Chapter 1 Introduction
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The Growth and Development of Albury-Wodonga 1972-2006: United and Divided. Clara Stein B. A. (Wits.) M. A. (Macquarie). Department of Environment and Geography, Science Faculty, Macquarie University. This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Macquarie University 30 May 2012 i Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Spatial Concentration, Regionalism and Regional Development Spatial location theories. Political economy of regions. New Regionalism. Research Methodology. Conclusion. Chapter 3 Borders, theory and reality The border, territoriality and sovereignty, internal borders. Albury-Wodonga and the New South Wales and Victorian border. Conclusion. Chapter 4 History of regional policies The Golden Age. Regional policy during the Long Boom. AWDC and the Fraser government after 1975. Regional policy during the restructuring of the Australian economy. The demise of the AWDC. Regional policy during the return to prosperity. Conclusion. Chapter 5 Economic Development of Albury-Wodonga The Long Boom. The lead up to and restructuring of the Australian economy. The return top prosperity. Conclusion. ii Chapter 6 Anomalies Definition. Responses to anomalies Conclusion. Chapter 7 Business on the border Questionnaire. Manufacturing firms. Service firms. Conclusion. Chapter 8 Living along the Albury-Wodonga border The changing demographic profile of Albury-Wodonga. The Growth Centre and the AWDC. Community Action. Anomalies. Conclusion. Chapter 9 Conclusion The growth and development of Albury-Wodonga. Reflections on research. Research in the future. Bibliography Maps Map1 Albury-Wodong showing location in south east Australia Map2 Albury-Wodonga Aerial Photographs Aerial photograph of Albury and Wodonga 1971 Aerial photograph of Albury2007 iii Aerial photograph of Wodonga 2007 Abbreviations and Acronyms Appendix 1 State government and AWDC incentives for industry New South Wales incentives. Victorian incentives. AWDC incentives. Appendix 2 Industries in Albury-Wodonga. New Industries 1977. After the Whitlam government dismissal. New industries 1978. Basic industries 1978-83. Firms in Albury-Wodonga 1982. Firms in Albury-Wodonga 1988. Manufacturing firms ifn Albury-Wodonga exporting 1992. Other major manufacturing firms 1992. Manufacturing firms in 2007. Manufacturing firms in 2011. Appendix 3 Anomalies in Albury-Wodonga. Other anomalies. Appendix 4 The functions of Federal and State governments in Australia. Federal State functions. National functions. Jurisdictional functions. State dominated functions. General Government Expenses by purpose 2004-05: Shared Functions. iv Appendix 5 The AWDC wind down. Total Federal government outlay to 30/6/2011. Federal government funding of Growth Centre 1974-1977. AWC Corporate Assets to 30/6/2011. Returns to Federal government to 40/6/2011. Land held in land bank. Land remaining in land bank in 2011. Cultural heritage. Discontinued activities of AWDC. Community development. Appendix 6 Fieldwork Research Interview list 2005-07. Participant Consent Form 2005-07. 2007questionnaire sent to 150 firms in Albury-Wodonga. Participant Consent Form 2007. 2007 List of 150 firms to which Questionnaires were sent. Fieldwork interview list July 2008. Participant consent Form 2008. Views stated briefly about anomalies 2008. Interview list 2009. Straw poll – One City 2009. Participant Consent Forms 2009. Appendix 7 Final Ethics Approval Letter from Macquarie University Ethics Committee. v Thesis Summary. Albury and Wodonga are contiguous twin towns astride the Murray River the border between New South Wales and Victoria and at a casual glance appear to be functioning as one town. In 1972 the Federal Labor Whitlam government and the States of Victoria and New South Wales established the Albury-Wodonga Growth Centre and appointed the Albury-Wodonga Development Corporation to plan and develop the project which included the building of two new satellite towns, Thurgoona and Baranduda. The Growth Centre policy is underpinned by the popular Growth Poles and Growth Centre theories of the day, which were circulating in Europe and North America. Albury and Wodonga were selected for development as a Growth Centre as they had already shown evidence of economic development and population growth. The theories of spatial concentration, industrial location, and regional agglomeration explain the development of the Growth Centre over three historical periods in Australia including the end of the Long Boom which encompasses the Whitlam years, the lead up to and the restructuring of the Australian economy by the Hawke-Keating governments (1976-1991), and the return to prosperity under the Howard government (1996-2006). Three issues were examined in this thesis. First, the reasons why Albury-Wodonga continued to grow in its unique way as an inland centre. Second, the role of the cross border location in generating reasons for growth and creating anomalies. Third an understanding of the brief and unique Federal intervention which has shaped Albury-Wodonga. The development of the Albury-Wodonga Growth Centre has been the first and last occasion, in the past forty years, that the Federal government has directly intervened in State regional affairs. Fieldwork provided a contemporary narrative from stakeholders in the Growth Centre about events over the three historic periods and the impact of anomalies on commerce, industry and residents. The thesis attempts to add to the research about internal borders and inland centres in Australia... vi Statement by Candidate I Clara Stein, hereby state that his dissertation has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution. I have also indicated in the thesis the sources of information used in Tables or text and the extent to which the work of others has been utilised. This work was carried out under the guidance and with permission of the Macquarie University Ethics Committee and Ethics approval was obtained on 17th August 2007, reference number HE25May2007-D05228. Signed ……………………………… Date………………… Clara Stein. vii Acknowledgements. Professor Robert Fagan was my supervisor. Although he has been retired for almost four years this has not impinged on the enthusiasm and interest he brought to the task of supervising this thesis. I would like to thank him for the time and effort he has applied in helping me to bring this thesis to fruition. His advice, attention to detail and guidance have been much appreciated and have kept me focused and moving forward. I would also like to thank Dr. Kate Lloyd my second supervisor and link to the department who provided immense support, and encouragement throughout the period, particularly when Professor Fagan was overseas. Thanks also to Dr. Sandy Suchet-Pearson, Dr Marco Amati, Prof Ritchie Howitt and the Administrative staff of Environment and Geography for their support and help. I would like to thank my husband and family who have provided constant encouragement. My husband in particular has been a tremendous help and support. He drove the 500km to Albury- Wodonga and back on two separate fieldwork trips so that I could have access to transport to move easily from one appointment to another in the towns. He has encouraged me to persist with the task and has ensured that I had all the free time I needed, to complete the research and write the thesis. I would like to also acknowledge and thank the following people who have been instrumental in providing help and support to me: the first Chairman of the Albury-Wodonga Development Corporation (AWDC), the first Economist of the AWDC, a former chairman of the AlburyWodonga Area Consultative Committee, and all the many people in Albury-Wodonga and Sydney who gave so generously of their time and were prepared to share their wealth of knowledge with me. I am also indebted to the support given by the following people:- Andrew Stimson Laison librarian Macquarie University. Bill Stinson Resource Selection and Evaluation Coordinator Macquarie University. Judith Davis for her cartographic skills. viii The CEO of Albury Wodonga Corporation Albury, for permission to use the aerial photograph of Albury-Wodonga 1971, from the Development Plan of Albury-Wodonga, AWDC Initial Proposals June 1974 page 32. Omni Link Pty Ltd Albury, for providing and giving permission to use the aerial photographs of Albury in 2007 and Wodonga in 2007. ix List of Figures. Chapter 2 Fig. 2.1 Transport cost curves proportional to distance. Fig. 2.2 The effect of tapering freight rates on the market areas of two competitors A and B. Fig 2.3 The effect of the convergence of two transportation media on the total transportation costs. Maps Map 1 Albury-Wodonga’s location in south east Australia. Map 2 Albury-Wodonga Aerial photographs Photograph 1 Albury-Wodonga 1971. Photograph 2 Albury 2007. Photograph 3 Wodonga 2007. x Tables. Abbreviations and acronyms Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Population rank of selected cities Table 1.2 Twin towns straddling borders. Chapter 3. Table 3.1 Towns astride internal borders in Australia Chapter 4. Table 4.1 Federal Funds for the Albury-Wodonga Growth Centre Table 4.2 Federal Funding of the AWDC. Table 4.3 AWDC assets in 1990. Table 4.4 Returns to the Federal government from the AWDC Table 4.5 RDV Programs for Victoria Chapter 5 Table 5.1 Population change in Albury and Wodonga 1947-1976 Table 5.2 Annual population growth rates of other centres 1947-76 Table 5.3 Overseas born population 1971 Table 5.4 Internal migration to Albury-Wodonga from