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Encyclopedia of Subsistence Farming Solutions (Sakpedia, 2018 Edition)

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Encyclopedia of Subsistence Farming Solutions (SAKpedia, 2018 Edition) Editor: Manish N. Raizada University of Guelph, Canada An online, free, open-access book and searchable database that will be continuously updated and expanded (in preparation) Draft as of August 2017 (60 chapters completed, 350 pages) Approximately 95 chapters expected by January 2018 1 Table of Contents **manuscript needs further revision Chapter 1 - Scientific method 1.1 Testing products using split plots, multi-years…………………………...expected Jan 2018 Chapter 2- Land preparation and Sowing 2.1 Gloves to protect hands……………………………………………… Mitchell Van Schepen 2.2 New tools to prepare the field……………………………………………expected Jan 2018 2.3 Soaking seeds before planting (seed priming)……………………………..Samantha Martin 2.4 Sowing seeds in rows (line sowing)……………………………………… Kirsten Radcliffe 2.5 Jab seed planter…………………………………………………………..expected Jan 2018 2.6 Tools to sow seeds……………………………………………………..…expected Jan 2018 2.7 Reducing seedling crowding after sowing (thinning) ……………...……expected Jan 2018 2.8 Tools to transplant seedlings……………………………………………..expected Jan 2018 2.9 Raking tool (e.g. to collect weeds) ………...…………………………….expected Jan 2018 2.10 Back brace……………………………………………...……………….expected Jan 2018 Chapter 3 - Crop and Tree Intensification 3.1 Intercropping cereals and legumes……………………………………....expected Jan 2018 3.2 Relay cropping…………………………………………………………..expected Jan 2018 3.3 Vegetable seed packages for home gardens……………………………..expected Jan 2018 3.4/3.5 Tarpaulin/silpaulin for greenhouse and low tunnel construction…….expected Jan 2018 3.6 Grafting to improve tree propagation…………………………….Gryphon Therault-Loubier 3.7 Soil clump test to determine if root/tuber crops can be planted………….expected Jan 2018 Chapter 4 - Terrace agriculture 4.1 Yam in sacks on terrace walls………………………………..………….expected Jan 2018 4.2a Climbing beans on terrace walls ……………………………………….expected Jan 2018 4.2b Climbing chayote squash on terrace walls……………………………..expected Jan 2018 4.3a Waterfall-type legumes on terrace edges………………………………expected Jan 2018 4.4b Waterfall-type cucurbits on terrace edges……………………………...expected Jan 2018 Chapter 5 - Soil health 5.1.1 Soil testing……………………………........................................................Dylan Harding 5.1.2 Litmus paper and liming for adjusting soil pH........................................... Dylan Harding 5.3 Shallow trenching to prevent erosion, conserve water**………….…….…Shelby Straeche 5.4 Contour farming on hillsides to prevent erosion…………………………....Colton Lanthier 5.5 Living grass barriers to prevent erosion**…............................................... .Erica Carmount 5.7 Vetch in the dry season to prevent erosion…………………………………See Chapter 11.1 5.8 Adding organic nutrients to home gardens……………...……………….…Rebecca Clayton 5.9 Covering manure from rain during storage……………………………....expected Jan 2018 2 5.10 Livestock sheds and collecting urine to add to manure………….…………..Jaime Selinger 5.11 Compost improvement……………………………….………….…………Rebecca Rashev 5.12 Microdosing of manure……………………………………………….....expected Jan 2018 5.13 Treating seeds with urine………………………………..........……………..Evelyn Murray 5.15 Using worms to create manure (vermicomposting)…………………..……..Dylan Harding 5.16.1 Synthetic fertilizers: primer and raising yields …………………..……….Dylan Harding 5.16.2 Balanced fertilization…………………………………….………………..Dylan Harding 5.17 Microdosing of synthetic fertilizers……………………………..…………..Dylan Harding 5.18 Split application of synthetic fertilizer**……………………...………….…Jason Huitema 5.20 Leaf colour change to diagnose fertilizer needs**…………………..Meaghan Wells Liddy 5.23.1 Optimizing legume productivity using molybdenum fertilizer………..….Dylan Harding 5.24.1 Rhizobia bacteria inoculants for legumes………………..…………..……….Clara Kopp 5.24.2 Optimizing rhizobia inoculants for legumes…………………….………...Dylan Harding 5.27 Pigeon pea for degraded soils……………………………..………...Paige Mary Abernethy 5.28 Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis in rice paddies……………………………..Matthew Paonessa Chapter 6 - Water 6.2 Tied ridging to capture and prevent erosion……………………………….…..Kyla Brunson 6.4/5 Rainwater collection around fruit trees including use of rocks………...……….Anab Siraj 6.7 Foldable plastic tanks and tarpaulin to collect rainwater…………….…….Joshua Callaghan 6.8 Irrigating a crop nursery using rainwater**……………………………...…….David Wilson 6.9 Drip irrigation in a greenhouse…………………………………………….Matthew Kinnear 6.10 Plastic mulch prevents water loss………………………………………..….Galme Mumed (draft 6.11 Treddle and bicycle irrigation pumps……………………………..….....expected Jan 2018 Chapter 7- Weeds 7.1 Kneepads to assist with weeding**……………………………………..….Rebecca Webster 7.2 Lost cost weeding tools for women…………………………….………………..Natalie Fear 7.3/4/7 Weed suppression by cultural practices……………...…………………Jade Muileboom 7.5 Cover crops suppress weeds**…………………….……………………………..Gayle Rohr 7.6 Striga weed suppression using Desmodium intercropping…………………Jade Muileboom Chapter 8 – Crop pests and Disease 8.1 Crop rotation with a legume (bean) reduces pests/diseases**………….…Kirsten Radcliffe 8.2 Constant visual inspection for sick plants……………………………….expected Jan 2018 8.3 Magnifying glass/sheet to remove sick seeds before sowing……………expected Jan 2018 8.4 Water floatation to remove sick seeds before sowing…………………………..Nick Moroz 8.5 Heat treatment of vegetable seeds…………………………Nick Moroz and Aleyeh Waberi 8.6a,b,c Vinegar, bleach, saltwater treatment of seeds…………..………………….Nick Moroz 8.7 Pesticide seed application…………………………….…………………………Nick Moroz 8.8a,b Manure tea field spraying and seed application……….……………………..Nick Moroz 8.10 Push-pull intercropping to reduce flying insects……………..……………Jade Muileboom 8.11 Replenishing food of wild animals to prevent crop damage……………..Katherine Trottier 3 Chapter 9 - Post harvest 9.1 Tree fruit harvesting tool…………………………………………………expected Jan 2018 9.2 Seed drying……………………………………………………………..…….Emily Overholt 9.3 Neem to combat pests during grain storage and the field………..Gryphon Therault-Loubier 9.4 Hermetic grain storage bags……………………………….……..Gryphon Therault-Loubier 9.5 Improved grain storage delays grain sales until prices are high…….……expected Jan 2018 9.6 Anti-ripening bags for fruits ……………………………………………..expected Jan 2018 9.7 Simple clay pot cooler to prevent spoilage…………………...…..Gryphon Therault-Loubier 9.8 Manual maize kernel sheller……………………………………………..expected Jan 2018 9.10a,b Electric/petrol and hand crank maize kernel sheller…………………expected Jan 2018 9.10c Electric/petrol peanut sheller……………………………………..……expected Jan 2018 9.11 Threshing grain on roads……………………………………………..…expected Jan 2018 9.12 Millet grain thresher…………………………………………………….expected Jan 2018 9.13 Low cost flour mills…………………………………………….………expected Jan 2018 9.14 Low cost machines to extract cooking oil from seeds…………….……expected Jan 2018 9.15 High efficiency cook stoves and pot skirts………..……………Gryphon Therault-Loubier 9.16 Pressure cooker to reduce cooking fuel…………………………Gryphon Therault-Loubier 9.17/9.18 Use of a friend in the city to obtain selling price, sell directly…….expected Jan 2018 9.19/9.20 Value addition ideas**……………………………………………………Dean Dzoja 9.21 Use of snackfood, cigarette, alcohol dealers to sell inputs to farmers…expected Jan 2018 Chapter 10 - Human nutrition 10.1/10.2 Improving iron absorption…………………………………Michael Parmentier-Luzar 10.3 Reducing vitamin A deficiencies by eating colorful foods and leafy greens…..Nick Moroz 10.5 Amaranth leaves as a source of protein and nutrients……………………..Kirsten Figliuzzi 10.6 Cucurbit seeds as a source of protein and nutrients……………….………Kirsten Radcliffe 10.7 Small whole grains for minerals and folate for pregnant women……...……….Nick Moroz 10.8 Legumes/pulses to reduce protein and mineral deficiencies……………...……Nick Moroz Chapter 11 – Livestock, poultry and fish 11.1 Vetch fodder in the dry season…………………….……………………..Katherine Trottier 11.2 Selection of dry season weeds as fodder……………………………...….Katherine Trottier 11.3 Fish in rice paddies as a mid-season protein source……………………………Chloe Zivot Chapter 12 - Crop breeding 12.2 How to produce hybrid maize seeds……………………………….……expected Jan 2018 Chapter 13 - Disaster relief 13.6/13.7 Re-purposing tarpaulin into a greenhouse and ground cover……...expected Jan 2018 13.8 Dual purpose military shovels for disasters and farming………….……expected Jan 2018 4 Chapter 1 - Scientific method 5 Chapter 2 - Land preparation and sowing 6 2.1 - Gloves to help subsistence farmers Mitchell van Schepen, University of Guelph, Canada Background The world’s 1 billion women and girls participating in subsistence farming pull weeds by hand to improve their crops and also collect firewood for cooking, resulting in their hands becoming rough and sore (Figure 1). This can be caused by wood splinters being lodged into their skin (Schaffner, 2013). Pulling weeds for hours on end can peel away layers of skin (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016). The hands of those farmers can also become dirty and smelly from planting seeds in the soil or spreading manure by hand. To avoid the common aforementioned problems as well as hand injuries, such as cuts and scrapes, they could wear gloves on their hands, see the second picture, (Schaffner, 2013). Gloves are very common in the modern world and can be used for construction, farming, and medical practices. Gloves provide a durable layer between the skin on your hands and whatever you are working with (Espasandín-Arias & Goossens, 2014). There are a few different materials used to make gloves, along with different
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    PRODUCTION OF LIQUID BIOFERTIZER AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF COMPONENT NITROGEN-FIXING AND PHOSPHATE-SOLUBILISING BACTERIA SPECIES BY UZOR, EKENEDILICHUKWU FREDRICK U14/NAS/BTG/023 SUPERVISOR: DR. C.O. ONYIA A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED BIOLOGY, FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES, GODFREY OKOYE UNIVERSITY, UGWUOMU-NIKE, ENUGU IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.) DEGREE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY JULY 2018 i APPROVAL This project has been presented to and approved by Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.), and degree in Biotechnology from the Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology. …………………….. ……………….. Uzor, Ekenedilichukwu Fredrick Date Student …………………… ……………… Dr. C.O. Onyia Date Project Supervisor ……………………… ………………. Dr. C.O. Onyia Date Head of Department ii DEDICATION …for my family. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All glory be to God Almighty; Whose grace has been ever sufficient, always. My deepest gratitude goes to my family; my parents - Mr. & Mrs. P. K. O. Uzor, my siblings – Sister Ada, Sister Chi, Oluomachukwu,; thank you for your abundant love, sincere care and unflinching support. To Chidera Ejike, for your deepest care, support and love. Thank you. I wish to appreciate my quintessential supervisor, who is also the Head of my department, Dr. C. O. Onyia; for her pain-staking and diligent efforts in ensuring the success of this work, and for her excellent work in the department. My profound gratitude also goes to the Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Christian Anieke, for ensuring a conducive environment for academic activities; the Dean, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Prof.