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Educated Youth Should Go to the Rural Areas: a Tale of Education, Employment and Social Values*
Educated Youth Should Go to the Rural Areas: A Tale of Education, Employment and Social Values* Yang You† Harvard University This draft: July 2018 Abstract I use a quasi-random urban-dweller allocation in rural areas during Mao’s Mass Rustication Movement to identify human capital externalities in education, employment, and social values. First, rural residents acquired an additional 0.1-0.2 years of education from a 1% increase in the density of sent-down youth measured by the number of sent-down youth in 1969 over the population size in 1982. Second, as economic outcomes, people educated during the rustication period suffered from less non-agricultural employment in 1990. Conversely, in 2000, they enjoyed increased hiring in all non-agricultural occupations and lower unemployment. Third, sent-down youth changed the social values of rural residents who reported higher levels of trust, enhanced subjective well-being, altered trust from traditional Chinese medicine to Western medicine, and shifted job attitudes from objective cognitive assessments to affective job satisfaction. To explore the mechanism, I document that sent-down youth served as rural teachers with two new county-level datasets. Keywords: Human Capital Externality, Sent-down Youth, Rural Educational Development, Employment Dynamics, Social Values, Culture JEL: A13, N95, O15, I31, I25, I26 * This paper was previously titled and circulated, “Does living near urban dwellers make you smarter” in 2017 and “The golden era of Chinese rural education: evidence from Mao’s Mass Rustication Movement 1968-1980” in 2015. I am grateful to Richard Freeman, Edward Glaeser, Claudia Goldin, Wei Huang, Lawrence Katz, Lingsheng Meng, Nathan Nunn, Min Ouyang, Andrei Shleifer, and participants at the Harvard Economic History Lunch Seminar, Harvard Development Economics Lunch Seminar, and Harvard China Economy Seminar, for their helpful comments. -
Optimization Path of the Freight Channel of Heilongjiang Province
2017 3rd International Conference on Education and Social Development (ICESD 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-444-8 Optimization Path of the Freight Channel of Heilongjiang Province to Russia 1,a,* 2,b Jin-Ping ZHANG , Jia-Yi YUAN 1Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2International Department of Harbin No.9 High School, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China [email protected], [email protected] * Corresponding author Keywords: Heilongjiang Province, Russia, Freight Channel, Optimization Path. Abstract. Heilongjiang Province becomes the most important province for China's import and export trade to Russia due to its unique geographical advantages and strong complementary between industry and product structure. However, the existing problems in the trade freight channel layout and traffic capacity restrict the bilateral trade scale expansion and trade efficiency improvement. Therefore, the government should engage in rational distribution of cross-border trade channel, strengthen infrastructure construction in the border port cities and node cities, and improve the software support and the quality of service on the basis of full communication and coordination with the relevant Russian government, which may contribute to upgrade bilateral economic and trade cooperation. Introduction Heilongjiang Province is irreplaceable in China's trade with Russia because of its geographical advantages, a long history of economic and trade cooperation, and complementary in industry and product structures. Its total value of import and export trade to Russia account for more than 2/3 of the whole provinces and nearly 1/4 of that of China. After years of efforts, there exist both improvement in channel infrastructure, layout and docking and problems in channel size, functional positioning and layout, as well as important node construction which do not match with cross-border freight development. -
Appendix 1: Rank of China's 338 Prefecture-Level Cities
Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities © The Author(s) 2018 149 Y. Zheng, K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6 150 First-tier cities (4) Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou Shenzhen First-tier cities-to-be (15) Chengdu Hangzhou Wuhan Nanjing Chongqing Tianjin Suzhou苏州 Appendix Rank 1: of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities Xi’an Changsha Shenyang Qingdao Zhengzhou Dalian Dongguan Ningbo Second-tier cities (30) Xiamen Fuzhou福州 Wuxi Hefei Kunming Harbin Jinan Foshan Changchun Wenzhou Shijiazhuang Nanning Changzhou Quanzhou Nanchang Guiyang Taiyuan Jinhua Zhuhai Huizhou Xuzhou Yantai Jiaxing Nantong Urumqi Shaoxing Zhongshan Taizhou Lanzhou Haikou Third-tier cities (70) Weifang Baoding Zhenjiang Yangzhou Guilin Tangshan Sanya Huhehot Langfang Luoyang Weihai Yangcheng Linyi Jiangmen Taizhou Zhangzhou Handan Jining Wuhu Zibo Yinchuan Liuzhou Mianyang Zhanjiang Anshan Huzhou Shantou Nanping Ganzhou Daqing Yichang Baotou Xianyang Qinhuangdao Lianyungang Zhuzhou Putian Jilin Huai’an Zhaoqing Ningde Hengyang Dandong Lijiang Jieyang Sanming Zhoushan Xiaogan Qiqihar Jiujiang Longyan Cangzhou Fushun Xiangyang Shangrao Yingkou Bengbu Lishui Yueyang Qingyuan Jingzhou Taian Quzhou Panjin Dongying Nanyang Ma’anshan Nanchong Xining Yanbian prefecture Fourth-tier cities (90) Leshan Xiangtan Zunyi Suqian Xinxiang Xinyang Chuzhou Jinzhou Chaozhou Huanggang Kaifeng Deyang Dezhou Meizhou Ordos Xingtai Maoming Jingdezhen Shaoguan -
Information About the Members of Heilongjiang Economic and Trading Delegation - Enterprises
Information about the Members of Heilongjiang Economic and Trading Delegation - Enterprises - No. Unit Profile Matchmaking Name Position Contact Number Green food There is one research and development quality Heilongjiang detection center and four workshops, namely concentrated juice processing workshop, plants Executive 1 Yikangyuan North Food processing and tourism projects Li Jiapeng 15082522088 extracting workshop, quick-frozen fruits workshop, Director Food Co., Ltd. and drinks workshop. The annual processing capability of the company reaches 10,000 tons. Feihe Dairy devotes itself to the research, development, and production of infant milk powder. By now it has a Heilongjiang Feihe history of 54 years’ professional milk products Milk goat cultivation and dairy processing 2 Leng Youbin President 18611356688 Dairy Co., Ltd. production. It is the only infant milk powder between ABF and Feihe enterprises in China that has a comprehensive industrial chain. Heilongjiang Lvneng The Lvneng’s bio-cultivation program is an important research & development chain in the international full- Milk goat cultivation and dairy processing 3 Ecological Animal Liu Hua President 13301337613 industrial chain of Feihe. It will become the largest between ABF and Feihe Husbandry Co., Ltd. single milk goat farm in China. Heilongjiang Jinpo Lake The company produces 150,000 tons of corn starch, Agricultural planting, cultivation and Jiang Xuefeng 4 Agricultural 50,000 tons of glucose and 6,000 tons of caramel, and President 13845369977 processing projects Development Co., Ltd. converts 200,000 tons of corn each year. Heilongjiang Jinpo Lake The company produces 150,000 tons of corn starch, Agricultural planting, cultivation and General 5 Agricultural 50,000 tons of glucose and 6,000 tons of caramel, and Bai Mingfu 13694648777 processing projects Manager Development Co., Ltd. -
The Spatial Differentiation of the Suitability of Ice-Snow Tourist Destinations Based on a Comprehensive Evaluation Model in China
sustainability Article The Spatial Differentiation of the Suitability of Ice-Snow Tourist Destinations Based on a Comprehensive Evaluation Model in China Jun Yang 1,*, Ruimeng Yang 1, Jing Sun 1, Tai Huang 2,3,* and Quansheng Ge 3 1 Liaoning Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Geomatics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China; [email protected] (R.Y.); [email protected] (J.S.) 2 Department of Tourism Management, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China 3 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Patterns and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (T.H.) Academic Editors: Jun Liu, Gang Liu and This Rutishauser Received: 1 February 2017; Accepted: 4 May 2017; Published: 8 May 2017 Abstract: Ice, snow, and rime are wonders of the cold season in an alpine climate zone and climate landscape. With its pure, spectacular, and magical features, these regions attract numerous tourists. Ice and snow landscapes can provide not only visually-stimulating experiences for people, but also opportunities for outdoor play and movement. In China, ice and snow tourism is a new type of recreation; however, the establishment of snow and ice in relation to the suitability of the surrounding has not been clearly expressed. Based on multi-source data, such as tourism, weather, and traffic data, this paper employs the Delphi-analytic hierarchy process (AHP) evaluation method and a spatial analysis method to study the spatial differences of snow and ice tourism suitability in China. China’s ice and snow tourism is located in the latitude from 35◦N to 53.33◦N and latitude 41.5◦N to 45◦N and longitude 82◦E to 90◦E, with the main focus on latitude and terrain factors. -
A Well-Diversified Developer Northeast China Pan Bohai
1 Agenda • 2012 Interim Results • Business Review • Future Outlook 2 Key Income Statement Items (RMB million) 1H 2012 1H 2011 % Change Revenue 1,342 2,379 -43.6% Gross Profit 553 1,177 -53.0% Gross Margin (%) 41.2% 49.5% -8.3pts Net Margin 12.4% 39.2% -26.8pts Core Net Profit* 132 401 -67.2% * Excluding net revaluation gain 3 Key Balance Sheet Items (RMB million) 30-Jun-12 31-Dec-11 % Change Net Gearing Cash and Bank Balances 3,436 3,166 +8.5% Total Assets 53,600 50,704 +5.7% Shareholders’ Equity 17,226 17,051 +1.0% 68.7% 69.1% 53.7% Total Borrowings 15,332 14,886 +3.0% Net Gearing Ratio (%) 69.1% 68.7% +0.4pts FY 2010 FY 2011 1H 2012 4 Profitability and Margins Gross Profit Net Profit (RMB million) (RMB million) 933.2 1341 1177 553 366.4 166.2 1H 2010 1H 2011 1H 2012 1H 2010 1H 2011 1H 2012 Gross Margin Net Margin 39.2% 53.7% 49.5% 41.2% 14.7% 12.4% 1H 2010 1H 2011 1H 2012 1H 2010 1H 2011 1H 2012 5 Analysis of Revenue and GFA Sold and Delivered Revenue GFA Sold and Delivered (RMB million) (‘000 sq.m.) 34.3 15.4 8.2 27.8 960 97 96 189 85.7 1H 2012 1,342 1H 2012 27.4 180.0 8.1 10.6 1304 900 111 64 1H 2011 2,379 1H 2011 226.1 43.0 31.4 78.7 2.1 1607 195 686 10 155.2 1H 2010 2,498 1H 2010 Shanghai Region Yangtze River Delta Pan Bohai Rim Northeast China Total 6 Analysis of Revenue and GFA Sold and Delivered Revenue GFA Sold and Delivered 2.7% 4.7% 14.1% 4.7% 7.2% 3.6% 37.8% 7.2% 32.5% 9.6% 79.6% 17.9% 71.5% 54.8% 40.0% 12.1% 1H 2011 1H 2012 1H 2011 1H 2012 Shanghai Region Yangtze River Delta Pan Bohai Rim Northeast China 1H 2011 RMB 2,378.8 million 1H 2011 226.1 thousand sq.m. -
“Arctic Village”/ Mohe
Wef: Jan 2020 11D China’s “Arctic Village”/ Mohe --Northern Lights + Inner Mongolia’s DBTB1 Hailaer/Geerguna/Mohe/Hulunbuir/Qiqiharr/Genhe/Heihe/Shenyang/Harbin The North Pole Village :Experience polar day – the mid-night sun visible 22 hours during the day, Midnight like Sunny Daytime Mohe - The only best place for observing the Northern Lights in China SubsidiaryBest of Chance to view only one week before or after in summer solstice Special departure @ 16,18,19Jun Day 1 Singapore / Shenyang/ Harbin (L/D) Begin your holiday with a pleasant flight to Shenyang, the provincial capital of Laoning. we visit the Shenyang Imperial Palace, it was once the royal residence of two Qing emperors (Taizu Nurhaci and his son Taizong Huangtaiji) and second only to the Imperial Palace in Beijing in scale. This magnificent architectural edifice is famous for its unique blend of Manchu and Han architectural styles. You will experience the historical atmosphere at Manqing (Manchurian) Street in front of Imperial Palace, where a whole road of the souvenir and handicrafts are sold. After Lunch , take a high speed train to Harbin. DAY 02: Harbin/ Wudalianchi (B/L/D) After breakfast, visit Flood Prevention Monument Tower, with its unique western retro touch, stood out among all statues in the city and became the true representation of the city. Next proceed to Wudalianchi, a county-level city in Heilongjiang province, China. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Heihe.The city's name means "five joint ponds" and refers to a set of interconnected lakes formed after the eruption of the volcanoes of Laohei and Huoshao in 1720. -
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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 310 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019) Exploring the Strategy for Inheritance of Heilongjiang Province's Traditional Dance in Colleges and Universities Taking the Traditional Dance of Oroqen as an Example* Rui Zhang Weibo Dang College of Music College of Music Heihe University Heihe University Heihe, China Heihe, China Abstract—Taking the traditional dance of Oroqen in Heilongjiang Province as an example, this paper studies and II. THE ORIGIN OF OROQEN DANCE analyzes the origin of Oroqen dance and the significance of The Chinese Oroqen people mainly live in Inner inheritance of Oroqen dance in colleges and universities, Mongolia Autonomous Region and Heilongjiang Province. further explores the strategy for inheritance of Heilongjiang In Heilongjiang Province, Oroqen people mainly live in Province's traditional dance in colleges and universities and Xunke County of Heihe City, Aihui District, Huma County puts forward ideas for colleges and universities to further and Jiayin County of Yichun City in Greater Khingan Range expand “intangible cultural heritage” protection and improve the protection level. region. The Oroqen is one of the ethnic minorities with a small population in the northeastern part of China. It is a Keywords—traditional dance; colleges and universities; nation living on hunting. Before the middle of 17th century, strategy the Oroqen people were distributed in the east of Lake Baikal, the north of Heilongjiang River and the vast area centered on Jingqili River. In the history, there were mainly Bo Shiwei I. INTRODUCTION people and Shenmoda Shiwei people. -
Characteristics of Spatial Connection Based on Intercity Passenger Traffic Flow in Harbin- Changchun Urban Agglomeration, China Research Paper
Guo, R.; Wu, T.; Wu, X.C. Characteristics of Spatial Connection Based on Intercity Passenger Traffic Flow in Harbin- Changchun Urban Agglomeration, China Research Paper Characteristics of Spatial Connection Based on Intercity Passenger Traffic Flow in Harbin-Changchun Urban Agglomeration, China Rong Guo, School of Architecture,Harbin Institute of Technology,Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology,Ministry of Industry and Information Technology,Harbin 150006,China Tong Wu, School of Architecture,Harbin Institute of Technology,Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology,Ministry of Industry and Information Technology,Harbin 150006,China Xiaochen Wu, School of Architecture,Harbin Institute of Technology,Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology,Ministry of Industry and Information Technology,Harbin 150006,China Abstract With the continuous improvement of transportation facilities and information networks, the obstruction of distance in geographic space has gradually weakened, and the hotspots of urban geography research have gradually changed from the previous city hierarchy to the characteristics of urban connections and networks. As the main carrier and manifestation of elements, mobility such as people and material, traffic flow is of great significance for understanding the characteristics of spatial connection. In this paper, Harbin-Changchun agglomeration proposed by China's New Urbanization Plan (2014-2020) is taken as a research object. With the data of intercity passenger traffic flow including highway and railway passenger trips between 73 county-level spatial units in the research area, a traffic flow model is constructed to measure the intensity of spatial connection. -
The Construction and Optimization of Ecological Security Pattern in the Harbin-Changchun Urban Agglomeration, China
Article The Construction and Optimization of Ecological Security Pattern in the Harbin-Changchun Urban Agglomeration, China Rong Guo 1, Tong Wu 1,*, Mengran Liu 2, Mengshi Huang 1, Luigi Stendardo 3 and Yutong Zhang 4 1 Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China; [email protected] (R.G.); [email protected] (M.H.) 2 Key Laboratory of Forest Plan Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; [email protected] 3 Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Padova University, 35131 Padova, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Agriculture and Forestry Economic Management, School of Economic Management, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-135-0360-9537 Received: 03 March 2019; Accepted: 30 March 2019; Published: 2 April 2019 Abstract: Urban agglomerations have become a new geographical unit in China, breaking the administrative fortresses between cities, which means that the population and economic activities between cities will become more intensive in the future. Constructing and optimizing the ecological security pattern of urban agglomerations is important for promoting harmonious social-economic development and ecological protection. Using the Harbin-Changchun urban agglomeration as a case study, we have identified ecological sources based on the evaluation of ecosystem functions. Based on the resistance surface modified by nighttime light (NTL) data, the potential ecological corridors were identified using the least-cost path method, and key ecological corridors were extracted using the gravity model. -
The Inheritance and Development of Islamic Culture in Heilongjiang, Region of China
Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society Volume No. 32, Issue No. 1, January - June 2019 Zhang Tong * Yu Jinshan** Zhang Xuepei*** Yang He*** The Inheritance and Development of Islamic Culture in Heilongjiang, Region of China Abstract The Hui is one of the 55 minority nationalities region in China. It is popular all over the country for special historical reasons. Compared with Qinghai, Gansu and Xinjiang, the proportion of Hui population in Heilongjiang Province is smaller. Unlike other places in Northwest China, Heilongjiang is not a centralized show area of Islam. The historical development of Islam in Heilongjiang has its own characteristics. Unlike the local religion in Heilongjiang (Shamanism), Islam is not a native religion there. Unlike Taoism and Buddhism, which were introduced into Heilongjiang in the early period, Islam is still a young religion with a history of only 300 years. The development of Hui population and the spread of Islam in Heilongjiang are relatively special. Similarly, the language, culture, diet and even life etiquette of the Hui people in Heilongjiang gradually show the trend of localization in Heilongjiang. Throughout the historical process of Hui immigration to Heilongjiang in different stages, this paper studies the contribution and influence of the historical development of Heilongjiang and introduces the development history and culture of the Hui nationality with Heilongjiang characteristics, as well as the inheritance of religion. Key words: Heilongjiang Hui Islamic Mosque 1.0 Introduction The Hui is one of the 55 minority nationalities region in China. It is popular all over the country for special historical reasons. Compared with Qinghai, Gansu and Xinjiang, the proportion of Hui population in Heilongjiang Province is smaller. -
Coordinated Development Between Urban Tourism Economy and Transport in the Pearl River Delta, China
sustainability Article Coordinated Development between Urban Tourism Economy and Transport in the Pearl River Delta, China Qiuxia Zheng 1,2,3, Yaoqiu Kuang 1,2,* and Ningsheng Huang 1,2 1 Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; [email protected] (Q.Z.); [email protected] (N.H.) 2 Sustainable Development Research Center, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academic of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-20-8529-0476 Academic Editor: Yongrok Choi Received: 15 November 2016; Accepted: 13 December 2016; Published: 18 December 2016 Abstract: By selecting the panel data from 2005 to 2014 of 9 cities in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in China, this paper respectively establishes the evaluation index system of tourism economy and transport. It also applies a synthetic evaluation model and coupling coordination model to estimate comprehensive indices of tourism economy and transport system and their coordinated relationships. The results show that: (1) during 2005–2014, the synthetic indices of tourism economy generally presented constantly upward tendency and the synthetic indices of transport represented wave-like raising trend in the PRD region; (2) during 2005–2014, the 9 cities in the PRD region gradually tended to have coordinated development between tourism economy and transport, and the central area of the PRD region developed faster than the flanks; (3) the correlations between the tourism economy and transport of the cities with abundant tourism resources, developed economy, and advanced transport facilities were more remarkable, and the coordination degrees were higher.