to genetic drift may lead to the loss of alleles within their successful survival. At present, southern populations, and genetic diversity is decreased. In islands in Japan still have large areas of natural contrast, Japanese populations were less disrupted. camellia forests grown in protected circumstances. In Kagoshima and Shikoku, there are large natural Zhoushan Islands, Changmenyan Island and some camellia forests; on the island of Shikoku, lush small islands in coastal south-eastern China have camellia stands are concentrated in the slope rock natural camellia stands, but the situation is quite joints of humus, camellia trees with trunks 10- different, human activities such as transplanting, 30cms in diameter, the thickest being 40 cm, and collecting for fuel wood, removing material for graft 3~4m in height. stocks has resulted in a serious threat to the natural camellia resources. In order to maintain genetic Genetic differentiation and the effect of insular diversity and resource utilization of C.japonica, geographical isolation natural populations should be protected in situ, in Information about the genetic structure and factors conservation areas free from human disturbance, affecting island populations are important to be to facilitate natural generation; islanders should be able to develop effective protection measures. made aware of the need for ecological protection The results indicate that insular geographical and resource conservation, and the taking of isolation may play an important part in genetic camellia seedlings and seeds should be prohibited. differentiation. The Mantel test also confirmed Secondly, germplasm resource pools should be such a possibility. established to protect genetic resources of the Insular geographical isolation hinders gene flow; insular populations. its role is mainly reflected in interrupting the Acknowledgments spread of pollen and seed. Pollen transfer and seed dispersal determine a plant’s reproductive This work was honourably supported by the success, range expansion, and population genetic MOST International Cooperation Program (No. structure. Zosterops japonica (Japanese White- 2011DFA30490), Scientific Research Fund for eye) are the main pollinators in the Japan area. Forestry Public-interest Program (No.200704028), These birds are widely distributed in tropical and China Forestry State Administration Project China subtropical regions, playing an important role in (No. 2007-4-04), Zhejiang Province and Academy the gene exchange among island populations. The cooperation Forestry Science and Technology Putuo Island has been a Buddhist shrine since Tang Program (No. 2008SY08) and Central Public- dynasty, and the camellia trees that symbolize interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund longevity, were widely transplanted and cultivated, of China (No. CAFYBB2007020). which may also have caused gene exchange among Zhoushan Island populations. The mean genetic distance among Qingdao populations indicate the possibility of transplantation from Changmenyan Island in Qingdao District. The coefficient of genetic differentiation between Putuo Island populations was very low, insects and rodents would promote the gene flow between populations, so the two populations had the nearest relationship. The coefficient of genetic differentiation among Zhoushan Islands 155 DNA Study of the Chuxiong PCR markers have been found to be reliable, this technology requires complicated procedures, population of Camellia specialized techniques and laboratory equipment. reticulata Lindl. by FTIR The method is time-consuming and costly and therefore unsuitable for general use. Spectroscopy Lu Qiu*, Renming Liu, Ying Chen, Chenbo Cai, is therefore being considered as a viable alternative. Peng Liu, Haiyan Yang, Suguo Fang, Minzhen Si Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong 675000, As yet there has been little work done on the use P.R.China of FTIR to extract the DNA from camellias and none at all on C. reticulata Lindl. In 2008 Shen JB *Tel: 0086-8783100507; fax: 0086-8783139505. investigated FTIR spectra of sixty-five leaf samples email: [email protected] from Camellia sect, Oleifera, sect, Paracamellia, The full text together with all illustrative graphs, and sect Camellia (Theaceae). tables and list of references can be found on the ICS website. The FTIR method was used directly on the leaf samples, which were freeze-dried, pulverized and Introduction rubbed. Sixty-five leaf samples were divided into Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy two main clusters. The results showed that the FTIR is a highly sensitive, fast and non-destructive spectra of Camellia had fingerprint-like patterns method of producing spectra using only small that were highly typical for different taxa and that amounts of sample material. For these reasons, the relationship between species was in agreement it has been widely applied to qualitative and with most of the morphological classifications. quantitative analyses in chemistry, biology, It was thought that this technique could be used for medicinal chemistry, disease diagnosis and identification and classification of other taxa but environmental science etc. In recent years, with accuracy is not consistent. the rapid development of chemometrics, computer science and molecular biology, the studies on In this present study, the author extracted DNA DNA molecules by using FTIR are particularly from the leaf, and obtained FTIR spectra of the interesting. FTIR can bring structural information DNA of the ChuXiong population of C. reticulata of the entire DNA molecule in a single spectrum Lindl. A new method of identifying and classifying as a “snapshot” of all conformations. Thus it can different varieties of C. reticulata Lindl. at DNA monitor subtle variations of DNA structures and molecular level was set up. This method possesses conformation. high resolution, accuracy and repeatability, and is quick and easy. Camellias belong to the plant family Theaceae. They have a very high ornamental and economic Materials and methods value. They are famous throughout the world and the traditional flower of China. China has the Materials were collected from ZiXi mountain widest distribution of wild camellias in the world natural preservation areas at ChuXiong city in and Yunnan province is the distribution center of Yunnan and included ten different varieties of C. reticulata Lindl. Within Yunnan, the ChuXiong ChuXiong reticulatas. Leaf samples were taken population of C. reticulata Lindl. is unique. It has from named trees whose ages ranged from 20 to been identified and described by camellia experts, 100 years old, some of which were the primary and much of this information is available on the variants, others were formed by grafting. internet under Chinese flowers and plants. C. The DNA was extracted from the leaf samples reticulata Lindl. is famous for having the biggest and spectra produced using a FTIR spectrometer. flower, the brightest colours and the most ancient Nine principal components were extracted and the trees. Ward method used to cluster and identify these At present, PCR-based molecular markers are components. Four DNA samples were made out often used to identify different types, and although and scanned for each variety. 156 Results Pseudopollen in the Genus The spectrograms for each of the ten groups Camellia, its Definition, showed the same main features. Morphology and Status The samples from each variety were put into a Wang Zhonglang*1, Noriyuki Fujishita2, standard clustering model. Results showed that Toshiaki Shiuchi3, Masashi Nakata3 there was 100% consistency between the four samples within each group thus establishing the 1 Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy FTIR system as an efficient and reliable method of of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China DNA extraction and analysis. 2 Osaka University, Osaka, 589-0022, Japan DNA FTIR creates a fingerprint which can be used 3 Botanic Gardens of Toyama, Toyama 939-2713, as a fast identification method for the Chuxiong Japan population of C. reticulata. Relationships between varieties were established using the Ward * e-mail: [email protected] clustering method. It showed that the closest This is an extract of the paper given at the 2012 relationship was between variety 1 ‘Xiangguo’ Camellia Congress in Chuxiong. The full text, and variety 5 ‘Guomei’ with a cluster distance including additional photographs and tables is coefficient of 1.886. The most distant was between available on the ICS website. variety 9 ‘Zhinan’ and variety 10 ‘Donglie’ where the cluster distance coefficient is 41,392. Introduction Camellia is the largest and economically the Acknowledgement most important genus in the family Theaceae. The authors thank senior engineers Fanyi Zhang, The species of Camellia are mainly distributed in Taiqin Li, Qinwen Zhao and Jinlong Yang from southeastern and eastern Asia, especially China, ChuXiong Camellia Association for providing which is the centre of species diversity, holding and identifying Chuxiong population C. reticulata more than 80% of the total species in the genus. Lindl. Economically, the important species is the tea camellia (C. sinensis). Currently more than 40 countries produce tea commercially, and about 3.6 million tons of tea is produced annually. Tea leaves have more than 700 chemical constituents, of which catechins, flavonoids, vitamins, amino acids, caffeine, and polysaccharides are very important for human health and are used in the treatments of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity and many cardiovascular ailments. The camellia is also important in horticulture. Many plants in the genus are grown as woody ornamentals worldwide, especially those from the species of C. japonica, C. reticulata and C. sasanqua. Recently the group of yellow-flowering camellias together with the ever-blooming species, C. azalea, are becoming very popular. The third important use of the camellia is oil production. Many species of Camellia are used for extracting oil from seeds, especially C. oleifera, which has been cultivated for oil in China for more than 2,000 years. The oil is widely used for cooking and in the manufacture of cosmetics. In 157 China, currently more than 3 million ha are used difference from the normal pollen grains? for camellia oil production and about 1 million The normal pollen grain in the genus Camellia tons of seeds are harvested each year, yielding varies in size between species and can be divided nearly 260,000 tons of oil. This is likely to rise to into six types, which is useful for taxonomic 2.5 million tons by 2020. classification. Pollen grain is the male sex cell of a flowering The pseudopollen grains on the other hand, we plant, very important for breeding new cultivars. found: Thin, glassy, plastic covers that are highly resistant to decay protect the grains: these tiny, fragile- 1 to be much more variable: some had shapes looking granules are more durable than any other similar to normal pollen grains, but most of them part of a plant and have very stable characteristics. were in irregular in shape. In 1997, two researches discovered almost 2 No apertures were found in the outer wall simultaneously a striking feature that some genera (exine) of the PPG. These apertures are key in the family of Theaceae possessed pseudopollen characteristics of pollen grains, functioning as grains (PPG), which could be used as one of the sites for pollen tube exit, water uptake, transfer important characteristics to classify the genera. of recognition substances and accommodation of PPG have been found in other genera but in the volume changes, so, without these the PPG could genus Camellia the definition and distribution of not germinate. PPG was unclear and there was a lack of knowledge 3 PPG are generally similar in size to the normal of the constituents and structure. pollen grains but with a much greater range of The aim of this paper is to examine the variation. If the normal pollen grains were big in pseudopollen morphology in 50 species as well as size, the PPG were also big, and vice versa. six interspecific hybrids, to give a clear definition 4 The outer wall of PPG is very different from that of a pseudopollen grain in the genus Camellia. of normal pollen grain, composed of about 30 to 50 This could promote the understanding of the parallel ribs to form a scallop shell-like structure. pollination system and classification of the species in the genus Camellia. 5 PPG were heavier than normal pollen Material and methods 6 If methanesulfonic acid is added, the colour of PPG will change to blue while the normal Pollen was collected from five camellia species. pollen grains are still orange so it is very easy to The grains were placed on a glass slide, stained distinguish PPGs from normal pollen grains. and examined under a microscope. This is probably because the wall of the PPG Dry pollen grains were coated with gold using reacts to the strong acid, unlike the wall of normal a spluttering device and photographed using a pollen, which is highly resistant to decay and more Scanning Electron Microscope. durable than that of pseudopollen grain. Results and discussion The distribution of pseudopollen grains The morphology of pseudopollen grain in genus The genus Camellia contains more than 200 Camellia species. Studies have been carried out on only two: Camellia hengchunensis and C. tenuifoli, The definition of pseudopollen is very important so the question arises, do all other species in the for plants in different families and needs to be same genus produce PPG? As we have a very specified in different taxa. The pseudopollen in the easy method to test the existence of PPG, a survey family Orchidaceae, for instance, contains protein was carried out to check the pollen of all the and starch and is probably a reward for visiting species we could obtain. The results showed that insects. many species in the genus Camellia do possess What is the pseudopollen grain in the genus pseudopollen grains, including C. reticulata and C. Camellia, and how is it possible to tell the pitardii, but some species, including C. japonica, 158 A B

C D

E F

Fig. 1 PPG morphology under SEM

A PPG of C. saluenensis B PPG of C. hongkongensis C PPG of C. pitadii D PPG of C. yunnanensis E normal pollen grains of C. reticulata F PPG of C. reticulata 159 C. chekiangoleosa and C. rusticana, were found Study on the not to produce PPGs. Camellia liberofilamenta Our research showed that the gene forming PPG is dominant over the non –PPG forming gene. If one Yang Cheng-hua*, Deng Lun-xiu, Dai Xiaoyong parent, male or female, is PPG-forming species, Guizhou Forestry Academy, 550002 China the F1 generation will also produce PPG. If both * email: [email protected] parents are non PPG-forming species, the F1 hybrid will be the same. Introduction The species Camellia liberofilamenta was first Comparison of PPG to normal pollen grains published in 1997. It is endemic to Guizhou and (wild Camellia reticulata) belongs to Section Chrysantha. It is the most northerly occurring species in this Section. There are now very few of these plants in the wild. In this paper we would like to introduce this beautiful and scented species. Morphological description and taxonomy Camellia liberofilamenta is shrub-like, up to 3m tall. Its branches are glabrous and yellowish-white.

H. Stained in idodine-potassium iodide staining solution. The normal pollen grains are in orange color, while PPG very pale color.

Light yellow young shoot of C. liberofilamenta The leaves are thin, coriaceous and elliptic, 6-13 cm long by 3.5 – 5.5cm wide: the apex acute, the base cuneate, 5-6 pairs of lateral veins, and with fine glandular dots on the underside. The flower is golden yellow and slightly scented, up to 4.5cm in diameter, with ovoid petals and numerous stamens.

I. Immediately after Adding methanesulfonic acid, the color of PPG change to blue, very easy to distinguish.

Yellow flower ofC. liberofilamenta 160 The capsule is black and contains up to 7 seeds.

Flower white to pale yellow in C. huana

Fruit bigger in C. liberofilamenta with a thicker skin Ecological characteristics In the 2003 book by Min and Bruce, Flora of Camellia liberofilamenta is found only in the wild China, Camellia liberofilamenta was considered in a small area in the village of Baikou Luxiang, synonymous with Camellia huana but we found Ceheng County, Guizhou province. The habitat it easy to distinguish between the two species: the has been badly damaged and in 1998 there were shoots of Camellia huana are red, the flower is only 15 to 17 plants in existence. The area has an white or pale yellow and the fruit is smaller. elevation of 700 to 1000 m, the terrain is steeply sloping, and the plants, growing on the side of a watercourse, are subject to flooding. The soil is fine-grained sandstone, containing large amounts of organic matter and is very fertile. The area is close to the Tropic of Cancer, with dry winters and rainy summers, with an average temperature of 20C. Seasonal temperatures range from -2.3C in January to 39.4 in July: annual rainfall is 1350mm and the area is frost-free for 340 days a year. The camellias grow in a gully area with dappled light created by the surrounding vegetation of sub-tropical semi-evergreen Purplish red young shoot of C. huana monsoon forest, however, man-made damage has caused wide-spread destruction of this native vegetation.

Biological characteristics Camellia liberofilamenta begins to show tip growth in March. The flower buds appear in August and develop during September. Flowering begins in October and continues for 20 to 30 days into November. Plants of Camellia liberofilamenta introduced to Zhejiang province and also to Sichuan province in 1996 have already bloomed, indicating that the Fruit smaller in C. huana with thinner skin species is capable of adapting to different climates. 161 Cultivation and breeding A New Species of Yellow Camellia liberofilamenta can be propagated by Camellia (Sect. Piquetia) seed and by asexual reproduction. For seeds, germination rate is 90% and the average height of from Vietnam seedling after 1 year is 19.6 cms. Cuttings were Tran Ninh¹, Hakoda Naotoshi², Luong Van Dung³ found to produce callus in 30 days, roots within 44 days and had a survival rate of 87.5%. Grafting ² Faculty of biology, Ha Noi University of Science had a survival rate in 1997 of 84.6% and in 1998 Viet Nam of 95%. ²The Japan Camellia Society, Japan We found that grafts bloom in 4 years, seedlings in ³Faculty of Biology, Dalat University, Viet Nam 5 years and cuttings in 6 years. Recently, in the progress of doing research on Protection and suggestions diversity of Genus Camellia in Southern Vietnam, we have collected some specimens of the Genus Camellia liberofilamenta is a very rare species Camellia. After comparison with other yellow of Section Chrysantha, it is the most northerly Camellias we found that these specimens belong species in that Section and, furthermore, is sweetly to new species and have named it Camellia scented. It has great value not only in the garden dalatensis. The detailed description of this species but also as an important research resource. So far, is as follows: there has been no attempt to protect its natural habitat. The original habitat has been subject to Camellia dalatensis Luong, Tran et Hakoda, sp. land reclamation and planting is now restricted to nov. (Fig. 1, 2) a narrow gully zone. Unless protective action is Small tree, 4 m high, young branches and young taken the original location could be damaged, even leaves violet, pubescent. Leaves stalked; blade disappear altogether. thick and coriaceous, oblong, 40-45cm. long and 8-11 cm. wide, acuminate apex, cordate at the base, As a result of the introduction of Camellia deep green and shining, glabrous above, light liberofilmenta to the Aboretum of Guizhou Forestry green, pubescent below, lateral veins 21-24 pairs, Academy and of our propagation programme, we sunken above, protruding below, margins serrulate; now have more than 500 plants. Some of them petioles 0.7-1.2 cm. long, pubescent. Flowers light have already bloomed and borne fruit; others have yellow, 4.0-4.5 cm. in diameter, 1-3 in each group produced second-generation seedlings. in axillary, pedicels 10-15 mm long, bearing two The protection of the natural habitat is so important tiny bracteoles, pubescent. Sepals 5, scale shape and the local government should pay immediate to nearly rounded, pubescent on both sides. Petals attention to this area. For our part, we plan to re- 8-10, nearly rounded, 1.8-2.2 cm. high, 2.1-2.4 introduce our plants of this species to their natural cm. wide, pubescent on both sides. Androecium habitat to supplement the population there. over 300 stamens, light yellow, 1.4-1.7 cm. long, pubescent at the base, outer filaments united from the base and forms a short cup, united with Acknowledgements petals 3-4 mm. at the base. Gynoecium pubescent, This paper was supported by ‘Innovation ability ovaries 4-5 loculi, styles 4-5, 1.4 cm.long, free to construction project of public welfare sustainable the base, pubescent. Fruits flated globose, 4.5-5.5 management in Guizhou’ and ‘Rare wild woody cm. in diameter, 2.5-2.8 cm. high, 4-5 locules, 1-2 ornamental plant cultivation demonstration in seeds each loculus. Seeds semiglobose, 1.0-1.4 Guizhou’. Special thanks to Ding Fang-jun and cm. high, 1.6 -1.8 cm. wide, glabrous. Ren Chao-hui of Guizhou Forest Academy, as well as Yang Jian-ming and Wang Rong-gui of Ceheng This species resembles Camellia vidalii Rosmann County Forestry Bureau. but differs in having young branches densely hairy, densely hairy leaves below, flowers slightly The full paper is available on the ICS website. yellow. 162 Fig 2. Camellia dalatensis a. Habitat; b. branch with flower - buds; c. flower; d. fruit; e.seeds

E D

Camellia dalatensis was collected in a valley of Type: Vietnam, Dalat Plateau, evergreen forest, at evergreen forest on Dalat Plateau, at altitudes of altitudes of 1300 m, 8/3/2012, Ninh, Dung, 120301 1,300 m. In order to conserve the new species, the (Holotypus, Isotypus HNU) provenance details are withheld. 163 Anatomy and Tissue Culture Two Studies on the combination to achieve callus formation and differentiation into roots. The results showed Propagation of Camellia that stem material was the most successful in Chekiangoleosa Hu using achieving callus formation and defined the most appropriate hormone additives both for callus and Micropropagation Techniques root formation. The full text of both these research papers, The second area of research was in somatic photographs, references and literature cited can embryogenesis and plant regeneration from be found on the ICS website. the cotyledons and immature embryos of C. chekiangoleosa seeds. At the 2012 ICS Congress in Chuxiong, there Instead of leaf and stem material, cotyledons were two papers given that looked at two different and embryos from immature seeds were used ways of using tissue culture to propagate Camellia as explants and inoculated into different culture checkiangoleosa Hu. media enhanced with different concentrations The first, Callus Formation and Plant of hormones. The research defined the most Regeneration in Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu successful combination of culture media and was undertaken by FAN Zheng-qi*, LI ji-yuan**, hormone additives to produce embryos and to LI Xinlei, YIN Hengfu. initiative root and shoot generation. The second, Somatic Embryongenesis Callus induction, shoots differentiation, rooting in and Plant Regeneration from Cotyledons C.chekiangoleosa Hu and Young Embryos of unmatured Seeds of Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu was B. Callus tissue from stem segment; undertaken by LI Ji-yuan, FAN zheng-qi, E. Shoots from callus of stem LI Xinlei, YIN Hengfu, ZHOU Xinwen, segments; SUN Yingkun, XIAO Zheng. Both teams were H. Root system at early stage from the Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang 311400, China * email: [email protected] (for Callus Formation) ** email: [email protected] (for Somatic Embryongenesis)

The first team looked at the problems connected with camellia propagation, using normal methods Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from of fertilization; problems caused by difference Immature Cotyledons and Young Embryos of Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu in flowering periods, flower organ structure and chromosome ploidy, and sought to investigate the C. The semi-transparent possibility of using tissue culture (organogenesis) somatic embryogenesis; E. The germination of somatic to achieve successful regeneration. The teams embryogenesis; estimate that this method holds great potential for F. The plantlets from somatic the future, but to date, there has not been found a embryogenesis. practical and effective method for callus formation and in vitro plant regeneration. This research used leaf and stem material from C. chekiangoleosa Hu grown on in different culture media with added hormones in varying concentrations to determine the most effective 164 Morphological differentiation that were planted at the Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry. in floral buds ofCamellia Methods azalea Wei The buds were fixed in a 50% Formalin-Acetic- Alcohol solution and were stored in a refrigerator 1,2 1 2 Li Xinlei* , Li Jiyuan , Sun Zhenyuan , at 4C. The paraffin cut method was used to take 1 1 Yin Hengfu , Fan Zhengqi bud sections and these sections were dyed in 1 Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Safranine and Fast Green Dye solution and sealed Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang 311400, with Canada gum. These sections were studied China; under a microscope and photographs taken. The 2 Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy length and width of buds were measured using the of Forestry, Beijing 10091, China Vernier caliper and weighed. The morphology of the flower buds was also observed and recorded. * e-mail: [email protected] Results The full text including tables, references and literature cited can be found on the ICS website. Morphology and structure of flower ofC. azalea Wei Introduction Flowers of C. azalea are bright red, 6.0 to 14.0 cm As one of the top ten traditional famous flowers, in diameter, and borne singly or clustered at the the camellia is amongst the most precious flowers tip of the shoots. Bracts and sepals are persistent, of the world. The florescence is its main ornamental rather leathery, green becoming slightly red closer characteristic. The flower bud differentiation to the petals. Petals are obovate to obcordate- process influences flowering regulation, flower lanceolate, slightly notched at the tip. Stamens on quality and breeding capacity. This process has the outside of the crown are 2.0 to 2.5 cm long, been observed on C. oleifera Abel and some fusing at the base into a tube, but those on the varieties of C. japonica L. inside are not fused and shorter. Anthers are yellow, and anther chambers have a longitudinal channel. C. azalea Wei, also known as C. changii Ye, is an Ovaries are ovoid and glabrous, containing 2 to 4 endemic and endangered species. It was originally locules, each containing 3 ovules. Styles are 2.0 found in Yangchun city, Guangdong province cm long, split at the top and fused below. Capsules where it’s flowering season lasts from April to are ovoid, glabrous, with between 2 and 4 locules, December. It is also found in Fuyang city in the each containing 1 to 3 seeds. The species blooms Zhejiang province where it blooms from mid-June from April to December. to late October. The process and main characters of flower bud In appropriate cultivation conditions, C. azalea differentiation of C. azalea Wei Wei could bloom throughout the whole year, the best flowering period being in summer and The morphological features and paraffin cut autumn, and this unique property make this variety sections were used to observe the development a good seed parent. The flower bud differentiation process of flower bud differentiation and the of C.azalea Wei has not been studied until now so correlation between flower bud differentiation in order to provide a theoretical basis for flowering and its external morphology was analysed. The regulation and breeding, C. azalea Wei was used to results showed that the flower bud differentiation study the morphological differentiation of flower of C.azalea Wei, can take place from May to buds. September, the timing being dependent on environmental conditions. Morphological changes Materials and Methods to the bud divide the process of differentiation Plant material into six phases: before differentiation, bract Flower buds showing different stages of develop- differentiation phase, sepal differentiation phase, ment were collected during the period from May petal differentiation phase, stamen differentiation to September in 2011 from specimens of C. azalea phase and pistil differentiation phase. 165 The flower bud differentiation process and Ultrastructure of Cells external morphology of C. azalea Wei in Formation and Release While the flower bud of C. azalea Wei differentiating, the external morphology also of Volatile Compounds in changed and there was a correlation between the an Aromatic Camellia Cultivar stage of bud differentiation and bud shape. With the flower bud differentiation, the length and width Fan Zhengqi, Li Jiyuan, Li Xinlei, Yin Hengfu of bud gradually increased, the rate of increase of and Zhou Xingwen bud length being greater than that of bud width. Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, CAF, Bud weight also increased. External morphology Fuyang, Zhejiang 311400, China also changed. Before differentiation, the flower * e-mail: [email protected] bud was wrapped in a layer of hard sheath-like scales. In the bract differentiation phase, the scales The full paper together with diagrams and began to crack and this process was accelerated references may be seen on the ICS website. during sepal differentiation phase. In the stages of Abstract: The ultrastructure of cells in the petal and stamen differentiation, the flower bud tip fragrant Camellia japonica ‘Kramer’s Supreme’ emerged from the scales and in the stage of pistil was observed under the Transmission Electron differentiation the bud continued to enlarge and Microscopy (TEM). The most subcellular the scales began to degenerate. During the stage structures were observed in cells in petals and of carpel differentiation, the scales became smaller filaments. The cells in filaments have more and when the thick scales and bracts were stripped plasmids while they contain the deep stained away, red colouring at the tips of the small buds grains in petals, which probably are pigments. The could be found. oil drops which are unpacked and packed with membrane were found in plasmids and cytoplasm, Discussion respectively. This result indicated the volatile oil Stages of flower bud morphological differentiation was probably yielded in plasmids, and then packed vary between genera and species. The development with membrane after the plastids disintegrated. of flower bud differentiation of C. oleifera Able The membrane containing a volatile oil will merge ‘Xianglin I’ is different from that of C .japonica L. into a cellular membrane when oil drops are moved and the development phases of C. japonica L vary close to it, and volatile oil is finally released from with different flower forms. a cell.

Camellia flower bud differentiation begins Introduction at the top or leaf axil after the formation of Fragrance in camellias is one of the most important spring shoots. From May to September, the horticultural characteristics in some famous vegetative growth and reproductive growth are camellia varieties. Only a few of the many thousand carried out simultaneously so there are different grown in the world emit scents but most have no differentiations of leaf buds and flower buds on the fragrance. At present, the breeding of Camellia same plant. Therefore the growth and development varieties with unusual colors and fragrance are characteristics of C.azalea Wei are different from dream goals for camellia breeders. The compounds other Camellia plants. The process of the flower related to floral scent have been determined in bud differentiation can be identified by the external Camellia sinensis (Gu et al, 2008), Camellia morphology because the relationship between the renshanxiangiae (Song et al, 2009) and Camellia two is stable. However, whether this relationship grijsii (Fan et al, 2006), Camellia japonica is applicable to all species of Camellia needs to be ‘Kramer’s Supreme’ and Camellia japonica studied further. ‘Scentsation’ (Fan et al, 2006). The fragrant Diagrams may be seen on the ICS website. varieties contain main volatile compositions such as terpenes, esters, ancohols, aldehydes and acids, and there were some differences among varieties and species. ‘Kramer’s supreme’ is a well known 166 aromatic variety, emitting strong fragrance with the in petals and filaments. The cells in filaments had main components being linalool, benzyl benzoate, more mitochondria and plasmids, with developed methyl salicylate, and so on. endoplasmic reticulum. Cells in petals contained the deep stained grains, which were probably The volatile compounds related to floral scent are pigments (Figure 1D), and the plasma membranes synthesized in cells. The ultrastructure of floral were different from filament ones. The plasmids in organs has previously been observed in Magnolia cells were round or elliptical. denudata Desr. and other plants, but not yet in Camellia. This paper focusses on the ultrastructure The ultrastructure of volatile compounds of cells, accumulation of volatile compounds in during formation and emission Camellia japonica ‘Kramer’s Supreme’ flowers, Many grey osmiophilic granules were found to and the relationship between ultrastructure and be packed with membrane (Figure 2A), which volatile oils. were visible in some petal and filament cells that Materials and Methods contained many plasmids (Figure 2B), and were possibly sources of the volatile oils in aromatic Plant materials camellias. Some previous studies indicated that Camellia japonica ‘Kramer’s Supreme’, was volatile oils are synthesized in plasmids, which is grown in the Research Institute of Subtropical consistent with our results. The sizes and color of Forestry, CAF, Fuyang, Zhejiang, China, and osmiophilic granules were different in plasmids samples of petals and filaments were collected in (Figure 2C), and the volatile composition probably March and April. synthesized here. The oil drops in plasmid were Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) not packed with membrane in plasmids (Figure Tissue was fixed in 3% (v/v) glutaraldedhyde 2D). Along with increasing size, the dark color overnight at 4℃, and washed three times with 0.1 in oil drops was gradually becoming lighter. The M Na-K-phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Tissues were plasmids began disintegrating and many vesicles then postfixed in 1% OsO4 for 1-2h, washed three are formed from the membranes of plasmids when times with the same buffer, dehydrated in a graded the oil drops reach a certain size. The oil drops, series of ethanol (50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% and packed with membranes of vesicles merged into 100%). The samples were treated with a solution each other (Figure 2E). The packed oil drops of acetone and embedding medium (V/V=1/1) scattered in the cytoplasm and moved towards the for 1h, (V/V=3/1) for 3h prior to pure embedding cellular membranes. The volatile compositions overnight. The penetrated sample was embedded were released into intercellular spaces and into the in embedding medium overnight. air at the next stage when the membranes of oil drops and cellular membranes merged (Figure 2F). Sections 70-90 nm thick obtained by using the Reichert superthin slicer, were stained with lead Discussion citrate and 50% ethanol solution of uranyl acetate There were different ideas about the accumulation for 15 min, respectively, and then observed with a mechanism of volatile compounds in cells. Most JEOL JEM-1200(1230) electron microscope. studies showed the oil cells were distributed in oil- yielding plants. In a previous study they believed Results that oil drops were produced in cytoplasm, then Ultrastructural in cells of floral organs moved into oil vacuoles through the cupules after The ultrastructure of cells in petals (Figure 1A) and absorbtion into the wall (Leemann, 1928). The filaments (Figure 1B) of ‘Kramer’s Supreme’ were oil drops in cytoplasm merged with oil vacuoles observed. The two kinds of cells in floral organs and were stored for later release, or released both contain some subcellular structures such as directly out of cells and accumulated in the cupule nucleus, plasmid, mitochondria, endoplasmic (Lehmann,1925; Maron et al, 1979). Other results reticulum and golgi apparatus (Figure 1C). A large show that oil was synthesized in plasmids, then vacuole and small nucleus were found in most cells moved into the cytoplasm before getting into oil of petals, while thick cytoplasm, large nucleus vacuoles (Amelunxen et al., 1969). The two paths and small vacuole were contained in a few cells of production and transportation of volatile oils 167 were both found in oil cells of Magnolia denudata with the membranes of disintegrated plasmids. (Cai et al, 2001). In our study, the oil drops were Our research shows different results from other observed both in cytoplasm and plasmids, but studies on the path of the release of volatile oil out the two kinds were different. The oil drops in of cells. Cupules and oil vacuoles weren’t found cytoplasm were packed with membrane, but the around oil cells, and membranes of the oil drops ones in intact plasmids were bare until plasmids directly merged with cellular membranes before disintegrated. Therefore, we believed that volatile volatile oils were released out of cells. The detailed oils were synthesized in plasmids and packed mechanism remains to be explained in the future.

Figure 2 Formation and release of volatile oil A. Grey oil drop; B. Plastids in cell; C. Oil produced in plastid; D. Larger oil in plastid; E. Oil packed with membrane while plastid disintegrating; F. Membrane of oil drop merged into cell membrane (arrowed). 168 Content analysis of There is, nowadays, a great deal of interest in the scientific world in researching the breeding and Polyphenols, Flavonoids propagation of camellias, but very little in their and Soluble Sugar in six nutrient components and their use in healthcare. Sect. Theopsis camellias Sect. Theopsis belongs to the Theaceae family: they are evergreen shrubs or small trees that have Ying Zhen, Han Qin, Ni Sui*, Lin Li, Chen Yue masses of tiny, fragrant flowers. College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Up to the present time, most studies of Sect. Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China Theopsis have been concerned with growth * e-mail: [email protected] characteristics and classification, rather than components. This is an abstract of the paper given at the 2012 ICS Congress in Chuxiong. The full text, together In this paper, the occurance of polyphenols, with graphs and tables can be found on the ICS flavonoids and soluble sugars contained in website. C. handelii, C. tsaii var.synaptica, C. acutissima, Introduction C. fraterna, C. campanisepala and C. minutiflora Plants of the Theaceae family, which includes tea were determined. This information will provide the plants and ornamental camellias, are very common scientific basis for using and processing camellias and valuable in south China. Tea is one of the three in the field of medicine, health and food. world-famous beverage plants. In China, people have been planting, producing and drinking tea Material and Method for several thousand years. Drinking tea is useful The flowers of the species used were collected in helping people combat inebriation because during March and April from Jinhua International it is rich in polyphenols and caffeine. Recently, Camellia Species Park, Zhejiang Province, China. studies have shown that tea leaves contain a Details of the preparation and processes used to lot of flavonoids, soluble sugars, vitamins and determine the components can be found on the ICS mineral substances. Not only can these nutrients website. prolong people’s lives, but also they can be used to treat many diseases such as angiocardiopathy. Results and Analysis In contrast, the ornamental camellia is known The content of the polyphenols throughout the world. There are 30000 varieties, and 80% of the world’s camellias grow in China. The polyphenols exist in many kinds of plants, For many years, camellias have been regarded as but the content in the leaves of tea plants is far purely ornamental plants and a great deal of land higher than in other plants. Research indicates that has been given over to their cultivation. Although polyphenols are neither poisonous nor harmful to camellias are still eaten in Taiwan and the Guangxi human beings; they have the ability to mop up free región of China as part of the local customs, most radicals in the body, which contributes to slowing camellias do not have any other purpose when down the speed of aging, prevents cardiovascular flowering has finished. The question is, how can diseases and cures cancer. the vast camellia resource be used to develop The content of the tea Polyphenols in six Sect. products that have uses for human health, in Theopsis species addition to their ornamental value. Results showed polyphenol content ranged from Although many people have been researching 10.61% (C. tsaii) to 14.77% (C. campanisepala). camellias for a long time now, no one has yet The polyphenol content in the control group of discovered how to develop products that make three different teas ranged from 14% to 22% and additional use of these camellias. in the three tea flowers from 8.19% to 10.09%. The tea camellias and the ornamental camellias It is apparent that content of polyphenols in Sect. are homologous plants, so ornamental camellias Theopsis is less than in tea, but more than the tea- should have the same components as tea. flowers by the comparison and therefore they can 169 also be used in the production of anti-aging health From this it is clear that the content of soluble products. sugars in Sect. Theopsis is between tea and tea- flowers: the content of soluble sugar in them is The content of flavonoids moderate, so they can improve the taste and avoid Flavonoids are nutritional compounds that can be the risk of taking in too much sugar. utilized by the human body as an anti-oxidant and used in the treatment of cancer by slowing down Discussion the formation of tumours. Polyphenols In this study C. campanisepala was found to have The content of polyphenols in the six Sect. the highest concentration of flavonoids at 3.43% Theopsis studied is quite high, second only to tea, and can be considered suitable for producing Comparison with control group of tea, tea- healthcare products. flowers and scented tea Results showed that the flavonoid content in the Flavonoids six Sect. Theopsis species is more than 2%, which The content of flavonoids in the Sect. Theopsis is similar to the control group teas whose content species is close to that of tea but less than that of is from 1% to 5%, but very much less than that of scented tea. This may be for two reasons: the first scented teas; rose, chrysanthemum and jasmine. is the size and type of the flower: the second one is related to the processing method. The content of soluble sugars Flowers and fruits are rich in glucose, fructose, Soluble sugar galactose and some other small molecular The content of flavonoids in the Sect.Theopsis is monosaccharides that are known as soluble sugar. high compared to that of tea but lower than that of These sugars are soluble in water and can be used tea flowers. to enhance flavour and to provide energy, but too much soluble sugar may cause cardiovascular To sum up, Sect.Theopsis is a new resource from diseases and obesity. Results showed that soluble which to develop scented tea. This study has sugar percentages range from 9.45% to 20.40%. researched polyphenols, flavonoids and soluble This is higher than the tea species whose soluble sugars: future research will determined the content sugar content ranges from 1 to 4%, but less than of trace minerals, amino acids, vitamins and other that of the tea flowers which contain 20% to 40%. nutrients. This is probably the result of intensive flowering, What is more, Sect.Theopsis has many advantages, which can consume soluble sugars. it has many flowers, it is fragrant, it is beautiful, has great vitality, a long flowering period and is Table 3. The soluble sugar content of Sect. rich in mineral content. Theopsis, tea and tea-flow It also has a good appearance after drying and Species Content % brewing. By combining the characteristics of C. handelii 11.99 both tea and scented tea, Sect.Theopsis has great C. tsaiivar.synaptica 10.61 potential for the developments of drugs, health C. acutissima 11.71 care products and foods. C. fraterna 11.47 C. campanisepala 14.77 Acknowledgements C. minutiflora 12.83 This work was supported by the Scientific Research Huangshan-maofeng 3.20 Fund for Zhejiang Provincial International Anhua-songzhen 1.97 cooperation Major Program (No. 2008C14065) Longjing 2.77 and Ningbo International cooperation Program Shanghai-zhouzhong tea-flower 40.92 (No. 2010D10013). Biyun tea-flower 34.12 Baihaozao tea-flower 31.92 170 Cloning and Expression protein belongs to the Chalone superfamily. The function analysis of protein showed that two Characters of Chalcone active catalysis sites Asn117 and Ser194, two Isomerase Gene from conserved hydrogen bonding sites Thr52 and Tyr110 in this protein sequence. Relative real-time Camellia nitidissima Chi PCR analysis indicated that CnCHI tends to show Zhou Xingwen1,2, Li Jiyuan*1, a sharp increase at the early stage of floral buds Fan Zhengqi1, Yin Heng-fu1 and then decreases slowly. The highest transcript abundance was found in pistil, second in stamens. 1 Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, The transcript of CnCHI in sepals and petals were Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, almost at the same level. China As a result of our studies, we concluded that 2 Yu Lin Normal University, Guangxi Zhuang CnCHI is an important gene, and one that may Autonomous Region, Yulin, 537000, China play an important role in the pigment biosynthesis * Email: [email protected] of C. nitidissima Chi. Research has shown that Tel/Fax: 86 571 63346372 suppressing the activity of CHI can make the flowers yellow. So, it is worthwhile researching This is an abstract from the paper given at the 2012 the CnCHI gene in greater depth to investigate its Camellia Congress in Chuxiong. The full text, role in the breeding of new yellow camellias by together with illustrations, tables, references and genetic engineering. literature cited can be found on the ICS website. Plants of Section Chrysantha Chang belong to the genus Camellia L., Theaceae; they are evergreen shrubs or small trees. The model species of this Section is C. nitidissima Chi. C. nitidissima Chi, a rare and endangered species, is famous for the bright golden colour of its flowers. Amongst its names are ‘Queen of Theaceae, ‘Panda of the plant kingdom’ and ‘Yellow camellia of the imagination’. It has attracted a great deal of attention from camellia breeders since it was first reported as an important parent from which to breed new yellow camellias. In this study, a full-length cDNA sequence of chalcone isomerase (CHI) gene was obtained from the petals of C. nitidissima Chi using the methods of Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE), named CnCHI (GenBank of NCBI accession No. HQ269805.1). Sequence analysis indicated that Most of the articles were presented at the CnCHI is 953bp in full length and contains a 2012 ICS Congress held in Chuxiong, China 5’-untranslated region (UTR) of 56 bp, a 3’-UTR of 204 bp, and an Opening Reading Frame (ORF) in February 2012. Please contact the authors of 693bp encoding 230 predicted amino acids. for permission to publish. Sequence alignment of amino acids revealed that CnCHI shares more than 75% homology with CHI See the ICS website from plants of Rosaceae, Ericaceae, Solanaceae www.internationalcamellia.org and 99% homology with C. sinensis. BLAST of amino acids in NCBI showed the predicted ~~~~~ 171 ICS Web Manager’s Report

2013 is a year of great change for the ICS website. Since my appointment as web manager at Chuxiong in Feb 2012, our web committee and I have been working to build a platform from which members of our society can access every conceivable piece of information on camellias and at the same time, provide a sales tool through which we can expand our membership and appeal to an increasingly ‘tech savvy’ younger population. Our new website is designed to be user friendly and easy to navigate. Key features include: • The ability to provide each region with its own localized information such as events and open gardens in the local language, but also translated into English • Full versions of scientific papers from the paper ICJ and from congresses and meetings • Basic camellia information that is of interest to new visitors and camellia enthusiasts • Gardens of Excellence pages for every garden awarded the ICS accolade so far • Worldwide news and events section to list everything from the ICS biennial congress to a camellia open day at a private garden in Kunming • Members-only section to lock down important articles for member only access • Membership management systems to take payment for and help administer worldwide memberships • Immediate access into the current Camellia Register. 172

As a member, with this Journal, you will also have received an inserted sheet of paper with your login details on it. Keep these safe.

To access the website, you can visit http://www.internationalcamellia.org OR the current address http://www.camellia-ics.org

At the top right of the screen, you will see a box saying ‘already a member? Sign in’. Click on the black text and enter the details you have been sent into the relevant boxes and hit ‘login’. Once logged in, you should use the ‘change password’ link on the right to create your own memorable password.

You are now logged in and can access all papers and information. The site has full password reminder features should you forget your details.

It is also essential that on your first visit, you access your profile from the same menu as the change password link. Please ensure that your address and in particular your email address are up to date. This is essential for the future usability of the website.

Our biggest challenge is going to be accessing new content. If you have an article to write on camellias, please send it to me for inclusion. Of particular interest are articles aimed at the basic home gardener or hobby enthusiast. You can send articles to me in any language, but please ensure that your text is editable, such as .doc, .txt, .indd formats. Please do NOT format images into your document, but send these as separate files.

I hope you enjoy our new online facility. If you have any comments or requests, please contact me at [email protected] Thank you. David Trehane. 173 Deceased 2012

AUSTRALIA Mrs Betty GARNETT Dr Mae KUNZE

CHANNEL ISLANDS Mrs M MAUGER Mrs C F SKINNER Mr D R SHAW Dr H THURSTON

GERMANY Mr Peter FISCHER Mr Jörg DAEHNHARDT

ITALY Mrs Concetta GALDI Gen. Ettore ROLANDO Contessa SAGRAMOSO Lady Susan WALTON

UK Mr Tony GODDARD Mr Tony HEAP Mr Arthur NANCARROW Mrs Josephine NEWMAN Mrs Elizabeth SCOTT-MONCRIEFF

USA Mr Gregory DAVIS Mr Alton B. PARKER Mrs Julia B. LEISENRING Mr Stuart G WATSON Mr Charles B. MALONE Mrs Carol Lee SUTHERLAND Mr Hulyn SMITH 174 Obituaries Gregory Davis 1930 - 2012

Greg Davis, immediate past-president of the ICS, died suddenly on October 21. Only a few days before, he had sent a brief, humorous e-mail to President Pat Short, saying he had been diagnosed with cancer and grumbling about having to fill out a long medical form before visiting a consultant for treatment later in the month. The e-mail ended with Greg’s usual upbeat: “Have fun.” Greg succeeded Pat Macdonald, who died during her second term as president in 2002. He then was elected to two, three-year terms as president. Tall and imposing, with a deep baritone voice, he was the perfect picture-book model of a President. This accompanied a twinkle in the eye and a ready smile that went along with his gentle humor to carry the day in any situation – from conducting an ICS business meeting to making a snowball for a brief snowball fight at the 2008 congress. Following in Pat Macdonald’s footsteps, he helped cement the friendly relations with China. No one who attended the 2003 International Camellia Congress in Jinhua City could forget Greg and his wife Rosamay covered in multi-colored streamers that had been shot into the air at the close of the opening ceremony – see 2003 Journal cover (page 34). Greg was born in Austin, Texas, in 1930, held a chemical engineering degree from Rice Institute and worked 31 years for Exxon Mobil. Greg and Rosamay, who were married for 59 years, became interested in camellias when they moved to Houston, Texas, in 1968. At one time they had about 400 plants in their garden. They were both presidents of the Houston Camellia Society. They were also members of the Gulf Coast Camellia Society and Greg was president from 1987-1989. They joined the American Camellia Society in 1968 and Greg was elected a director in 1986, became a vice-president in 1989 and president in 1991-1992. Greg and Rosamay joined the ICS in 1981. He served as ICS treasurer during Tom Perkins’ presidency and then as a director and a vice-president. He also contributed a number of articles to the International Camellia Journal over the years. His sudden death has shocked and saddened the camellia world. A respected, warm and wonderful friend has been lost. But he has left a huge and valued imprint that will remain with us. Herb Short 175

Peter Fischer 1944 - 2012

Peter Fischer’s death ended a chapter of camellia knowledge in Germany and the German-speaking countries in Central Europe. He was born into a gardener's family. His father owned some camellias in his ornamental plant collection, and these camellias eventually were to determine Peter's whole life. After his training in horticulture and landscaping, he undertook career-orientated years of travel through Belgium, Portugal and Great Britain. The experience he gained enabled Peter to do his examinations as master gardener and master landscaper. In 1968 he took over his father’s nursery and changed it to a special camellia garden which was named “Kamelien Paradies Wingst” and honoured in 2001 by the ICS as a Camellia Garden of Excellence - the first in Europe.

Peter gathered more than 90 species and wild forms and about 800 different cultivars, of which about 350 were planted outdoors. He himself has originated more than two dozen; not all are named yet. Some of his own strains can even be admired in the International Camellia Species Garden in Jinhua, China. Peter was the only gardener who was active in testing camellias for their winter hardiness in Continental Europe.

He presented innumerable oral and written publications in both national and international camellia congresses and magazines. He also wrote the first German-language camellia book.

In 1975 in Cornwall, he met the 94-year-old Prof. E.G. Waterhouse, who convinced him to join the ICS. Peter was for years one of the few German members of the ICS and served for many years as a Director for the ICS Germany/Austria region. He was also a member of the national camellia societies in Australia, America, Japan, Italy, and New Zealand. Hermann Schoentag 176 News from the Regions

Benelux to achieve this goal, but thanks to Marc’s untiring Despite the mild temperatures in December and determination, we are making steady progress. January we encountered a short winter period in The Benelux group issued two newsletters this February with temperatures down to minus 20º C, year and organised group meetings in Kalmthout resulting in severe frost damage to our camellias. and Eeklo. In Kalmthout extensive reports of the Some of our members lost 25% of the camellias in Chuxiong Congress were given and the Eeklo their gardens. meeting had a workshop on growing cuttings and the art of grafting camellias. Wytze Hoekstra France The I.C.S. prizes. This year, Guy Andro was selected for his new camellia ‘Surprise d’Iroise’; this comes from a new camellia seed of St Ewe and probably of pollen from ‘Freedom Bell’.

Some historic Belgian camellias in intensive care at Het Leen, Belgium Eleven persons from the Benelux region partici- pated in the fantastic Chuxiong congress in China. Our group was also involved in the Camellia weekend of the Kalmthout Arboretum on March 17 and 18. There was a nice display of old and new camellias, paying attention also to old illustrations in books and catalogues. The ‘Belmonte op zijn Best’ show (‘The best of the Belmonte Arboretum’) in Wageningen is a yearly Guy lives in Brittany a few kilometres from the event, giving us the opportunity to promote the Iroise sea and he has a magnificent collection camellia, answer questions and give advice to the of camellias. He is a member of the ‘Société public. Bretonne du Camellia’. This new camellia is being propagated by Stervinou Nursery, highly regarded The Benelux group organised excursions to in Europe. botanical gardens, private gardens and nurseries, to Eeklo, Anzegem, Leiden and Boskoop, some of Max Hill them in cooperation with the Dutch Rhododendron Norway Society. Norway experienced damaging cold winds in Our most important activities however concern the Winter 2011-12. camellia collections. In the Botanical garden at Ullandhaug, Stavanger, Marc De Coninck has succeeded in locating 200 the camellias planted in 2006 had survived their of the 450 historic Belgian cultivars all over the first three cold winters in an unsheltered position, world already. The objective is to acquire cuttings but were really struggling. For the past two winters or plants and make a collection of all still existing they have been in a more sheltered position, fenced old Belgian cultivars. There is a long way to go against deer. They have also been protected with a 177 polythene tunnel during the winters and they are now thriving.

Reminding ourselves of the love and enthusiasm Jörg left behind, and the lives he touched while he was among us can only ease the pain we all feel. Clara Gil de Seabra UK With increased awareness of the number of historic camellias to be found around the world, and knowing that the UK has a number of 19th century examples still growing, we put a small request for information in the RHS magazine ‘The Garden’. The response has been very exciting. We knew of some of the more prominent collections such as those in specially built glasshouses at Chiswick House and Eaton Hall, and a handful of On the other hand, the camellias planted at the others, plus good collections in some of the well Frida Hansen Camellia Garden, Stavanger, on a known gardens in the south of England, but we more exposed slope without shelter, have suffered have been amazed to hear of many others hidden severe winter damage and many have failed to away, known only to their owners and friends. survive. There are plans to plant hedges to protect them in future. Bee Robson, our main expert on the subject of these camellias, was, for example, very excited Eli Margrete Stolsvik to hear of two plants in a conservatory which is Portugal undergoing restoration in the far north of England, We all lost a dear friend last 9th September. one of which is almost certainly the ubiquitous C.j. Jörg Daehnhardt was 65, a true camellia lover, a ‘Alba Plena’; the other, a semi-double pink, could thorough researcher and above all a great friend be much rarer: the investigation continues. Now of Portugal. The years he lived in Belas, Portugal we have the challenging job of travelling round the influenced him so deeply that he felt at home country during the flowering season, recording, whenever he was on Portuguese soil. photographing and taking leaf samples with the intention of identifying them all, or at least most His great dream was to finish a garden with a of them. collection of camellias strictly of Portuguese origin at Rainer Daehnhardt’s, his brother’s home In the meanwhile it is encouraging to make at Quinta Wimmer, Belas. This, he felt, was his contact with their owners, who are all pleased contribution not only to continue his family´s to be involved in the detective work. Some have tradition of strengthening the ancient German- found old documents, others have stories from Portuguese relationships but also to perpetuate locals with tales to tell about these old treasures. camellias of Portuguese origin so that all visitors Camellia conservation is alive and well in the UK. to the garden could admire their beauty. Jennifer Trehane 178 Treasurer’s Report

INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY

RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS SUMMARY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 MAY 2012

31/05/12 31/05/11 £stg £stg Operating Receipts

Net Subscriptions previous year 0 0 Net Subscriptions current year 14,333 14,928 Transfer from Life Membership Fund 0 0 Donations 104 58 Donations - Otomo fund 1,294 0 Journal Advertising 0 0 Interest -bank account 8 20 Interest - bonds investment 3,299 1,754 Dividend - bonds investment 17 10

Total Receipts 19,055 16,770

Operating payments

Journal printing 7,664 6,899 Journal mail out 3,710 3,833 Supplement printing 0 8,299 Supplement mail out 299 1,516 Bank charges 0 60 Investment charges 0 0 Otomo Research fund - grant 0 2,591 Professional/legal fee 222 0 Accountancy 900 0 Gifts for speakers etc 1,181 0

13,976 23,198

Net Receipts/(Payments) for the year 5,079 (6,428)

Available funds - reconciliation

Add - Net Transfers (to)/from Designated Funds (4,619) 11,415

Less - Exchange gain/(loss) on Bond Investment (USA) 4,171 (9,030)

Add balance b/fwd at 01/06/11 13,888 17,931

Available funds balance c/fwd at 31/05/12 - see balance sheet 18,519 13,888

2 179

INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY

MOVEMENT IN DESIGNATED FUNDS YE YE 31/05/12 31/05/12 31/05/11 31/05/11 Transfer Transfer to/(from) £stg to/(from) £stg Available Available Funds Funds £stg £stg £stg £stg

Register Fund Balance as at 01/06/11 15,739 25,061 Sales of Registers and Supplements 0 Add interest transferred ex available funds 0 493 Less transfer to available funds-print/mailing costs 0 0 (9,815) (9,322) 0 (9,322) Balance as at 31/05/12 15,739 15,739

Life Membership Fund Balance as at 01/06/11 8,166 8,431 Add New Memberships 0 Add interest transferred ex available funds 0 166 Less transfer to available funds - current year 0 0 (431) (265) 0 (265) Balance as at 31/05/12 8,166 8,166

Otomo Research Fund Balance as at 01/06/11 36,921 38,749 Add Donations 1,294 0 Add interest/dividends transferred ex available funds 3,324 762 Less transfer to available funds - re grant paid 0 4,618 (2,591) (1,828) 4,618 (1,828) Balance as at 31/05/12 41,539 36,921

Net transfers (to)/from available funds 4,618 (11,415)

Total c/fwd - see balance sheet 65,444 60,826

3 180 INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31 May 2012

31/05/12 31/05/11 £stg £stg Current Assets

Cash in hand 99 0 Butterfield Bank (Guernsey) Ltd -ac 1 13,781 13,287 Butterfield Bank (Guernsey) Ltd -ac 2 0 0 13,880 13,287 Less - Subscriptions paid in advance 0 (1,169)

Net Current Assets 13,880 12,118

Term Assets

Bond Investment (USA) 70,083 62,596

Total Net Assets 83,963 74,714

Represented by:-

Designated Funds

Total Designated Funds 65,444 60,826

Available Funds 18,519 13,888

83,963 74,714

We the officers of the International Camellia Society acknowledge our responsibilities for:-

1 - preparing the financial statements set out on pages 1 to 5 inclusive, on a consistent basis from year to year 2 - ensuring that the Society keeps proper accounting records to enable the preparation of the attached financial statements.

The financial statements were approved on …………………….. on behalf of the officers of the

International Camellia Society and were signed on its behalf by:-

……………………………. ………………………. President - Mrs P Short Treasurer - Mr C Cook

4 BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31 MAY 2012 181 INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY ACCOUNTANTS REPORT Notes To The Accounts As described on the balance sheet you are responsible for the preparation of the 1 The accounts are reported in £ sterling. financial statements for the year ended 31 May 2012 set out on pages one to five inclusive. The officers of the International Camellia Society consider that an audit is not required for 2 The Society is incorporated in the USA where it is subject to tax exempt status. this year.

3 The Receipts and Payments Summary covers the 12 months ended 31 May 2012 with comparative figures for the year ended 31 May 2011. In accordance with your instructions, we have compiled these unaudited financial statements in order to assist you in fulfilling your duties, from the accounting records and information 4 Interest earned has been apportioned between the Individual Designated funds and the and explanations provided to us. Available funds.

5 A proportion of the Society's funds have been invested in USA bonds. We confirm that the accounts show a fair and accurate summary of the International 6 The USA bonds investment account is held in US dollars, which has been translated into Camellia Society's transactions for the year ended 31 May 2012 and of its financial position £ sterling at the closing exchange rate on 31/05/12. After taking account of investment at the 31 May 2012, according to the books and vouchers that we have reviewed. income earned on this account during the year and the rise in the sterling dollar exchange rate the investment reported an exchange gain for the year of £ 4,171. This has been included in the available funds reconciliation, during the year ended 31 May 2012.

7 In accordance with the decision made at the recent meeting of directors (at Chuxiong), investment income (interest and dividends received) has been allocated to the Otomo Fund.

P B S Accounting Services Ltd Date :- …………………….. Adcroft House 15 Roath Road Portishead Bristol BS20 6AW United Kingdom

INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY

RECEIPTS AND PAYMENT ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 MAY 2011 AND 182 I.C.S. MEMBERSHIP REPORT Ines Kasimir

ICS members’ subscription rates current in 2011. Yearly subscriptions should be paid promptly every January, to the Membership Representatives listed below. Calculation of subscription rates for Life Membership (in the case of Double Life Membership the age of the younger of the two members should be used) :- Less than 50 years of age, 30 times the annual subscription rate. Between 50 and 65 years of age, 20 times the annual subscription rate. More than 65 years of age, 15 times the annual subscription rate.

AFRICA. R60. Double R70 Keith Kirsten, PO. Box 1458, Fourways, Gauteng, 2055, South Africa, [email protected] AUSTRALIA. $AU20. Double $AU25 Barry di Salvia, 61 Twynam Street, Narrandera, NSW, 2700, Australia, [email protected] BENELUX. €20. Double €20. Includes supplement for Benelux Region services Hugo Dirks, Lage Kaart 116, Brasschaat, 2930 Belgium, [email protected] CHANNEL ISLANDS. £10.50. Double £13.00 Maxine Fergusson, Brookvale, La Rue du Pont, St. John, JE3 4FF, Jersey, C.I., [email protected] CHINA. RMB 150 Tang Dayin, Forestry Bureau of Jinhua Municipal Government, Jinhua, 321017 Zhejiang, China, [email protected] FRANCE. €15.50. Double €18.00 Max Hill, 30 Chemin du Bois-Chaperon, Briis-sous-Forges, 91640, France, [email protected] GERMANY/AUSTRIA. €15.50. Double €18.00 Karin Jacobs-Gebauer, Fuchshohl 80, Frankfurt, 60431, Germany, [email protected] ITALY. €15.50. Double €18.00 Mirella Motta, Via G.Boccaccio 4, Milano, 20123, Italy, [email protected] JAPAN AND OTHER ASIA REGIONS. Y2400. Double Y3300 Shigeyuki Murauchi, 1-312 Kasumi-machi, Hachioji City, Tokyo 192-0004, Japan, [email protected] NEW ZEALAND. $NZ 24.50. Double $NZ 28.00 Rodger Aitchison, R.D. 381 Tane Road, Opiki, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand, [email protected] PORTUGAL. €15.50. Double €18.00 Paulo Lopes, R. Francisco Mendes, 30-3˚, Braga 4715-243, Portugal, [email protected] SPAIN. €15.50. Double €18.00 Pilar Vela Fernández, Estación FIT, o Areeiro, Pontevedra, 36153, Spain, [email protected] SWITZERLAND. CHF 27. Double CHF 33

Claudia Respini, Mondacce 33, Minusio, 6648, Switzerland, claudia.respini@ascona-locar no.com UNITED KINGDOM. £15.00. Double £17.50. Includes supplement for UK Region services Keith Sprague, 329 London Road, St. Albans, AL1 1DZ , U.K., No e-mail UNITED STATES. $17.00. Double $20.00 Carol Comber, 521 Long Lake Drive, Pensacola, Florida, 32506-5683, U.S.A., [email protected] 183 2012 I.C.S. Membership LIFE LIFE ANNUAL ANNUAL TOTAL Single Double Single Double Australia 1) 7 1 62 42 155 Benelux 2) 53 45 143 Channel Islands 3) 13 9 41 15 102 China 17 164 181 Croatia 1 1 Denmark 1 1 2 France 4) 65 35 135 Germany 5) 1 62 51 165 Hungary 1 1 Ireland 2 2 Italy 1 34 11 57 Japan 6) 4 2 113 121 Korea 2 2 New Zealand 2 27 16 61 Norway 9 1 11 Panama 1 1 Portugal 7) 62 28 118 South Africa 8) 4 3 5 5 25 Spain 1 41 4 50 Swaziland 1 2 Sweden 2 4 Switzerland 9) 1 24 19 63 United Kingdom 10) 6 4 169 71 325 United States 11) 4 1 114 51 222 Vietnam 5 5 Zimbabwe 1 0 2 TOTAL 63 22 1057 396 1956

1) Excludes member registered from Vietnam (1) 2) Excludes members registered from Germany (2) 3) Excludes members registered from Denmark (1); UK (1) 4) Excludes members registered from Switzerland (2); Vietnam (4); Benelux (1) 5) Excludes members registered from Belgium (2); France (2); Italy (2) 6) Excludes member registered from Korea (1) 7) Excludes members registered from Netherlands (2) 8) Excludes members registered from Panama (1); Swaziland (2); Zimbabwe (2) 9) Excludes member registered from Italy (1) 10) Excludes members registered from Channel Island (1); Croatia (1); Hungary (1); Ireland (2); Norway (11); Sweden (4); USA (1) 11) Excludes members registered from Switzerland (1); China (1); Denmark (1); Korea (1) 184 Membership Changes October 2012 AUSTRALIA New Members ARALUEN BOTANIC PARK, Mr G. Nixon, 362 Croyden Road, Roleystone WA 6111 CAMELLIAS GIPPSLAND INC., Ms I. Broadbent, 43 Gaul Avenue, Darnum VIC 3822 KELLEY, Mr & Mrs J., PO Box 4301, Winmalee NSW 2777 LUDWIG, Messrs P., & V. Lazarov, 8 Fitzsimons Lane, Eltham VIC 3095 ROCHFORD, Mr & Mrs J., 905 Neerim East Road, Neerim East VIC 3831 MCHUGH, Ms K., 335 Foxground Road, FOXGROUND NSW 2534, Total New Members = 10, Single = 2, Double = 4 Change BAIRD, Mr Colin, 2/21 Alwyn Street, Mitcham VIC 3132, CAMELLIA SOCIETY TASMANIA INC., c/o Mrs J. Whelan, 13 Sherwood Court, Lindisfarne TAS 7015 CAMELLIAS AUSTRALIA INC., c/o Mr R P Levick, for E. G. Waterhouse Library 73 Roland Ave, Wahroonga NSW 2076 CURRY, Mr & Mrs A., 3 Ferguson Road , Springwood NSW 2777 GARNETT, Mr R, 36 Hardinge St., Beaumaris VIC 3193 --- change from double to single HAPPELL, Mrs J, 7 Talbot Crescent, Kooyong VIC 3144 KUNZE, Dr H , 26 Larwood Street, Upper Mount Gravatt QLD 4122 --- change from double to single MITCHELL, Mr N R, PO Box 3067, Exeter NSW 2579 MURAS, Ms J. I., 11 Ackling Street, Baulkham Hills NSW 2153 NAVIN, Mr & Mrs C, PO Box 2515, Bowral NSW 2576 NEUSCHWANGER, Mr J, & Ms V. Cowles, 4 Greystanes Place, Sandy Bay TAS 7005 O’SHEA, MBE, Mrs S, 1402 Eastpoint Tower 180 Ocean St., Edgecliff NSW 2027 PATON, Mrs F, Unit 30 Hadley Wood 578 Pacific Highway, Killara NSW 2071 TATE, Mr K, c/o Mr M. R. Tate 26 Woronora Parade, Oatley NSW 2223 WEBBER, Mr L., PO Box 77, Cockatoo VIC 3187

BENELUX New Members - BELGIUM DE MARTINOFF, Mme, Anne, place Gilles Gerard 15, 4041 Vottem DE WISPELAERE, Dhr & Mevr., Johan, St Jansstraat 87B, 9982 St Jans in Eremo MISPELTER-GODERIS, Mr & Mme, Jean-Marie, Chemin du Fond Coron 17, 1380 Ohain RENARD, Mme, Anne, Rue de Huy 129, 4530 Villers le Bouillet SLEIGHT, Mme, Barbara, rue Crocq 13, 1200 Bruxelles Total New Members = 7, Single = 3, Double = 2 - NETHERLANDS WILLEMSEN-VAN AUBEL, Simone, Mevr., Diamantdijk 154, 4706HC Roosendaal Total New Members = 1, Single = 1

CHANNEL ISLANDS Change SMITH, Mrs Marion, Warwick House La Grande Route de St Aubin, First Tower St Helier JE2 3SH 185 CHINA New Members CHEN, Yonghong, Xiazhai, Qianxi, Wucheng, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321000 LIU, Yongfa, Lianheshidaoyuan, Qianxi, Wucheng, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321000 WU, Guichang, Palm Landscape Architecture Co., Ltd., F18 of Nongxin Mansion, 638 West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510627 XU, Lin, Wuhan Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, 36 East Luoyu Road, Gaopodian, Guanshan, Wuhan,Hubei, 430075 Total New Members = 4, Single = 4

Change WANG, Zhonglang, Kunming Institute of Botany of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204 S to L

CROATIA Change GJURGJAN, Darko , Medveščak 101, Zagreb 10001

FRANCE New Members ANDRE, Mr Stéphane, 1, rue Michelet, 75006 Paris CORNIC, Mr Pascal & Mrs Claudie, 49b, rue des déportés, 29260 Lesneven DE SCHRYNMAKERS DE DORMAEL, Mr, Romain, rue de la station 10, 92600 Asnières sur Seine GARDELLE, Mr Gabriel, 20, rue Jean d’Alembert, 31100 Toulouse GLOAGUEN, Mr André & Mrs Maryvonne, 12, Kerloas, 22200 Plouisy LECAM, M. Joseph, 37, rue désiré Le Bonniec, Pabu 22200 Guingamp MAZEREAU, Mr Jérôme, 13, Ar Mengleuz Pont Menou, 29620 Plouegat Guerrand PAPIN, Mr Jean-Louis, 4, impasse de la Verdière, 44850 Saint-Mars Du Desert SAINT JALM, Mr Jean-François, Purit Beau Vallon, 56160 Seglien SOCIETE D’HORTICULTURE, at Mrs Marie-Thérèse BLEUZEN, Goarem Kernaveno, 29510 Briec SOCIETE DU CAMELLIA at Mr Marcel JANEWIEZ, route de Gastins, 77370 La Croix En Brie YVERT, Mr Christian & Mrs Josiane, Kerbesquerrien, 29770 Cleden-Cap-Sizun Total New Members = 15, Single = 9, Double = 3

Change BERNARD, Mr Christian chez Mme NADAUD, 54, rue Auguste Renoir, 87270 Touzeux LEBEL, Mrs Virginie, 4, avenue Molière, 92600 Asnières SOCIETE BRETONNE DU CAMELLIA at Mr. Gilles STEPHAN, 13, rue d’Armorique, 29480 Le Relecq Kerhon

GERMANY New Members VON POLHEIM, Ole, Zu den sieben Zwergen 6 D, 51469 Bergisch-Gladbach Total New Members = 1, Single = 1 186 ITALY New Members CASTELLO VISCONTI DI SAN VITO, arch. Michela Grisoni, Piazza Scipione 2, I 21019 Somma Lombardo (VA) CASTELLO VISCONTI DI SAN VITO, Cristina Bertacchi, Piazza Scipione 2, I 21019 Somma Lombardo (VA) COMUNE DI ESTE, Piazza Maggiore 6 , I 35042 Este MACELLARI, Elena, Via Santuario 39, I 35031 Abano Terme (PD) VACCARI, prof. Andrea, Via S.Andrea di Rovereto C.sp.3A, I 16043 Chiavari (GE) Total New Members = 5, Single = 5 Change COGGI, prof. Giovanna, Via Sirtori 23, I 20129 Milano CORNEO, dott. Andrea, Orsola & Carlo Annibale, Viale Campania 26, I 20125 Milano PIFFARETTI, Dario, Via Privata Cas. Post. 45, I 21014 Laveno Mombello (VA)

JAPAN New Members SHIUCHI, Mr Toshiaki, 990-12, Hane, Toyama-shi, Toyama-Ken 930-0864 TAKAHASHI, Mr Jun, 1-67-17,Kamariya-nishi, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken 236-0046 TAKANO, Mr Sueo, 1-3-2,Nagata-dai, Hanno-shi, Saitama-ken 357-0061 Total New Members = 3, Single = 3 Change KIMURA, Ms Shiori, 782-3 Matsuyama-cho, Goto-shi, Nagasaki-ken 853-0052 MURATA, Mr Osamu, 440-501,Jyuumonji-machi, Nakakyou-ku Kyoto-shi, Kyoto-fu 604-8121 OKADA, Mr Ichiro, 2-35-4,Hyoue, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0919 TOYODA, Ms Yukiko, 5-29-22-205,Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014 YAMAGUCHI, Mr Satoshi, 1-202,730-,1Zushi-cho,, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-0203

KOREA New Member YANG, Mr. Jungwoo, Sang Chang Ri 271, Ahn Duck Myen Seoguiposi, Jeju Total New Members = 1, Single = 1

NEW ZEALAND New Members SIMMONS, Mr R., Conway Road, R.D.9, Te Puke 3189 BEARD, J.&D., 4 Jasmine Place, Mt Mauganui,Tauranga Total New Members = 3, Single = 1, Double = 1 Change ROBINSON, Mr & Mrs F, 8 Beach Road, Katikati 3129

NORWAY New Member WICKSTRØM, Karin, Kornblomstveien 44, Stavanger, 4027 [UK] Total New Members =1, Single = 1 187 PORTUGAL New Members COSTA, Maria João, R. Pedro Escobar, 174-3ºE, 4150-596 Porto, FERREIRA, Andreia Renata C. Duarte Pereira, Rua da Boavista, 229- 1º, 4445-348 Ermesinde, MOREIRA, Maria Margarida Baptista, Rua Augusto Luso, 136 - 3º D, 4050-072 Porto, OLIVEIRA, Maria Alexandrina P. Gonçalves, Quinta de Penso – Avidos, 4760 Famalicão, REIS, Cristina Maria Fernandes, Rua do Emigrante – 402, 3885-054 Arada, RIBEIRO, Fernando José de Melo , Rua Flor de Rande, 6 – lote 1, 4650-334 Felgueiras, Total New Members = 8, Single = 4, Double = 2

SPAIN New Members FREIRE CRUCES ABALO MORAÑA, José Natividad, C/ Extramundi de arriba, 170 - bj, E 15900 Padrón, A Coruña PAZO DE OCA, Pazo de Oca, E 36685 A Estrada, Pontevedra VILA GÓMEZ, Fernando, Apdo de correos 110, E 36600 Villagarcía de Arosa, Pontevedra VILLAMIL FERNÁNDEZ SOSA DE PERALTA, Luis Mª del Rosario, Los Corzos, 2, E 36196 Oviedo, Asturias HERNÁNDEZ VELA, Blanca, Padrons, 11 - Morgadanes, E 36380 Gondomar, Pontevedra (Change S to D) Total New Members = 7, Single = 3, Double = 2

SWEDEN New Member NILSSON, Harald & Ulla Schriber, Graneberg Gård, Stjarnhov, 64696 [UK] Total New Members = 2, Double = 1

SWITZERLAND New Members BIERI, Urs & Gaby, Buchenrein 15, 8704 Herrliberg, CARRARA PEDROLI, Alessia, Via Mistorni alla Fontanella, 6984 Pura, Total New Members = 3, Single = 1, Double = 1

UNITED KINGDOM New Members BOSCAWEN, The Rt. Hon. R.T. , Ivythorn Manor, Street, Cornwall, BA16 0TZ CHISWICK HOUSE & GARDENS, The Estate Office, Conservatory Yard, Chiswick House, London W4 2QN CLARK, Mrs. Sarah, London, N11 CORRIN, Dr. Sheila, 14 Foxgrove Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 5AT DANIEL, Mr. Everard, 36 Waterlow Road, Reigate, Surrey, RH2 7EX DAVIES, Miss Myra, 43 Overton Way, Oxton, Wirral, CH43 2LE FACER, Glenn, 1 Flora Cottages, Stoke, Grindleford, Hope Valley S32 2HW FLEMING, M.R., Northwood, Middx , HA6 GRIFFITH, Stephen J., 14 Lilac Cottage, Swire, Dorchester DT2 9DN LEWRY, Raymond & Ruth, Linden Lea, Threecross, Wendron, Helston, Cornwall TR13 0PY MORTON, Mrs. Hazel J., Shipton-u-Wychwood, OX7 OCHOCKI, Mrs. Bozenna, 21 Bracey Street, London, N4 3BJ 188 ROBERTSON, Dr. Vanessa, 51 Clancarty Road, SW16 3AH, SCOTT, Mrs. P.A., 31 Kensington Square, London, W8 5HH STEVENS, Bridget, 10 the Rise, Ewell, Epsom, Surey KT17 1LY STUCLEY, Sir Hugh & Lady, Hartland Abbey, Bideford, Devon, EX39 6DT TAYLOR, Stephen, Coldfinch Cottage, Newbury Road, Kingsclere, Berks, RG20 5SP TREHANE, David, Trehane Nursery, Stapehill Road, Hampreston, Wimborne, Dorset BH21 7ND WILSON, J., 17 Seymour Drive, Torquay, Devon, TQ2 8PY YOUNG, Danielle, 62 Cowper Crescent, Hertford, Herts., SG14 3EA Total New Members = 22, Single = 18, Double = 2 Change FAULKNER, Mr. D. -- change from double to single FURNEAUX, Dr. Peter, Lucton Court, Lucton, Herefordshire HR6 9PQ GODDARD, Mrs. Jacquie -- change from double to single JEANPERRIN, Frederic, 22 Agate Street, London W6 0AH MORTON, Richard & another, The Estate Office, Trewidden Gardens, Chyandour, Penzance, Cornwall TR18 3LW NANCARROW, Mrs. Audrey -- change from double to single OSBORNE, C., Kelnan Plants, Little Kenegie, Gulval, Penzance, Cornwall TR20 8YN PUDDLE, Mrs. Muriel, c/o Mrs. Lesley Judson, 20 Paddock Gardens, Alveston BS25 9RE

UNITED STATES New Members BARLOW, Mr & Mrs Lawrence, 3591 Kentucky Trail, Chesapeake, VA 23323 BUGGELN, Mr & Mrs. Richard, 1719 Verrazzano Dr, Wilmington, NC 28405-4227 GREENBERG, Rae, P.O. Box 333, Center Moriches, NY 11934 , MARTIN, Dr Thalia, 426 Preserve Trail, Martinez, GA 30907 MOON, Mrs James R., 9024 N Portsmouth Avenue, Portland, OR 97203 , MORAN, Mr & Mrs Len, Biloxi, MS NATIONAL Agricultural Library, Continuing Resource Unit Room 002, 103d Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705-2351 [UK] SELPH, Mr. & Mrs Jerry, P.O. Box 423, Suwanee, FL32692 SHELFER, Ms Claudette, Houston, TX 713 4686803 STROUD, Mrs Robert A., 2 Oakgrove Way, Slidell, LA 70458 , VANIS, Harell, 15711 County Road 4255, South Henderson, TX 75654 WALLER, Mrs Morris I., 417 Elkins Lake, Huntsville, TX 77340 , Total New Members = 16, Single = 8, Double = 4 Change BELCHER, Bobbie, 3900 Bradford st dpc 43, La Verne, CA 91750 BELCHER, Melvin, 3800 Bradford st spc 43, La Verne, CA 91750 CARTY, Leona P., 77 e Missouri #26, Phoenix, AZ 85012 MIMS, Richard, 409 Groves Street, Lugoff, SC 29078 RUSS, Charles, 12512 South Lakeshoe Drive, Clermont, FL 20351 -- change from double to single

VIETNAM Change HONG TRUONG, Dr Luu, Institute of Tropical Botany, 85 Tran Quoc Toan District 3 , Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) 189 International Camellia Society Directors and other Officers 2012 - 2014

Africa Director Keith Kirsten, PO. Box 1458, Fourways, Gauteng, 2055, South Africa, [email protected] Australia Directors Barry di Salvia, 61 Twynam Street, Narrandera, NSW 2700, Australia [email protected] Jean Saltmarsh, 22 Princess Street, Warragul, VIC 3820, Australia [email protected] Stephen Utick 3 Revely Crescent, Stirling, ACT 2611, Australia [email protected]

Benelux Directors Wytze Hoekstra, Zandstraat 2, Rosmalen, 5242 GR, Netherlands [email protected] Micheline Wijns, Misperlaarlaan 10, Kapellen, 2950, Belgium [email protected]

Channel Islands Directors Melissa Bonn, Hamlet Farm, Rue de la Hambye, St. Saviour, JE2 7UQ, Jersey, C.I., [email protected] Peter Scott-Graham, Petit Coin, Rue des Vaux de L’Eglise, St. Martin, JE3 6BF, Jersey, C.I., [email protected] China Directors Li Jiyuan, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry of Chinese Academy of Forestry, 73 Daqiao Road, Fuchun Street, Fuyang City, Zhejiang, 311400 China, [email protected] Tang Dayin, Forestry Bureau of Jinhua Municipal Government, Jinhua, 321017 Zhejiang, China, [email protected]

France Directors Max Hill, 30 Chemin du Bois-Chaperon, Briis-sous-Forges, 91640, France, [email protected] Hélène Leguen, Taule, Plabennec, 29860 France, [email protected]

Germany/ Austria Directors Hermann Schoentag, Gandersheimer Weg 27, Hamburg, 22459, Germany, [email protected] Peter Fischer (died 23rd September 2012, see obituary on page 175) 190 Italy Director Francesca Marzotta Caotorta, via Malpighi 33 - I 20129 Milano, Italy [email protected]

Japan and other Asia regions Directors Chuji Hiruki, 2-11 Fukue-cho, Gogo-shi, Nagasaki-ken, 853-0007. Japan [email protected] Shigeo Matsumoto, 1-7-26 Takasu-higashi, Wakamatsu-ku, Kita-Kyushu, 808-0144, Japan, [email protected]

New Zealand Directors Rodger Aitchison, R.D. 381 Tane Road, Opiki, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand, [email protected] Carolyn Chitty, 16, Derbyshire Lane, RD1, Papakura 2580, New Zealand. [email protected]

Portugal Director Joana Guedes, Rua Prof. Luis de Pina 20, Porto, 4150, Portugal, [email protected]

Spain Director Carmen Salinero Corrall, Rio Tambre 19, A Caeria, Pontevedra, 36005, Spain, [email protected]

Switzerland Director Rolf Stockmann, Via sott’Ca 1, Montagnola, 6926, Switzerland, [email protected]

United Kingdom Directors John Fildew, 12 Church Road, Plympton St. Maurice, Plymouth, PL7 3NH, U.K., [email protected] Steve Lyus, 11 Meadway, Spital, Merseyside, CH62 2AR, U.K., [email protected] Jennifer Trehane, Church Cottage, 353 Hampreston, Wimborne, Dorset, BH21 7LX, U.K. [email protected]

United States Directors Don Bergamini, 2023 Huntridge Court, Martinez, California, 94553, U.S.A., [email protected] Art Landry, 10522 Ferncliff Avenue, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70815, U.S.A., [email protected] Ron Wolfe, 2019 Old Dominion, Albany, Georgia, 31721, U.S.A., [email protected] 191 Officers

PRESIDENT Patricia Short, 41 Galveston Road, London, SW15 2RZ, U.K., [email protected]

IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Greg Davis (died 21 October 2012)

TREASURER Colin Cook, 2 New Cottages, Stone Allerton, Axbridge BS26 2NQ, U.K., [email protected]

SECRETARY Joan Wyn Jones, 31 Eldorado Road, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, GL50 2PX, U.K., [email protected]

MEMBERSHIP REGISTRAR Ines Kasimir, Stahlbühlring 96, Ladenburg, 68526, Germany, [email protected]

VICE-PRESIDENTS Annabelle Fetterman, 208 Fox Lake Drive, Clinton, North Carolina, 28328, U.S.A., [email protected]

Elva Harwood, 154 Commercial Street, Takaka 7110, New Zealand, [email protected]

Guan Kaiyun, Kunming Institute of Botany, 132 Lanhei Road Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China, [email protected]

Gianmario Motta, Via G.Boccaccio 4, Milano, 20123, Italy, [email protected]

JOURNAL EDITOR Beatrice (Bee) Robson, Little Beside House, St. Day, Cornwall, TR16 5PX, U.K., [email protected]

OTOMO FUND CHAIRMAN Herb Short, 41 Galveston Road, London, SW15 2RZ , U.K., [email protected]

INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA REGISTRAR Neville Haydon, 4/6 Ingram Street, Papakura, 2110, New Zealand, [email protected]

WEB MANAGER David Trehane, Trehane Nursery, Stapehill Road, Hampreston, Dorset, BH21 7ND, U.K., [email protected] 192 Translations Résumé du contenu P.4 La lettre de la Présidente. Bienvenue à l’édition du 50e anniversaire de l’International Camellia Journal. Habituellement, quand on atteint l’âge de cinquante ans, on commence à percevoir des craquements divers dans les os et des douleurs dans les muscles, par contre l’International Camellia Society semble aller de mieux en mieux. Le nombre de nos adhérents est raisonnablement stable, ce qui reflète le travail que nous faisons pour maintenir la société intéressante et attrayante: * Le Journal, offre une vaste gamme de spécificités et de nouvelles sur le monde des camellias, sous la direction dynamique de Jennifer Trehane. Après avoir réalisé six numéros passionnants Jennifer prend sa retraite et sera remplacée par Bee Robson, camelliophyle du Royaume-Uni et écrivain passionné par les camellias historiques. * Le site de l’ICS fait l’objet d’une réorganisation professionnelle par le nouveau web manager David Trehane ; le travail est complexe et plus long qu’initialement prévu, mais il a été relancé à la fin de l’année 2012. Nos congrès vont également de succès en succès, et le dernier Congrès qui s’est tenu en février à Chuxiong, dans la province du Yunnan, en Chine, fut un succès spectaculaire. La chaleur de l’accueil de nos hôtes et la beauté des camellias a stupéfait les nouveaux participants et enthousiasmé les anciens habitués de la Chine. Connaissant la Galice, au nord-ouest de l’Espagne et au nord du Portugal, je peux prédire avec certitude que le Congrès de 2014 sera tout aussi chaleureux et accueillant, représentant le caractère unique qui caractérise chaque congrès. (Voir l’itinéraire sur la page 7 et sur le site). À la fin de Février 2013, le troisième Forum International sur Camellias Jaunes se tiendra à Nanning, capitale de la province du Guangxi dans le sud de la Chine (Voir les informations sur la page 12). Contacter rapidement : M. Li Zhihui, e-mail: [email protected]. Au congrès de Chuxiong les directeurs ont approuvé un nombre record de demandes pour l’obtention de l’appellation ‘Jardin d’Excellence de l’ICS’. La valeur de cette reconnaissance est de plus en plus reconnue ; par exemple, quand Herb et moi nous avons voyagé en Espagne, peu de temps après que le parc de du château de Soutomaior ait obtenu cette distinction, une réception, organisée par le gouverneur de la Province de Pontevedra, a célébré cet événement. Les 30 ‘Jardins d’Excellence de l’ICS’ approuvés à ce jour, sont dorénavant disponibles sur le site internet de l’ICS dans un petit manuel imprimé, accessible gratuitement à tous les membres de l’ICS. Dans le monde entier, de nombreux jardins possèdent des camellias historiques, plantés avant le début du 20e siècle. Le Dr Chuji Hiruki préside le Groupe SCI des camellias historiques, qui compte des membres partout dans le monde, ensemble ils développent des méthodes pour identifier et conserver ces rares et anciens camellias. Une réunion se tiendra en avril en Italie. L’ICS est constamment stimulée par la bonne volonté de ses membres pour aider directement la société. L’année qui commence inscrit une nouvelle étape pour les directeurs et dirigeants ICS et nous souhaitons la bienvenue à ces nouveaux visages. Nous allons regretter de ne plus travailler avec ceux qui se sont retirés de leurs fonctions, et nous espérons qu’ils continueront à s’intéresser activement aux camellias et à l’ICS. J’ai été réélue pour un second mandat et je remercie les directeurs pour cet honneur. Deux de nos vice présidents Chuji Hiruki au Japon et Waldemar Hansen en Allemagne, ont cessé leur activité après deux mandats, nous leur sommes profondément reconnaissants pour tout le temps et les efforts qu’ils ont offert à l’ICS. Les administrateurs ont élu 193 leurs successeurs, Guan Kaiyun en Chine et Gianmario Motta en Italie, qui se joignent à nos deux autres vice-présidents, Annabelle Fetterman des États-Unis, et Elva Harwood de la Nouvelle-Zélande. Alors que nous dirigeons vers nos cinquante prochaines années, nous avons tous hâte d’écouter vos suggestions, questions, et même plaintes. Patrica Short Notes sur le Journal 2012 Le 50e anniversaire de l’ICS est célébré dans un article qui revient sur le passé du développement de la société depuis ses débuts en 1962, quand on réalisa que la confusion sur la nomenclature des camellias était si grande, qu’une organisation internationale était nécessaire pour identifier et cataloguer tous les camellias connus. L’article raconte cette histoire et comment elle a été réalisée, et met en scène les personnes et les avancées de notre vie du «camellia» au cours des 50 dernières années. Le Congrès de Chuxiong et ses excursions ont fourni des illustrations vivantes et de nombreuses scènes colorées pour notre plus grand plaisir. Les quantités de présentations et de documents, étant trop importantes pour les imprimer, nous vous avons uniquement fourni des extraits. Tous les articles sont disponibles, dans leur intégralité, pour les membres de l’ICS sur le site ICS. Si vous le souhaitez, vous pouvez contacter les auteurs, surtout si vous avez besoin de plus amples informations, et si elles peuvent vous êtres fournies dans votre propre langue. Nous avons perdu plusieurs membres importants cette année, vous lirez les avis de décès de notre ancien président bien-aimé Greg Davis, aux Etats-Unis, et de Peter Fischer en Allemagne. Notre nouveau gestionnaire web et son équipe tiennent à améliorer la disponibilité du site web de l’ICS dans d’autres langues que l’anglais. Il faudra du temps et du travail, pour ces réalisations et en particulier des traducteurs bénévoles. Ceci est mon dernier journal, avant de céder la place à mon très compétant ami Bee Robson, qui m’a déjà beaucoup aidé dans la préparation de cette revue, je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes, y compris la merveilleuse équipe de traducteurs, qui m’ont énormément aidé et soutenu au cours de ces six dernières années. Jennifer Trehane (éditeur du journal de l’ICS).

Site ICS. 2013 est une année de grand changement pour le site web de l’ICS. Depuis ma nomination à Chuxiong, en février 2012, comme gestionnaire web, notre comité web et moi avons travaillé à construire une plate-forme à partir de laquelle les membres de notre société peuvent accéder à tout élément possible d’information sur les camellias et à la fois, offrir un outil de promotion par le biais duquel nous pourrons augmenter l’effectif de nos membres en faisant appel à une population «technophile» de plus en plus jeune. Notre nouveau site web est conçu pour être convivial et facile à consulter. Les caractéristiques principales incluent : • La possibilité de fournir à chaque pays, en langue locale mais aussi en anglais ses propres informations tels que des événements ou des jardins ouverts. • Les versions complètes des articles scientifiques parues dans le Journal imprimé de l’ICS, et également des congrès et de réunions. 194 • Les informations de base sur camellia qui sont d’un grand intérêt pour les nouveaux visiteurs et les amateurs de camellia. • Des extraits sur tous les ‘Jardins d’Excellence’, jardins auxquels l’ICS a attribué ce label. • Des nouvelles du monde et des rubriques événements, permettant par exemple de décrire les événements qui se déroulent au cours d’un congrès, comme une journée portes ouvertes d’un jardin privé de Kunming. • Une section réservée exclusivement aux membres et verrouillée pour protéger des articles importants auxquels les membres seuls auraient accès. • Des moyens de gestion des adhésions permettant le règlement des cotisations des membres et une aide à la gestion mondiale des adhésions. • Un accès immédiat au ‘Camellia Register’ en cours. En tant que membre, avec ce journal vous trouverez également une feuille insérée avec vos identifiants de connexion. Conservez-les en toute sécurité. Pour accéder au site, vous pouvez saisir http:// www.internationalcamellia.org ou http://www. camellia-ics.org qui est l’adresse actuelle. Notre plus grande difficulté sera l’accès à de En haut et à droite de l’écran, vous verrez une nouveaux contenus. Si vous avez un article à écrire case vous demandant »déjà membre ?». Pour vous sur les camellias, envoyez-le-moi s’il vous plaît connecter : Cliquez sur le texte en noir et rentrez pour l’incérer. les informations qui vous ont été envoyées dans Sont particulièrement intéressants les articles les cases correspondantes puis tapez ‘’login’’. dédiés au jardinier amateur ou au passionné Une fois connecté, il est conseillé d’utiliser le lien enthousiasme. Vous pouvez également m’envoyer « changer le mot de passe » (sur la droite) pour des articles dans n’importe quelle langue, mais s’il créer votre mot de passe personnel qu’il faudra vous plaît, assurez que votre texte est modifiable, mémoriser. par exemple : Doc, txt,Indd formats. S’il vous plaît, Vous êtes maintenant connecté et vous pouvez ne formatez pas les images dans votre document, accéder à tous les documents et informations. Au mais envoyer moi ces fichiers séparés. cas où vous auriez perdu votre mot de passe, le site dispose de fonctionnalités vous permettant de le retrouver. J’espère que vous apprécierez notre nouveau site en ligne. Si vous avez des commentaires ou Il est également indispensable, lors votre première des demandes, s’il vous plaît, contactez-moi à : visite, que vous accédiez à votre profil dans le [email protected] même menu que le lien ‘change password’. S’il vous plaît, assurez-vous que vos adresses et en Merci. particulier votre adresse e-mail sont à jour. Cela David Trehane est essentiel pour faciliter l’utilisation future du site web. (trad. Max Hill) 195 Botschaft der Präsidentin (Seite 4) Willkommen zur 50. Ausgabe des International Camellia Journal. Wenn man sonst das Alter von fünfzig Jahren erreicht, merkt man es an schmerzenden Knochen und Muskeln, aber die International Camellia Society scheint immer stärker zu werden. Unsere Mitgliederzahl ist im Wesentlichen gleich bleibend. Dies spiegelt die Arbeit wider, die wir aufwenden, um die Gesellschaft weiterhin attraktiv und ansprechend zu erhalten: * Das Journal hat ein breites Angebot an Beiträgen und Informationen über die Welt der Kamelien unter der tüchtigen Leitung von Jennifer Trehane. Nach der Erstellung von sechs strahlenden Ausgaben zieht sich Jennifer zurück und wird abgelöst von Bee Robson, einem englischen Kamelienliebhaber und Autor mit einer Vorliebe für historische Kamelien. ** Die ICS Internetseite wird durch David Trehane jetzt ein professionelles Erscheinungsbild erhalten. Die komplexe Aufgabe benötigt mehr Zeit als ursprünglich geplant, soll aber zum Jahresende 2012 fertig gestellt sein und neu starten. Auch unsere Kongresse werden von mal zu mal stärker. Der Kongress in Chuxiong, in China’s Yunnan Provinz im Februar 2012 war ein sensationeller Erfolg. Die Herzlichkeit unserer Gastgeber und die Schönheit der Kamelien überraschten Kongress-Neulinge aber überwältigten auch alte China-Kenner. So wie ich Galizien im spanischen Nordwesten und das nördliche Portugal kenne, kann ich zuversichtlich voraussagen, dass der nächste Kongress 2014 ebenso herzlich und angenehm sein und sich gleichzeitig unverwechselbar von allen anderen Kongressen unterscheiden wird. (Siehe Programm auf Seite 7 und auf der Internetseite). Ende Februar 2013 wird das 3. Internationale Forum über gelbe Kamelien in Nanning, Hauptstadt der Guangxi Provinz in Südchina durchgeführt. (Siehe Information auf Seite 12. Sofortiger Kontakt über Mr Li Zhihui, e-mail : [email protected] ). Beim Kongress in Chuxiong haben die ICS Direktoren eine Rekordzahl von Bewerbungen für die Anerkennung als ‘ICS Garden of Excellence’ gutgeheißen. Die Bedeutung dieser Auszeichnung wird zunehmend anerkannt. So gab es im Schlosspark von Soutomaior kurz nach der Verleihung der Anerkennung als ‘ICS Garden of Excellence’ eine Veranstaltung vom Gouverneur der Provinz Pontevedra zur Feier dieses Titels. Alle bisher anerkannten 30 ‘ICS Gardens of Excellence’ werden jetzt auf der Internetseite der ICS und in einer für alle ICS-Mitglieder kostenlosen Broschüre dargestellt. Viele Gärten weltweit haben alte Kamelien, die vor dem Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts gepflanzt wurden. Dr Chuji Hiruki ist Vorsitzender der ‘ICS Historic Camellias Group’ deren Mitglieder rund um die Welt gemeinsam nach Wegen suchen, um diese seltenen alten Kamelien zu identifizieren und zu erhalten. Im April 2013 wird sich die Gruppe in Italien treffen. Die ICS wird beständig gestärkt durch die Bereitschaft der Mitglieder zur direkten Unterstützung der Gesellschaft. Im folgenden Jahr beginnt eine neue Amtsperiode für ICS Direktoren und Funktionäre und wir begrüßen eine Reihe neuer Gesichter. Wir werden die Zusammenarbeit mit denen vermissen, die sich von ihren Aufgaben zurückziehen und hoffen, dass sie ihr aktives Interesse an Kamelien und an der ICS behalten. Ich selbst wurde für eine zweite Amtszeit wiedergewählt und danke den ICS-Direktoren für diese Ehre. Zwei unserer Vize-Präsidenten, Chuji Hiruki in Japan und Waldemar Hansen in Deutschland, haben nach zwei Amtsperioden ihre Arbeit beendet. Wir sind zutiefst dankbar für all die Zeit und Mühe, die sie der ICS gewidmet haben. Die Direktoren haben Guan Kaiyun aus China and Gianmario Motta aus Italien als deren Nachfolger gewählt gemeinsam mit den beiden anderen Vizepräsidenten Annabelle Fetterman aus den USA und Elva Harwood aus Neuseeland. Wir alle freuen uns auf Vorschläge, Fragen, aber auch Beschwerden, wenn wir jetzt die nächsten 50 Jahre beginnen. Patricia Short. 196 Anmerkungen zum Journal 2012: Das 50-jährige Jubiläum der ICS wird gefeiert mit einem Rückblick auf die Entwicklung der Gesellschaft seit ihrem Beginn im Jahre 1962, als erkennbar wurde, dass die Konfusion bei der Bezeichnung der Kamelien so groß war, dass eine internationale Organisation zur Identifikation und Auflistung aller bekannten Kamelien notwendig wurde. Der Artikel erzählt die Geschichte, wie dieses Ziel erreicht wurde, und schildert darüber hinaus die Menschen und den Fortschritt unseres Lebens mit Kamelien während der letzten 50 Jahre. Der Kongress Chuxiong und seine Ausflüge lieferten lebhafte Beschreibungen und viele farbenprächtige Bilder um uns alle zu erfreuen. Die Anzahl der Vorträge und Beiträge zum Kongress war zu groß, um alle zu drucken, aber es gibt von allem Kurzfassungen. Sie sind für die ICS-Mitglieder auf der Internetseite verfügbar. Bitte nehmen Sie Kontakt zu den Autoren auf, wenn Sie weitere Informationen benötigen, insbesondere wenn dies in Ihrer Muttersprache möglich ist. Wir haben in diesem Jahr mehrere einflussreiche Mitglieder verloren. Sie finden Nachrufe auf unseren sehr beliebten früheren Präsidenten Greg Davis aus den USA und für Peter Fischer aus Deutschland. Unser neuer Internet-Organisator und sein Team sind bemüht, die Internetseite der ICS auch in anderen Sprachen als englisch verfügbar zu machen. Dies zu erreichen benötigt Zeit und Arbeit speziell von freiwilligen Übersetzern. Dieses ist meine letzte Ausgabe des International Camellia Journal vor der Übergabe an meinen sehr fähigen Freund Bee Robson, der bereits bei den Vorbereitungen für diese Ausgabe eine große Hilfe war. Ich möchte allen einschließlich des wundervollen Übersetzungsteams danken, die mir in den letzten 6 Jahren so viel Hilfe und Unterstützung gegeben haben. Jennifer Trehane. (ICS Journal Editor) [email protected]

Bericht des Organisators für die ICS Internetseite: 2013 wird sich die Internetseite der ICS sehr verändern. Seitdem ich auf dem Kongress in Chuxiong im Februar 2012 zum Organisator der Internetseite ernannt wurde, habe ich gemeinsam mit dem Internet-Komitee eine Plattform erarbeitet, über die unsere Mitglieder Zugang haben zu jeder erdenklichen Information über Kamelien und die gleichzeitig das Rüstzeug zur Verfügung stellt, durch das wir unsere Mitgliederzahl erweitern und für eine immer größer werdende Gruppe technikbegeisterter jüngerer Menschen attraktiv werden. Unsere neue Internetseite wurde so geplant, dass sie anwenderfreundlich und leicht zu nutzen ist. Die wichtigsten Eigenschaften sind: • Die Möglichkeit, jede Region mit den eigenen lokalen Informationen wie Veranstaltungen und Gartenbesichtigungen in der jeweiligen Sprache, aber auch englisch übersetzt, zu versorgen. • Der Zugriff auf ungekürzte Fassungen von wissenschaftlichen Publikationen, aus dem International Camellia Journal und von Kongressen und Treffen. • Die Bereitstellung grundlegender Informationen zu Kamelien für neue Internetbesucher und Kamelienfreunde. • Beschreibungen von jedem der bisher als ‚ICS Garden of Excellence’ anerkannten Gärten. • Zugang zum Bereich über weltweite Neuigkeiten und Veranstaltungen, in dem alles aufgeführt ist vom ICS-Kongress bis zum Tag der offenen Tür im Privatgarten von Kunming. • Bereich mit Zugangsbeschränkung nur für Mitglieder für interne Mitteilungen an die Mitglieder. 197 • Formulare zur Vereinfachung von Mitglieder-verwaltung und Bezahlung des Mitgliedsbeitrags. • Direkter Zugang zum Kamelien-Register

Als Mitglied erhalten Sie mit diesem Heft auch eine Beilage mit den detaillierten Zugangsdaten zur Internetseite. Bitte heben Sie diese sorgfältig auf. Um zur Internetseite zu gelangen können Sie: http://www.internationalcamellia.org ODER die bisherige Internetadresse: http://www.camellia-ics.org eingeben.

In der rechten oberen Ecke des Bildschirms sehen Sie die Schaltfläche mit dem Text

‘already a member? Sign in’. ( Schon Mitglied? Bitte anmelden!)

Dann auf den schwarzen Text klicken und die Angaben, die Ihnen zugeschickt wurden, in die entsprechenden Eingabefelder eingeben.

Danach auf die Schaltfläche ‘login’(Anmeldung) drücken.

Nach der Anmeldung sollten Sie Ihr Passwort ändern, indem Sie rechts bei ‘change password’ zu neuen Inhalten. Wenn Sie einen Beitrag (Verbindung zur Änderung des Passworts) ein über Kamelien schreiben und veröffentlichen neues, gut merkbares Passwort eingeben und möchten, senden Sie ihn mir bitte zur Übernahme. bestätigen. Von besonderem Interesse sind Texte für den Freizeitgärtner und Hobby-Liebhaber. Die Nun sind Sie angemeldet und haben Zugang zu Beiträge können in jeder Sprache verfasst sein, allen Beiträgen und Informationen. sollten aber druckfertig sein und im Format .doc, .txt, .indd vorliegen. Falls Sie Ihre Zugangsdaten vergessen, bietet die Internetseite Hilfen. Bitte integrieren Sie keine Abbildungen in das Dokument, sondern senden Sie Bilder als Es ist unbedingt notwendig, dass Sie beim ersten getrenntes Datenpaket (file). Besuch der Internetseite den Zugang zu Ihren Daten über dieselben Auswahlkriterien (Menü) wählen Ich hoffe, dass Sie unsere neuen online- wie der ‘change password’ link (Verbindung zur Möglichkeiten genießen. Wenn Sie Bemerkungen Änderung des Passworts). oder Anfragen haben, melden Sie sich bitte unter [email protected]. Bitte stellen Sie sicher, dass Ihre Adresse und insbesondere Ihre email-Adresse aktuell und Vielen Dank korrekt sind. Dies ist Voraussetzung für die David Trehane zukünftige Nutzung der Internetseite.

Unsere größte Herausforderung ist der Zugang (übers. Karin Jacobs-Gebauer) 198 会长致辞

欢迎大家阅览《国际山茶杂志》五十周年特刊。通常，一个人到五十岁之后，会开始感到骨头吱吱作响、肌肉隐隐作痛，但国际茶花协会似乎越来越强壮。我们的会员数目合理稳定，表明我们确实保持了协会的吸引力和感染力。

*在詹妮弗•特雷汉（Jennifer Trehane）强有力领导下，《国际山茶杂志》广泛报道了茶花界的特色和新鲜事。詹妮弗在编辑了6期星光熠熠的杂志之后即将卸任，由一名对历史茶花有挚爱的英国作者兼茶花人碧•罗伯森（Bee Robson）继任。

*国际茶花协会网站现在由新的网站管理员大卫•特雷汉（David Trehane）带领的专业团队来打造；由于工作繁杂，比原来预想的时间延长了，但可望在2012年底之前重新对外开放。

我们的大会也越来越强盛，今年二月在中国云南省楚雄召开的大会取得了盛大的成功。主办方热情的接待和美丽的茶花让“初来者”眩晕，也让“中国老手”叹服。我深信在西班牙西北部的加利西亚和葡萄牙的北部召开的2014大会也会同样的热情欢迎，并展现每一届大会独有的个性。（参见本刊第7页和官网的日程表）

第三届国际金花茶论坛将于2013年2月下旬在中国南部的广西区首府南宁举办。（详情参见本刊12页，并尽快与李志辉先生取得联系，邮件地址：[email protected]）

在楚雄召开的理事会上，通过了创纪录数目的“国际杰出茶花园”的认证。这个荣誉的意义正越来越被认可，比如我和赫勃（Herb）在西班牙旅行时，正好是索托迈奥尔城堡公园获得这一认证不久，蓬特韦德拉省的省长为此专门主持了一个庆祝晚会。迄今所有的30个“国际杰出茶花园”都可以通过国际茶花协会网站查阅各自的特色信息，印刷版的小册子也将免费送给所有的国际茶花协会的会员。

世界上很多的花园都有二十世纪初之前种植的茶花古树。比留木忠治博士领导了国际茶花协会的历史茶花小组，由来自世界各地的成员组成，以促进鉴定和保护这些珍稀古山茶树。下一次年会将于明年4月在意大利举办。

国际茶花协会领导层在会员的期盼中不断增强。明年国际茶花协会理事和官员将迎来新的任期，我们热诚欢迎“新面孔”。卸任的官员即将离开其岗位，但我们希望他们能在茶花和国际茶花协会继续发挥余热。我再次当选为会长，开始了第二任期，我特别感谢理事们给我这一荣誉。我们的二位副会长：日本的比留木忠治（Chuji Hiruki）和德国的瓦尔德马尔•汉森（Waldemar Hansen）在任满二期后离开了岗位，衷心感谢他们一直以来为国际茶花协会的辛勤工作。理事们已经选出了他们的继任者：来自中国的管开云和来自意大利的吉安马里奥•莫塔（Gianmario Motta），与原有的二位副会长：美国的安娜贝尔•斐特曼（Annabelle Fetterman）和新西兰的艾尔瓦•哈伍德（Elva Harwood）一起成为新一届副会长。

下一个五十年已经起航，我们期待听到你的建议、问题，乃至抱怨。

Patricia Short. 帕特里夏•肖特 199 Notes about the 2012 Journal :-

为庆祝国际茶花协会成立五十周年专文回顾了1962年成立以来的发展历程，当时在茶花命名方面有极大的混淆问题，急需一个国际组织来鉴定和列出所有山茶品种的名单。文中还讲述了过去五十年来如何实现目标的故事、描绘了许许多多的人和我们‘ 茶花’生活的进展。

楚雄茶花大会及考察提供了许多生动诠释和华美图片供我们大家去欣赏。报告及论文的数量太多，不能全文印刷，但我们从中萃取了所有的精华。在国际茶花协会网站上，所有国际茶花协会的会员可全文阅览。如果你需要更进一步的信息，请与文章作者联系，特别是他们是否能提供你的语言版本。

今年我们失去了几个有影响的会员，你将看到我们深爱的前任会长美国的格雷格•戴维斯（Greg Davis）和德国的皮特•费舍尔（Peter Fischer）的讣告。

除了英语，我们的新任网站管理员和他的团队正积极推动国际茶花协会的网站语言多元化。这需要时间和工作去实现，特别是义务翻译人员。这是我编辑的最后一期会刊，其后将移交给非常有能力的朋友碧•罗伯森（Bee Robson），在准备这一期杂志期间已经给予了很多帮助。我要感谢在过去的六年中所有给予过很多帮助和支持的人，包括这批极好的翻译团队。

Jennifer Trehane. (ICS Journal Editor). 詹妮弗•特雷汉《国际山茶杂志》编辑

(Translated by Wang Zhonglang, 王仲朗译） 200 国际茶花协会网站 2013年是国际茶花协会网站迎来大变化的一年自从2012年2月我在楚雄被任命为网站管理员，我和网站委员会正致力于打造一个平台，让所有的会员都能浏览到有关茶花的每一个可想象到的信息，同时提供一个销售工具用于拓展我们的会员和持续增长的年轻‘技术精英’。我们的新网站界面更友好，也更易于浏览，主要的特点如下： • 提供每一个地区本土化的信息，比如用当地语言描述的本土事件和访问用当地语言写的花园，但同时也被翻译成英文 • 提供《国际山茶杂志》及大会、研讨会中所有印刷本中科学论文的全文电子版 • 提供新参观者和茶花爱好者感兴趣的基本茶花信息 • 提供迄今所有被认证的国际杰出茶花园的页面 • 在世界范围的新闻和事件区中，包括所有的内容，从二年一次的大会这样你已经登录且能访问所有的文章和信息了。本站还提供‘password reminder’（密到昆明一个私人花园的茶花开放日码提示）服务，以利于记住自己登录所需要的 • 会员专区中有一些仅对会员开放的信息。重要文章在你初次访问时，在‘change password’ （ • 会员管理系统管理缴纳费用和帮助修改密码）链接，也有必要修改你的个人信管理全球的会员信息息，确保你的地址特别是你的电子邮件地址保持更新。这些都是网站的未来应用所必须的。 • 即时访问最新版的茶花品种名册。我们最大的挑战是能访问新的内容。如果你有作为一名会员，与本刊一道，你将收到一页你关于茶花的文章，请发送给我，特别是那些对登录网站需要的详细信息，请在安全的地方妥家庭园艺初学者或爱好者感兴趣的文章。你可善保存。以用任何语言发文章给我，但请保证你的文字你可以通过新网址是可编辑的，比如是.doc, .txt等格式的。请 www.internationalcamellia.org 或者现有网址不要把你的图片放入到文章中，要分开发送图片。 www.camellia-ics.org访问我们的网站。在屏幕的右上方，你将看到一个对话我希望你能喜爱我们新的网上家园。如果你框‘already a member? Sign in’(已经是有任何建议或要求，请通过电子邮件地址会员？登录)。点击黑色文本并输入你已经收 [email protected] 联系我。到的详细信息，并点击‘login’（登录）谢谢你！。一旦你登录了，你应该马上使用‘change David Trehane password’（修改密码）位于右边的链接，修大卫•特雷汉改成你自己便于记忆的密码。 (Translated by Wang Zhonglang, 王仲朗译） 201 2012会長からの便り

国際ツバキ会誌50周年記念号にようこそ。普通、誰でも50歳ともなると、骨々の至る所がきしみ、筋肉が痛むものですが、国際ツバキ協会に限り元気そのものです。私共の会員数はほぼ一定しており、これは私共が協会を魅力的に保つ仕事を続け、また下記のようなアピールをしている証左です。即ち、

＊会誌は、ジェニファー・トレハーンの強力なリーダーシップの下に、ツバキ界に関する幅広い現状とニュースを提供している。ジェニファーは6冊の珠玉の会誌を発行した後、編集長を退任し、イギリスのツバキ人で且つ歴史的ツバキに情熱を持つ作家のビー・ボブソンに後継を委ねる。

＊ICSウェブサイトには目下、新ウェブ・マネージャー、デービッド・トレハーンにより、専門的な改修が加えられている。複雑なこの仕事は元来想定されていたよりも時間を要しているが、2012年末には再開できると予測される。私共の大会もまた活発そのものです。2月の中国雲南省の楚雄市に於ける大会は目覚ましい成功をなし遂げました。私共のホスト達の温かい歓迎とツバキの美しさは訪問初体験者を茫然とさせ、また中国通達をも圧倒しました。それぞれの大会の個性を発揮することで、2014 年の大会にも同様に温かく歓迎されるものと、私はスペイン北西部のガリシアと北ポルトガルを良く知っていますので、自信を以て予言することが出来ます。（7頁の旅行日程及びウェブサイトを参照下さい）。

2013年2月末、第3回金花茶フォーラムが南中国・広西チワン族自治区南寧市で開催されます。（12頁の情報参照、Eメール：[email protected] で李志輝氏に遅滞なく連絡して下さ）。

楚雄大会に於いて理事会は記録的な数の「国際優秀つばき園」称号認定申請を承認しました。この認定証の意義は益々高まっています。例えば、ソウトマイオール城公園がこの認定証を得た直後にハーブと私がスペインを訪問した時に、ポンテベドラ県知事の指導の下、承認を祝うパーティが開催されました。現在までに承認された30の全ての「国際優秀つばき園」はICSウェブサイトとICS会員に無料で配布される小冊子に掲載されています。世界中の多くの庭園には20世紀初頭以前に植えられた、歴史的なツバキがあります。比留木忠治博士はICS歴史的ツバキ・グループを率いています。このグループはこれらの希少で古いツバキを同定し保護する方策を共に開発する世界中から集まるメンバーで構成されています。この4月にイタリアで会合が開催されます。 ICSは協会の運営の手助けを行う会員の熱意によって常に強化されています。新年はICS理事や役員にとり新しい任期が始まる年であり、「ニューフェイス」を歓迎すします。今回、役員を退職する人々とは最早一緒に仕事を出来ないのは残念であります。それらの人々が今後もツバキとICSに関心を持ち続けて頂きたいと願っています。私は会長として第2期を務めるべく再任された名誉にたいして、理事各位に感謝致します。副会長である、日本の比留木忠治氏とドイツのヴァルデマール・ハンゼン氏は2期に亘る任期を終え、この度退職しました。両氏のICSに捧げた時間と尽力にたいして深甚の謝意を表します。理事は両氏の後任として、中国の管開雲氏とイタリアのジャンマリオ・モッタ氏を選出しました。両氏は他の二人の副会長、アメリカ合衆国のアナベル・フェッターマン女史とニュージーランドのエルバ・ハーウッド女史に加わることになります。私共は新たな50年に乗り出すに当たり、会員から提案、質問、更には不満事項でも受けることを期待しています。パトリアシア・ショート 202 2012年国際ツバキ誌についてのノート：--

国際ツバキ協会の50周年を1962年の創立以来の協会の発展を顧みる記事で祝っています。この年、ツバキの命名に関して混乱が酷く、全ての既知のツバキの品種同定とリスト化の為に国際的機関の必要性が認識されたのでした。この記事は協会がどのように設立されたかを示し、多くの関係者について語り、この50年間に亘る「ツバキ生活」の進歩について述べています。楚雄大会と関連のツアーについて鮮明な記述があり、多くのカラフルな写真を楽しむことが出来ます。印刷するには多過ぎるほどの数多くの発表論文がありましたが、それら全ての論文の要約を提供しました。ICS会員はICSウェブサイトでそれらの完全論文を閲覧することが出来ます。更なる情報を得たい場合、特に、貴方の言語で得られるかどうかを知りたいむきは執筆者に直接連絡して下さい。

今年、私共は非常に影響力のある会員を数名失いました。私共が最も愛した、米国の前会長のグレッグ・デービス氏及びドイツのピーター・フィッシャー氏についての追悼文が寄せられています。

私共の新しいウェブ・マネージャーとそのチームは英語以外の言語でICSウェブサイトが閲覧できるようにするのに熱心であります。それを完成するには、特に翻訳ボランティアによる多くの時間と労力が必要でしょう。本年誌は、大変有能な私の友人ビー・ロブソン女史に引き継ぐ前の私の最後の会誌であります。彼女は既に本誌の準備に手助けを行いました。過去6年間に亘り、素晴らしい翻訳チームの皆さんを含む、助力と支援を頂いた多くの人々に謝意を表します。ジェニファー・トレハーン（ICS誌編集長）

ICSウェブサイト

2013年はICSウェブサイトにとり大きな変革の時です。 2012年2月、中国・楚雄に於いて私がウェブ・マネージャーに任命されて以来、私はウェブ委員会のメンバーと共に、我が協会会員がツバキに関するあらゆる考え得る些細な情報に就いてでもアクセス出来て、また同時に、我々の会員数を拡大できるセールス・ツールを供給出来て、益々増加している「ハイテクに強い」若者世代にアピール出来る跳躍台を建設すべく、作業をしているところです。

私共の新しいウェブサイトはユーザーに優しく、検索が容易なように設計されています。秘訣的特徴は下記の通りです： • 各地域にローカルの情報を、例えばイベントや庭園の開園状況を現地の言語及び英語で供給する能力 • ICS誌に掲載されている科学論文及び大会や会合で発表される科学論文の完全版 • ツバキの入門者及び愛好家が興味を持つ基本的ツバキの情報 • これまでICS優秀つばき園に認定された夫々のツバキ園の資料 203 • 2年毎に開催されるICS大会から例えば昆明の個人庭園のツバキ展開会日に至るまでの、全世界のニュース及びイベントの欄 • 会員のみがアクセス出来る重要な論文を閉じ込めている会員専用の欄 • 全世界の会員数を管理する手助けの為の会員管理システム • 最新の国際ツバキ登録簿への迅速なアクセス

貴方は会員の一人として、この会誌と共に、貴方のログイン法詳細が記入されている書類を受け取っている筈です。その書類を安全に保管して下さい。

ウェブサイトにはhttp://www. internationalcamellia.org 又は現在のアドレスであるhttp://www.camellia-ics.org でアクセス出来ます。

スクリーンの最上部右に、「貴方は既に会員ですか？サイン・インして下さい」と言うボックスが出ます。ブラック・テキストをクリ我々の最も大きなチャレンジは新しいコンテックし、貴方に送られて来ている詳細を関連ンツをアクセスしようとしていることです。のボックスに入力し、「ログイン」を押しま若し、貴方がツバキに関して記事を書こうとす。ログインしたら、右側の「パスワードをしていたら、それを纏めて私共に送って下さ変更する」と言うリンクを使用し、自分自身い。特に興味があるのは基本的な家庭園芸家の暗証パスワードを作ります。又は趣味家を狙った記事です。如何なる言語でも結構ですが、貴方のテキストは.doc、. これで、ログインが終了し、貴方は全ての論 txt、.inddのようなフォーマットに編集可能文や情報にアクセス出来ます。貴方がご自分であることが必要です。貴方の文書にはご自の詳細情報を忘れても、サイトは全ての「パ身で画像を嵌め込まずに、画像は別のファイスワード合図」を保持しています。ルで送付して下さい。貴方が初めてアクセスする場合、貴方のプロフィールを「パスワードを変更する」リンク私共の新しいオンライン機能を十分に楽しと同じメニューで入力することが必須です。んで下さい。何かコメントや要望があれ貴方のアドレス、特に電子メールアドレスはば、[email protected] で最新化しておく必要があります。これは将来私に連絡して下さい。有難うございました。に於いてウェブサイトが使用可能である為にデービッド・トレハーンも重要なことであります。 Translated by Shigeo Matsumoto 204

ORTIGUEIRA Nursery and Gardens

The Galician Garden is a specialist in Camellias. Situated near Santiago de Compostela, the garden is especially valued for its collection of old Camellia varieties. Ortigueira is a nursery specializing in the wholesale of ornamental plants.

Opening hours of the garden: Monday-Saturday 09:00-13:00 and 15:00-18:30

Santa Cruz de Rivadulla-Vedra 15880 A Coruña-SPAIN

Tel: (34) 981 512 011

www.ortigueiraplant.com [email protected]

C.japonica ‘Daikagura’ C. japonica ‘Dahlonega’

“A book for all seasons” 205

Chiswick House Camellia Festival, London 16th February – 17th March 2013 The Chiswick House Camellia collection

Come and see over thirty Camellia varieties and rare blooms in a beautiful early 19th Century Conservatory. The Chiswick House Camellia Festival will be bringing a burst of glorious colour to the winter season.

10:30am – 4pm daily

Tickets available from TicketWeb via chgt.org.uk or call the ticket hotline + 44 (0) 844 477 1000

Group bookings available for 10+ visitors [email protected] +44 (0) 20 8742 3905 For full information on planning your visit chgt.org.uk 206

uccio’s urseries

3555 Chaney Trail Nuccio’s Carousel Altadena, CA 91001 Guilio Nuccio Write for free catalogue listing over 600 Camellias and 400 Azaleas We Enjoy Having Visitors – Stop In

Closed on Wednesday and Thursday all year; Closed Sundays, June through December Hours - 8.00 to 4.30

Holly Bright (626) 794 - 3383 Nuccios Pink Lace

KAMELIEN KULTUREN

Camellia Nursery established 80 years in Northern Germany And International Camellia Garden of Excellence

Willkommen! Welcome!

P.Fischer Höden 16 21789 Wingst

E-mail: [email protected]

homepage http://www.kamelie.de

Tel: 04778/263 Fax: 04778/274

Tuesday-Closed-All Year December-Closed-on Weekends

Camellia “Loki Schmidt”, one of more than twenty Fischer-bred Camellia novelties 207

Explore and be inspired...

One of only 30 gardens in the world to be recognised as an International Camellia Society Garden of Excellence, Trewithen is a botanical treasure trove nestled within 30 acres of wonderful woods and parkland. Guided tours can be arranged with Head Gardener Gary Long, call 01726 883647 or email [email protected] for more information. The nursery propagates more than 1000 top quality specimens, many of them rare and iconic, and they are available to buy all year round.

House: Mon & Tues from April-July & August BH Mon. 2-4pm. Grampound Road, Nr Truro, Cornwall TR2 4DD Gardens: Mon-Sat from March-Sept & Sun Mar-May only. 10am-4.30pm. Tel: 01726 883647 Plant Centre & Tea Shop: Mon-Sat from March-Sept & Sun Mar-May only. 10am-4.30pm. Nursery: Mon-Fri. 10am-3pm. Web: www.trewithengardens.co.uk 208

ICS recipient ‘Award of Garden Excellence’ Marwood Hill Gardens Barnstaple. North Devon. EX31 4EB England 01271 342528

[email protected] www.marwoodhillgarden.co.uk Extensive collection of Camellias. Twenty acres of gardens with three lakes. A haven for plants from around the world. Plants Sales and Garden Tea Room Groups welcome by appointment FRONT COVER PICTURE The front cover shows part of a collection of International Camellia Journals dating from 1962 to 2012. The article on p20 includes outlines of the their development from the first journal produced by Charles Puddle in 1962, before the days of computers, digital cameras and instant communication.

JOURNAL PRODUCTION

The International Camellia Journal goes through several stages before reaching its readers. Graham Mallett has been integral to the whole process during the last six years.

Right: Bee Robson France Germany Press Minster The proofing the Journal Translators

1962 2012

An un-named F2 hybrid with C.nitidissima in its parentage.