Horn of Africa Bulletin Analyses • Context • Connections

years of commitment in the Horn SEPTEMBER 25 – OCTOBER 2013 HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN ANALYSES • CONTEXT • CONNECTIONS

Analyses

► Kenyan state, society respond to extremist threat

► Double-edged constitutional gains for Somali women

► Sharing the journey to reconciliation – What South Sudan can learn from South Africa

► News and Resources

The gory spectacle of the 21 September attack on Nairobi’s Westgate Mall has been analysed from various perspectives. What the attackers wanted to achieve has also been extensively discussed by eminent scholars and analysts. This article attempts to look at the aftermath of the tragedy from the point of view of faith and inter-faith relations in Kenya and the response of Kenyan society and state to the threat posed by religious extremism. Kenya is a multireligious society. Numerically, a majority of the population professes faith in Christianity of various denominations. Muslims belonging to numerous sects and ethno-linguistic groups—Sunnis, Shias, Somalis, Indians, Swahili etc—make up about 11 per cent of Kenyan citizenry.1 People of other faiths and religious traditions, such as Baha’i, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and traditional beliefs, are also scattered across the country. Therefore, while invoking God’s blessings, the Constitution of Kenya unequivo- cally states that “There shall be no State religion.”2 The methods used in the Westgate attack indicate that one of the main objectives of the attack was to incite sectarian hatred and undermine the culture of religious tolerance that is a hallmark of daily life in Kenya in general and Nairobi in particu- lar. If there was a silver lining in the pall of gloom cast by the bloodbath in Westgate, it could be seen in the instinctive response by the city’s many religious communities and organisations, which transcended religious and ethnic divides. The pronouncements of condemnation and expression of grief was spontaneous and universal. From the Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims to the All Africa Council of Churches and national church councils, immediate statements were made to show solidarity with the victims and denounce the perpetrators. Despite the apparent tactic by the attackers to give a religious colour to the incident, none of the Christian or Muslim organisations used sectarian language or innuendo to convey their message. “We reiterate that wanton and indiscriminate killing of innocent men, women and children is against Islamic teachings and tenets…We call upon all Kenyans to remain calm and refrain from being divided on sectarian grounds,” Adan Wachu, HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN AFRICA HORN OF the Supreme Council’s secretary-general, said in statement he read out to the press 1 outside Nairobi’s Jamia Mosque.3 2

HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN center,” anAgence France-Presse reportsaid. around 400Oshwalvolunteers served around15,000meals inside their religious tonnes ofbreadandwaterbottles… On thesecondandthirddaysofbrutalsiege, donated eight vans packedwithfood,anindustrial bakery andatopretail chain gave men standingbythemall during theoperation. parking lot. The centre sent meals and drinkstorelief workers, soldiersandpolice also medical treatment, counselling and food. A first-aid centre was set up in the inside themall, security forces andjournalists. They werenotjustgivenshelter, but the attack, the centre opened itsdoorstosurvivors,families of thosestill trapped is thecommunity’s religious centre called Visa OshwalCentre. Immediately after munity of Nairobialsosetanexample. About a100yardsfromtheundersiegemall actions that day. one religion against the others,Islamversus West –moreeffectively than Hajji’s thousand sermonsofpeace cannot counter thenarrative of the Westgate attackers – tive tendencies. ultimately, whatisgoodinhumannature survives andtriumphsdespite its destruc- impending attack and anti-Somali backlash, examples like these reassureusthat, Amid criticism of thegovernment and securityforces’ response,fearsofanother efforts tocountertheun-Islamic teachings that are usedbyradical groups.” Jamia Mosque SheikhIbrahim Lethome “called on Muslimscholarstoscale up their disposition,” said thepresident. religious lines. Butithasneverbeeninourmoral constitution to nurseanintolerant “Throughout our history, attempts have beenmade to divide the people of Kenyaon the Kenyanstate stands. came together to reaffirm their commitment to the fundamental principles on which to offer prayersanddisplayinterfaith solidarity. Moreimportantly, thepolitical elite Muslim associations, and otherreligious bodies assembled together at oneplatform the 3-daymourningperiodon1October. Leaders from everymain Kenyan church, Uhuru Kenyatta called for aninterdenominational prayer assemblyattheendof understanding of thedangersitconfronts inthepost-Westgate period. President On a more formal and official level, the Kenyan government has also displayed an State andreligion rescuing manymore–amongthem a four-year old American girl andhermother. concerted operation, Hajji went insidethemall looking forhisbrotherandendedup to emerge fromthe Westgate tragedy. Beforethesecurity forces couldlauncha Somali origin, Hajji’s reaction to the attack was one of the first stories of courage rescue workby Abdul Hajji, son ofaformerKenyandefence minister. Ofethnic were trying to exploit religious emotions through violence than the selfless heroic could nothavebeenastronger, moreillustrative and immediate riposte tothosewho The displayofhumanity and solidarity went beyondformalmedia statements. There Actions speaklouderthanwords and non-religiousMuslimorganisations. and eachother’s faiths…Religious extremism, xenophobia and misrepresentation of been sundered through hatred and suspicioncausedby misunderstandings of own, en tragically by theexcruciating sword ofreligious intolerance. Communities have ance and understanding, is keytoournational strength. Manynationshavebeenriv- “Jain families brought gallonsofjuice freshly squeezed at home,asportingclub On another front duringtheattack, the small 12,000-strong Jainreligious com- Scores ofothersuchstoriescouldbeheardinNairobievenweeksafter the attack. On theFridayfollowingendofsiege,inhisweeklysermonimam of “This consciousdrift,awayfrom extremism and exclusion, and towardsaccept The followingexcerpt from PresidentKenyatta’s speech iswortharepetition: Similar sentiments were echoedinalmost every public proclamation by religious 6 4

5 - - A other cultures have featured in global discourse from time to time…As a country, we have always found it easier staying together than giving way to fractures.” It is these principles of Kenyan statehood that are under threat from the onslaught by extremists. Rather than abandoning these tenets of a multireligious and multicul- tural polity, Kenya would do well to strengthen them in order to ride out the storm it is facing.

Najum Mushtaq is policy and communications advisor at the Life & Peace Institute. He can be reached at [email protected]

1 Population and Housing Census 2009, Kenya Bureau of Statistics accessed on 7 October 2013 at http://www.knbs.or.ke/Population%20by%20Religious%20Affiliation%20and%20Province.php 2 Chapter 2, Article 8, The Constitution of Kenya (revised 2010) 3 Read the full statement here: http://kenopalo.com/2013/09/23/statement-from-the-supreme-council- of-kenya-muslims-following-westgate-attack/ 4 “Sheikhs to counter un-Islamic teaching” The Standard, Nairobi, 27 September 2013, accessed on 7 October 2013 at http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000094432&story_ title=sheikhs-to-counter-un-islamic-teachings 5 “American family in emotional reunion with rescue hero Abdul Haji”, The Telegraph, 30 September 2013 accessed on 7 October 2013 at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ africaandindianocean/kenya/10343059/Nairobi-mall-attack-American-family-in-emotional-reunion- with-rescue-hero-Abdul-Haji.html 6 “Silent Heroes of Nairobi Mall Attack Response,”, Agence France-Presse, 29 September 2013

Double-edged constitutional gains for Somali women When the new Somali government took over power in September 2012, optimism filled the air as it marked an attempt to end the fatigue associated with the long period of war since the fall of Mohamed Siad Barre back in 1991.1 The fall marked the collapse of a system that at least provided some level of protection for Somali civilians and so the aftermath meant that their fate was left to the mercy of warlords and armed militia. For Somalis who have not known peace for more than two decades, the ushering in of a new government signifies a hope of return to some level of orderliness and, most importantly, provision of security in spite of the fact that significant challenges are already evident based on the government’s slow pace in delivering its promises one year after assuming power. This, however, does not erase the existing optimism, which is especially due to the adoption of a new provisional constitution to ensure the rule of law. The state of chaos and lawlessness characterizing the period of civil war has been especially disadvantaging and limiting to women, who became target of atrocities, barring them from playing even the most basic of their traditional fundamental roles. These atrocities consists of, among others, rape and other forms of gender-based violence, restrictive measures limiting their movement, strict specifications concern- ing dress codes and restricted participation in “outside-of-home” affairs. Beyond structural discrimination, women and children comprise the largest group of refugees and internally displaced people. They are often forced to flee when their male family members are killed which translates into increased responsi- bility for them to provide care for their children and other members of the family on their own.

The status of Somali women HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN AFRICA HORN OF For a country that is referred to be among the worst places for women, the new 3 provisional constitution symbolizes a milestone towards recognition of their rights 4

HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN ing anti-women elements ground. However, itisalsoimportant not tounderestimate some powerful underly- the fact that such anachievement was notaneasytaskgiventhesituation on the the 80%allocated to their male counterparts. achieved and only20%ofcabinet positions weregiventowomenascompared to in thecurrent parliament, only 15%oftherequired30%female representation was cated slots wenttowomenintheNational Constituent Assembly (NCA).Similarly, the newgovernment already depicts a bleak picture as only25%ofthe30%allo etal norm toamore“womentolerant” one. that, if properlynurtured,symbolizes a transformation from a discriminatory soci- of 30%female legislators can beseenasaremarkable historical achievement – one donors oftheprocessthanwillsomelocal stakeholders, thecurrentinclusion Article 133 and134 traditional culture. Although thisprovisionisnotyetstated in theconstitution, cator of willingnesstochangeinthebackdrophomogeneousandstill largely country. aimed at ensuringthat they arenotsecluded in thenation-building process oftheir sion, marking a shiftfromlaw-making to thebeginning of action. women. Amidst thecelebration also awaitsthetaskofimplementing the newprovi- Somalia is agreat achievement and agenuine cause forcelebration, especially for ing factorsthat FGM wasdeclared a violation of women’s rights.Itsrecent ban in mostly beingbirthcomplications and evendeath. It isduetothesehealth-endanger girls andwomenhaveundergone different types ofFGM;itsnegative consequences guise ofreligion. Arabia period.Itistherefore seen assinfultodefendtheexclusion of womeninthe while atthesametime citing that Islam liberated women fromthecruelpre-Islamic the interpretation of theQuraninline with patriarchal norms tomarginalize women, this hassparkedmuchcontroversywithproponentsofwomen’s rights,criticizing lam is thepredominant religion in Somalia, it ispractised alongside local culture and centred on aclan system inwhichwomenarenotallowed to participate. Whereas Is- women. ern influence experienced at the time, something that severely affected the status of brought in:toreversethesocietyintoa“trueIslamicone”inordercurbwest- even greaterresponsibilities.However, upon themen’s return,anewambitionwas mid-1970s, afurtherwideningoftheirrolewaswitnessedastheyhadtoassume when manySomalimenmovedtotheGulfStatesforbetteremploymentin ing thatperiod,womencouldparticipateinpublicandevenenrolthearmy Barre’s military regime reveals a significant shifting trend in their lifestyle. Dur Islamic Sharia’h law. their inclusion in nation-building processes aslongtheydonotcontradict the since itcontainsprovisionstoeradicate gender-based discrimination and ensure society with aprevalence rate of 98%. to outlawfemale genital mutilation –apractice that iscommonintheSomali (FGM) Topping the list of the widely celebrated constitutional gains for women is the clause women’sRecognition rights—asocietyintransition? of Principles. sure the affirmative action is included as per the recommendations of the Garowe II already come out toexpress their condemnation of thenew provisionsandprovide These elements, hiding behind theshieldofahighlypatriarchal clan structure, have When criticizing the failure to allocate the fullquota,oneshouldnotoverlook Behind thefacade, however, acritical look attheeventsleading the formation of The other major constitutional achievement for women is the affirmative action This wascomplemented by thepatriarchal nomadic nature oftheSomali culture A closerlookatthebackgroundofSomaliwomen sincethe1970sduringSiad 2 5

The provided30%quotaforthem in parliament is largely seenasanindi- 7 Additionally, despitethefactthat it wasmoreofapushbyinternational 3

6 oftheprovisional constitution allows foranamendment to en- 8 that perceive the newgainsasaviolation of Shariah law. 4 Worldwide, between 100 and140million - - - 5

HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN which they need not only societal support but also the support of their fellow women. which theyneednotonlysocietalsupportbutalsotheoftheirfellowwomen. most Somaliwomenbetweentheirstipulatedroleinsocietyanddesireforchange on theother. This couldaidanexplanation of thedoubleconsciousnessthat pulls tiating what constitutes religion on theonehandandamale-dominated clan system associated with thelongperiodofwarinSomalia, also actsasabarrierindifferen- enough evidence that it isnottheirwilltoremain undercover. Prevalent ignorance, allocated positions intheNational Constituent Assembly aswellinparliament is ments. However, thewitnessed anticipation by agoodnumbertobeincluded in the making the crucial first step, something that eventually hinders their public engage- in clan elders isenoughtosendterrifying signals anddiscouragewomenfrom impractical but alsohypocritical. a processthat they havehighlyandindirectly contributed to isdeemed not only economic roles, be leftbehind.Foralongtime, Somali women havealwaysplayedvastsocial and self-confidence and belief in their capability, willingness and determination not to nate them through political exclusion. Such anoutcrycanonlybeunderstoodas seeing thisasadeliberate attempt to hijack the processandcontinue to discrimi discontent at thefailure to allocate them the full30%quotainnewparliament, Women fearingfurthermarginalization in futurereacted angrily and expressedtheir Why anemphasisonwomen? tive western” influence to the Islamic Somali society. their pro bonoadvice that warns against the “dangerposedby the prevailing nega- discourse onwomen inSomalia. international women’s rights instruments and contribute to changing the negative the gainsalready made. boost women’s engagement in order to affirm their position and prevent a reversal of women are camouflaged in religion in order to front self-interests. So it is vital to women shouldassume.Such attempts to shootdownthepositive gains made for some parties have already forwarded their concerns on the specific roles that Somali in performance is prioritization of otherfactorsbesideswomen’s issues.Besides, implement the provisionsofnewconstitution. The automatic effect ofthisdelay expressed abouttheslowpace of formation of therecommended commissions to and thenewconstitution was adopted and yetseriousconcernshavealready been last longonlyifacoordinated multi-stakeholder approach is utilized. The rejuvenation, therefore, symbolizes a significant relief for them; one that can edy ofbattling as civilians while carrying the burdenassociated with their sexuality. period ofwar. Forwomen, this translates to atemporary relief from thedoubletrag- brings anewhopeforstate building after the suffering experienced during thelong The newgovernment of Somalia is initself an achievement for itspeople and it Conclusion ing beyond clan affiliations. peace for Somalia. It was them who challenged delegates to remain focused bylook- through theirwomen’s movements and inthenumerouspeace accords tosecure during the1940sand50s’ struggleforindependence against the BritishandItalians roles, andparticipated in peacebuilding activities. They wereevenattheforefront nity, mobilizing support fordifferent courses, albeit within their stipulated gender domains, womenhavebeenattheforefrontinprovidingsocial care tothecommu changed to adapt to thechanging circumstances but generally, beyonddomestic development and leadership. Understandably, thepatriarchal nature of theSomali culture and thepowervested Such efforts will also promote mobilization to push for ratification of recognized On thecontrary, ithasonlybeenayearsince thenewgovernment came to power As stated earlier in this paper, the role of women in Somalia has significantly 9 andsoitisonlynatural that they areincluded in all dimensions of 10 Itisforthisreasonthat the idea to exclude them from - - 6

HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN [email protected] and [email protected] at e-mail: She canbereached and governance. religion and relations, and intercultural identity gender relations, crime, and transnational terrorism of Nairobi’sUniversity include Her areasoffocus from timetotime. of Journalism School for Security Studies, Nairobi, Kenya and lectures on media and conflict resolution at the Hawa NoorMohammedisa TrainingInstitute Researcher attheCIPRA/TTIC Division, with similar pursuits presentsanexciting and treasured opportunity. Notonlydo op- Africa andbeyond, engaging with like-minded individuals and organisations tasked Commission (SATRC) andmandated to furtherhealing and social cohesion inSouth For anorganisation like IJR, bornoutoftheSouth African Truth andReconciliation healing Mandated tofurther developing reconciliation processes. tion processandengagewithlike-minded organisations able to provideinsightsinto and Reconciliation (IJR), wastoraiseawarenessabouttheSouthSudanreconcilia visited South Africa. The purposeofthevisit,facilitated by theInstitute for Justice advisor John Ashworth andthe Archbishops’ international coordinator Tim Berke decree earlier this year. National Healing, Peace and Reconciliation, which wasestablished by presidential ciliation” delivered as part of his first statement as Chairperson of the Committee for South Sudantounite “in ordertoachieve lasting national healing, peace and recon- continue this way. Enoughisenough!” have spawnedaculture of violence, corruption, nepotism, and inequity. We cannot “We have killed and woundedoneanother and destroyedourownproperty. We – What SouthSudancanlearnfrom SouthAfrica toreconciliation Sharing thejourney 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 voice.aspx (Accessed on25thSeptember 2013) hiiraan.com/op4/2013/may/29375/somali_women_parliamentarians_the_predicament_of_finding_a_ Farhia Ali Abdi, Somali Women Parliamentarians: The predicament of finding a voice,http://www. opinion/2012/08/201282385318698928.html (Accessed on25thSeptember 2013) Cawo Abdi, Marginalizing Women inSomali Politics, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/ September 2013) sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/08/01/feature-02 (Accessed on22nd Mahmoud Mohamed, Somali women fight for promised share of parliamentary seats,http:// 22nd September 2013) http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/02/21/feature-01 (Accessed on Darman Farah Adde, GaroweIIconference established new government structure, Article 133 and134oftheprovisional constitution of theFederal Republic of Somalia. Article 3 oftheprovisional constitution oftheFederal Republic of Somalia. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/ (Accessedon18thSeptember2013) WHO, Female genital mutilation and otherharmful practices, 13 Jamal A. Badawi, Woman- UndertheShadeofIslam, A Discourseon Women’s Issues,El-Falah, Pg. resources_11626.html (6), (Accessedon17thSeptember 2013) UNICEF, Women RightsinIslamandSomali Culture, http://www.unicef.org/somalia/ april2010.pdf (2), (Accessedon18thSeptember 2013) peacewomen.org/assets/file/Resources/Academic/hr-reconpb_womensrightsinsomalia_graney_ David W. Graney, Women’s Rights in Somalia: Women’s Roles in Conflict Resolution,http://www. In September 2013, Archbishop Bul,committee member Bishop RudolphMajak, This wastheMostReverend Archbishop Daniel Deng Bul’s call to thepeople of

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HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN others hopetosharewiththedelegation. process can begin. How South Africa went down this difficult path, is what IJR and this consultative process hasbeendeveloped, a credible reconciliation and healing views andneedsofthenation’s citizens can beascertained. It isenvisioned that once statesmen and women. sive committee: a consultative body comprising well-known andrespected elder national planning and budgetaryagenda. However, Bulisworkingwithanimpres- continues in anumberofstates,reconciliation is notcurrently at thetopof to muchneeded and longawaited schools, clinics and transportinfrastructure. approximately 12 million people needs muchexpansionbeforecitizens have access ly lowhere,andsocial and physical infrastructure covering thislarge countryof tively affected the population in anumberofrespects.Education levels areextreme path to reconciliation. Almost five decades of civil war have significantly and nega- alisation and large scale human rights violations, faces significant challenges on its friendships madeandcollaborations formed. challenges but, inspeakingthehopefullanguage of reconciliation, bridges arebuilt, portunities like these allow us to reflect very critically on our accomplishments and Jonglei Peace Conference as aplatform for sustaineddialogue, large scale security not come overnight. Butwhile thepowersthat be continue to usetheMay2012 All women and children. The conflict is a complex one, the resolution to which will tion Army inaseriesofbrutal human rights violations against civilians, including A recent Human Rights Watch report implicated the SouthSudanPeople’s Libera onciling, the gunswillhavetobesilenced—especially in thetroubled Jonglei state. However, before this hope-filled young country can embark on its journey of rec- The gunswillhave tobesilenced different ways. Boraine—all of whom continue to work on the unfinished business of the TRC in Michael Lapsley and theInternational Centre for Transitional Justice’ founder Alex Peter JohnPearsonandhisteam, the Institute for theHealing of Memories’ Father glican Archbishop Dr Thabo Makgoba, theCatholic Parliamentary Liaison Group’s leading civil society organisations suchasCatholic Archbishop StevenBrislin, An- damage the countryinherited in 1994. The delegation met with seniormembersof will thegovernment be abletopay? Will there be compensation? How much,forwhomandbasedonwhichcriteria and etc? Is thetime right for SouthSudantohavea TRC atall? If notnow, thenwhen? in thecapital, how toprovideforinterpretation for thecountry’s manylanguages, proximately U$18million), how willvictims be abletotestify if theyarenotbased the people;anelementwhichgreatlycontributedtoSA TRC’s relativesuccess. lack ofroadsandtransportinfrastructure,wouldpreventacommissionfromgoingto one toimplement in SouthSudan,wherethesheersizeofcountry, coupled with not perfect, TRC experience, the model in the way it worked here will be a difficult tion. is vital, especially when thevictim community constitutes the majority of apopula- of itspeople. Managing expectations at theoutsetofanytransitional justice process history deservesanuancedandhome-grownapproach that is attuned to theneeds There is ofcoursenoblueprint for dealing with thepast—every context and every No blueprint fordealingwiththepast The committee aims tocreate spaces forlistening and consultations whereby the Against this backdrop of vast and urgent socio-economic need, and while conflict South Sudan,like most countries whose pastismarredbyoppression,margin- The TRC wasofcoursenottheonlytoolSouth Africa usedtoundosomeofthe Who willcoverthehugecostsoffundingacommission (the SA TRC costap- While South Sudan can definitely learn from South Africa’s rich, though certainly - - 8

HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN the All JongleiCommunities Peace Conference held justlastyear. Peace Agreement and promoted community-identified and -driven peace work, to of the1990’s that supported thepeace process leading up totheComprehensive tion, from,amongstothers,thechurch-led People to Peacebuilding process to seejustice in othercountries, were toberepeated in South Sudan. errors that have beenmade, and that have cost many victims the chance to testify or there is norightandwrong goeswithoutsaying,butit would beashameifthemany consult widelyandlisten out forimportant lessons that others havelearned. That ing processeswiththeir wisdom. to the growing field of transitional justice and who continue to infuse new and grow- tioners and experts who have contributed significant research, analysis and practice All theseprocesseshavegivenbirthtoasmall but dedicated community of practi practitioners Dedicated communityof accessible website, providearichbodyofchallenges and successes. TRC, thelatter of whichisexcellently documented on acomprehensive and easily with large numbersofperpetrators. Finally, boththeLiberian and SierraLeonian cide era, continues to bepraisedandstudiedasaneffective tool withwhich todeal which triedthousandsofperpetrators during its13-yearexistence in thepost-geno- in-depth community consultation and documentation. sitional justice policy framework whichtheythemselves have developed based on organisations have managed to pushforaveryprogressiveandconsultative tran- somewhat stifling political context in which they operate, Ugandan civil society In Uganda,sincethesigningof2006JubaPeace Agreement and despite the In Uganda andRwanda... emerged ofhownottoruna Truth Commission. ciliation Commission continues to becriticised on manyfronts,lessonshave continues to beonlocal agendas. Though that country’s Truth, JusticeandRecon- in Kenya’s furthestcornerstoensurethat the pursuitofcohesionandreconciliation with local and international partners, ithasmanaged to reach out tocommunities run byateam of deeply committed individuals, is acaseinpoint.Incollaboration years. A bodylike the KenyanNational Cohesion andIntegration Commission, region that have implemented creative transitional justice processes infairly recent the privileged position ofbeingable to learnfromthemany African countries in the in someoftheworlds’ highestratesofviolence, sexual violence and unemployment. Apartheid state was notadequately addressed, andwheretheimpact today manifests taken from South Africa, where large scale trauma inflicted on the population by the to carebetter for those affected psychologically by thewars.Here,notesshouldbe thy andunderstanding in communities. This couldenable communities themselves systemic manner. This mustinclude demystifying trauma in ordertogenerate empa- looked intransitional justice processes, needstobedealt with inasustainable and changed for thebulkofpopulation. The resulting trauma, which issooftenover not knownanything other thanacountryatwar. Sincethen,verylittle has tangibly citizens born beforetheComprehensive Peace Agreement was signedin2005have trauma within theeconomically deprived populace. We cannot forget that those not tointerpret these senselessactsasaresultofanger, frustration and deepseated purposeless violations of babies,children, the disabled and theelderly, itishard the liberation army areblatantly abusing theSPLA CodeofConduct. sector reformandpolice training is vital, especially where ‘rogueelements’ within Imperative for Bulandhisteam at theoutsetofwhatwillbealongpath isto South Sudanitself has arichhistoryofpeacebuilding and community consulta And despite much criticism, the Rwandancommunity justice model ‘Gacaca’, Though thesechallenges may appear insurmountable to some, SouthSudanisin Reading between thelinesofreport,whichdetails many cruel and often - - - 9

HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN on 26September2013. The initial version ofthisarticle was publishedintheCapeTimes, South Africa, [email protected] at She canbereached and Reconciliation. for Justice Africa ProgrammeattheInstitute in and Reconciliation Friederike BubenzerisaSeniorProjectLeaderintheJustice journey willbeaworthwhileoneforSouthSudan. easy feat, but withcommitted and honestleadership in pursuitofanoblecause,this cannot be imposed from above. Building a nation after decades of conflict is no reconciliation process; ultimately the people must bereadyforreconciliation—it tween Kenyaanditslandlocked neighbours Burundi,RwandaandUganda. minister Shem Bageine, to prepare full information on theblossomingalliance be- allows membercountriestohaveseparatespecial-interestengagements,headded. It isalsoageneralandwronginterpretationofarticle7(3)theEACprotocolthat counter to the original integration spirit of the five-member East African Community. ated to spearheadthefederation process. on howtoimplement the directive of theirheadsstate and a committee was cre- fast-track political federation. three countries met in Kenya’s coastal town ofMombasalastmonthandresolvedto Kampala in Julytoplanongrandregional infrastructure projects. The leadersofthe sustainable,” Mr Sitta noted. of integration and posesathreat to thefutureofcommunity. Mr SamwelSitta, warned that the movebythree countries wasagainst the spirit dismissing itasan“act of isolation”. Rwanda, hassentripplesintheEast African Community (EAC), with Tanzania The emergence of the‘Coalition of the Willing’, comprising Kenya, Ugandaand Tensions riseasnewEACcoalitionemerges NEWS to suchpressure. by Rwanda,Uganda andKenyawasarecipe fordisasteranditisnotready tobow position isthatapproachingintegration matterswiththekindofhastechampioned ject isduetosubmititsreport totheheadsofstatesummitinNovember. Tanzania’s agenda” whilewellawareof the factthatacommitteeformedtolookintosub- als touseidentity cards orvoter registration cards totravel from onestate to another. also wanttoimplement a passport-freetravel zone whichwouldallowtheir nation tional fees. Infrastructure development and improvement is alsoontheagenda. They 2014 in order to enhance the flow of tourists across the three countries without addi- after a meeting in September. tion onthesedevelopments to theCouncil at its28thMeeting,” the ministers said Transparency, consultation and goodlistening are important elements of any “The Council requested thechairpersonofcouncil to providemoreinforma In early September, thecouncil directed its chairperson, Uganda’s EAC Affairs Mr SittatoldreportersthatthemovebyCoalitionwasdiscouragingandran Experts thenreportedly met in Kigali in mid-September to advance negotiations This is the first statement issued by Tanzania since the three countries met in “We will notbebullied into fast-tracking the integration because it willnotbe On 18September, the Tanzanian Minister forEast African Community Affairs, But MrSittahasaccusedthe three countriesofembarkingona“political The three countries have alsoinitiated talks tointroduce a singletouristvisafrom

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HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN Source:Review Africa was roomforotherstojoinwhenready. to signpactsforimplementing milestones agreed atregional level as longthere south became independent in 2011. was upbeat about progress inbringingaboutpeace between the Sudans sincethe countries, says African Unionmediator Thabo Mbeki. Sudan oristhemostimportant issue still to be resolvedbetween the two The “troublesome, problematic” issue ofwhetherthe Abyei region belongsinSouth Abyei dispute ‘troublesome, problematic’ Source: TheSudanTribune buildings that they claim are confiscated by state governments. have filed complaints with the government regarding their properties consisting of Sudan’s independence the upcoming constitution will be“100%Islamic”. was inpartaresultofKhartoum’s insistence on Islamic law. Christian south. was oftencategorized as onebetween Sudan’s predominantly Islamic north and Sudan on9July2011 aspartofapeace deal that ended decades of civil war, which ’religious duty’. to ahigherpartnership. his ministry is seekingtoupgradeamemorandum of understanding with thecouncil gramme with theIslamic Council of SouthernSudaninKhartoumon8Octoberthat for expanding Islamic proselytizing activities there. Muslim population there to take on a specific ideology which offers an opportunity tive”, in an unusual admission by an official from Khartoum’s Islamist government. Mustafa al-Yakooti describedSouthSudan’s adoptionofasecular systemas“posi- The SudanesestateministerattheMinistryofGuidanceandEndowmentsMohamed Sudanese officialhailssecularsysteminSouthSudan Source: CEWARN Karamoja peace, security and development agenda. ment discussed howtoeffectively undertake advocacy and policy support tothe ples ofcooperation on theseissues.Inaparliamentary caucus, MembersofParlia to exchange experiences on national policy and practices as welldevelop princi of efforts conducted in thearea. eration with high-level policy framework” as wellstrengthening the coordination agenda of theKaramoja Cluster byconnecting “expert and community-level coop- a policy-level regional approach to furtherthepeace, security and development Sudan andUgandainthemiddle of October. The goalofthemeeting was tolaunch Janet Museveni,wasco-hostingameeting of ministers from Ethiopia, Kenya, South First LadyandMinisterofKaramoja Affairs oftheRepublic of UgandaH.EHon. The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the Office of the meetforpolicy-levelMinisters approach regional Karamoja Cluster The EACsecretariat has denied any divisions,sayingthetreaty allows members Addressing achurch meeting in Benoni,nearJohannesburg on4October, Mbeki Muslims inSouthSudanarebelieved to begenerally well treated though they Sudanese officials including president Bashir made it clear that following South Many critics assert that the separation of Sudanintonorthand southinJuly2011 Around 10%ofSouthSudan’s population is Muslim. The regionseceded from He stressedthat the expansionofproselytizing movement in thesouthisa The official told the consultative coordination meeting on the executive pro- Al-Yakooti mentioned that there is notendency in SouthSudantocoerce the Relevant experts fromthefourcountries gathered before theministerial meeting - - Both Khartoum and Juba are in practice implementing the range of nine agreements they signed a year ago, he said. “Whereas all of us were very fearful that the countries could slip back into a civil war, now there’s a very strong sense that both countries are moving further and further away from that possibility.” But the future of Abyei is “one big matter that has not been resolved.” The people of the region are scheduled to decide in a referendum which country they want to be part of. Mbeki said the Ngok Dinka people, who claimed the area historically – “and nobody disputes that” – could be expected to vote in the referendum to join South Sudan. But the Misseriya people – “who are called an Arab tribe” – also said the area belonged to them. “I’m sure that all of us know this very well,” said Mbeki, “that once any... one in our countries gets described, characterised, caught up in these tribal, ethnic identi- fies then it becomes difficult to solve.” But the AU panel was continuing to engage both governments: “It’s troublesome, problematic, it’s got its own dynamics which make it difficult for both sides to move.” Mbeki was speaking to the provincial synod of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa, which had as a guest Archbishop Daniel Deng Bul, the leader of the Episco- pal Church of the Sudan. Source: allafrica.com

South Sudan Rebel leaders abandon rebellion in Upper Nile Two rebel leaders active in Upper Nile State have reportedly abandoned rebellion against the South Sudan government and sought pardon under an amnesty initiated by President Salvar Kiir. Reports say Ayuok Agot and fighters loyal to Gordon Koang voluntarily abandoned armed rebellion on 28 September and handed themselves over to the South Sudan army with about 1,500 of their fighters. This number could not, however, be independently verified. The rebels are said to have been responding to an amnesty offered by President Salvar Kiir and were received by General Johnson Gony Bilieu, the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) Upper Nile sector commander. When contacted, SPLA Spokesperson, Colonel Philip Aguer said he had only received reports about Oyuok Ogot showing up with his forces at Kaka Tajaria and not Gordon Koang. “I do not have information about Gordon Koang at the moment. We received a report today that only Oyuok Ogot has come. We thanked them for realising the importance of peace and stability in this country”, Aguer told Sudan Tribune in an interview on 29 September. The SPLA spokesperson did not provide specifics on the number of fighters that had abandoned rebellion saying that information was still being assembled. Sources that spoke to Sudan Tribune said Gordon Koang will fly to Nairobi from Khartoum before joining his fighters who came out with those of Oyuok Ogot. The sources say it is likely the Sudan government is aware of Gordon Koang’s plans. In April President Salva Kiir Mayardit offered an amnesty to six militia groups ir- respective of the crimes they had committed while fighting against the government. The militia groups have also claimed that they together with government are in contact with another militia leader- David Yauyau, whose forces have repeatedly re- jected Presidential amnesty and continued to fight government forces in Jonglei State. The abandoning of rebellion by the rebel groups has been welcomed by Bapiny HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN AFRICA HORN OF Monytuil, a former rebel leader of the South Sudan Liberation Movement which 11 was the first group to respond to the presidential amnesty in April 2013. 12

HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN Source: SudanTribune Sudan”, theformermilitia leader group saidinastatement on 29September. ment the efforts ofpresident Kiir whoisworkingveryhardtobringpeace in South and thedonorcommunity tions missioninSouthSudan(UNMISS) needs tocompli to integrate those whoaccepted amnesty into theorganized force. The UnitedNa- expedite integration of thevariousgroupsintonational army. rebellion and called on theinternational community to assistthegovernment to https://assets.helvetas.ch/downloads/2013_hsi_manual_3_steps_wfcs.pdf The comprehensive manual is available at of the manual and the field guide,” says the centre’s website. thoughts and reflections they shared with us, which was decisive for the elaboration Guatemala, Mali andKyrgyzstan. We areverygrateful for all the time, energy, Swiss Intercooperation country programmesin Afghanistan, Pakistan,SriLanka, manual and field guide. “We especially thank the colleagues from the HELVETAS After yearsofwork,thecentre has developed this 3-Stepapproach, a corresponding development and humanitarian work more suitable or adapted to difficult contexts. has workedwithdifferentbuilding (KOFF) tools andapproaches intending to make developed. Some aremorehands-on,otherslessso.Swisspeace’s Centre for Peace conflict-affected situations started in the 1990s, many tools and guidelines have been Since thediscussionaroundinternational assistance and development work in Situations 3 StepsforWorking inFragile andConflict-affected rt_full.pdf http://socs.civicus.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/2013StateofCivilSocietyRepo Read thefullreporthere: from national civil society platforms. state of civil society. The report also benefits from 16 responses to a questionnaire society all over theworld,including 31 newpieces of analysisandthinking on the pation. The reportdrawsfrom nearly50contributions made by people active in civil tion oftheState of Civil Society by CIVICUS’s World Alliance for Citizen Partici citizen action and civil society throughout theworld. This reportisthesecondedi- and vitality of civil society as awhole.Ithas workedfortwodecadestostrengthen CIVICUS isaglobal network dedicated to enhancing the rights,freedoms,health CivilSociety2013:Creatinganenabling environment State of RESOURCES September 2013) (Quote from thePlenary Assembly, whichtookplaceinKhartoum21 August to05 refugees insearchofsafetyandsubsistentlivelihood.” in SouthSudan,still causing death, displacement and forcingpeople to migrate as Mountains andtheBlueNileregioninSudan,JongleiState and someotherareas South Sudan. We arealsomindful of thehostilities still visible in Darfur, theNuba every effort intheir power sothat peace may reignsupremeinthelandofSudanand tions. Itisourwishandprayerthat the political leaders of the two nationswillexert still desired onthewayofachieving a durable peace for thecitizens of thetwona- “Our twocountries became independent entities two yearsago.However, muchis SudanandSouth theCatholicBishopsof of Message ‘‘We urge theinternational community to assistthegovernment of SouthSudan Monytuil saidhewashappywiththedecision of themilitia groups toabandon - - - 13

HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN 2015-agenda-a-foundation-for-sustainable-development/ http://post2015.org/2013/09/12/gender-equality-and-womens-rights-in-the-post- Access thefullpaperat: • • • • • Read summarypointsbelow. This recent report byOECDfocusesongenderequality and thepost-2015agenda. Gender equalityandwomen’s rightsinthepost-2015agenda http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/borderdisputed-areas/sdbz.html International and Development Studies. the Small Arms Survey, anindependent research project of theGraduateInstitute of for SudanandSouthSudan,whichisamulti-year research project administered by tively inoperative. which wasdesignedtooverseethedemilitarization of theborder, remainseffec- the SDBZ, and the Joint Border and Verification Monitoring Mechanism (JBVMM), High-Level Implementation Panel (AUHIP). (SDBZ) alongtheirmutual border, followingamapdrawnupbythe African Union mitted both SudanandSouthtoimplement a SafeDemilitarized Border Zone More thanayearhaspassedsincethe27September 2012 agreements, which com- Ambiguity over the“SafeDemilitarized Border Zone” Sudan-South Sudan: disaggregated by sex. improve the measurement of genderequality indicators and thecollection of data need forongoinginvestment in statistical capacity building and monitoring to governments and donorsinvestmorein gender equality. There is anurgent action. When girlsandwomenarevisible in data collection and reporting, Targets andindicators on genderequality act as apowerfulstimulusfor violence against women. practices that underlie gender inequality, suchasearly marriage or tolerance of The newframeworkwillneedtoconfrontthediscriminatory social norms and contributions to environmental sustainability. and influence, 6) women’s participation in peace and security, 7) women’s 4) endingviolence against women andgirls,5)women’s voice, leadership empowerment, 3) universal access tosexualandreproductive health and rights, 1) addressinggirls’ completion of aquality education, 2) women’s economic A strongpost-2015frameworkwilltakeaholistic view ofgenderinequalities: specific targets and indicators in the other goals. Panel onthePost-2015Development Agenda (HLP);and2)include genderequality and women’s empowerment, as recommended by theUNHighLevel The post-2015frameworkshould1)retain a strong,stand-alone goalongender of economic growth. prerequisite for thehealth and development of families and societies, and adriver development beyond 2015.Genderequality matters in itsownright,andasa business oftheMillennium Development and accelerating Goals (MDGs) global Gender equality and women’s rights are key to addressing the unfinished Find thereportat: This reportispublishedby The HumanSecurity Baseline Assessment (HSBA) Despite numerousdeclarations to thecontrary, bothcountries retain troops within 16

HORN OF AFRICA BULLETIN real identityofawriter orpublishthesource. the editors oftheHAB maychoosenottoreveal referred to,although inexceptionalcases,the (FECCLAHA). Writers andsourcesarenormally in theGreatLakesandHornof Africa Fellowship ofChristianCouncilsand Churches (LPI) orthecooperatingpartners, the All Africa Conference ofChurches(AACC)andthe variety ofsourcesanddoesnotnecessarily representtheviewsofLife&PeaceInstitute resources primarilyintheHornof Africa region. The materialpublishedinHAB representsa The Hornof Africa Bulletin(HAB)isaninternationalnewsletter, compilinganalyses,newsand Editorial principles involved intheproductionandarenotresponsibleforcontents of thepublication. Cooperation Agency (Sida),BreadfortheWorld andChurchofSweden. The donorsarenot This publicationisproducedwithsupportfromtheSwedishInternational Development For alinktoHABandmoreinformationseewww.life-peace.org For subscriptionmatterscontact: Tore Samuelsson,[email protected] [email protected]) andNajumMushtaq([email protected]). The electronicbaseofHABisLPIandtheeditorsforthisissueare Tore Samuelsson(tore. (FECCLAHA). Fellowship ofChristianCouncilsandChurchesintheGreatLakes and theHornof Africa collabo 1989and2006. between The re-formattingofHABasane-bulletin2007wasdoneinclose The mediareviewHornof Africa Bulletin(HAB)waspublishedbytheLife&PeaceInstitute Editorial information Horn of Africa Bulletin,Volume 25,No.5,September-October2013 ration withtheNairobi-based All Africa ConferenceofChurches(AACC)andthe