외국어초록(Foreign language abstracts) ･

The Structure of Munso-gun and Sungseon-gun and the Principle of Organizing Gun-Hyeon in

Park, Sung-hyun()

Key words: Silla, Munso-gun, Sungseon-gun, gun-hyeon, Uiseong, Gumi, Gunwi

Although “Treatise on Geography,” Samguksagi reflects gun-hyeon (county and its prefectures) organization in the period of Unified Silla, it was often used uncritically to discuss spatial structure in the early period. This article reconstructed the structure of Munso-gun and Sungseon-gun in the period of Unified Silla and tried to explain how it was formed and what was the principle of organizing gun-hyeon in Silla. The positioning of the county seats and their prefectures was not significantly different from the existing views. However, I have suggested that Idonghye-hyeon was located in the place of Uiheung, not Haepyeong. There is Keumseong-san Cemetery at Munso-gun's county seat and Naksan-ri Cemetery at Sungseon-gun's. It means that they had occupied a central position at least since the 5th century. Sogyeong(小 京) was placed on Anhyeon-hyeon in the reign of King Jijeung (500-514). ･ 한국학논집(74) 제 집

Gun was basically a unit of manpower recruitment. It is likely that they had already been organized on a certain scale from the mid-old period. The organization of Munso-gun and Sungseon-gun can be seen as related to traffic route. It is thought that the prefectures of them was just traffic bases because they don't have a clear correspondence with cemetery or fortress. Such an organization by Silla was restructured by the viewpoint of , and it was arranged based on the water system as time passed. Silla's gun-hyeon, which had the character of ruling base, may have been differentiated into community’s living place and postal station in the early period of Goryeo. It seems that the seat of Silla's gun-hyeon was sometimes inherited by Goryeo's postal station. 외국어초록(Foreign language abstracts) ･

The Formation and Transformation of Gyeongsanbu in Goryeo

Han Kimoon(Kyungpook National University)

Key Words: Gyeongsanbu Governor, Hojangstrata, Jaboksa, Tangmogeup, Gyeosugwan

I explore the formation and transformation of Gyeongsanbu on its space construction and management in geography, chronology, epigraphy and archeology. Gyeongsanbu was the Goryeo-Hubegje's trasportal-military strategic fortress of the southeast in Post-Three-Nations' battle. By Yi Chong-eon's choice of supporting Taejo it became Gyeongsanbu at the Gun-Hyeon naming time. In Seongjong it was the military Dodanryeonsa. Hyeonjong made it as the traffic-military center networking Gyeongsanbu-Road's Yeogs, Wueons, Jins and controling 15 Hyeons and 4 Bugogs. On the study of Seongjueup-Wall its eup-office was today's Seongju. Gyeongsanbu Governor, officials and Hojangstrata played its management. The Governor judged lawsuits. He loosely controled Hojang and . Hojangs did administration. They charged villagers-union rituals through Jaboksa and Sinsa. I guess the provincial power elites' tombs as eup-office's southeast and think the rear Seongsan as Ibbo-Wall. ･ 한국학논집(74) 제 집

By the Ju-Hyeonization from Injong its Sok-Hyeons remained 3 Hyeons in the later Goryeo. In Won-Intervention it becamed Tangmogeup as the Princessbu. So the settled Hojangs' prestige upgraded. Also its status elevated as Gyeosugwan. 외국어초록(Foreign language abstracts) ･

The Formation of Ulju Region and Its Geographic Boundary in the Goryeo Dynasty

Park, Jongjin(Sookmyung Women's University)

Key words: Ulju(蔚州 ), Ulju region(‘ 蔚州地域 ’), province (‘慶州領域 ’), juhyeon-sokhyeon system( 主縣屬縣制度 ), juhyeon-sokhyeon unit(主縣屬縣單位 ), the local governing system in the Goryeo Dynasty

This article examines the formation of Ulju region(‘蔚州地域 ’) and its geographic boundary in the Goryeo Dynasty. province(‘良州領 域慶’) in the late Silla period was reorganized into Gyeongju province(‘ 州領域’) in 1018 CE(the 9th year of King Hyeonjong's reign) after several local governmental reforms of Goryeo. The biggest change of the province was that Gyeongju which was the capital of Silla became the center of the province. The most important thing in connection with the reorganization of Ulju region was the establishment of Heungnyebu (興禮府 ). Around 930 CE(the 13th year of King Taejo's reign), Heungnyebu was established by unifying Dongan-gun(東安郡 ) county and its prefectures unit and Imgwan-gun(臨關郡 ) unit. At that time, the center of Heungnyebu was Gyebyeonseong fortress(戒邊城 ) that was the base of Park Yunung(朴允雄 ). When the local governing system of Goryeo was reorganized into juhyeon-sokhyeon system(主縣屬縣制度 ) in 1018 CE, Ulju region was composed of Ulju, the juhyeon(主縣 ) and 3 ･ 한국학논집(74) 제 집 sokhyeons, that were Heonyang-hyeon(巘陽縣), Dongnae-hyeon( 東萊縣 ), and Gijang-hyeon(機張縣 ). At this time, the boundary between Ulju region and Gyeongju region was adjusted. Among the former Imgwan-gun region, the north of Chisullyeong(鵄述嶺) and Gwanmunseong (關門城 ) belonged to Gyeongju region. Heonyang-hyeon in the east of Nakdongjeongmaek(‘洛東正眽’), the eastern mountain range of (‘洛東江 ’) moved to Ulju's territory, but Dongpyeong-hyeon( 東平縣 ) in the west of Dongnae-hyeon to Yangju’s. In this case, it can be confirmed that geographical elements such as mountain range were considered important when the government demarcated boundaries of juhyeon-sokhyeon units in 1018 CE. 외국어초록(Foreign language abstracts) ･

Sangju's governing structure and its multi-layered status in the Dynasty

Kim, Paek-chol(Keimyung University)

Key words: , province capital, Topoyeong, Kyesugwan, indirect rule town

Sangju has a complex function, and it is likely to be called a modern city. Therefore, it is necessary to access Sangju's status with the concept of metropolis. First, Sangju grew into two-big cities with Gyeongju in Kyeongsang province. After Imjin War, province capital(監營 ) moved from Sangju to because of the efficiency of military operations. Despite the reduction of its ruling territory, the dominance of the nearby town or direct rule area has not undermined. Second, the complex function of the Sangju is shown in the character of Kyesugwan(界首官 ). The basic functions of administration such as civil, military, penal etc, have not changed in Joseon Dynasty. Third, it is a change of the Sangju direct rule districts, which is divided into direct control zone and indirect rule town. Two different rulling areas were gradually unified under the same system during the Joseon Dynasty. As a result, Sangju had had a function of state capital in the Silla era, and it had been a Kyesugwan in Goryeo Dynasty. Besides, it had a province capital in the early Joseon peoriod, also establised a Topoyeong(討捕營 ) in the late Joseon peoriod. Therefore, Sangju was apparently a metropolis. ･ 한국학논집(74) 제 집

Jeong, Jedu's ideas and modernization

sunjin (Chungnam National University)

Key words: Modernization, individual, Cultural capital, life

Chinese neo-Confucianism had the rationality of conceiving modernity, but it did not reach the state of fruitfulness with social system or visible cultural capital. Although it has its own potential to pursue modernization, it does not have enough mature social conditions to realize it. Neo - Confucianism, which emerged after the 12th century, is a sophisticated study of rationality seeking principles and values in the question of the value of nature and human history, but the social conditions in which equality individuals transcending class discrimination do not mature. Chinese neo-Confucianism had the rationality of conceiving modernity, but it did not reach the state of fruitfulness with social system or visible cultural capital. Jedu's philosophy is not only a moral philosophy of life that considers humanity's two noble elements of life and morality, but it also provides the potential soil of modern citizenship with morality, as well as the principles of life neglected and neglected by modern and modern people. It can be said that the concept of true modern subject, which excellently explains the awe of life, is conceived already intrinsically. 외국어초록(Foreign language abstracts) ･

The Feature and Status of Tientsin in China- Maritime Trade Networks in Modern Times

Liu Chang(Shandong University), Zhu Feng(Shandong University)

Key words: Chinese Maritime Customs’ Historical Material, China-Korea trade, port-opening, Tientsin, Korea’s governors

Viewing from the China-Korea maritime trade networks, this study investigates features of maritime trade between Tientsin and Korea and claims the importance of Tientsin in the networks on the basis of Chinese Maritime Customs’ Historical Material and Files from Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica. Conclusions are as following: first, the development of trade between Tientsin and Korea reflects changes of relationship between China and Korea. Second, direct trade is primary while intermediary trade of China toward Korea is limited. Third, Tientsin’s integration into the China-Korea maritime trade networks is relatively late and its development progress is slow. Four, the trade between China and Korea can be divided into three stages and its development trend is like a parabolic form with an open downward direction. Then, Tientsin has a clear deficit with Korea. It is responsible for importing goods from Korea. What’s more, with the Machinery Manufacturing Bureau locating there, Tientsin becomes an important place for Korea to learn advanced military technology. Lastly, Tientsin is the headquarters of Korea’s merchants in China because most ･ 한국학논집(74) 제 집

Korea’s governors in China live in Tientsin. In short, Tientsin has incomparable political influence in China-Korea maritime trade networks in modern times while its economical impact is relatively weak because of its particularly geographical location. 외국어초록(Foreign language abstracts) ･

An aspect of Chosun’s acceptance of modern diplomatic order at the end of the 19th century – Focus on the changes of names and members of the delegation -

Lee, Hyo-jeong(Sejong University)

Key words: Susinsa(修信使 ), Imperial Commissioner( 欽差大臣 ), Elements of International Law(萬國公法 ), full power( 全權 ), Members of the delegation

After the Chosun- Treaty of 1876, the Joseon Dynasty sent delegations to Japan five times in total until 1885. Not only did they negotiate with the diplomatic targets of the new Meiji Japan, but they are also meaningful as delegates who have first visited the ‘modern’ culture. Until recently, however, no thorough analysis of the basic issues, such as names, members, and activities of these delegations, has been conducted. Moreover, comprehensive studies of diplomatic significance have not been sufficient. In this article, we intended to discuss the names, characteristics, and the role of the envoys, and how Chosun responded to and accepted the changing international diplomatic order at the end of the 19th century. At the first delegation in 1876, the term “Susin(修信 )” meant the doctrine that the government should strengthen the trust by old friendship in the level of good-neighbor policy. In the third Susinsa at ･ 한국학논집(74) 제 집

1881, however, we can find an attempt to get out of the traditional Chinese system such as credentials and era name. The fourth Susinsa Park Young Hyo in 1882, by being given the title of a minister plenipotentiary, was involved in actual compensation negotiations and actively sought to join the modern diplomatic system. Although the Imperial Commissioner Seo Sang-woo who was dispatched in 1884 after the Gapsin Coup could not negotiate directly with, the official name ‘Imperial Commissioner’ can also be seen as a diplomatic title in the modern sense to negotiate with diplomats of Western countries, away from the old Chinese title ‘Susinsa’. In the chapter 3, We attempted to find out the names, positions, and historical significance of all envoy staffs by collecting and comparing all the materials from Korea and Japan containing the information of envoy staffs in each Susinsahang. First of all, it was shown that the number of personnel decreased in the composition of the delegation's propensity and members. The fundamental reason was that Chosun’s diplomacy with Japan was adapted from good-neighbor policy to modern diplomatic systems using plenipotentiary, which is seen as a result of the awareness that it is no longer possible to gain superiority through Chinese rituals or culture. Since the envoy staffs were not at the center of attention and the detailed information of them was hard to obtain, their names were incorrectly written or even omitted and sometimes only the total number was recorded, especially in the lower classes such as attendants and valets. Although such errors were mostly found in Japanese literature because of the limitation of accessibility to information, similar errors were also found in Chosun’s literature, suggesting that a sense of fellowship might have been lacking among 외국어초록(Foreign language abstracts) ･ different classes of envoy staffs. As a result, by investigating the changes of names and members of the delegation, we can see the acceptance of modern diplomatic order of Chosun in the late 19th century, which had been previously centered on Chinese relation. Further, obtaining data of additional participants and identifying the situation of the delegates and the characteristics of the members may contribute to further research about the contents and results of the experience as well as the impact of the experience on individuals. ･ 한국학논집(74) 제 집

Universities in the Entrepreneurial Process and the Crisis of Humanities - universities' collapse and humanities' downfall -

Yi, Sae-Seong(Keimyung University)

Key words: University, Education, Humanities, Cultural philosophy, Liberty, Autonomy

Whether a university serves for an authentic purpose of education or it does not maintain its intrinsic value of liberty and autonomy might reveal the intellectual level of a society and the potential for its future. If restructuring a university does not lead to improving its quality, it will be meaningless. What kind of function will a university as a host of education be truly able to perform under worsening circumstances that a triangular alliance between the government, the private institution and the market economy is getting more solidified? According to the higher education act 28 in Korea, the university is an organization which is designed “to build up one’s character, to teach disciplinary subjects, to do profound researches in academic theories, and to develop various application methods in order to contribute to society and commonwealth.” Therefore, we should ask these questions: What the raison d'être of a university is, how a university can perform its key-functions, and whether arts and humanities as a tool for university education might not be instrumentalized in current educational ecologies which are getting more contaminated to the point of dissolution.