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七 部 ア ビ ダ ル マ (Mngon Pa Sde Bdun)

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七 部 ア ビ ダ ル マ (Mngon Pa Sde Bdun) 印 度 學 佛 教 學 研 究 第43巻 第2号 平 成7年3月 (217) 七 部 ア ビ ダ ル マ (mngon pa sde bdun) と い う 呼 称 の 出 典 に つ い て 白 館 戒 雲 チ ベ ッ トで は,イ ン ドの 偉 大 な る 先 駆 者 に よ る 一 群 の 著 作 に 対 し て あ る 特 定 の 呼 称 を 付 し一 括 し て 言 及 す る 習 慣 が あ る 。 た と え ば,「(ナ ー ガ ール ジ ュナ の) 六 つ の 正 理 の 集 ま り」 (rigs tshogs drug), 「五 部 の マ イ ト レ ー ヤ の 教 え 」(byams chos sde lnga), 「(アサ ソ ガ の) 五 部 の 地 」(sa sde lnga), 「(アサ ン ガ の) 二 種 の 綱 要 書 」 (sdom rnam gnyis), 「(ヴァス バ ン ドゥの) 八 部 の 論 書 」 (pra-ka-ra-na sde brgyad), 「(ダル マ キ ール テ ィの) 七 部 の 論 理 学 書 」(tshad ma sde bdun) な ど が そ の 代 表 例 で あ る1)。 本 稿 で 扱 う 「七 部 ア ビ ダ ル マ 」(mngon pa sde bdun) と い う呼 称 も,以 上 の そ れ と は,や や 性 格 を 異 に す る が,ひ と ま ず そ の 同 じ 範 疇 に 含 め る こ と も で き る で あ ろ う。 以 上 列 挙 し た これ ら の 呼 称 に つ い て,筆 者 は い ま ま で,そ れ ら は チ ベ ッ トで の 造 語 で あ ろ う と 漫 然 と 考 え て い た 。 し か し な が ら,少 な く と も 「七 部 ア ビ ダ ル マ 」 と い う呼 称 に つ い て は,イ ソ ドの あ る テ キ ス トに そ の 出 典 が 求 め ら れ る 。 本 稿 は そ れ を 報 告 し よ う とす る も の で あ る 。 「七 部 ア ビ ダ ル マ 」 と は,指 摘 す る ま で も な く,『 発 智 論 』 (Jnanaprasthana) か ら 『集 異 門 論 』(Samgitiparyaya)ま で の,い わ ゆ る 「六 足 発 智 」 を 指 し て 用 い ら れ る 呼 称 で あ り,『 大 毘 婆 沙 論 』(Bye brag tu bshad pa chen po, *Mahavibhasd) と と も に,毘 婆 沙 師 (Vaibhasika) が 拠 る と こ ろ の 根 本 的 な テ キ ス トを い う2)。 「七 部 ア ビ ダ ル マ 」 に 関 す る チ ベ ッ トで の 理 解 の 水 準 を 示 す 一 つ の 典 型 的 な 例 と し て,ゲ ル ク派 の 学 僧 ジ ェ ツ ソ ・チ ュ ー キ ゲ ー ツ ェ ン(rJe btsun Chos kyi rgyal mtshan, 1469-1544) の 現 観 荘 厳 論 注 『遊 戯 大 海 ・第 一 章 通 解 』(Rol mtho, sKabs dang po'i spyi don) に み ら れ る 以 下 の よ う な 記 述 を 紹 介 し て お こ う3)。 第 一 節 (「第一 転 法 輪 の 真意 を 注 釈 す る論 書'khor lo dang po'i dgongs 'grel gyi bstan bcos」) に は,「 第 一 転 法 輪 の 見 解 の 分 野 (lta ba'i cha) [を お もに 注 釈 す る論 書]」 と 「実 践 の分 野(spyod pa'i cha)を お もに 注 釈 す る論 書 」 との 二 節 が あ る。 そ -836- (218) 七 部 ア ビ ダル マ とい う呼 称 ゐ 出 典 に つ い て (白 舘) の うち の 第 一 節 は,た とえ ば 「七 部 の ア ビダル マ」(mngon pa sde bdun), 『大 毘 婆 沙 論 』 (Bye brag bshad mdzod chen mo),「 倶 舎 論 本 頚 と注 釈 」 (mDzod rtsa 'grel) が それ で あ る。 第 二 節 は,た とえ ば 『律 経 本 頚 』(mDo rtsa ba; Gunaprabha, Vinaya- sutra) が そ れ で あ る。 繰 り返 し に な る が, 「七 部 ア ビ ダ ル マ 」 は,シ ナ で の 「六 足 発 智 」 に 対 応 す る チ ベ ッ トで の 呼 称 で あ る 。 チ ベ ッ トで は,「 七 部 ア ビ ダ ル マ 」 に 含 ま れ る 一 々 の テ キ ス トの 題 名 お よ び そ の 編 纂 者― 経 量 部 の 見 解 で は 作 者 一 に つ い て,以 下 に 紹 介 す る よ うな 韻 文 を も っ て 暗 記 す る の が 常 と な っ て い る 。 gang zhig gang gis byas pa ni// ye shes la 'jug ka-tya' i bus// (Jnanaprasthana, arya-Katyayaniputra) rab to byed pa dbyig bshes kyis// (Prakaranapada, sthavira-Vasumitra) rnam shes tshogs ni lha skyid kyis// (Vijnanakaya, sthavira-Devasarman) chos kyi phung po sh'a ri'i bus// (Dharmaskandha, arya-Sariputra) gdags pa' i bstan bcos mo' u 'gal bus// (Prajnaptisatra, arya-Maudgalyayana) ' gro ba' i rnam grags gsus po ches// (Samgitiparyaya, Mahakausthila) khams kyi tshogs ni gang pos byas// (Dhatukdya, Purna) *括 弧 内 の 梵 文 は,後 述 す る SphutdYthd に 拠 る 。 上 記 の 引 用 は,チ ム ・ ジ ャ ン ペ ー ヤ ン(mChims‘Jam pa'i dbyangs, ?-1289) の 『倶 舎 論 注 』 (mChims mdzod)に 拠 っ た も の で あ る が4),同 じ く こ の 種 の 韻 文 を 挙 げ る ジ ャ ム ヤ ン ・シ ェ ー パ('Jam dbyangs bzhad pa, 1648-1722) の 『大 宗 義 書 』 (Gyub mtha’ chen mo)に よ れ ば,mChims lha rje go cha と 呼 ば れ る 人 物 が,Yasomitra (8c.) の 『倶 舎 論 注 』(Sphutaytha) に お け る 記 述 に 基 づ い て,こ の よ う な 韻 文 に ま と め た の で あ る と い う5)。 事 実,そ のSphutarthaの 当 該 箇 所 を 参 照 す れ ば,そ れ ぞ れ の 著 者に 関 す る 伝 承 が 一 致 し て い る こ と が 知 ら れ る6)。 さ て,「 七 部 ア ビ ダ ル マ 」(mngon pa sde bdun) と い う 呼 称 に つ い て で あ る が, -835- 七 部 ア ビダ ル マ とい う呼 称 の 出典 に つ い て(白 舘) (219) チ ベ ッ トに お い て こ の 呼 称 を は じ め て 用 い た の は,筆 者 の 知 る 限 りで は ,プ ト ゥ ン (Bu ston, 1290-1364) で あ っ た よ う で あ る7)。 ツ ォ ソ カ バ(Tsong kha pa , 1357- 1416) の 著 作 に も そ の 用 例 が あ る8)。 一 方,先 に 言 及 し た チ ム ・ジ ャ ン ペ ー ヤ ン の 『倶 舎 論 注 』 な ど に お い て は,chos mngon pa sde bdun po と い う 呼 称 が 用 い ら れ て お り9),mngon pa sde bdun と い う呼 称 は 用 い ら れ て い な い よ う で あ る 。 これ ら が 事 実 で あ る とす れ ば,chos mngon pa sde bdun po と mngon pa sde bdunと い う呼 称 の う ち,前 者chos mngon pa sde bdun po が 後 者mngon pa sde bdun に 先 行 し て 用 い ら れ て い る の で あ る か ら,後 者 は 前 者 の 省 略 形 と し て 処 理 し う る で あ ろ う。 だ が そ れ は 必 ず し も 正 し く は な い 。 な ぜ な ら,mngon pa sde bdun と い う呼 称 に つ い て は,イ ン ドの あ る テ キ ス トに そ の 出 典 が 求 め ら れ,前 者 に 先 行 し て 用 い ら れ て い た と も 推 定 さ れ る か ら で あ る 。 そ の 出 典 と な り う る テ キ ス ト と は,リ ン チ ェ ン ・サ ン ポ (Rin chen bzang po, 958-1055) と と も に,お も に 密 教 関 係 の テ キ ス トを 多 く蔵 訳 さ れ た イ ン ドの 学 僧 シ ュ ラ ッ ダ ー カ ラ ヴ ァ ル マ ン(Sraddhakaravarman) の 『無 上 ユ ガ タ ン ト ラ 入 門 ・ 要 約 』(Yoganuttaratantrarthavatarasamgraha,Ota 4536. abbr. YATAAS) と い う 密 教 概 説 書 で あ る 。 YATAASは,プ ト ウ ン お よ び ツ ォ ン カ バ に と っ て 周 知 の テ キ ス ト で あ っ た の で あ り,そ の 引 用 例 も あ る 。 お そ ら く,プ ト ウ ン 等 は,YATAASに お け る こ の 呼 称 の 使 用 を 知 っ た 上 で, mngon pa sde bdun と い う 呼 称 を チ ム ・ ジ ャ ソ ペ ー ヤ ン 等 が 用 い て い たchos mngon pa sde bdun po に 替 わ る 呼 称 と し て 採 用 し た の で あ る と 容 易 に 推 定 さ れ る 。 と す れ ば,mngon pa sde bdun と は chos mngon pa sde bdun po の 省 略 形 と し て の み 処 理 さ れ る べ き も の で は な く,そ の 使 用 に 際 し て は YATAAS が 関 与 し て い た の で あ る,と い え よ う 。 YATAASで は,mngon pa sde bdun は 次 の よ う な 記 述 に お い て 用 い ら れ て い る 。 さ て,声 聞 と 独 覚 に お け る 学 問 の 対 象 は 『発 智 論 』 を は じ め と す る 「七 部 ア ビ ダ ル マ 」 と 『大 毘 婆 沙 論 』 な ど で あ る と 一 般 に も よ く知 ら れ て い る 。(de la nyan thos dang rang rgyal ba'i' jug Pa ni ye shes la 'jug Pa la sogs pa mngon pa sde bdun dang/ bye brag tu bshad pa chen po la sogs pa gzhan du grags par zad do// D.tsu 105a3-4) この記述 は簡 潔であ るが,こ のわずかな記述か ちも,シ ュラ ッダーカラヴァル マ ンの顕教 に対 す る理解の正確 さが知 られ るであろ う。 -834- (220) 七 部 ア ビダ ル マ と い う呼 称 の 出典 に つ い て (白 舘) 以 上 で 本 稿 の 目 的 は 概 ね 達 成 さ れ た の で あ る が,以 下, YATAASに お い て, こ の よ う な 呼 称 が 用 い ら れ て い た こ と の 意 義 に つ い て,少 し く述 べ て お き た い 。 筆 者 は YATAAS に mngon pa sde bdun と い う呼 称 が 用 い ら れ て い る と い う事 実 を 知 り得 た こ と は 非 常 に うれ し い 驚 き で あ っ た10)。 こ ん に ち の 密 教 学 の 進 展 に は 眼 を み は る も の が あ る 。 し か し ,そ の 研 究 を よ り 有 意 義 な も の と す る た め に は,な に も筆 者 が 敢 え て 指 摘 す る ま で も な こ と で あ る が,密 教 を 仏 教 教 理 の う で ど の よ う に 捉え ら れ る の か と い う問 い か け が 常 に 必 要 と さ れ る の で は な い だ ろ うか 。 チ ベ ッ トで は,"sngags zab mdo yi bka' drin" (密教[の 教 理 〕 が 深 遠 で あ る の は,顕 教 の お 陰 さ ま で あ る)と い う諺 が あ る 。 こ れ は,密 教 の そ の 教 義 体 系 が 全 面 的 に 顕 教 の そ れ に 負 っ て い る,と い う こ と を 意 味 し て い る 。 イ ン ドの 密 教 学 者 で あ る シ ュ ラ ッ ダ ー カ ラ ヴ ァ ルマ ン がmngon pa sde bdun と い う呼 称 を い と も簡 単 に 用 い る こ と が で き た の は,彼 の 顕 教 に 対 す る 造 詣 の 深 さ を 示 す も の で あ る,と い う旨 を 先 に 述 べ た 。 か つ て イ ソ ドの 倶 舎 論 注 釈 文 献 に お い て 探 し 求 め る こ と の で き な か っ たmngon pa sde bdun と い う呼 称 の 出 典 が,こ の た び 密 教 概 説 書 に お い て 認 め ら れ た の は,筆 者 に と っ て は 偶 然 の 出 来 事 で あ っ た と いえ,密 教 学 の 研 究 は 常 に 仏 教 学 と の 関 連 に お い て 行 わ れ な け れ ば な ら な い,と い う大 切 な メ ッセ ー ジ を 発 す る も の と し て 受 け と め ら れ る の で あ る 。 1)rigs tshogs drug に つ い て は,ツ ル テ ィム ・ケサ ソ 「チ ベ ッ トに於 け るナ ー ガ ール ジ ュナ の六 つ の 「理 論 の 集 ま り」 に つ い て」 『印 仏 研』35-1を,byams chos sde lnga に つ い て は,袴 谷 憲 昭 「チ ベ ヅ トに お け る マ イ トレ ー ヤ の五 法 の軌 跡 」 『チ ベ ッ トの 仏 教 と社 会 』 春 秋 社1986,PP.235-268を,sa sde lnga, sdom rnam gnyis, pra-ka- ra-na sde brgyad に つ い て は,袴 谷 「鍮伽 行 派 の 文 献 」 『講座 ・大 乗 仏教8唯 識 思 想 』 春 秋 社1982,PP.43-76を,tshad ma sde bdun に つ い て は,E.
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