HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

AnandAnand MohanMohan

CentralCentral MineMine PlanningPlanning && DesignDesign InstituteInstitute Ltd.Ltd. HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

• Coal occurrences in are mainly confined to present day river Valleys • Damodar Valley, • Son Valley, • Pench- Kanhan Valley, • Wardha Godavari Valley. • Bulk of coal reserves are confined to the south-eastern quadrant of the country in , Bihar, Orissa, Chhatisgarh and eastern HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

COALFIELDS IN INDIA

16 Delhi

2 6 5 4 3 1 10 11 14 kolkata 9 13 8 7 12

Mumbai 15 1. Ranigang coalfields 2. Rajmahal Group of coalfields 3. 4. East & Weat Coalfileds 5. North & South Karanpura Coalfields 6. Singrauli Coalfields Chennai 7. Talcher Coalfields 8. Ib Valley Coalfields 9. Korba- Mand/Raigarh Coalfields 10. Sohagpur Coalfileds 11. Sonhat-Bshrampur Coalfileds 12. 13. kamptee Coalfields 14. pench- Kanhan-Tawa Valley Pathkhera Coalfields 15. Godawari Coalfields 16. Makum Coalfield

PLATE - I CIL :COAL PRODUCING SUBSIDIARIES

EASTERN COALFIELDS LTD. (1) 1 8 LTD. (2) 5 4 3 LTD. (3) NORTHERN COALFIELDS LTD. (4) LTD. (5) SOUTH LTD. (6) LTD. (7) . (8) ( A UNIT UNDER CIL(HQ) ) 2 SINGARENI COLLIERIES CO. LTD (9) COAL 7 LIGNITE NEYVELI LIGNITE CORPORATION (10) 6 9 10

PLATE - II HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

•• GroundGround WaterWater RegimeRegime ¾ Based on geology, occurrence of Ground water may be divided into different provinces ¾ Extra Peninsula, ¾ Peninsula and ¾ Indo-gangetic plain

•• AquiferAquifer systemsystem ¾ the major Aquifer system of India based on different geological formation 1-25 <1 >40

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A B Aquifer in hilly areas Alluvium,& Sandstone, 10-40 Sandstone, Alluvium,& discont, 5-25 extensive Limestone Alluvium,extensive baslt Crystalline rocks 1-40 rocks Crystalline Aquifer systems MAJOR AQUIFER SYSTEMS OF INDIA OF AQUIFERMAJOR SYSTEMS PLATE -IIIPLATE INDIAN OCEAN

SEA BIAN ARA Hydrogeology of Indian Coalfields Hydrogeology of Indian Coalfields Hydrogeology of Indian Coalfields

COALFIELDS OF INDIA WITH MAJOR AQUIFER SYSTEMS

16 Delhi

2 6 5 4 3 1 10 11 14 kolkata 9 13 8 7 12

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1. Ranigang coalfields Chennai LEGEND 2. Rajmahal Group of coalfields 3. jharia Coalfield Aquifer systems Yield Potential(lps) 4. East & Weat Bokaro Coalfileds 5. North & South Karanpura Alluvium,extensive >40 Coalfields 6. Singrauli Coalfields Alluvium,& Sandstone, 10-40 7. Talcher Coalfields discont, 8. Ib Valley Coalfields INDIAN OCEAN Limestone extensive 5-25 9. Korba- Mand/Raigarh Coalfields 10. Sohagpur Coalfileds Crystalline rocks 1-40 11. Sonhat-Bshrampur Coalfileds baslt 1-25 12. Wardha Valley Coalfield <1 13. kamptee Coalfields Aquifer in hilly areas 14. pench- Kanhan-Tawa Valley Pathkhera Coalfields 15. Godawari Coalfields 16. Makum Coalfield PLATE - IV HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

™™ Occurrence of Ground water

1. Hard rock/consolidated formations

a) Volcanic rocks b) Carbonate rocks c) Non-carbonate non-volcanic crystalline rocks or Hard rock

2. Porous rock formations.

a) Unconsolidated formation and b) Semi-consolidated formation. HydrogeologicalHydrogeological unitsunits inin IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields 1.1. ConsolidatedConsolidated formationsformations Geological Age Formation States/hydroge ological character Jurassic/ Upper Rajmahal Traps, Basalts WB, Bihar,Jharkhand, cretaceous to Ecocene Deccan Traps & dolerites Maharastra.Well yield up to 5lps. K =0.1-15m/d

Pre-cambrian Vindhyan Sst,Sh UP,Bihar,Jharkhand, ,lime stone . K =0.02-10m/d HydrogeologicalHydrogeological unitsunits inin IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields 2.Semi2.Semi--consolidatedconsolidated formationsformations Geological Age Formation States/hydroge ological character Tertiary Shale,carb.sh , UP, , coal, sst, J&K,Sikkim, pebble & Rajasthan, , boulder bed TN,WB.Well yield up to 28lps. Upper Carboniferous Gondwana Sst,Shale, UP,Bihar,Jharkhand, to Jurrasic coal seams Chhattisgarh, Maharastra,Orissa, Gujarat, Rajasthan & TN. K =0.5-50m/d, well yield up to 14lps HydrogeologicalHydrogeological unitsunits inin IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields 3.Un3.Un--consolidatedconsolidated formationsformations Geological Age Formation States/hydroge ological character Recent Alluvial Plains Clay,silt, Indo-Gangetic , ,gravel,sand, Brahmaputra & peat, coal & Godavari Alluvial organic Plains. K=10-100, well matter yield=5to 67 lps Confined and Unconfined aquifers

Non flowing Water table well well Piezometric Flowing well surface Water table Unconfined or water table aquifer Confining bed Confined aquifer HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields ™™AA CaseCase StudyStudy

ƒ Underground Coal Gasification Project Merta Road Rajasthan

¾ analysis of the hydrogeological data of the experimental site, the following conclusions were drawn – ¾ the hydrogeological conditions of the experimental site has changed considerably due to extensive water pumping resulting in drawdown in aquifer ‘A’ ( saturated thickness 4 m). ¾ No need of dewatering operation in Aquifer ‘A’ ¾ Aquifer ‘B’ below Lignite seam is multilayered thick system ¾ Advanced dewatering required for Aquifer ‘B’, HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

™™ AA CaseCase StudyStudy contdcontd……..……..

¾ The hydraulic conductivity and storavity of Aquifer ‘B’ is 0.0008m/day & 0.002 respectively

¾ Environmental protection measures needed against water contamination

HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

•• GroundGround waterwater ModellingModelling ¾“ Modelling and control of water systems in Environment “ done for Wardha Valley Coalfield. ¾ Hydraulic demarcation between Kamthis & Barakars intermingled ¾Depletion of groundwater effect is confined to 500-1000m down dip ¾ In UG mine depletion is insignificant. HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

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LA TO NA SI A D I L A B A D RP AR D I S T T. (AP) S S BAMBARA UR T S O M W N M I M D S P K N NARNUR BARI A P A O A 79°-15' T W 79°-30' 79°-00' P A HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

CONCLUSIONS ¾ is the pioneer organization to establish ground water regime of Indian Coalfields.

¾ Indian Coalfields are normally bounded by crystalline rocks. The hydraulic conductivity of crystalline rocks varies from 0.1 to 1.5 m/day and yield ranges from 42 to 250 m3/day.

¾The aquifer in Indian Coal bearing formation is mostly constitutes Gondwana sandstone. The hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.5 to 50m/day and yield ranges from 84 to 1176m3/day HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

CONCLUSIONS ¾ The Indian coal mostly acts as aquitard having hydraulic conductivity ranging from 0.005 to 0.03 m/day.

¾ In underground mining the estimation of mine water inflow under caving condition in Wardha valley, Sohagpur and Ib Valley Coalfields had been done in selected mines. The mine water inflow ranges from 550m3/day to 5000m3/day. HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

CONCLUSIONS ¾ In open pit mining the advance dewatering operation in selected mines of Indian Coalfields viz. Rajmahal (ECL), Wardha Valley (WCL) Singrauli (NCL) have been done. The advance pumping from the respective mines ranges from 5000 to 60000 m3/day.

¾The problem related to environmental impact likely to be caused by ground water pumping during active mining is being addressed. HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

CONCLUSIONS ¾ To identify the problem of depletion of ground water due to mining , hydrographic monitoring stations has been established in Indian Coalfields and monitoring of water levels , four times in a year viz January, May, August and November is being done as per guidelines of Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) Govt. of India

¾ Problem of ground water depletion, once identified the remedial measure is undertaken to augument water level by implementing artificial recharge system such as Rain water harvesting, Creation of water lagoon in mined out region and recharge through abandoned tube wells. HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

CONCLUSIONS

¾ All efforts are being made to restore original water table by land reclaimation and sand stowing after the closure of open pit and underground mine respectively to accelerate recharge of ground water system of the area. HydrogeologyHydrogeology ofof IndianIndian CoalfieldsCoalfields

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