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Show Publication Content! 1 2 2010 Rocznik XII (XXIII) Zeszyt 21–22 (34–35) ISSN 1508-7719 CZASOPISMO TEOLOGICZNE KATEDRY TEOLOGII PRAWOSŁAWNEJ UNIWERSYTETU W BIAŁYMSTOKU Adres redakcji: 15-420 Białystok, ul. Św. Mikołaja 5 Tel.: 85 744 36 46, Fax: 85 742 40 88 e-mail: [email protected] http://prawosławie.uwb.edu.pl 3 Recenzenci: Ks. prof. dr hab. Adam Skreczko, Prof. dr hab. Antoni Mironowicz Redaktor odpowiedzialny: Ks. Henryk Paprocki Korekta: Jarosław Charkiewicz Redakcja techniczna i skład komputerowy: Katarzyna Sakowska Opracowanie graficzne: Jarosław Charkiewicz Zdjęcia: Jarosław Charkiewicz, ks. diakon Sławomir Ostapczuk, Jerzy Ostapczuk © Copyright by Uniwersytet w Białymstoku Białystok 2010 Wydano nakładem Katedry Teologii Prawosławnej Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku ISSN 1508-7719 Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku 15-097 Białystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 14 http://wydawnictwo.uwb.edu.pl; e-mail: [email protected] Nakład 300 egz. Druk i oprawa: Totem.com.pl 4 KONFERENCJA NAUKOWA „ANTROPOLOGIA PRAWosłAWNA” Białystok, 29 maja 2010 r. PROGRAM 1. Otwarcie konferencji – Jego Eminencja ks. Metropolita Sawa 2. Obraz i podobieństwo: podstawy antropologii biblijnej – ks. Mikołaj Ozolin, Instytut św. Sergiusza w Paryżu 3. Antropologia Ojców Kościoła IV–VIII wieków – ks. Henryk Paprocki 4. Antropologia Ojców Kościoła pierwszych czterech wieków – ks. Andrzej Kuźma 5. Antropologia i ascetyzm – ks. Warsonofiusz (Doroszkiewicz) 6. Antropologia w pismach współczesnych teologów prawosławnych – Krzysztof Leśniewski 7. Świętość człowieka w nauczaniu Kościoła prawosławnego – Artur Jezierski 8. Kult świętych w Prawosławiu – Jarosław Charkiewicz 5 6 Ks. Metropolita Sawa (Hrycuniak) SłOWO WSTęPNE Czcigodne Audytorium, witam serdecznie wszystkich zebranych na Międzynarodowej Konfe- rencji zorganizowanej przez Katedrę Teologii Prawosławnej na temat: „Antropologia prawosławna”. Tematem dzisiejszego spotkania jest więc człowiek. Na prze- strzeni całej historii ludzkości zawsze stawiane było, i jest pytanie: „Kim jest człowiek?” Pomimo pełnej dzisiejszej wiedzy na temat anatomii człowieka, pytanie nadal jest aktualne. Tak jak zawsze, także i dzisiaj padają róż- ne odpowiedzi na to pytanie. Zadaniem konferencji jest przedstawienie nauki Kościoła pra- wosławnego na ten temat w oparciu o naukę Biblii, świętych Ojców Kościoła i teologów współczesnych. Ponadto pragniemy zwrócić uwa- gę słuchaczy na to, że to, co nazywamy świętością człowieka. Te dwa akcenty są myślą przewodnią programu konferencji. Pismo Święte stwierdza jednoznacznie, że człowiek jest koroną stworzenia. „Bóg rzekł i stało się, On rozkazał i stało się” (Ps 33,9). Świat wyszedł więc z rąk Bożych i objawia Jego dobroć. Dlatego człowiek po swoim upadku staje się centrum planu zba- wienia. „Tak bowiem Bóg umiłował świat, że Syna swego Jednoro- dzonego dał” (J 1,13). W ten sposób rozpoczyna się zwycięstwo Jezusa nad światem i jest kontynuacją działania Trójcy Świętej, tak jak to 7 miało miejsce przy akcie stwórczym. „Uczyńmy człowieka na obraz nasz, podobnego do nas” (Rdz 1,20). Człowiek jest więc ikoną Trójcy Świętej. Św. Grzegorz z Nyssy stwierdza: „Człowiek jest ludzkim obli- czem Boga, dlatego kontemplowanie Boga jest życiem duszy”. Na tej Boskiej płaszczyźnie umiejscowiona jest antropologia świętych Ojców Kościoła. Stąd spotykamy ostre, często paradoksal- ne sformułowania, jak: „Bóg stał się człowiekiem, aby człowiek mógł stać się Bogiem przez łaskę i uczestniczył w życiu Bożym” ... „Jestem człowiekiem z natury i bogiem przez łaskę” ... „Człowiek mikroko- smos jest także mikrotheosem”. Życie jako takie rozpoczyna się od Trójcy Świętej. Jego ce- lem i kresem jest Trójca Święta. Wszystkie działania są działaniami w imieniu Trójcy Świętej. Człowiek odpowiedzialny jest za wszystko i za wszystkich. W sposób szczególny wyrażamy to w Świętej Liturgii, kiedy wygłaszamy słowa „za wszystkich i za wszystko”. Włodzimierz Łosski pisze: „Dogmat trynitarzy jest krzyżem dla myśli ludzkiej, żadna spekulacja filozoficzna nigdy nie potrafi- ła wznieść się do tajemnicy Trójcy Świętej”. Metropolita moskiewski św. Filaret (Drozdow) dodaje: „Ojciec jest miłością krzyżującą, Syn jest miłością ukrzyżowaną, Duch Święty jest krzyżem miłości, jest niewyczerpaną mocą”. W Świętej Liturgii wołamy: „Umiłujmy się wzajemnie, abyśmy jednomyślnie wyznawali: Ojca i Syna, i Świętego Ducha, Trójcę współistotną i niepodzielną”. Człowiek wszędzie postrzega siebie w relacji z Absolutem. Zro- zumieć człowieka, to znaczy tyle, co rozszyfrować tę relację. Można stwierdzić tak, że człowiek jest problemem teandrycznym, Bosko- ludzkim. Św. Klemens Aleksandryjski pisze: „Bóg rzeźbił istotę ludz- ką, patrząc w swojej mądrości na niebieskie człowieczeństwo Chry- stusa” (por.: Kol 1,15; 1 Kor 15,47). Wszystko to stanowi tajemnicę. Tajemnica ta zawsze niepokoiła rozum ludzki, poszukujący od- powiedzi na pytanie: „Kim jest człowiek?” św. Teofil z Antiochii pisał: „Pokaż mi twego człowieka, a ja pokaże ci mojego Boga”. Potwierdza to właśnie tę tajemnicę, że obaj są nie do określenia. Bł. Augustyn na- pisał: „Niespokojne jest serce nasze, dopóki nie spocznie w Tobie” ... 8 „Tylko dla Ciebie żyję, mówię i śpiewam”. Św. Grzegorz Palamas mógł stwierdzić, że „...poza Bogiem rozum ludzki staje się zwierzęciem, a oddalony od swojej natury pragnie tego, co mu jest obce”. W człowieku osoba ludzka jest komunią z Boskością, która kon- centruje się wewnątrz świadomości ludzkiej: „...już nie żyję ja, lecz żyje we mnie Chrystus” (Ga 2,20), napisał św. Apostoł Paweł. Dąże- nie do obcowania z Bogiem, inaczej do świętości, jest niczym innym, jak niekończącym się pragnieniem Boga. Intensywność związania się z Bogiem staje się celem życia człowieka, a także środkiem poznania. Człowiek musi zawsze poszukiwać prawdy o sobie samym, o świecie i o Bogu. Pytanie o sens człowieka, sens jego życia, cierpie- nia, radości i śmierci stawia go w kontekście wyższej Rzeczywistości, która jest niewidzialna dla oczu, ale jest odczuwalna w otaczającym go świecie. Bóg dał człowiekowi realną możliwość poznania obiektyw- nej niezmiennej prawdy i ułożenia według niej swego życia. Dlatego istnienie człowieka zakłada istnienie Boga, a istnienie Boga zakłada istnienie człowieka. Dla Boga osoba ludzka jest wartością absolutną, od której oczekuje się pełnej miłości. Człowiek nie może zrezygnować z poszukiwania prawdy o sobie, o świecie i o Bogu. Inaczej wszystko to, co ludzkie, zniknie z człowieka. „Gdzie jest twój skarb”, tam będzie i serce twoje” (Mt 6,21). Mo- dlitwa Jezusowa, zwana też „Modlitwą serca”, czyni z serca człowieka przybytek ciągłej obecności Chrystusa. Dlatego św. Izaak Syryjczyk mógł powiedzieć: „Dostąpiwszy miłości, dostąpiliśmy samego Boga, i nasza pielgrzymka jest zakończona. Przeprawiliśmy się na wyspę, która leży poza światem, gdzie jest Ojciec, Syn i Duch Święty”. Jest to droga pielgrzymowania człowieka do świętości. Dlatego św. Bazyli Wielki mógł powiedzieć, że „człowiek jest stworzenie, które otrzyma- ło nakaz stania się bogiem, to znaczy stania się przebóstwioną hipo- stazą” (PG 36,560A). W imię Boże otwieram dzisiejszą konferencję i wierzę, że przed- stawione tutaj myśli zostaną rozwinięte w referatach naszych prele- gentów. 9 10 Прот. Николай Озолин Образ и подОбие Бога в челОвеке как Основа ПравОславной аНтрополОгии: ПрирОдНый дар и личНая задача Ключевые слова: богословие, патристика, образ и подобие Известно, что Септуагинта – греческий перевод Ветхого Завета, признанный авторитетом consensus patrum. Этот пере- вод возник действительно как важный этап откровения, удосто- веренный, кроме того, тем, что он использован авторами Ново- го Завета, святыми отцами и в текстах богослужения. В Быт. 1,26 мы там читаем: “Бог сказал, сотворим человека κατ εικονα ημετεραν και καθ ομοιωσιν – по образу нашему и по подобию”. ОбрAз Божий Согласно святоотеческим толкованиям, этот стих указы- вает, прежде всего, на то, что imago dei – онтологическая дан- ность в человеке, которая подразумевает особую связь между ним и Богом и которая остается неотъемлемым и неразруши- мым свойством человеческой природы по воле Божественного Создателя. Таким образом, человеческое существо создано не автономным и самодостаточным, но оно призвано к участию 11 в жизни божественной – в действительности только “в Боге” че- ловек может реализовать свое исходное предназначение. Ничто не является более “естественным” для человека, чем жить и воз- растать в благодати. Как вы помните, Вл. Лосский поэтому счи- тал, что понятие “сверхъестественности” в этой связи непри- менимо в православной антропологии. Отнюдь не противостоя друг другу, природа и благодать выражают, при таком подходе, животворящую динамику отношений между Творцом и тварью. Хотя они радикально различны по природе, Творец и тварь жи- вут в благодатном общении, – и при этом не только отсутствует чреватое тяжелыми последствиями противопоставление между свободой и благодатью, характерное для латинской схоласти- ки, но божественная благодать и ее нетварные энергии являют- ся именно “естественной средой” человеческого бытия. Святые отцы понимали библейский рассказ об Эдемском саде именно в этом смысле, как образ “райской Церкви”, где Адам еще об- ладал “древним достоинством свободного человека”, как выра- зился свт. Григорий Палáма1. О. Иоанн Мейендорф любил гово- рить в этой связи об открытой антропологии. Схоластической категории natura pura человека, природе почти “нейтральной” и замкнутой в себе самой, о. Иоанн противопоставляет челове- ка, созданного буквально “в состоянии благодати”, естественно открытого Богу для общения и синергии. Такое видение
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