© Lonely Planet Publications 98 www.lonelyplanet.com MOSCOW •• History 99
HISTORY MOSCOW IN... Moscow’s recorded history dates to the mid-12th century, when Yury Dolgoruky Two Days Moscow Москва constructed the first Kremlin at a strategic Spend one day seeing what makes Mos- spot atop the Borovitsky Hill. Moscow blos- cow famous: St Basil’s Cathedral (p109 ), somed into an economic centre. Lenin’s Tomb (p108 ) and the Kremlin In the 13th century, the Mongols burned (p104 ). Allow a few hours in the afternoon the city to the ground. The Golden Horde to gawk at the gold and gems in the Ar- Sunlight glinting off gold-domed churches. Scantily clad women emerging from sleek, black was interested in tribute, and Moscow was moury ( p107 ). Art lovers should spend their cars. Uniformed military marching across the vast expanse of Red Sq. This is Moscow – the conveniently situated to monitor the river second day at either the Pushkin Museum political, economic and cultural capital that defines this massive nation. trade and road traffic. Moscow’s Prince of Fine Arts ( p109 ) or the Tretyakov Gal- Ivan acted as tax collector, earning him- lery ( p110 ), both world-class art museums.
Russia’s medieval roots are here: the Kremlin still shows off the splendour of Muscovy’s self the moniker ‘Moneybags’ (Kalita), and Afterwards, spend some time exploring the MOSCOW grand princes; St Basil’s Cathedral recounts the defeat of the Tatars. Yet this place also Moscow developed into a regional capital. surrounding neighbourhoods. Towards the end of the 15th century, recalls Russia’s more recent history, still fresh in our memories. On Red Sq, the founder the once diminutive duchy emerged as an Four Days MOSCOW of the Soviet state lies embalmed. And only a few kilometres away, his heir, Boris Yeltsin, expanding state under the reign of Grand Take in all of the activities suggested in heroically defied the army – leading to the demise of that same state. Prince Ivan III (the Great). To celebrate his the two-day itinerary. On the third day, visit successes, he imported a team of Italian Novodevichy Convent (p111 ), where so Moscow has always been known for the diversity of its population and the richness of artisans for a complete renovation of the many scenes from Russian history have its culture. Today, more than ever, visitors and residents alike can enjoy events ranging Kremlin. The city developed in concentric been played out. Finally, hit the money ma- from the classic to the progressive. Whether a Tchaikovsky opera or an Ostrovsky drama, rings outward from this centre. Under Ivan chine and head to Izmaylovo market ( p119 ) IV (the Terrible), the city earned the nick- classical performing arts in Moscow are among the best – and cheapest – in the Western for some serious souvenir shopping. name of ‘Gold-Domed Moscow’ because of world. The Tretyakov Gallery and Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts house internationally famous its multitude of monastery fortresses and One Week collections of Russian and impressionist art. magnificent churches. Take in all of the activities suggested in the In 1712 Peter the Great startled the coun- four-day itinerary. Then, plan an excursion Of course, New Russia comes with new forms of art and entertainment. The bohemian try by announcing the relocation of the to the Golden Ring, visiting Rostov-Veliky side of Moscow – be it a beatnik band at an underground club, or an avant-garde exhibit at capital to St Petersburg. In the early 1800s, ( p124 ) and Sergiev Posad ( p123 ). the Central House of Artists – provides a glimpse of Russia’s future. Sometimes intellectual Moscow suffered further at the hands of and inspiring, sometimes debauched and depraved, it is always eye-opening. Napoleon Bonaparte. But after the Napo- leonic Wars, Moscow was feverishly rebuilt ORIENTATION and industry prospered. Picture Moscow as five ring roads that When the Bolsheviks gained control of spread out from the centre: the Inner Ring Russia in 1917, the capital returned to Mos- Road, about 500m north of the Kremlin; the HIGHLIGHTS cow. Stalin devised an urban plan for the dual-carriageway Boulevard Ring (Bulvar- Be awestruck by the endless array of city: historic cathedrals and monuments noe Koltso), about 1km from the Kremlin; jewels and weapons at the Kremlin were demolished; in their place appeared the busy Garden Ring (Sadovoe Koltso), Armoury ( p107 ) the marble-bedecked metro and neo-Gothic 2km out; the high-speed, eight-lane Third skyscrapers. In the following decades, Mos- Ring (Tretoe Koltso), about 4.5km from the Marvel at the artistry of the Moscow Izmaylovo Market cow expanded at an exponential rate. Kremlin; and the Outer Ring Road, also metro ( p122 ) Café Pushkin Moscow was the scene of the most dra- called MKAD, a highway that forms the city Sip a cappuccino at the Café Moscow Kremlin matic events of the early 1990s’ political limits about 15km from the Kremlin. Pushkin ( p116 ) Metro transition. Boris Yeltsin led crowds protest- Radial roads spoke out across the rings, Novodevichy Bargain for trash and treasure at Cemetery ing the attempted coup in 1991; and two and the Moscow River meanders across Izmaylovo market ( p119 ) years later, he ordered the army to blast everything from northwest to southeast. the parliament into submission. Within the The Kremlin, a north-pointing triangle with