APRIL 2014 VOLUME 41, ISSUE 04 Canadian Publication Mail Contract – 40070050 MORE THAN MAPPING

20 Go Take a Hike 30 GeoConvention 2014: Focus 34 A 12-Step Program to Reduce Uncertainty in Kerogen-Rich Reservoirs: Part 2 – Getting the Right Hydrocarbon Volume

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CAN YOUR SOFTWARE WITHSTAND A APRIL 2014 – VOLUME 41, ISSUE 04 FLOOD OF INFORMATION? ARTICLES Go Take A Hike ...... 20 CSPG OFFICE #110, 333 – 5th Avenue SW Young Professionals & Students to take Centre Stage at GeoConvention 2014 ...... 25 Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3B6 Tel: 403-264-5610 Web: www.cspg.org 31st Annual CSPG Squash Tournament ...... 28 Office hours: Monday to Friday, 8:30am to 4:00pm GeoConvention 2014: Focus ...... Executive Director: Lis Bjeld 30 Tel: 403-513-1235, Email: [email protected] Event Coordinator: Kristy Casebeer 2013 President's Award ...... 33 Tel: 403-513-1226, Email: [email protected] Geoscience Coordinator: Kelsey Green Tel: 403-513-1225, Email: [email protected] A 12-Step Program to Reduce Uncertainty in Kerogen-Rich Reservoirs: Member Services: Tel: 403-264-5610, Email: [email protected] Publications and Website: Emma MacPherson Part 2 – Getting the Right Hydrocarbon Volume ...... 34 Email: [email protected], Tel: 403-513-1230 Database Administrator and Accounting: Kasandra Amaro Tel: 403-264-5610, Email: [email protected] DEPARTMENTS Technical Programs: Biljana Popovic Tel: 403-513-1225, Email: [email protected] Executive Comment ...... 5 Corporate Sponsorship: Lis Bjeld Tel: 403-513-1235, Email: [email protected] Controller: Eric Tang Technical Luncheons ...... 9 Tel: 403-513-1232, Email: [email protected]

EDITORS/AUTHORS Division Talks ...... 14 Please submit RESERVOIR articles to the CSPG office. Submission deadline is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date. (e.g., January 23 for the March issue). Rock Shop ...... 5, 8, 9, 12

To publish an article, the CSPG requires digital copies of the document. Text should be in Microsoft Word format and illustrations should be in TIFF format at 300 dpi., at final size. For additional information on manuscript preparation, refer to the Guidelines for Authors published in the CSPG Bulletin or contact the editor.

Technical Editors Hugh S. Mosher Colin Yeo (Assistant Tech. Editor) Nunaga Resources Ltd. Encana Corporation M.: 403-809-9997 Tel: 403-645-7724 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Coordinating Editor Emma MacPherson, Publications Coordinator, CSPG As the most dynamic data aggregator in the industry, Petrosys keeps your workﬂ ow moving. Tel: 403-513-1230, [email protected], ADVERTISING Advertising inquiries should be directed to Emma MacPherson, Tel: 403-513-1230 email: [email protected]. The deadline to reserve advertising space SOFTWARE SERVICES CONNECTIVITY DATA MANAGEMENT is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date.

The RESERVOIR is published 11 times per year by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. This includes a combined issue for the months of July and August. The purpose of the RESERVOIR is to publicize the Society’s many activities and to promote the geosciences. We look for both technical and non-technical material to publish. Additional information on the RESERVOIR’s submission guidelines can be found at http://www.cspg. Only Petrosys’ powerful suite of software effortlessly navigates the overﬂ ow of data from multiple sources org/publications/pubs-reservoir-submissions.cfm. and disciplines. Our industry-leading dynamic data aggregation, integration and surface modeling capabilities The contents of this publication may not be reproduced either in part or in full without the consent of the publisher. Additional copies of the RESERVOIR are available at the CSPG office. enable you to identify, reﬁ ne and resolve issues more quickly. Dedicated technical support and service offer No official endorsement or sponsorship by the CSPG is implied for any advertisement, insert, or article that appears in the Reservoir unless otherwise noted. All submitted materials are reviewed by the editor. We expert solutions when needed. And with our clear, logical interface, even getting started is smooth sailing. reserve the right to edit all submissions, including letters to the Editor. Submissions must include your name, address, and membership number (if applicable). The material contained in this publication is intended for Start achieving exploration and production targets at a lower cost and in a shorter time frame with Petrosys. informational use only. While reasonable care has been taken, authors and the CSPG make no guarantees that any of the equations, To learn more go to www.petrosys.com.au/transcend. schematics, or devices discussed will perform as expected or that they will give the desired results. Some information contained herein may be inaccurate or may vary from standard measurements. FRONT COVER The CSPG expressly disclaims any and all liability for the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user of information contained in this publication. Under no circumstances shall the CSPG and its officers, directors, Hikers in the Zabriskie badlands, carved out of Tertiary lake sediments of the employees, and agents be liable for any injury, loss, damage, or expense arising in any manner whatsoever from the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user. Artist’s Drive Formation, Death Valley, California. Photo by Jerry Osborn. Designed and Printed by The Data Group of Companies, Calgary, Alberta. RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 3 Warning: Our data has gone mobile (You may never return to the office)

Now, get geoLOGIC’s value-added data almost any place, any time, any way you want it. Available through gDCweb on your tablet, smartphone or computer.

With 30 years of data experience behind it, gDC is the source for high quality, value-added well and land data from across Western Canada and the Northern United States. Another plus – our data is accessible through an expanding range of industry software utilizing our own easy-to-use gDC GIS and our geoSCOUT software. Leading the way with customer-driven data, integrated software and services for your upstream decision-making needs. View, search, import and export well, land and production data, documents, logs and more from almost anywhere. For more information geoSCOUT | gDC | petroCUBE at www.geoLOGIC.com visit our website at www.geoLOGIC.com EXECUTIVE COMMENT A message from 2014 Director, Milovan Fustic Warning: Our data has gone mobile (You may never return to the office)

CSPG YOU are invited to EXECUTIVE publish with CSPG ! PAST PRESIDENT Paul MacKay • Shale Petroleum Ltd. With a record number of technical and in many ways rewarding alternative [email protected] Tel: 403.457.3930 abstracts (550) submitted for the – to publish your already presented work upcoming GeoConvention, I know that as a peer-reviewed article in your own PRESIDENT many of our members are working on oral CSPG’s Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Dale Leckie • Nexen Energy ULC presentations, posters, and core displays. Geology. You have already have developed [email protected] Tel: 403.613.0458 I also know, based on contributing to the the story, concept, diagrams, photos, GeoConvention technical program over tables, established the flow of ideas and PRESIDENT ELECT the last decade, that everyone involved written the introduction, methodology, Tony Cadrin • Journey Energy Inc. in the technical program is excited. This summary, conclusions. Now, expand the [email protected] Tel: 403.303.3493 excitement is not only caused by the thrill text, add cited references and perhaps of sharing and testing your work, ideas reduce the number of, or combine, figures FINANCE DIRECTOR and concepts with colleagues outside of and data. If you wonder why you should Gord Stabb • Durando Resources Corp. your company, but also knowing that publish, here are few reasons you should [email protected] Tel: 403.819.8778 advancements you, your team, and your consider: company have made and are proud of are FINANCE DIRECTOR ELECT promoting the geosciences. • This is good for your employer: Astrid Arts • Cenovus Energy [email protected] Tel: 403.766.5862 through your publication, your In addition to developing your initial organization does not only DIRECTOR concepts, you have taken the extra effort demonstrate their technical Alexis Anastas • Nexen Energy ULC to organize the flow of your presentation competency and resources, but [email protected] Tel: 403.699.4965 and to create clear and concise figures. frequently this is the most elegant way At the end of your presentation, after the for protecting IP (intellectual property) DIRECTOR audience applause, you will walk from the rights. Technical publication commonly Andrew Fox • MEG Energy Corp. stage with feeling of relief and pride. By allows a company to evaluate potential [email protected] Tel: 403.770.5345 all means, both the applause and pride are patenting resulting from the work for well-deserved. a period of time following publication DIRECTOR and ensures their freedom to operate. Milovan Fustic • Statoil Canada Ltd. But what happens after your presentation [email protected] Tel: 403.724.3307 at GeoConvention? Some of the audience • Because this is good for you: will go through notes taken during your from peer-review comments and DIRECTOR talk and make time to apply it in their citations to your work in a follow up Michael Laberge • Channel Energy Inc. work; passing time will take care that the publications you and your co-authors [email protected] Tel: 403.301.3739 echo of applause you received at the end will expand knowledge on the topic; of your talk will weaken, your day to day your article becomes accessible DIRECTOR duties will suppress the pride you had, through various worldwide Robert Mummery • Almandine Resources Inc. colors of your diagrams will fade in minds geoscience search engines; you [email protected] Tel: 403.651.4917 Now, get geoLOGIC’s value-added data almost any place, any time, of the people in your audience. In other qualify for APEGA’s PDH credits; your diagrams will never fade; your any way you want it. Available through gDCweb on your tablet, DIRECTOR words, your idea(s), concept(s) and many smartphone or computer. Weishan Ren • Statoil Canada Ltd. hours of hard work are in danger of being publication is a nice edition to [email protected] Tel: 403.724.0325 forgotten and lost! And what you are your CV and technical portfolio; With 30 years of data experience behind it, gDC is the source for high going to do? publishing, is the best recipe for quality, value-added well and land data from across Western Canada and DIRECTOR protecting (your) geoscience work(s) the Northern United States. Another plus – our data is accessible through Darren Roblin • Endurance Energy As a CSPG volunteer and member, I hope from perishing and/or being abused. an expanding range of industry software utilizing our own easy-to-use [email protected] Tel: 587.233.0784 you will start thinking about another gDC GIS and our geoSCOUT software. Leading the way with customer-driven data, integrated software piece of work that you may want to share • Because we owe it to people and services for your upstream decision-making needs. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR at the next GeoConvention. I certainly we learned from: Canada is not View, search, import and export well, land and production data, Lis Bjeld • CSPG encourage you to keep doing that, but I only the second largest country in documents, logs and more from almost anywhere. For more information geoSCOUT | gDC | petroCUBE at www.geoLOGIC.com [email protected] Tel: 403.513.1235 also encourage you to consider an easy (Continued on page 7...) visit our website at www.geoLOGIC.com

RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 5

(...Continued from page 5) the industry and academia. I would like the world, fifth largest hydrocarbon to count on all of our members for their producer and the third largest help and support. Fellow GeoConvention oil exporter in the world, and a presenters: you are my first choice – just home of various energy resources because I know that you have already including globally-important oil-sands, shown courage to share your ideas and conventional and unconventional oil you are half-way done. You can do a full and gas and gas-hydrates, but also research style paper, a case study, or the place where many geoscience simply a short note with a couple of figures concepts were developed and ideas and up to four pages of text. I encourage tested. The latter happened because you to follow the steps of Sydney Ells, W. CORPORATE SPONSORS of people like you, people who had C. Gussow, and many of your professors, ideas and courage to share it with mentors, and colleagues who made time SAMARIUM others and made time to publish it. for it … With your contributions I am geoLOGIC systems ltd. Can you imagine where our industry sure that BCPG will become a prestigious DIAMOND would be today if W. C. Gussow geoscience journal that all of us will Cenovus Energy Inc. in his 1954 paper on “differential continue to be proud of ! Shell Canada Limited entrapment of oil and gas” had TITANIUM not paved the way for petroleum I invite all CSPG members, and especially APEGA system analysis nowadays routinely those who have already made the effort to Nexen ULC applied worldwide? How many more submit the abstract for GeoConvention, Imperial Oil Resources dry holes would have been drilled? to take a moment and think beyond PLATINUM Simple and obvious today, his concept GeoConvention – how much more time IHS was controversial and contrary to and effort would you need to turn it into AGAT Laboratories accepted ideas at the time when a peer-reviewed paper? Put your fingers GOLD he published. But, he had idea and to the keyboard and expand stories you Schlumberger Canada Limited courage. Today, CSPG celebrates him already have – many rewards are you ConocoPhillips through annual Gussow Conferences. waiting for your effort! Devon Canada Corporation In addition to the 60th anniversary to Enerplus Corporation MEG Energy Corp. his paper, this year, we also celebrate I welcome any comments, thoughts or Tourmaline the 100 year anniversary of Sydney ideas you may have as how else to increase Canadian Natural Resources Ltd Ells’ report on the bituminous sands the number of technical publications while Statoil Canada of Northern Alberta (https://archive. keeping the high quality ensured through SILVER org/details/preliminaryrepor00cana). a rigorous review process BCPG already MJ Systems Many people subsequently built has. I also welcome your suggestions for Baker Hughes Inteq on Ells’ work and with integrated Memoirs and Special Publications. Feel CGG Services (Canada) Inc. geoscience and engineering technology free to contact me at [email protected] Suncor Energy advancements, the oil-sands now Encana Corporation Husky Energy Inc. drives the Canada’s economy. Athabasca Oil Corporation ION Geophysical For my tenure as a board member of Petrosys CSPG, my mission is to attempt to increase BRONZE the number of technical publications from Olympic Seismic Ltd. Talisman Energy Roke Technologies Ltd. SeisWare International Inc. Sensor Geophysical Ltd. Arcis Seismic Solutions ROCK SHOP Loring Tarcore PGS Saudi Aramco Tucker Energy Services Canada Inc Pro Geo Consultants Belloy Petroleum Consulting ARC Financial Corporation Hunt Oil Tesla TGS CL Consultants Earth Signal Processing Ltd Casey & Associates Explor GLJ Petroleum Consultants Ltd. Paradigm Geophysical (Canada) Corp. PLS Inc As of March 2014 A Special Thanks to Geologic Systems Ltd., CSPG’s Top Sponsor of the Month. RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 7 TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS APRIL LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by

and water quality are under pressure, BIOGRAPHY Water Security through population growth and movement, Professor Howard Wheater is Canada economic development, pollution and Excellence Research Chair in Water Security in the Canadian environmental change. and Director of the Global Institute for Water Security at the University of Saskatchewan. A Prairies: Despite the perception that Canada is leading expert in hydrological science, he has water-rich, all of these issues are now extensive international experience of flood, Science and being experienced, particularly in the water resource and surface and groundwater Prairie Provinces. These are illustrated quality management. He is a Fellow of Management for the 336,000 km2 Saskatchewan the Royal Academy of Engineering and the River Basin, which is drained by one of American Geophysical Union and winner of Challenges the world’s larger rivers. Management the Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz International concerns include: provision of water Prize for Water. He was vice-chair of the SPEAKER resources to more than three million World Climate Research Programme’s Global Howard Wheater inhabitants, including indigenous Energy and Water Cycle Exchange (GEWEX) communities; balancing competing needs project, leads UNESCO’s GWADI arid zone 11: 30 am for water between different uses, such water resources program, and was recently Tuesday, April 8, 2014 as urban centres, industry, agriculture, the engineer member of an International Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre hydropower and environmental flows; Court of Arbitration concerning the Indus Macleod Hall C/D issues of water allocation between Waters Treaty. He is advisor to the state Calgary, Alberta upstream and downstream users in the of Nevada concerning the proposed Yucca three prairie provinces; managing the risks Mountain high level nuclear waste repository Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm, of flood and droughts; and assessing water and was advisor to the UK government three business days before event. (Thursday, April 3, quality impacts of discharges from major concerning site criteria for deep disposal of 2014). CSPG Member Ticket Price: $45.00 + GST. cities, industry and intensive agricultural intermediate level nuclear waste. He was a Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. production. Superimposed on these issues member of Alberta’s Provincial Environmental is the need to understand and manage Monitoring Panel, and his role as Chair of Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA uncertain water futures, including effects the Council of Canadian Academies Expert PDH credit. Tickets may be purchased online of economic growth and environmental Panel on Sustainable Management of Water at https://www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/ change, in the face of highly fragmented in the Agricultural Landscapes of Canada saw Events/index.cfm. water governance. release of a report in February 2013 entitled Water and Agriculture in Canada: Towards ABSTRACT The talk addresses the science and Sustainable Management of Water Resources. The water environment faces management challenges for surface water unprecedented challenges world-wide, and groundwater resources, including the and water security is increasingly seen roles of vulnerability assessment, risk-based as one of the major issues for the 21st analysis and the needs for stakeholder century. While floods and droughts remain engagement and user-focussed decision some of the world’s most damaging and support tools.. costly natural hazards, water resources

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Based on detailed examination of turbidite that reservoir quality in submarine fans The Reservoir channel analogs as revealed in 3D seismic is highly variable, often containing good data, exposed in outcrops, or preserved on permeability within channels in contrast Architecture of the modern sea floor, two principal models to abundant argillaceous sands with low of channel architecture have emerged: a permeability in the lobes. Turbidite cut-and-fill model, and a lateral accretion model. Both models are appropriate in at With continued research, the issues Channels: Models least some cases, but debate continues as discussed above will be resolved, but the to which model is most applicable in any path forward, like the channels themselves, and Mysteries specific case. Furthermore, it is not apparent will be long and sinuous. how to reconcile the preserved facies SPEAKER distributions of turbidite channel deposits BIOGRAPHY Tim McHargue and prevailing concepts of turbulent flow Tim McHargue went to the University of behavior. For example, when high levees Missouri for his Bachelor’s and Master’s 11: 30 am are present, we know that flows are thick. degrees with a thesis on Ordovician conodonts. Wednesday, April 23, 2014 Concentration of sand within sinuous A couple of months before graduation in 1974 Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre channel elements confirms that turbulent came the Oil Embargo and a job offer from Macleod Hall C/D, Calgary, Alberta flows are highly stratified. However, these Phillips Petroleum. Thus began a career in the architectures seem to require that the petroleum industry. A seismic interpretation Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales lower and upper portions of a single project on the Indus Fan started Tim’s interest is 1:00 pm, three business days before event. flow follow paths with markedly different in turbidite architecture. Next, Tim returned (Friday, April 18, 2014.) CSPG Member Ticket sinuosities and divergent, even opposing, to school at the U. of Iowa. After completing Price: $45.00 + GST. Non-Member Ticket trajectories. How can that happen? Further a PhD in carbonates in 1981, he accepted a Price: $47.50 + GST. debate concerns the transition from position at Chevron. During the next 28 years, channel to fan architectures. Some high Tim spent about equal time in exploration and Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA resolution 3D seismic images suggest the research. He returned to research in turbidite PDH credit. Tickets may be purchased online presence of distinct distributary systems reservoirs in 1997 and eventually assembled at https://www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/ on some submarine fans while others a team to work on characterization of new Events/index.cfm. do not. Outcrop examples with the best discoveries in West Africa until retirement in continuous lateral exposures appear to 2009. Tim’s position as Consulting Professor ABSTRACT be incompatible with seismic images of at Stanford University began in 2002 where Petroleum exploration in deep water distributary systems. The few excellent he collaborates on research on turbidite settings is resulting in the discovery outcrop examples of lobes arguably are depositional systems and teaches courses on of many giant fields in reservoirs that strongly biased. Are our best images from turbidite architecture and clastic sequence accumulated in large channel systems on 3D seismic also biased? High resolution stratigraphy. Tim also is an Adjunct Professor the continental slope. The architecture of images of modern submarine fans calibrated at the University of Missouri. these reservoirs is exceedingly complex. to sediment cores might provide the answer, In the face of multi-billion dollar costs, but such data are lacking. This quandary is it is more important than ever before to not just academic. It has become clear accurately characterize these reservoirs. from recent drilling in the Gulf of Mexico

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RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 9 TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS MAY LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by Celebrating the Centennial of the Discovery of the Turner Valley Field, Southwestern Alberta

SPEAKER Clinton Tippett

11: 30 am Wednesday, May 21, 2014 Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre Macleod Hall C/D Calgary, Alberta

Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm, three business days before event. [Friday, May 16, 2014]. CSPG Member Ticket Price: $45.00 + GST. Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. at https://www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/ of hydrocarbon accumulation. Drilling at index.cfm. the discovery well, Calgary Petroleum Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA Products No. 1, started in January 1913 PDH credit. Tickets may be purchased online ABSTRACT and the well finally came in on May May 14, 2014 marks the 100th anniversary 14, 1914. It flowed 4 mmcf/d of wet of the initial petroleum discovery at Turner natural gas from a depth of 828m in Valley. The field sits at the leading edge of the sandstones of the Lower Cretaceous the Foothills Belt of the Rocky Mountains, section. Delineation in this part of the just to the southwest of Calgary, Alberta. section was slow and hampered by WWI. The relatively simple structure of the field On October 14, 1924 Royalite No. 4, features a massive thrust sheet carrying drilled by a subsidiary of Imperial Oil Long Time Mississippian carbonates at its base and that had taken over CPP’s operations, the full Mesozoic section above them. deepened a northern step-out well into The related surface anticline in Late the underlying Paleozoic section in the up Members Cretaceous strata, forming the crest of dip part of thrust sheet and intersected the Triangle Zone at this latitude, is related the natural gas accumulation hosted in to the cut-out of the carbonates above these Mississippian strata. The well blew the sole fault. This understanding of the out and is estimated to have flowed at Reception subsurface was incomplete during much of over 20 mmcf/d with 500-600 bbl/d of the life of the field and multiple theories condensate. This pool is now recognized for its geometry have been proposed as having had 1.5 TCF OGIP. Its pursuit May 13th, 2014 over the last century. It was only once occupied the industry from 1924 through modern seismic techniques were brought to 1936. Exploitation primarily involved 5:30-7:30pm to bear to complement the extensive production of the natural gas for its drilling record that the true nature of condensate and NGL contents. Sales of Fairmont Palliser the structure became apparent. The the residual gas were made when possible nature and variability of the Mississippian but significant volumes were often flared (Invitation only) reservoir also hold important lessons for when production exceeded demand. This other carbonate fields. wasteful practice reached its peak in 1931

when more than 400 mmcf/d was often Early exploration was triggered by surface flared throughout the field. seeps of natural gas combined with an understanding of the anticlinal theory The next chapter of the field’s life was

10 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 ushered in by the testing on June 16, natural gas discovery. Likewise Alberta’s 1936 of Turner Valley Royalties No. 1, regulatory regime for the industry became a downdip crude oil discovery in the firmly established in 1938 in recognition of Mississippian that kicked off at 850 bbl/d the fact that conservation measures were of 39 degree crude oil. This deeper flank required to combat wasteful approaches so pool had 1 billion barrels OOIP and 1.36 as to achieve optimal recovery efficiencies TCF of solution gas but recoverable oil of subsurface resources, a need reinforced volumes of only 156 mmbbl. due to the by the 1936 crude oil discovery. depressuring of the field during the earlier aggressive production of the associated It is important to examine Turner Valley gas cap. Oil production peaked at about in its broader societal context as well. 27,000 bbl/d in 1942 at which point the In 1912 there was so little petroleum in field was providing approximately 97% of western Canada that the City of Calgary Canada’s domestic production. could not afford to purchase oil to keep down the dust on its streets. As a result, The history of Turner Valley is rich the 1914 discovery of the first commercial in detail. Although relatively small by accumulation in the West bearing liquid global standards, it brought significant hydrocarbons changed our local society economic activity, employment and forever. One century later, our society is financial rewards to individuals, companies firmly based on petroleum. and governments. The field was also important in other ways because of efforts. Finally, as the home of the first full BIOGRAPHY the timing of its life relative to global scale commercial petroleum production Clinton Tippett is a petroleum geologist events. Its main period of exploration and facilities in Alberta, it positioned both employed by Shell Canada currently working production occurred in part during the the industry and the government for the as Project Coordinator in the Central Depression and brought much needed rapid pursuit, beginning in 1947, of Leduc Mackenzie Valley, NWT. He has a B.Sc. and relief to southern Alberta. During the and other world class discoveries. Human, an M.Sc. from Carleton University in Ottawa, Second World War, the refining of crude physical and capital resources were all Ontario and a Ph.D. from Queen’s University oil production from Turner Valley was quickly re-deployed from Turner Valley in Kingston, Ontario. Clint is President of the critical in the establishment and capacity in the declining years of its life. Indeed Petroleum History Society and Chair of the of the British Commonwealth Air Training the C.S.P.G. owes its establishment in C.S.P.G. History and Archives Committee. Program that was vital to the Allied war 1927 to the activity generated by the 1924

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12 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS JUNE LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by

Ancient commonly significantly finer than associated suggesting a short backwater length. Slope fluvial deposits. Abrupt downstream fining estimates can also be made based on onlap Backwaters and in rivers, and increase in tidal or marine distances of associated coastal prisms, as influence, may mark the backwater and expressed in stratigraphic cross sections. Baylines: Slope bayline limits, which are controlled primarily For the Ferron, slopes > 0.001, are an magnitude and by slope, tidal range, and river discharge. order-of-magnitude steeper than for the The backwater distance, from the shoreline, low-gradient continental scale systems, like its control on is defined as the ratio of river depth versus the Mississippi. This explains the position of slope, whereas the bayline is the tidal range the transition from pebble- to sand in the facies divided by the slope. In Modern continental- fluvial systems, at a few versus hundreds of partitioning in scale low slope river systems (i.e. Slope < kilometers from the shoreline, as well as the 0.0001), such as the Mississippi and Amazon, lack of pebbles in co-eval shorelines. Onlap ancient fluvio- backwaters may reach many hundreds of limits of bay and lagoon deposits, of several kilometers upstream, whereas they may be tens of kilometers, mark the bayline and deltaic systems on the order of a few kilometers in steeper suggest an average tidal range of < 2m. gradient systems. SPEAKER The Cenomanian Dunvegan Formation, in Janok P. Bhattacharya Ancient deltaic systems of the Cretaceous Alberta, contains trunk streams on the McMaster University interior seaway of North America, including order of 10-28 m deep. Discharge estimates the micro-tidal Turonian Ferron Sandstone are correspondingly about 3 times larger 11: 30 am Member in Utah, show coarse-grained that the Ferron sandstone. Brackish water Tuesday, June 3rd, 2014 pebbly-sandstone bedload river deposits indicators have been found several tens of Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre that feed medium-to fine-grained sandy kilometers inland, suggesting the bayline was Macleod Hall C/D shorelines. Cross-sections allow estimates about 30km from the shoreline. Previous Calgary, Alberta of channel depth and width, which can estimates of Dunvegan valley slopes are used to calculate the cross-sectional area on the order of 0.0004, higher than the Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales of a channel. Grain size and bedforms can Mississippi, but lower than the Ferron. is 1:00 pm, three business days before event. be used to estimate flow velocity. When The gravel-sand transition lies considerably [Thursday, May 29, 2013]. CSPG Member Ticket multiplied by the channel area, the velocity farther landward as well, suggesting Price: $45.00 + GST. can be used to estimate discharge. Ferron backwater distances might have been on the Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. trunk channels are on the order of 5-9 m order of 100 km.

deep with discharge (Qw) of less than about Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA 1500 m3/s. This suggests moderate size Estimation of slope and discharge thus can PDH credit. Tickets may be purchased online upstream drainage basins and a propensity be made in ancient clastic systems and allow at https://www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/ for downstream, distributary channels to prediction of the partitioning of coarse index.cfm. produce hyperpycnal deltaic deposits. versus fine-grained facies at choke-points, as defined by the backwater and bayline ABSTRACT Within the Ferron clastic wedge, the limits. A common observation in many ancient pebble-to sand transition lies several clastic wedges is that shoreline deposits are kilometers from co-eval shoreline deposits,

CSPG Awards Reception Monday, May 12, 2014 5:30pm – 7:00pm HYATT Regency Calgary, Imperial Ballroom 5 Join us in honoring the 2013 CSPG award recipients. Everyone is welcome to attend.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 13 DIVISION TALKS INTERNATIONAL DIVISION Sponsored by

of areal extent of the prospect, hydrocarbon closure of the Miocene aged sands against Geophysical presence and trapping mechanisms. This talk large scale erosional features present in demonstrates the challenge of defining these the basin, at variable times throughout Evaluation of an play elements using multiple seismic techniques the stratigraphic column. The concept of in a high potential high reward environment. vertical seal is addressed and demonstrated Offshore Miocene with well control. INTRODUCTION The challenge with a stratigraphic play Oil Prospect, The Kakapo prospect lies southeast of the is that the trapping mechanism is more giant Maui Field (gas), west of the recently difficult and subtle to define as compared Taranaki Basin, developed Kupe South Field (oil and gas), to structural prospects. Historically in the and east of the recently developed Maari basin, most of the significant hydrocarbon New Zealand Field (oil). In water depths ranging from discoveries to date have been defined by 30 to >120 m, a total 137 2D seismic lines, structural traps. The use of seismic AVO SPEAKER covering 3200 km, were integrated into the (Amplitude Versus Offset) analysis was Kathleen Dorey seismic interpretation and mapping. therefore a key tool used to provide a Chief Geophysicist, Petrel Robertson direct indication of hydrocarbon presence Consulting Ltd. There are no wells drilled on the prospect and type in the Kakapo prospect. currently but the seismic grid ties to the 12:00 Noon Motueka-1 well, drilled in 1990, 70 km EXAMPLES Wednesday April 16th, 2014 southwest of the prospect. The Motueka-1 Some of the examples shown are results Nexen Plus 15 Conference Centre well encountered fairly clean very-fine-to of the AVO analysis within the proposed Nexen Annex Building fine-grained Motueka sandstone beds up trap versus outside the proposed trap, at 7th Ave. & 7th Street SW to 37 m in thickness as defined by sidewall a consistent stratigraphic level (Figure 1). Calgary, Alberta core analysis and sample cuttings. The This analysis supports the premise that Motueka sandstone member is an informal there is a gas cap present in the trapped ABSTRACT SUMMARY stratigraphic unit which occurs in the portion of the reservoir. Likewise, fluid This talk presents a geophysical evaluation middle part of the Middle Miocene Manganui substitution modelling using well control of the offshore Kakapo Miocene Prospect Formation. (Morrison and Rivers, 1991) It is from the offsetting Maari Oil Field is in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. The this well and the extensive seismic database also is used to support the presence of relevant regional geology, stratigraphy and that is key to the mapping and defining the gas in the trapped updip portion of the paleogeography are presented as a backdrop Kakapo prospect to the north. reservoir. to the geophysical mapping and analysis of the prospect within the basin. The 2D Wells and seismic from the adjacent Maari CONCLUSIONS seismic mapping is discussed and AVO analysis oil field were used in the AVO analysis as The lateral seal for the Motueka sandstones presented which specifically addresses issues a template for the Kakapo prospect. The is defined by the presence of the cross- Maari Field oil production is also from cutting Canyon 1 sequence, which has been a Miocene aged formation with similar mapped extensively with a dense grid of thicknesses and petrophysical properties as 2D seismic over the prospect. Due to this expected in the Kakapo prospect. large 2D seismic grid, the areal extent of the prospect is definable. ROCK SHOTS METHOD AND THEORY: A key south-north seismic line tying the In order for this to be an effective lateral Moteka-1 well to the remainder of the seal the canyon sediments would have Framing the Africa dataset and the prospect as well as a to be filled with relatively impermeable key west-east dip seismic line through the strata. As there is no well control on the Playing Field for prospect will be shown. Kakapo license block, there is a risk that the Canyon 1 sequence would also contain Canadian The synthetic tie to the south-north seismic some sands and silts which would provide E&P Players. line formed the basis for the interpretation an inadequate lateral seal. of the horizons over the seismic dataset. The key horizons of interest were the The risk of an inadequate lateral seal was SPEAKER Motueka SS Top and Base and Top Canyon tested by the AVO analysis performed on Peter Jones - Consultant, 1 and 2 surfaces. The Motueka synthetic the seismic lines over the Kakapo prospect. International Tectonic Consultants Ltd. . tie was used as a basis for phase and It was concluded that the AVO anomally bulk shift corrections where necessary, to present on the prospect is probably caused (SAME TIME AND LOCATION AS the remainder of the seismic lines in the by a gas leg just below the Base Canyon-1 INTERNATIONAL DIVISION TALK, database. The data was fair to good quality unconformity. Furthermore, the lack of an APRIL 16TH, 2014) data and had been recently reworked by AVO anomaly below the apparent gas cap Fugro in 2009. at Kakapo neither confirms nor denies the possibility of an oil leg. Maps will be discussed that show the

14 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 Figure 1: Amplitude anomalies on right side of Canyon suggest gas trap, no amplitude anomalies on the left side of Canyon.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS BIOGRAPHY information or if you would like to give a talk, The author would like to thank Mac Beggs, Kathleen is a Professional Geophysicist and please contact Bob Potter at (403) 863- Exploration Manager with New Zealand Oil a member of the CSEG, SEG, CSUR and 9738 ([email protected]), Kevin and Gas, for the opportunity to present this APEGA. Morrison at (403) 536-3788 (morrison@ paper. antrimenergy.com), Jűrgen Kraus at (403) Kathleen has over 25 yrs experience as a 808 5086 ([email protected]), Jon Noad (403) REFERENCES Geophysicist in major operating companies 513 7541 ([email protected]) or Isis Petroleum Consultants, 2010. Technical such as Texaco and Conoco, and as an visit our Linkedin page (“CSPG International Evaluation, Kaupokonui Prospect PEP independent geophysical consultant for many Division”). junior oil and gas companies. She has been 51311. Consulting report, prepared for Peak Chief Geophysicist for the Petrel Robertson Oil & Gas Ltd. Consulting Ltd for the last 3 years focusing Canadian and International geophysical King, P.R., and G.P. Thrasher, 1996. projects. She is a past member of the Cretaceous-Cenozoic geology and petroleum CSEG Executive, served as Session Chair for the 2013 Geoconvention on Unconventional systems of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Geophysical applications, Past SEG Institute of Geological and Nuclear Convention Technical Program editor, Past Editor of the Canadian Heavy Oil Association Sciences Monograph 13, 243 p. Handbook and currently a Mentor for the CSEG Foundation Mentorship Program. Morrison, W.K., and T.L. Rivers, 1991. Final Geological Report, Motueka-1, PPL 38406. INFORMATION Report submitted to New Zealand Crown There is no charge. Please bring your lunch. Minerals. The facilities for the talk are provided complimentary of Nexen, coffee by IHS New Zealand Oil & Gas (NZOG), 2010. PEP and refreshments by Geochemtech Inc. The 51311 Offshore Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. speakers are provided with gifts by Drilling Powerpoint presentation. Information and Quad Operations. For further

RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 15 DIVISION TALKS BASS DIVISION Sponsored by

Arctic Islands. The Drake gas field was These conclusions permit a re-evaluation Origin of the drilled on the closure on an anticline of petroleum systems on Sabine Peninsula. defined both by surface mapping and The Early Cretaceous age of the Drake Drake Anticline subsurface seismic data. The field is hosted anticline means it was present at the time in Jurassic-aged sandstones of the Heiberg of maximum hydrocarbon generation in and the Giant Group. Ultimate recoverable reserves are the Late Cretaceous. This type of low estimated at 5.3 Tcf. Exploration stopped amplitude fold is more likely to be filled Drake Gas Field, in 1985 and the fields have never been than Eocene-aged, high amplitude folds produced. elsewhere in the basin. Low amplitude Melville Island, folds should be considered a separate play Modern processing and interpretation type from the high amplitude (typically Nunavut, methods were applied to more than 3400 underfilled) anticlines in the northeast part line-kilometres of legacy seismic data from of the Sverdrup Basin. Canada onshore Sabine Peninsula. The success of the reprocessing improved the imaging and BIOGRAPHY SPEAKER hence the interpretation of the Devonian Keith Dewing is a research scientist at the Dr. Keith Dewing through Cretaceous succession. Processing Geological Survey of Canada, where he works Geological Survey of Canada consisted of three main steps: 1) Principal on the stratigraphy, mineral deposits, and component decomposition was used hydrocarbon potential of the Canadian Arctic 12:00 Noon to remove both coherent and random Islands. Prior to joining the GSC in 1999, Thursday, April 17th, 2014 noise, 2) data were migrated following the Keith worked for Cominco Ltd. at the Polaris ConocoPhillips Auditorium, principals of Kirchhoff migration through Mine in Nunavut. Keith has a B.Sc. from Gulf Canada Square, the use of a 3-D geostatistical velocity Queen’s University, an M.Sc. from Laurentian 401 - 9th Ave. S.W. Calgary, AB model and 3) seismic bandwidth extension University and a Ph.D. from the University of was conducted in order to increase vertical Western Ontario The two largest conventional gas fields in resolution. Canada are located on Sabine Peninsula Keith Dewing, Geological Survey of Canada, of Melville Island in the central Canadian The north-south oriented Sabine Calgary, [email protected] Peninsula has three tectono-stratigraphic Virginia Brake, Geological Survey of Canada, assemblages: Québec Mathieu J. Duchesne, Geological Survey of 1) thrust-faulted and folded lower Canada, Québec Paleozoic strata in the lower part; Tom Brent, Geological Survey of Canada, 2) normally-faulted upper Paleozoic Calgary carbonate and clastic strata in the STUDENT INDUSTRY FIELD TRIP middle; INFORMATION 3) folded Mesozoic to Tertiary clastic BASS Division talks are free. Please bring strata in the upper part of the your lunch. For further information about succession. Cretaceous sills and the division, joining our mailing list, a list of dykes locally intrude the succession. upcoming talks, or if you wish to present a talk or lead a field trip, please contact either Steve Are you an alumni The central part of Sabine Peninsula is Donaldson at 403-766-5534, email: Steve. underlain by a graben containing upper [email protected] or Mark Caplan at of SIFT? Paleozoic sediments. The graben fill is only 403-532-7701, email: [email protected] or intersected once by drilling but the graben visit our web page on the CSPG website at likely contains Upper Carboniferous to http://www.cspg.org. Lower Permian sediments. The two largest If so we would like to hear conventional gas fields in Canada (Drake and Hecla) are located within a low amplitude from you! anticline in the Mesozoic succession that partially overlies the graben. Previously, the Drake anticline was interpreted to be Please email Kasandra formed during Eocene time. We propose Amaro that 280 m of the 430 m of structural relief on the Drake Anticline formed in response to uplift at the axis of the anticline in the Early Cretaceous, as shown by thinning of the ([email protected]) Lower Cretaceous Christopher Formation over the Drake Anticline. The remaining 150 m of structural relief has formed by subsidence in the Marryatt Point Syncline.

16 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 DIVISION TALKS CORE AND SAMPLE DIVISION Sponsored by

ABSTRACT Subject matter experts will be on hand to New AER Core With increasing interest and investment explain and answer any questions related and Drill in unconventional resources there has to this procedure. been a great increase in the amount of Cuttings reservoir and geological evaluations being Lunch will be provided, therefore please conducted. This has increased the demand contact Doug Hayden, Chair, CSPG Core Sampling for sampling of AER required submissions and Sample Division via haydengeo@telus. Procedures of core and drill cuttings. Due to this net if you wish to attend. increased demand for material and data, SPEAKER the AER has introduced a procedure for Terry Brazzoni (AER) sampling of AER core and drill cuttings, which includes revised requirements for 12:00 Noon submission of data generated from analysis Wednesday April 23, 2014 of these materials. Bow Glacier Room Centennial Place Conference Centre This meeting will be an opportunity for 3rd floor. those who use the facilities at the Core 300, 250 5th St SW Research Centre to ask questions and Calgary, AB obtain clarification on the new Material Sampling Procedure and the related forms.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 17 May 12-16, 2014 Calgary TELUS Convention Centre

S�� T�� Liquids-rich Gas Tight Oil Heavy Oil QI & Reservoir Characterization Geology Geophysics Petrophysics Geomechanics BD A&D Geomodeling, ResSim, EOR Canadian Frontiers International Young Professionals Turner Valley Centennial K�� S�� Ivo Vegter Amanda Lang �� , �� :

Advance registration closes May 5, 2014

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18 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 DIVISION TALKS GEOMODELING DIVISION Sponsored by Basin modeling in Central Persian Gulf basin, south of Iran

SPEAKER Afshin Fathi Petro Basin Soft

12:00 Noon Wednesday, April 30th, 2014 Place: TBA generation commenced during Jurassic and Cretaceous) source units in the study area Calgary, Alberta Late Cretaceous time, respectively, and gas are not sufficiently mature to have generated generation continued till Neogene time. In significant volumes of oil. This result supports ABSTRACT difference to Cenozoic erosion (“Oligocene” previous suggestions of lateral migration of Basin modeling is the term applied to a group or “Neogene”) different heat flow scenarios the oil present in Mesozoic reservoirs. of geological modeling process that can be have had a significant influence on the timing used to analyze the formation and evolution of of hydrocarbon generation. BIOGRAPHY sedimentary basins, often but not exclusively Afshin Fathi graduated from the Montan Leoben to aid evaluation of potential hydrocarbon Models with 50 m thick Silurian “hot shales” University in Austria in 2012. He has a Master reserves. In this process, the essential (TOC 8 %; HI 470 mg HC / g TOC) degree of petroleum engineering from Petroleum elements and process in a petroleum system successfully predict the gas accumulations University of technology (PUT). During his will be studied and analyzed to understand the in the study area (e.g. South Pars, Golshan study in Leoben he specialized in Petroleum burial history of the basin, the thermal history and Balal fields). The calculated volume of System Modeling and worked on Basin modeling of the basin, and the maturity history of the hydrocarbons accumulated in the model is projects with OMV and RIPI (research institute source rocks, the expulsion, migration and comparable to the volume of predicted and of petroleum industry). Afshin has more than trapping of hydrocarbons. proven hydrocarbons in the Central Persian 10 years’ experience of technology and software Gulf. By contrast, scenarios with thinner “hot development in basin modeling area in RIPI. He In this study, basin modeling approaches is shales” and models without the Sarchahan also has modeling experiences in the Middle applied in south of Iran called the Central Formation along the Qatar-South Fars Arch East (Iran, Iraq, Persian Gulf and Yemen) and Persian Gulf basin. are not capable of predicting the known European basins. accumulations. This suggests that prolific Central Persian Gulf basin has a generally Silurian source rocks must be present in the INFORMATION simple structure. In this basin, the natural gas study area, although lateral gas migration There is no charge for the division talk and we in the super-giant accumulations in Permo- from the south (e.g. from the Qatari portion welcome non-members of the CSPG. Please Triassic reservoirs is thought to have been of the South Pars/North Dome field) may bring your lunch. For details or to present a derived from Silurian “hot shale” source have filled the reservoirs. geomodeling talk in the future, please contact rocks, whereas the oil Mesozoic reservoirs Weishan Ren at (403) 724-0325, e-mail: wren@ is probably sourced from Mesozoic source This study shows that the Jurassic (and statoil.com. rocks. In this study, a 3D basin model has been established for the Iranian part of the Central Persian Gulf in order to improve Dr. James MacEachern and understanding of the petroleum systems Dr. Shahin Dashtgard are in the area. Sensitivity analyses consider different heat flow scenarios, differences in pleased to offer the course: the timing of Cenozoic uplift and erosion, and different thicknesses of the presumed Silurian source rocks. Core Logging of

Present-day heat flow is in the order of Siliciclastic Successions 65 mW/m² and heat flow during Cenozoic maximum burial was probably about 60 June 16-19, 2014 at the Core Research Centre to 68 mW/m². However, because of wide scatter in vitrinite reflectance data, a time- Email [email protected] or constant heat flow of 65 mW/m² in the phone 778-782-5492 for more details entire study cannot be ruled out. Oil and gas

RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 19 GO TAKE A HIKE Peyto Lake-Bow Summit Lookout, Banff National Park, AB | By Philip Benham, Yingchun Guan

braid plain of Peyto Creek which carries the meltwaters of the Peyto Glacier to the lake.

Peyto Lake changes from a deep blue in the spring to a milky turquoise in the summer. The colour is due to suspended very fine grained sediment (rock flour-mostly dolomite with minor calcite, quartz and mica), brought by glacier fed streams, which remains in the water column until it eventually settles on the floor. Obviously, the warmer months of summer are peak melt time and the lake takes on a milky aspect. Even over the short period of an afternoon the increased stream flow on the braid plain below extends the pale fingers of sediment laden water further into the lake. Given the fine nature of the particles and slow settling rate it has been observed that most of the suspended fines should be carried out of the lake by Mistaya River at the lakes north outlet. However, the flour is abundant on the lake floor in the form of fecal pellets produced by a free swimming copepod, perhaps Diaptomus arcticus or its cousins (Smith and Syvitski, 1982). The conversion of the glacial flour to pellets allow the sediment to settle on the lake floor (less than 50m) in a single day.

The lake occupies a valley that 13,000 years ago was full of ice during the Wisconsinan Glaciation. Sine the lake was established at the end of the Ice Age about one third of its 3 km length has been filled by a Gilbert Style delta. These kinds of deltas, characterized by steeply dipping foresets, are common in lake settings where coarse material is transported along the channel base and dumped down the delta front. A tremendous amount of material (both coarse and fine) is carried from Peyto Glacier via constantly shifting braided Trailhead: Proceed north on Highway 93, 40 km north of the Lake Louise river channels. About 1437 m3 of gravel and other sediment is thought to be transported to junction to the Peyto Lake parking lot. the delta every year. The delta itself progrades (builds out) at about 7 cm/year and the braid plain aggrades about 1.4 mm/year (Smith and Jol, 1997). An intriguing study using ground Distance: The trail to Peyto Lake viewpoint is on paved and heavily travelled penetrating radar (GPR) proved that this lake did contain a Gilbert style delta. Nine GPR trail with a return length of 1200m. It is a 6.2 km return trail and 230 m elevation profiles exhibited flat lying “topset” beds capping the delta and steep foreset beds dripping gain to Bow Summit Lookout. To reach the lookout, head uphill from the viewing at 25° (the underwater angle of repose) (Smith and Jol, 1997). The foresets form as gravel platform and stay right when the paved trail forks. You will come to a three way carried by the streams avalanches down the slope. Instability and subsequent slumping of junction at an interpretive sign; continue straight ahead along an old road. The old the foresets near the lake bottom is suggested by a switch from parallel dipping reflectors road rises over a hill and then turns to the Southeast. It climbs steadily up the to concave or bulging patterns. The final component of the delta front is the bottomset mountain slope then dips down at the foot of a rockslide only to rise again and beds, these flat lying finer grained beds sit out front of the foresets, which build over them. end at Bow Summit, where a fire lookout once stood. References: The Icefields Parkway is considered one of the most scenic highways in the world Smith, D.G., and Jol, H.M., 1997. Radar Structure of a Gilbert Type delta, Peyto Lake, Banff National and Peyto Lake certainly offers one of the most beautiful views in the Rockies. If you Park, Canada. Sedimentary Geology, V.113 , No. 3-4, 195-209. just take the short stroll to the viewpoint you will have to contend with the crowds disgorged from the tour buses, but the trail that leads beyond this quickly grows quiet Smith, N.D., and Syvitski, J.P.M., 1982. Sedimentation in a Glacier Fed Lake: The role of Pelletization and the views are just as spectacular. If you go beyond the Peyto Lake viewpoint to on Deposition of Fine Grained Suspensates. Journal Of Sedimentary Petrology, Vo., 52, No.2, Bow Summit, there are numerous side trails with exceptional and changing views of p.503-513. Peyto Lake. Take care not to get lost and don’t cut across the fragile terrain to create Wallace, A.L., 1995 “The volumetric change of the Peyto Glacier, Alberta, Canada, 1896-1966” new trails. While not described on this hike, a side trail also leads 300m below to the (1995). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). Paper 330. http://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/330.

Panoramic view from SW to NW of Peyto Glacier, Peyto Lake and Caldron Peak. The outlet to Peyto Lake (Mistaya River) is to the right, towards Mount Wilson in the distance. Visible strata include Lower Cambrian Gog Group (Cgg) and Mount White Formation (Cmw), Middle Cambrian Cathedral, Stephen, Eldon and Pika Formations (Cca, Cst, Cel, Cpi). At Peyto Peak to the south the Sullivan and Upper Cambrian Lyell Formations (Csu and Cly) cap the mountain. Only Gog (underfoot) can be examined closely on this hike. The lake is named after Bill Peyto, adventurer and guide, who explored the area in 1894. If you do follow the trails to Bow Loookout in July and early August you will encounter the white flowered valerian and multiple hues of Indian Paintbrush in the mountain meadows. These meadows are where Alan Ladd and Jay Silverheels were filmed on horseback in 1953 for the western movie “Saskatchewan…” though no topography like this graces the province.

20 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 Left: View of the Peyto Creek braid plain. Note the narrow restriction at the head of the fan, created by a resistant notch of the Cambrian Cathedral Formation. The radiating nature of the streams is common in alluvial fans. Right: Closeup of the braided streams. The lack of vegetation is evidence both of the shifting nature of the streams and also the coarse sediment on which vegetation has difficulty establishing.

SW-NE orientated GPR profile in the middle of the Peyto Delta showing gently dipping topsets (which thin towards the lake) and steep dipping foresets (From Smith and Jol, 1997).

Left: Light coloured plumes of glacial flour laden water enter Peyto Lake from many distributary streams at the delta front. Note the small, light coloured ridges at the edge of the delta (some are highlighted by dotted lines); these are small beaches of coarser material reworked by waves along the lake edge. Right: View of Peyto Glacier. The dark band in the middle of the glacier is a medial moraine, a debris laden zone where two sheets of ice have merged as they flow downslope.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 21 The Reservoir Committee welcomes contributions from our readership to this series. If you wish to offer a submission to Go Take a Hike on your favourite hike of geological interest, email the Reservoir at [email protected] for more information.

Top Left: There are multiple viewpoints of Peyto Lake if one follows the trails uphill from the main viewpoint. At your feet are the uppermost strata of the Gog Group, including the inner shelf to shallow subtidal sandstones and siltstones of the St. Piran Formation and the mixed carbonates and clastics of the Peyto Formation. The occurrence of carbonate in the Peyto Fm signals the transition to middle Cambrian carbonate platforms as the various parts of the Cambrian supercontinent Rodinia finished rifting and then began drifting apart. The outcrops of St Piran Formation along the trail exhibit evidence both of exposure (mudcrack breccias on middle left picture) and more commonly shallow water to shelf setting (ripples, burrows and spindle shaped syneresis cracks displayed in figure on middle right). Bottom Right: The reward for reaching Bow Summit is a view of Bow Lake from the flanks of Mount Jimmy Simpson. From this lake Bow River flows south and far east through the city of Calgary. Jimmy Simpson was the expedition outfitter and guide who established and ran the Num Ti Jah Lodge on the shore of Bow Lake in 1922 until his death in 1972 at the age of 95.

22 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014

PETROLEUM INDUSTRY COURSES technology • seismic • rocks • maps • formations • land • sediments • history • sea • fossils • environment

OVERVIEW OF THE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY IN WESTERN CANADA Date: April 30th and May 1st, 2014 Cost: $1050 (includes GST) Instructor: Bill Ayrton Effective for personnel just joining the oil patch, or for financial, accounting, and information systems personnel. • Learn about the many facets of the industry. • Oil finding, land acquisition, drilling, seismic, well completion, jargon and terminology.

GEOLOGY FOR NON-GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGY FOR Date: June 4th and 5th, 2014 NON-GEOLOGISTS Cost: $1050 (includes GST) Instructor: Bill Ayrton Photo by: Bill Ayrton Effective for geological technicians or administrative staff, or for those who just want a better understanding of geology to appreciate the world around us. • Learn about earth structure, geologic time-scale and Pr esented by: WHO SHOULD ATTEND processes, Western Canada geology, and interesting W.G. (Bill) Ayrton nearby locations. New geologists, engineers, geophysicists and • Participate in a rock identification exercise, landmen, as well as summer students entering cross-section project and a mini-field trip in the industry for the first time will find the downtown Calgary. courses a very beneficial introduction to the petroleum industry. These courses will be extremely useful to nonprofessional and support staff in the oil and gas industry, as well as GEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN accountants, lawyers, brokerage and financial CANADIAN SEDIMENTARY BASIN personnel working primarily alongside the oil Date: June 10th, 11th, and 12th, 2014 and gas industry. Cost: $1575 (includes GST) Instructor: Bill Ayrton TO REGISTER Ideal for those who wish to improve their geological To register or to obtain additional information understanding of where and how we look for oil and gas fields in Western Canada. regarding in-house and upcoming courses, please contact: • To visualize what Western Canada looked like throughout the stages of history, for example, the Ayrton Exploration Consulting Ltd. position of the sea versus land, what sediments were deposited, and what type of life that existed Tel: (403) 262-5440 and evolved. • To review the importance of each major stratigraphic Email: [email protected] unit, i.e. Devonian, Mississippian, Cretaceous, etc. • Discuss the geological and seismic expression of Or visit our website: typical oil and gas fields in each unit. www.ayrtonexploration.com

24 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 YOUNG PROFESSIONALS & STUDENTS to Take Centre Stage at GeoConvention 2014! | By Ryan Lemiski – Nexen Energy ULC, Marc Enter – SGS Canada Inc.

And now for something completely different… This May, the AAPG Canada Region Young Professional Committee will be co-hosting a young professional (YP)/student-focused session with the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (CSPG) and the Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists (CSEG) at GeoConvention 2014. The 2014 theme of GeoConvention is ‘FOCUS’ and, for the very first time, GeoConvention will put that focus on its young members during a forum entitled Ryan Lemiski Marc Enter On Belay – FOCUSing on the Climb that is a Career in Geoscience. conversations with the students and YPs • Is active membership in a professional whom the session seeks to inform. The society beneficial to my current and future On Belay will consist of two components: presentations are tailored to answer the success? a morning session with presentations common questions these demographics have • What are human resources (HR) and what from senior Canadian energy industry about the industry while at the same time does HR they really look for in a resume? professionals—many of which are CSPG, providing insights for senior professionals on • What can I expect in my first few years of CSEG and AAPG leaders—and an afternoon the mindset the next generation has regarding work in the energy industry? session where young professionals from their industry. Some of the questions include: • How important is a network? How does across the country will take the stage. • What are the current and future technical one network? requirements of the energy industry? “If you are a student or a professional just • What steps can I take to gain employment On Belay’s morning talks will provide beginning a career in geoscience, this is not in the competitive Canadian job students and young professionals with the to be missed!” environment? opportunity to hear from an experienced • Where/how do I fit in with a professional multidisciplinary panel of speakers that The concept for this session was based on society? (Continued on page 26...)

MAY 27TH, 2014 MARTHA COHEN THEATRE Visit www.cspg.org/conferences to register today

RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 25 (...Continued from page 25) The On Belay session will begin with opening bimodality. Astrid Arts will provide “A Girl’s represent all geoscience organizations in remarks from Dale Leckie. Following Mr. Guide to The Oil Patch.” Finally, have you ever Canada. They include: Leckie, a keynote presentation by Ron Bailey wondered what HR really looks for when • Ron Bailey – Senior Vice President, Gas will discuss his career path and one of the reviewing resumes? Holly Ivanko and Nancy and Tight Oil, Nexen Energy ULC hot topics in the Canadian energy industry: Eaton-Doke will provide resume tips and • John Hogg – Candidate for AAPG LNG – liquefied natural gas. Mr. Bailey’s talk shed light on the important considerations President-Elect, MGM Energy is sure to draw a big crowd as he highlights students should make when applying for a job. • Dale Leckie –CSPG President, Nexen Nexen Energy ULC’s LNG strategy and what Energy ULC LNG may mean for the future of Canada. Are you excited yet? • Ron Larson – CSEG President, RPS Boyd Next, Ron Larson will present his thoughts On Belay’s afternoon talks will highlight PetroSearch on industry cycles, emerging economies, six young professionals. The YPs will speak • Tom Sneddon – APEGA Director of the technical skills required in the pursuit to their experience working in the energy Geoscience and Outreach of tight and self-sourced hydrocarbons and industry, discuss training programs at large • Astrid Arts – CSPG Finance Director- finally, environmental stewardship. Tom companies, compare and contrast roles Elect, Cenovus Energy Sneddon will present on the importance of in E&P and service companies, touch on • Holly Ivanko / Nancy Eaton-Doke – professionalism. John Hogg will discuss energy the finer points of networking and inform Campus Recruitment, Nexen Energy ULC industry demographics and, in particular, its students on what they can expect as they transition (or “bridge”) from student to YP. WELLSITE GEOSCIENCE SERVICES The YP speakers include: • Jesse Schoengut – Canadian Natural Resources Ltd. • Frank Ryan – Chevron • Tiffany Yaxley – Roke Technologies Ltd. • Marc Enter – SGS Canada Inc. • Ryan Lemiski – Nexen Energy ULC • Greg Baniak – BP Canada

Please note that these talks are not solely for the benefit of YPs and students. Our senior geoscience colleagues are encouraged to attend as we hope to initiate a dialogue on some of the important issues facing YPs and students. It is only by engaging our senior colleagues that we can begin to address concerns such as the impending ‘great crew change’ and how to properly capture the wealth knowledge and experience of the individuals that have worked in this industry for 30+ years.

On Belay’s program has something for everyone and highlights growing collaboration among CSPG, CSEG and AAPG. Presentations from senior professionals and YPs will provide those in attendance with a perspective on the When time is money, different benefits professional organizations Wellsite Geoscience is offer their members and evidence that being an active member in (hopefully) more than money well spent. one of these organizations can lead to a large Whether you’re exploring a basin, producing a well or completing support network and a long successful career

a shale play, time is money. That’s why Weatherford Laboratories in geoscience. brings a suite of formation evaluation technologies right to the wellsite. Utilizing mud gas and cuttings, these technologies provide If you would like more information on this detailed data on gas composition, organic richness, mineralogy session or would like to volunteer please contact Ryan Lemiski (Ryan.Lemiski@ and chemostratigraphy in near real time. As a result, operators now nexencnoocltd.com) or Marc Enter (Marc. have an invaluable tool to assist with sweet spot identification, [email protected]). wellbore positioning, completion design and hydraulic fracturing. We call it Science At the Wellsite. You’ll call it money well spent. SCIENCE AT THE WELLSITE™ www.weatherfordlabs.com

Formation Evaluation ┃Well Construction ┃Completion ┃Production

26 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 Check out the newest issue of the CSPG Bulletin online today at

www.cspg.org

Issue Contents

Stratigraphy of the Bad Heart Formation, Clear Hills and Smoky River areas, Alberta B. Kafle, R.A. Olson and O. Catuneanu

Natural thermogenic gas seeps at the front of the Richardson Mountains: Indications for a petroleum system in Peel Plateau, Yukon, Canada T.L. Allen and K.G. Osadetz

Allostratigraphy of the Peace River Formation (Albian) in north-western Alberta and adjacent British Columbia Robin A. Buckley and A. Guy Plint

Revised stratigraphy, regional correlations and new bentonite radiometric ages for the Albian Loon River Formation, Fort St. John Group, northwestern Alberta B. Hathway, G. Dolby, D.H. McNeil, S.L. Kamo, M.T. Heizler and N. Joyce 31ST ANNUAL CSPG SQUASH TOURNAMENT Great Success! 31th annual CSPG Squash Tournament held beginners to pros, everyone had a good time A big thank you to on Feb. 6th, 7th and 8th at the World Health and there were some impressive skills on the Edgemont Club was a great success this year. court. This year’s winners were: the prize sponsors 2014 may have been the best year yet! From as well: GENDER DIVISION WINNER

Men’s A Trevor Slaughter • Escoba

Men’s A Consolation Mike Hiller • Belgo

Men’s B Derek Shtand • Local 522

Men’s B Consolation Travis Nicolle • The Unicorn Men’s C Daniel Sharp • The Libertine Men’s C Consolation Chris Doyle • Below Deck Men’s D Zac Colbran • Core Labs Men’s D Consolation Trevor Dufresne • Global Energy Services Men’s E James Tsubone • SeisWare Men’s E Consolation Josh Doiron • McLeay Women’s A Solana Jear

Women’s B Sandra Deren • Escoba

Women’s C Jill Knebel Looking forward to next year!!! Women’s D Alana Humphreys

Women’s E Tracy Hendsbee

Women’s E Consolation Jane Condie

Doubles Competitive Gord Copp/Mike Hiller

Doubles Competitive Consolation Jackie Moss/Trevor Slaughter

Doubles Rec Thomas Weedmark/Shawn Lafleur

Doubles Rec Consolation Cory Honstein/Luc Gravel

Yellow Team: Sandy Bunko Teams Tourney Winner Gary Bugdon Jaycee Neumann Tyson Frantz

Black Team: Tina Chow Liam Plunkett Teams Tourney Most Honest Darin McCollum Dawn Hodgins Mellissa Williams

28 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 The tournament was held at the Edgemont World Health Club, which was an excellent venue for this event. A big thank you to Edgemont and the tournament sponsors:

McDaniels & Associates OYO Geo Space Canada Inc. McDaniels & Associates OYO Geo Space Canada Inc. McDanielsDATALOG & Technology Associates OYONOV Geo - NationalSpace Canada Oilwell Inc. DATALOG Technology NOV - National Oilwell McDanielsDATALOGGlacier & TechnologySurveys Associates OYONOV GeoCrescent - NationalSpace PointCanada Oilwell Inc. McDanielsGlacier &Surveys Associates OYO GeoCrescent Space Point Canada Inc. McDanielsDATALOGGlacierDivestco & TechnologySurveys Associates Inc. OYONOV GeoCrescent MJ- NationalSpace Systems PointCanada Oilwell Inc. DATALOGDivestco Technology Inc. NOVMJ - National Systems Oilwell McDanielsDATALOGGlacierDivestco & TechnologySurveys Associates Inc. OYOgeoLOGICNOV GeoCrescent MJ- NationalSpace Systems Systems PointCanada Oilwell Ltd Inc. . McDanielsGlacier & Surveys Associates OYOgeoLOGIC GeoCrescent Space Systems PointCanada Ltd Inc.. DATALOGGlacierDivestco TechnologySurveys Inc. geoLOGICNOVCrescent MJ- National Systems Systems Point Oilwell Ltd . McDanielsDATALOGDivestco & Technology Associates Inc. OYONOV Geo MJ- NationalSpace Systems Canada Oilwell Inc. GlacierDivestco Surveys Inc. geoLOGICCrescentMJ Systems Systems Point Ltd. DATALOGGlacier TechnologySurveys geoLOGICNOVCrescent - National Systems Point Oilwell Ltd . Divestco Inc. geoLOGICMJ Systems Systems Ltd. GlacierDivestco Surveys Inc. CrescentMJ Systems Point Divestco Inc. geoLOGICMJ Systems Systems Ltd. Divestco Inc. geoLOGICMJ Systems Systems Ltd. geoLOGIC Systems Ltd. Statcom Ltd. geoLOGICArcis Systems Ltd. Statcom Ltd. Arcis MatrixStatcom Geoservices Ltd. Ltd. SourcexArcis Matrix Geoservices Ltd. Sourcex MaxamMatrix SeismicStatcom Geoservices Explosives Ltd. Ltd. Inc. ProSourcexArcis Geo MaxamMatrixSigma SeismicStatcom Geoservices Explorations Explosives Ltd. Ltd. Inc. ProSeiswareSourcexArcis Geo Maxam SeismicStatcom Explosives Ltd. Inc. ProArcis Geo MaxamMatrixSigma Seismic Geoservices ExplorationsExova Explosives Ltd. Inc. McLeaySeiswareProSourcex Geological Geo MatrixSigmaStatcom Geoservices Explorations Ltd. Ltd. SeiswareSourcexArcis MaxamSigma SeismicGlobalStatcomExova Explorations Energy Explosives Ltd. Inc. McLeaySeiswareProCNRL ArcisGeological Geo MaxamMatrix SeismicStatcom GeoservicesExova Explosives Ltd. Ltd. Inc. McLeayProSourcexArcis Geological Geo MatrixSigmaFMQGlobalStatcom Geoservices LineExovaExplorations Energy Cutting Ltd. Ltd. ContinentalMcLeaySeiswareSourcexCNRL ArcisLaboratories Geological Ltd. MaxamMatrixSigma SeismicGlobal Geoservices Explorations Energy Explosives Ltd. Inc. SeiswareProSourcexCNRL Geo MaxamMatrixFMQ MatrixSeismicGlobal Geoservices LineExova Solutions Energy CuttingExplosives Ltd. Inc. ContinentalMcLeayProSourcex LaboratoriesCNRL Geological Geo Ltd. MaxamSigmaFMQ Seismic LineExovaExplorations Explosives Cutting Inc. ContinentalMcLeaySeiswarePro Laboratories Geological Geo Ltd. MaxamSigmaMatrixFMQ SeismicGlobal Line ExplorationsSolutions Energy Explosives Cutting Inc. ContinentalSeiswarePro CNRLLaboratories Geo Ltd. SigmaMatrixGlobal ExovaExplorations Solutions Energy McLeaySeiswareCNRL Geological SigmaFMQMatrix LineExovaExplorations Solutions Cutting ContinentalMcLeaySeisware Laboratories Geological Ltd. FMQGlobal LineExova Energy Cutting ContinentalMcLeay CNRLLaboratories Geological Ltd. MatrixGlobalExova Solutions Energy McLeayCNRL Geological FMQMatrixGlobal Line Solutions Energy Cutting Continental CNRLLaboratories Ltd. FMQGlobal Line Energy Cutting Continental CNRLLaboratories Ltd. FMQMatrix Line Solutions Cutting Continental Laboratories Ltd. FMQMatrix Line Solutions Cutting Continental Laboratories Ltd. Matrix Solutions GEOCONVENTION 2014: FOCUS May 12-16, 2014, www.geoconvention.com

| By David Finch

Focus on Turner Valley – The Grandfather In addition to its academic geological at the historic site. Close to Calgary, it to the Oil Industry in Western Canada importance, the Turner Valley oilfield can inform school and Polytechnic and discovery was the incident that set the university students about the evolution Almost lost in history, the Turner Valley foundation for the development of the oil of the oil industry. Visitors to Alberta oilfield story is worth revisiting. Especially industry in Western Canada. can learn about oil here too along with this year, as GeoConvention 2014 helps the rest of society – even oil company celebrate the centennial of the discovery Calgary is the centre of the Canadian employees! Visit turnervalleygasplant.org of Western Canada’s First Commercial petroleum industry because of Turner for information. Oilfield. Valley. It was Canada’s first 100 million barrel field. It boasted Canada’s first A session at GeoConvention 2014 will On May 14, 1914, an Alberta-based scrubbing plant, first high-pressure review the history, geology, production company called Calgary Petroleum gasoline plant, first propane plant and and greater implications of the discovery Products Co. Ltd declared its first well second sulfur plant, and a gas plant that of the Turner Valley oilfield 100 years ago. a discovery. CPP No. 1 is also known supported pilot training and explosives Watch for details in the GeoConvention as Dingman No. 1 – named by the news manufacturing during World War II. program, the mobile app and at www. media of the day after general manager Energy pipelining in Canada also got its geoconvention.com. Archie Dingman. start here as well as oil gas banking and petroleum law... the list goes on. The David Finch is a Calgary historian and author The Discovery Well began drilling on January CSPG also got its start, in 1927, as the of the history of the CSPG. 25, 1913 and hit gas and condensate at many Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists, levels on its way to the 2718-foot level – because non hard-rock explorers were on May 14, 1914. Drilling continued and working in Turner Valley and formed a final depth was 3924 feet when completed society in Calgary that year. on July 1, 1916. Production was from the Home Sandstone formation. The well was At the centre of the Turner Valley oilfield, successfully abandoned on June 4, 1968 and the Turner Valley Gas Plant historic site is a monument to this discovery resides within the location for Centennial Celebrations the Turner Valley Gas Plant Historic Site planned for May 14, 2014. Plans call for near downtown Turner Valley. the development of interpretive programs

30 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 CSPG Continuing Education

2014 Spring Short Courses 2014 Spring Field Seminars

Facies Architecture and Sequence and Stratigraphy Turner Valley’s Centennial, A Field Trip of Delta System: From Exploration to Reservoir through Changing Interpretations and Performance Unchanging Rocks Janok P. Bhattacharya Paul MacKay, Clinton Tippett

Clastic Facies and Depositional Environments in Core SAGD Fundamentals - Field Seminar in Fort Bill Arnott McMurray, Alberta Rudy Strobl, Milovan Fustic and Daryl Evaluating Source Rocks in a Risk Analysis Frame- Wightman work Nicholas B. Harris

SAGD Fundamentals - Application of Core, Geology, 2014 Summer Field Seminars Geophysics and Geochemistry Geology of the Mount Stephen Trilobite Rudy Strobl, Milovan Fustic and Daryl Wightman Beds and Adjacent Strata

Allen Kimmel Dynamics of Subsurface Flow of Water and

Hydrocarbons Udo K. Weyer More to come…

Mannville Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Petroleum Geology Doug Cant

SAGD - Reservoir Engineering for Geoscientists & Non Reservoir Engineers Hussain Sheikha

For more information and registration contact: Biljana Popovic at the CSPG office at (403) 513-1225. 53rd ANNUAL CSPG CLASSIC Elbow Springs Golf Club • June 19-20, 2014

4 3 r 1 d 0 C 2 cspg.org LASSIC

The tournament would like to thank the following 2012 Sponsors: Register Online at cspg.org Diamond Sponsors Go to Events/ Sporting Events/ Classic Golf.

Schlumberger of Canada geoLOGIC Systems Little Rock Document Services To complete registration login to the website with your CSPG member ID. Emerald Sponsors Weatherford Canada Halliburton Group Canada Please call (403) 513-1233 for assistance. Partnership GeoStrata Resources Inc. RECON Petrotechnologies Ltd. Energy Navigator Registration Includes RBC Dominion Securities Divestco Inc. ProGeo Consultants Baker Hughes 2 rounds of golf at Elbow Springs MJ Systems AGAT Laboratories IHS Power Cart Platinum Sponsors Driving Range

ZIPCASH Belloy Petroleum Consulting Golf Shirt West Canadian Belgo Brasserie Steak Dinner at Elbow Springs Paradigm Geophysical LXL Consulting ATB Financial Pason Systems Corp. Breakfast at Elbow Springs GLJ Petroleum Consultants Awards Banquet at The Petroleum Club

Gold Sponsors (for you and your guest) Arcis Corporation McLeay Geological Consulting Draw Prizes Canadian Discovery Ltd. National Oilwell Varco ConocoPhillips Canada Painted Pony Petroleum Corp. Daily Skill Prizes Continental Laboratories Pajak Engineering Ltd. Sponsorship Tents, prizes and gifts AND

Datalog Technology Inc. Rigsat Communications Frank Pogubila Rockwell Consulting Chance to win two separate draw prizes to any Greystone Resources Ltd. Sample Pro Ltd. North American Destination Knowledge Energy Ltd. Sproule Associates Ltd. Total Gas Detection Ltd. Typhoon Energy Ltd. Seismic Brokerage Services Tournament Fee: Silver Sponsors Member Non Member Cambria Business Services Global Energy Services $309.00 $329.00 Gabel Energy Inc. Martin Quinn

Bronze Sponsors *All prices include GST

Canadian Stratigraphic Hydro-Fax Resources Ltd. Services San Dago Resources Ltd. *Discounts for students, first time players and Fekete Associates previous players who refer a first time player.

Sponsorship Welcome, Contact James Ablett (403) 290-7670 Social events cancellation or additions require 72 hours Visit us on Facebook or Linkedin: CSPG Classic Golf notice before the event. Please contact Scott Thain

(403) 262-9229, cell (403) 999– 8558 or In 2014 the charity selected is the email: [email protected] CSPG Educational Trust Fund Last day for refunds Friday June 13, 2014 2013 PRESIDENT’S AWARD

The Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology The third major achievement that Robin President’s Award is granted to individuals provided that would not be immediately who have made significant contributions recognised by the membership was the to the Society. It is the highest volunteer successful steering of the Society to be award presented annually. Often the compliant with the new federal Not-for- award is presented to individuals for an rofit Corporations Act. This is a major activity that has been highly visible to the change for non-profit societies in Canada. membership such as the running of an The CSPG was one of the first non-profits annual convention, dedication to the Bulletin to adapt to the change and is fully compliant. of Canadian Petroleum Geology or some other Failure to meet this challenge was a serious special effort. The 2013 President’s Award threat to the status of the CSPG and its is granted to Robin Mann, for his selfless future. work behind the scenes on projects that the membership would not be generally Robin provided abundant advice and aware of. suggestions through his time on the executive. His help in forming the new Robin graduated with a B.Sc. (Honours) structure for GeoConvention was Geology from Dalhousie University and extremely valuable as was his sense of how a M.Sc. in Geology and Geophysics from the Society needed to behave in the future Carlton University. He began his career to ensure that the CSPG was a leading voice with Amoco Canada and worked for a series for Canadian geology. of different companies in a variety of roles branding may seem a trivial issue to many in both technical and executive positions. of the members but branding to the Society Robin Mann is a deserving recipient of In 1984 he established a consulting practice is an integral part of the CSPG’s ability to the President’s Award and it is through which eventually became AJM Petroleum seek sponsorship and corporate identity in his strong foundational leadership that our Consultants where he served as CEO until a very competitive market. The CSPG brand future is bright and expanding. its take-over by Deloitte Canada, where is a successful, well recognised brand and is he still serves. Robin has been active on solidified by many of Robin’s initiatives. numerous Boards (both non-profit and for profit organizations) and is a generous volunteer with many different groups. expertise Robin has donated the last three years to the running of the CSPG as Vice President, in Integrated Subsurface Solutions President and Past President. This alone is a significant effort on behalf of the Featuring one of our many technical services offering world class geophysical data support ... membership, howeverthis award is granted to Robin for three significant efforts he made DAtA room services throughout his executive term. Robin’s first We offer seismic project preparation, data presentation on Seisware, Kingdom or WinPics seismic workstation. major contribution during his tenure on the executive was to steer the Society through an exceptionally difficult transition and office move. Robin held the Society’s employees together as the office had to transition from one location to a temporary location and then to the final destination at its present site. This may seem a minor issue but the Society was particularly vulnerable without storage support convenience comfort an established home that the members could identify. Robin sacrificed much of his own Your data will be carefully managed on secure workstation and made comfort to make room for the Society in his available to reviewers in one of our spacious, private and comfortably own place of business. This act of generosity appointed data rooms. If you desire to establish a data room on your was not expected or anticipated but was own site, we can supply a dedicated workstation with working software freely given and allowed the office staff to license to you on a rental basis, which we will manage and maintain. maintain services to the membership on Contact us for further information and pricing. an uninterrupted basis. During this time Robin provided nearly daily leadership to the Society and was a source of stability. A division of Geo-Reservoir Solutions Ltd. Another major effort by Robin was to solidify the branding of the CSPG. Again, geo-reservoirsolutions.com 403.777.0008 [email protected]

RESERVOIR_GEORes_third_Dataroom_08_2013.indd 1 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL2013-08-22 2014 1:25 PM 33 A 12-STEP PROGRAM TO REDUCE UNCERTAINTY IN KEROGEN-RICH RESERVOIRS: Part 2 – Getting the Right Hydrocarbon Volume | By E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng., Spectrum 2000 Mindware Ltd., and Dorian Holgate, P.Geol., Aptian Technical Ltd.

INTRODUCTION In Part 1 of this article, we described the workflow for a deterministic model that allows step by step calibration of the petrophysical analysis results leading to values for clay volume, kerogen volume, and effective porosity. The basis of this workflow was the shale and kerogen corrected density- neutron complex lithology crossplot model.

Part 2 below shows the remaining steps for lithology, saturation, and gas or oil in place estimates. None of these techniques are novel or new, but a review seems in order to demonstrate the importance of accuracy in the clay, kerogen, and porosity calculations.

Step 5: Lithology Lithology is calculated with a kerogen and shale corrected 2-mineral PE model or a 3-mineral model using kerogen-and shale corrected PE, density, and neutron data. Calibrate results to XRD data. Modify mineral selection or mineral end points to achieve a reasonable match.

Some people use a multi-mineral or probabilistic software package to solve for all minerals, including porosity and kerogen, treating the latter two as “minerals.” In the case of rough borehole conditions, this method gives silly results unless a bad- hole discriminator curve is also used. These models are more difficult to tune because it is not possible to calibrate shale volume, TOC weight fraction, effective porosity, and mineralogy in a step-by-step sequence, as can be done with the deterministic model described here. Changing parameters in the multi-mineral model, to strive for a better match to ground truth, often gives unexpected results. It is a multi-dimensional jigsaw puzzle and some of the pieces just won’t fit unless you trim them in the correct sequence.

To reduce this problem, calibrate shale volume kerogen volume and effective porosity by the deterministic method shown Figure 4: Example of TOC and density-neutron effective porosity after kerogen correction in a Montney interval, earlier, then use these as input curves as showing close comparison to core effective porosity (black dots). TOC reaches 4 weight percent, which converts constraints in the multi-mineral model. to near 10% by volume (dark shading). Note that permeability of the free porosity is in the range of 0.01 to 0.1 Recently, we have seen excellent examples milliDarcies, not the nanoDarcy range quoted in core reports based on the GRI protocol, which uses crushed sample grains instead of core plugs.

34 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 of elemental capture spectroscopy Step 7: Permeability some pains to use only valid data in our inversions that produce TOC, clay, and Permeability from the Wyllie-Rose petrophysical analysis, omitting bad data mineral weight fractions. TOC and XRD equation works extremely well even in low from our models. Reconstructed logs are

((

(( lab data are still used to drive the inversion porosity reservoirs. We generally assume generated from those results using the

((

(( (( (( (( in the correct direction. that the calculated water saturation is also Log Response Equation.

((

(( the irreducible water saturation for this

((

(( (( Step 6: Water Saturation model, although this assumption may be There are two reasons for reconstructing ((

((

(( (( From here onward, petrophysical analysis incorrect in a few cases. The calibration the well logs. The first is to verify that ((

((

(( follows normal procedures. Water constant in the Wyllie-Rose equation can the parameters used in all steps are ((

((

(( (( saturation is best done with the Simandoux range between 100,000 to 150,000 and reasonable. In good borehole conditions, ((

((

(( (( (( equation, which is better behaved in low beyond, and is adjusted to get a good the reconstructed logs should be close (( ((

((

(( (( porosity than most other models. Dual match to conventional core permeability. overlays of the original logs. If they are ((

((

(( water models may also work, but may give not, possibly some bad data snuck in, or

((

(( silly results when shale volume is high or An alternative is the exponential some parameters in the overall model

((

(( (

( are wrong. You will need to use your (( porosity is very low. equation derived from regression of core

((

(( permeability against core porosity. The CSI skills to chase down the guilty party

(( ((

((

(( In many cases, the electrical properties equation takes the form Perm = 10^(A1 and rectify the problem. A good match

((

(( ((

(( must be varied from world average values * PHIe + A2). Typical values for A1 between reconstructed and original logs

((

(( ((

(( to get Sw to match lab data. Typically and A2 are 20.0 and –3.0 respectively. is not a guarantee of success, but it is one

((

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(( A = 1.0 with M = N = 1.5 to 1.8. Lab This model will match conventional core more piece of evidence pointing in that

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((

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(( or macro fractures should be eliminated calculating rock mechanical properties.

((

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(( Calibration can be done with core water before performing the regression. ((

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(( (( (( (( ((

(( pose tricky problems in unconventional Step 8: Reconstruct the Log Curves or worse, that destroys the stimulation

((

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(( reservoirs, especially those with thin Reconstructed or synthetic logs have design results. We strongly recommend

((

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(( porosity laminations, so common sense become an important part of a competent that stimulation design should ALWAYS

((

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(( may have to prevail over “facts”. petrophysical workflow. We go to (Continued on page 36...)

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(( (( (...Continued from page 35) data to remove the effects of bad hole Step 10: Net Reservoir and Net Pay use edited or reconstructed logs, which and light hydrocarbons. The frac design Once all these checks and balances are presupposes that sufficient time and talent programs need the water filled case so satisfied, we can get on with finding be allowed by management for this step to the reconstruction is always needed in the “real” answers. Unfortunately, this is take place. gas zones. More information on how to where the world gets a little fuzzier. do this can be found at www.spec2000. During reconstruction, we can also net/10-mechsyn.htm. In many shale gas and some shale oil plays, create missing logs, such as the shear typical porosity cutoffs for net reservoir sonic curve, for use in the mechanical The usual outputs from this step are shear are as low as 2 or 3% for those with an properties calculation or for comparison modulus, velocity ratio, Poisson’s ratio, optimistic view, and between 4 and 5% for to other wells in the project. bulk modulus, Young’s modulus (both the pessimistic view. dynamic and static), Lame’s constant, Step 9: Rock Mechanical Properties and a brittleness coefficient. The original The water saturation cutoff for net pay All well completions in unconventional and reconstructed log curves, and the is quite variable. Some unconventional reservoirs involve expensive stimulation lithology track, are displayed with the reservoirs have very little water in the programs. Hydraulic fracture design mechanical properties results. free porosity so the SW cutoff is not too depends on an accurate evaluation of important. Others have higher apparent rock mechanical properties based, Triaxial (static) and dynamic lab water saturation than might be expected in turn, on an advanced petrophysical measurements can be used to help calibrate for a productive reservoir. However, they analysis. Most frac design programs have the mechanical properties calculated from do produce, so the SW cutoff must be only a rudimentary capacity to perform the petrophysical model. In the absence quite liberal; cutoffs between 50 and 80% petrophysical analysis. Worse still, frac of lab data, most of these results must SW are common. design software uses the raw, unedited log fit within known ranges, depending on data with all its problems. Nothing good lithology. If values are out of range, we Shale volume cutoffs are usually set above can come from this. So it is better to do must suspect the input data and check the 50% mark. Multiple cutoff sets help the work outside the frac software and the log reconstruction procedure. This in assess the sensitivity to arbitrary choices import the mechanical property curves. turn depends on the current state of the and give an indication of the risk or petrophysical results, leading us to double variability in OGIP or OOIP calculations. The first step to accurate mechanical check all parameters and calibration steps. properties is a reconstruction of the This kind of manual iteration is a normal Step 11: Free Gas or Oil In Place sonic shear and compressional and density part of a petrophysicist’s daily grind. Now we move into the reservoir

36 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 Figure 5: Crossplots of TOC versus adsorbed gas (Gc) for Tight Gas / Shale Gas examples. Note the large variation in Gc versus TOC for different rocks, and that the correlations are not always very strong. These data sets are from core samples. Cuttings give much worse correlations. The fact that some best fit lines do not pass through the origin suggests systematic errors in measurement or recovery and preservation techniques. engineer’s territory, but it doesn’t hurt to adsorbed gas content and has no bearing derived from reservoir temperature and to know where our petrophysical results on free gas or oil. Some deep hot shale gas pressure. The correlation of Gc wth TOC end up. If you have never done the math plays have little adsorbed gas even though seems to be adequate but the Langmuir before, it can be quite instructive – it is they have moderate TOC content. method would be a useful calibration step. much easier to compare zones or wells Using correlations of lab measured TOC on the basis of OOIP or OGIP instead and gas content (Gc), we can use log CONCLUSIONS – PART 2 of average porosity, net pay, or gross derived TOC values to predict Gc, which A full suite of TOC and XRD mineralogy thickness. can then be summed over the interval and from samples, along with core porosity converted to adsorbed gas in place. Sample and saturation data, are needed to Free gas in place is calculated from the correlations are shown in Figure 5. calibrate results from any petrophysical usual volumetric equation: analysis of unconventional reservoirs. The Gas content from a best fit line versus deterministic shale and kerogen corrected 1: Bg = (Ps * (Tf + KT2)) / (Pf * (Ts + KT2)) TOC can be applied to log derived TOC: workflow allows all available ground truth * ZF data to be used in a logical and consistent 4: Gc = KG11 * TOC% manner at each step to calibrate and refine 2: OGIPfree = KV4 * PHIe * (1 - Sw) * THICK results. * AREA / Bg Where: From our experience, we have found that For oil reservoirs: • Gc = gas content (scf/ton) net pay and gas or oil in place estimates are • TOC% = total organic carbon (percent) very sensitive to small errors in effective 3: OOIP = KV3 * PHIe * (1 - Sw) * THICK * • KG11 = gas conversion factor range = 5 to porosity caused by poorly calibrated clay AREA / Bo 15, default = 9 and kerogen volume. An error of as little as 0.5% porosity can make or break a Where: Adsorbed gas in place is derived from: play. This is why over-simplified methods • Bg = gas formation volume factor (fractional) are inappropriate, even dangerous, • Bo = oil formation volume factor (fractional) 5: OGIPadsorb = KG6 * Gc * DENS * THICK because some of the answers derived • Pf = formation pressure (psi) * AREA from petrophysical analysis now appear in • Ps = surface pressure (psi) public, in the form of investor information • Tf = formation temperature (‘F) Where: handouts and quarterly reports. • Ts = surface temperature (‘F) • ZF = gas compressibility factor (fractional) • DENS = layer density from log or lab Petrophysical analysis results travel well • KT2 = 460’F measurement (g/cc) beyond the initial need to know porosity • KV3 = 7758 • KG6 = 1.3597*10^-6 and water saturation. Oil and gas in place, • KV4 = 0.000 043 560 reservoir stimulation, and placement of If AREA = 640 acres and THICK is in feet, horizontal wells are impacted. Shortcuts If AREA = 640 acres and THICK is in feet, then OGIP = Bcf/Section (= Bcf/sq.mile) are not acceptable. In the end, the cost then OGIP = Bcf/Section (= Bcf/sq.mile). • Multiply meters by 3.281 to obtain of the full analysis is trivial compared to OOIP is in barrels per square mile. Multiply thickness in feet. the cost of completion, or worse, the meters by 3.281 to obtain thickness in feet. • Multiply Gc in cc/gram by 32.18 to get Gc cost of an unsuccessful or unnecessary in scf/ton. completion. Step 12: Adsorbed Gas In Place TOC is widely used as a guide to the A more sophisticated approach uses the quality of shale gas plays. This only pertains Langmuir adsorption curve which can be (Continued on page 38...)

RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 37 (...Continued from page 37) ABOUT THE AUTHORS

CORPORATE SUPPORTERS Cabra Consulting Ltd. Cougar Consultants, Inc. RIGSAT Communications Total Gas Detection Ltd. E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng. is a Consulting Dorian Holgate is the principal consultant Apache Canada Ltd. Petrophysicist and Professional Engineer, with of Aptian Technical Limited, an independent Continental Laboratories (1985) Ltd. over 50 years of experience in reservoir petrophysical consulting practice. He Advanced Flow Technologies description, petrophysical analysis, and graduated from the University of Calgary with Crescent Point Energy EV Cam Canada Inc. management. He is a specialist in the a B.Sc. in Geology in 2000 and completed Serpa Petroleum Consulting Ltd. integration of well log analysis and petrophysics the Applied Geostatistics Citation program RPS Energy Canada Ltd. with geophysical, geological, engineering, from the University of Alberta in 2007. After Canada Brokerlink Inc. stimulation, and simulation phases of the oil graduation, he began working in the field Energy Navigator and gas industry, with widespread Canadian for BJ Services (now Baker Hughes) and Exova Canada Inc and Overseas experience. He has authored completed BJ’s Associate Engineer Program. GranTierra Energy Inc. more than 60 articles and technical papers. Later, he joined BJ’s Reservoir Services Group, Sigma Explorations Inc. His online shareware textbook, Crain’s applying the analysis of well logs to rock Pason System Corp. Petrophysical Handbook, is widely used as a mechanics to optimize hydraulic fracturing Pulse Seismic Inc reference for practical petrophysical analysis programs. In 2005, Dorian joined Husky Serpa Petroleum Consulting Ltd. methods. Mr. Crain is an Honourary Member Energy as a Petrophysicist and progressed Compass Directional Services and Past President of the Canadian Well Logging to an Area Geologist role. He completed a Fekete Society (CWLS), a Member of SPWLA, and a number of petrophysical studies and built Core Laboratories Registered Professional Engineer with APEGA 3-D geological models for carbonate and Edge Technologies Inc. [email protected] clastic reservoirs. Dorian holds membership BDO Canada LLP in APEGA, CSPG, SPE, SPWLA, and CWLS. Birchcliff Energy Ltd. [email protected] Datalog Technology Inc. GeoSpace Technologies Knowledge Reservoir Sproule Associates Limited Geotir Glacier Exploration Surveys Matrix Solutions Inc. McDaniel & Associates Consultants Ltd. Mcleay Geological Consultants Ltd. National Oilwell Varco Statcom Ltd. Matrix Geoservices Ltd. th Maxam Seismic Explosives The 11 Annual Friends of Science Luncheon SAExploration Trident Exploration Corp. The “Pause” in Global Warming: Climate Policy Implications Sourcex Featuring: Regent Resources Nickpoint Environmental Services Dr. Ross McKitrick Professor of Economics, AS OF MARCH 10, 2014 University of Guelph Tuesday, May 13th, 2014 - 11:30 am CSPG welcomes our 2013 Corporate Supporters! Metropolitan Conference Centre 333 – 4th Avenue SW, Calgary, Alberta The benefits of being a corporate member include: • Recognition in the monthly Reservoir and quarterly Bulletin TICKETS: $75 or $600 / Table of eight. • One associate membership For more information: • Reserved tables at the technical luncheons with your company logo www.friendsofscience.org • One free pass to the CSPG Core Conference or Call: 1-888-789 -9597 …and more! Contact Kasandra Klein at [email protected] to be a corporate member today!

38 RESERVOIR ISSUE 04 • APRIL 2014 (...Continued from page 37)

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