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Take Taka: a Viability Assessment Take Taka: A Viability Assessment Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya Davis Albohm, Jess Auerbach, Stephen van Helden, Zach Weiner 30 May 2011 Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Brief Context 4 Introduction to Our Idea 4 Fig 1: Paper Prototype 6 Fig 2: Oxfam model toilet 6 Fig 3: Joshu Letu 7 Fig 4: Tosha 8 Outline of Solution 8 Cost of Solutions 9 Skills Required 10 Customer Acquisition 11 Organization 12 Government Regulation 13 Other Sanitation Options 13 Other Stakeholders 15 Potential Challenges 15 Next Steps - Moving Forward 16 Conclusion 16 Acknowledgements 16 Appendices 18 A: Paper prototype B: Prototype Testing C: Pilot Test timeline D: Pilot Test Guide E: Children’s Education Story: Kenneth and the Men in Yellow Shirts F: Financials 2 Executive Summary In Kibera – a large and poorly resourced suburb of Nairobi, Kenya - there is only one functioning toilet for every 2,000 people. There are no public sewage systems and public latrines serve a tiny percentage of the population. As a result, the majority of the population resorts to the use of ‘flying toilets’ – feces in plastic bags - which creates unhygienic and unsafe conditions for Kibera’s residents. This points to an increasing and urgent need for cost-effective and sustainable solutions of hygienic human waste disposal. A number of sanitation initiatives and organizations exist in Kibera, but most of them only partially address the needs of the users. Needfinding as per Stanford’s d- school methodology revealed that the most significant family and community needs relating to sanitation are: convenience for all family members, safety, accessibility during day and night hours, hygiene, privacy and sustainability. As a solution, we propose “Take Taka” (taka is Kiswahili for “waste”), a linked system including a bucket toilet in the homes of residents of Kibera and a daily pickup service. Each family/housing unit is allocated two-bucket toilets. One bucket is collected each day by a team of two individuals using rickshaw carts and their own labor. These individuals take the buckets to nearby bio-digesters to be emptied, cleaned, and return them the next day (alternating out with the second bucket). Bio- digesters are sewage treatment plants that convert human waste into biogas, which can be used for cooking and electricity. The monthly service rate of KES 200 per household was determined by testing varying price models with 30 residents in Kibera. “Take taka” will be a non-profit organization, which will serve a consulting and advising function for community group-operated waste removal systems. It will operate primarily through a partnership with the Umande Trust – an NGO focused on water and sanitation in Kibera with whom we have established a strong relationship. It will facilitate the creation of partnerships with existing community organizations already running the bio-centers, and will entail the development of new partnerships as we expand. We will realize revenues that match our costs, and believe that this sustainable operation will allow us to raise the upfront capital required (for infrastructure), from philanthropic sources. Our plan for scaling will first focus on a small 30-day proof of concept test utilizing the existing capacity of an underutilized bio-center in Kibera planned for fall 2011. Once we have garnered support, we will identify zones of need (based on defined criteria around existing alternatives, community buy-in and safety concerns). We will then seek grant funding of approximately $30,000. With this, we can build one bio-digester to gauge viability at a small scale. We plan to raise an additional capital to build 15 bio-digesters once necessary adjustments and adaptations are implemented based on the initial rollout. 3 The “Take taka” system is intended to bring several benefits to families and community: provide convenient and safe in-house toilet solution, create new jobs and decrease the use of flying toilets and improve citizen safety and hygiene in the local environment. If our model is proved in Kibera it could potentially be replicated in underserved settlements around the world. “Our children may learn about the heroes of the past. Our task is to make ourselves the architects of the future” – Jomo Kenyatta, first President of Kenya, 1 Brief context The East African state of Kenya achieved independence from British colonial rule in 1963 under the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta. It is now an important player both regionally and internationally, yet still faces tremendous challenges in meeting the basic needs of many of its citizens. Sanitation is a critical issue, and in Kibera – a large suburb of Kenya’s capital city Nairobi - there is only one functioning toilet for every 2,000 people. There are no public sewage systems, and public latrines serve a tiny percentage of the population in the form of pit latrines that require regular and expensive upkeep and are often poorly maintained. As a result, the majority of the population resorts to the use of ‘flying toilets’ – packets of human waste tossed onto the street. The streets are full of the remnants of these packages, and the stench permeates most areas of the densely packed urban enclave. There is an increasing need for cost-effective solutions, especially if areas such as Kibera are to continue to develop productive labor forces and micro- economies. In the course of this design school project we partnered with Kibera-based organization Umande Trust. In accordance with their goals, the Millennium Development Goals and Kenya’s Vision 2030 our objective through this assignment is to demonstrate that it could be possible to shift the suburb’s sanitation standards with a simple, low-tech intervention. We intend to increase access and availability of hygienic and convenient methods of human waste disposal through the implementation of Take Taka. 2 Introduction to our idea Currently a number of sanitation initiatives and organizations exist in Kibera. Our local partner Umande Trust is an organization that operates several programs to improve sanitation in Kibera. Umande facilitates the construction of community-led bio-centers, which serve the public as pay toilets and also convert human waste to 4 biogas.1 Umande has proven that bio-center public toilets are accepted and utilized by communities if centrally placed, and are viable in Kibera2. Umande also partners with the local branch of Oxfam International, a multifaceted and experienced aid organization that has developed a sturdy, odor-free bucket- toilet. Residents are testing the bucket in homes now. We have been in touch with them and will be having a series of discussions as soon as their initial pilot test is completed at the end of this month. Whilst many ideas relating to sanitation have been tested in Kibera, there has been no attention given to the necessary systems around waste disposal. Our needfinding suggests that an ecosystem needs to be developed for the bucket solution to effectively contribute to the development of Kibera’s sanitation system. We propose creating a bucket toilet system in the homes of residents of Kibera, which includes a daily pickup service (“Take Taka” – Kiswahili for “take waste”) to transport these buckets by rickshaw cart3 to multiple central bio-digesters, where they are emptied, cleaned and returned to each family. We believe that this system meets a number of family and community needs that we will discuss below, and believe that we can do this without exceeding the price-point of existing competing services. Simultaneously, our product will be differentiated through its offering of far greater flexibility of use for the customer. [please see appendix A for example of waste removal process prototype]. Our ‘product’ is a linked system whereby each family/housing unit is allocated two-bucket toilets. One-bucket toilet is collected each day by a team of two individuals using rickshaw carts and their own labor. These workers take the buckets to nearby bio-digesters to be emptied, cleaned, and return each family’s own bucket the next day (alternating out with the second bucket). 1 For a description of relevant technology, see Christian Reick and Patrick Onyongo, “Case Study of Sustainable Sanitation Projects: Public Toilet with Biogas Plant and water kiosk Naivasha, Kenya,” Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, 2010. www.susana.org 2 http://www.umande.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92:promoting-bio- sanitation&catid=36:what-we-do&Itemid=233 3 http://hmuraj.org/home/?page_id=90 5 Fig 1: Paper prototype designed for field-testing. Depicts human waste removal process. (Prototype tested in Kibera May 13-14, 2011). For full view, please see Appendix A. Fig 2: Current model of Oxfam and Umande-designed in-house bucket toilet We hope that Oxfam will inform our efforts with testing data currently being compiled and also provide the scale for local manufacturing. Oxfam is already working with Umande Trust, and although our team has not discussed partnership opportunities yet, we believe the organization will be open to working with us. It is important to note that our business model will be adapted from village to village4 depending on the conditions of roads, access to homes and residential density. In some neighborhoods, roads are more difficult to navigate and homes are 4 ‘Village’ is the term used to differentiate different sections of Kibera 6 further from main thoroughfares. We recognize the need for carts with wide tires and the willingness of employees to carry buckets for some distance. At this early stage, we anticipate full bucket weight of 13 pounds. This calculates the average daily feces and urine production for a family of five and an average weight of five pounds per bucket. Depending on the environment and strength of the worker, two to four buckets can be carried at a time.5 However, the exact hauling ability must be studied in a summer field test.
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