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Repulsive Gravitational Fran de Aquino

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Fran de Aquino. Repulsive Gravitational . 2014. ￿hal-01077840￿

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Repulsive Gravitational Force Field

Fran De Aquino Copyright © 2013 by Fran De Aquino. All Rights Reserved.

A method is proposed in this paper to generate a repulsive gravitational force field, which can strongly repel material particles, while creating a gravitational shielding that can nullify the of incident particles (including photons). By nullifying the momentum of the particles and photons, including in the infrared range, this force field can as a perfect thermal insulation. This means that, a spacecraft with this force field around it, cannot be affected by any external temperature and, in this way, it can even penetrate (and to exit) the Sun without be damaged or to cause the death of the crew. The repulsive force field can also work as a friction reducer with the atmosphere (between an aeronave and the atmosphere), which allows traveling with very high velocities through the atmosphere without overheating the aeronave. The generation of this force field is based on the reversion and intensification of by electromagnetic means.

Key words: Quantum Gravity, Gravitation, Gravity Control, Repulsive Force Field.

1. Introduction 2. Theory

The Higgs field equations are [1]: In a previous paper [5] it was shown that, if the weight of a particle in a side of a lamina is μ 1 22 r r r μ ϕ a 2 ( 0 −+∇∇ fm )ϕϕϕ abb = (10 ) = g gmP ( g perpendicular to the lamina) then the weight of the same particle, in the other r r Assuming that mass m0 is the gravitational mass side of the lamina is ′ = χ g gmP , where m , then we can say that in Higgs field the term g χ = mm ig 0 ( mg and mi0 are respectively, the 2 mg < 0 arises from a product of positive and gravitational mass and the inertial mass of the lamina). Only when χ = 1, the weight is equal in negative gravitational masses ( )( ) −=− mmm 2 , gg g both sides of the lamina. The lamina works as a however it is not an imaginary particle. Thus, Gravitational Shielding. This is the Gravitational when the Higgs field is decomposed, the positive Shielding effect. Since ′ χ == (χ ) = (χgmgmPP ), gravitational mass is called particle, and g g spontaneous gives origin to the mass; the we can consider that ′g = χmm g or that negative gravitational mass is called “dark ′ = χgg . matter”. The corresponding Goldstone boson is If we take two parallel gravitational ( g ) ( mm g ) =−++ 0 , which is a symmetry, shieldings, with χ1 and χ 2 respectively, then while the Higgs mechanism is spontaneously the gravitational masses become: = χ mm , broken symmetry. Thus, the existence of the g 11 g Higgs bosons [2] implies in the existence of g = χ mm g = χ χ 21122 mg , and the gravity will positive gravitational mass and negative be given by = χ gg , = χ = χ χ ggg . gravitational mass. 11 2 2112 On the other hand, the existence of In the case of multiples gravitational shieldings, th negative gravitational mass implies in the with χ χ ,2,1 ..., χ n , we can write that, after the n existence of repulsive gravitational force. Both in gravitational shielding the gravitational the Newton theory of gravitation and in the mass, m , and the gravity, g , will be given by General Theory of Relativity the gravitational gn n force is exclusively attractive one. However, the quantization of gravity shows that the mgn = χ χ χ321 χ ,... gm ngn = χ χ χ321 χn g (2... ) gravitational can also be repulsive [3]. Based on this discovery, here we describe a This means that, n superposed gravitational method to generate a repulsive gravitational shieldings with different χ , χ , χ ,…, χ are force field that can strongly repel material 1 2 3 n particles and photons of any frequency. It was equivalent to a single gravitational shielding with developed starting from a process patented in χ = χ χ χ321 ...χn . July, 31 2008 (BR Patent Number: PI0805046-5) [4]. 2

mg

χ r r χg g′ ′ = χmm G S χ g g (a) gr χgr′

mg Fig. 3 – Gravitational Shielding (GS). If the gravity at a side of the GS is gr (gr perpendicular to the χ lamina) then the gravity at the other side of the GS is χgr . Thus, in the case of gr and gr′ (see figure above) the resultant gravity at each side is ′ = χ mm g g r + χgg r′ and r′ + χgg r , respectively.

The extension of the shielding effect, i.e., the distance at which the gravitational shielding

effect reach, beyond the gravitational shielding, depends basically of the magnitude of the shielding's surface. Experiments show that, when (b) the shielding's surface is large (a disk with radius Fig. 1 – Plane and Spherical Gravitational a ) the action of the gravitational shielding Shieldings. When the radius of the gravitational shielding (b) is very small, any particle inside the extends up to a distance ≅ 20ad [6]. When the spherical crust will have its gravitational mass given shielding's surface is very small the extension of the shielding effect becomes experimentally by ′ =χ mm , where m is its gravitational mass out gg g undetectable . of the crust.

′ = χgg χ d ≅ 20a

g

(a) d G S G S g χ χ

χ

′ = χgg a a (A) (B)

Fig. 4 - When the shielding's surface is large the action of the gravitational shielding extends up to a distance ≅ 20ad (A).When the shielding's surface is very small the extension of the shielding effect becomes experimentally undetectable (B). (b) Fig. 2 – The gravity acceleration in both sides of the The quantization of gravity shows that the gravitational shielding. gravitational mass mg and inertial mass mi are correlated by means of the following factor [3]: 3

m ⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫ g ⎪ ⎢ ⎛ Δp ⎞ ⎥⎪ χ ⎨ 121 +−== ⎜ ⎟ − ⎬ ()31 ⎢ ⎥ mi0 ⎪ ⎝ i0cm ⎠ ⎪ R epulsive Gravitational Force Field ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ Gravitational Shieldings where mi0 is the rest inertial mass of the particle and Δp is the variation in the particle’s kinetic χ 1, χ 2 ,..., χ n momentum; c is the speed of light. In general, the momentum variation Δp is expressed by Δ = ΔtFp where F is the applied force during a time interval Δt . Note that rs Δx there is no restriction concerning the nature of the force F , i.e., it can be mechanical, electromagnetic, etc. r For example, we can look on the mi0s momentum variation Δp as due to absorption or emission of electromagnetic . In this case,

g' = χ1,χ2 ...χn g = substitution of Δ=Δ =Δ ()()=Δ r cEnvvccvEvEp 2 into Eq. (1), gives = − χ1,χ2 ...χn Gmi0s /r

⎧ 2 ⎫ m ⎡ ⎤ g ⎪ ⎢ ⎛ ΔE ⎞ ⎥⎪ χ ⎨ 121 +−== ⎜ nr ⎟ − ⎬ ()41 ⎢ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎥ mi0 ⎪ ⎝ i0cm ⎠ ⎪ ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ Fig. 5 – Repulsive Force produced by the Spherical Gravitational Shieldings (1, 2,…, n). By dividing ΔE and mi0 in Eq. (4) by the volume V of the particle, and remembering If we make negative ( odd) the that, =Δ WVE , we obtain (χ χ 21 ...χ n ) n gravity g′ becomes repulsive, producing a m ⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫ g ⎪ ⎢ ⎛ W ⎞ ⎥⎪ pressure p upon the matter around the sphere. χ ⎨ 121 +−== ⎜ nr ⎟ − ⎬ ()51 ⎜ 2 ⎟ This pressure can be expressed by means of the mi0 ⎪ ⎢ ⎝ ρ c ⎠ ⎥⎪ ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ following equation 3 where ρ is the matter density ( mkg ). F 0()matteri gm ′ ρ ()matteri Δ gxS ′ p == = = Based on this possibility, we have developed S S S a method to generate a repulsive gravitational force field that can strongly repel material ρ ()matteri Δ= gx ′ ()7 particles. Substitution of Eq. (6) into Eq. (7), gives In order to describe this method we start considering figure 5, which shows a set of n 2 p −= ( ... )ρχχχ Δ ( rGmx ) (8) spherical gravitational shieldings, with 21 ()matterin 0si χ χ ...,χ , respectively. When these ,2,1 n If the matter around the sphere is only the gravitational shielding are deactivated, the −25 2 2 atmospheric air ( pa ×= .10013.1 mN ), then, gravity generated is gs −≅−= 0si rGmrGmg , in order to expel all the atmospheric air from where m is the total inertial mass of the n 0si the inside the belt with Δx - thickness (See spherical gravitational shieldings. When the Fig. 5), we must have > pp . This requires system is actived, the gravitational mass becomes a that m = χ χ ...χ m , and the gravity is given gs ()21 0sin 2 a rp by ()21 ...χχχ n > ()9 2 ρ ()matteri ΔxGm 0si g′ = ()()21 ... n g −= 21 ...χχχχχχ 0sin rGm (6) Satisfied this condition, all the matter is expelled from this region, except the

4 Continuous Universal Fluid (CUF), which particle with non-null mass cannot travel with density is ρ ≅ −27 .10 mkg −3 [7]. the light speed. However, in Relativistic CUF Mechanics there are particles with null mass that The density of the Universal Quantum travel with the light speed. For these particles, Fluid is clearly not uniform along the Eq. (14) gives Universe. At supercompressed state, it gives h q = χ ()15 origin to the known matter (quarks, electrons, λ protons, neutrons, etc). Thus, the Note that only for χ =1 the Eq. (15) is reduced gravitational mass arises with the to the well=known expressions of DeBroglie supercompression state. At the normal state ( = hq λ) . (free , far from matter), the local inertial mass of Universal Quantum Fluid does not Since the factor χ can be strongly generate gravitational mass, i.e., χ = 0 . reduced under certain circumstances (See However, if some bodies are placed in the Eq.(1)), then according to the Eqs. (13) and neighborhoods, then this value will become (14), the gravitational energy and the greater than zero, due to proximity effect, and momentum of a particle can also be strongly the gravitational mass will have a non-null reduced. In the case of the region with Δx - value. This is the case of the region with Δx - thickness, where χ is extremely close to zero, thickness, i.e., in spite of all the matter be the gravitational energy and the momentum expelled from the region, remaining in place of the material particles and photons become just the Universal Quantum Fluid, the practically null. proximity of neighboring matter makes non- By nullifying the gravitational energy and null the gravitational mass of this region, but the momentum of the particles and photons, extremely close to zero, in such way that, the including in the infrared range, this force field can work as a perfect thermal insulation. This value ofχ = mm is also extremely close to ig 0 means that, a spacecraft with this force field zero ( mi0 is the inertial mass of the Universal around it, cannot be affected by any external Quantum Fluid in the mentioned region). temperature and, in this way, it can even Another important equations obtained penetrate (and to exit) the Sun without be damaged or to cause the death of the crew. The in the quantization theory of gravity is the repulsive force field can also work as a friction new expression for the momentum q and reducer with the atmosphere (between an gravitational energy of a particle with aeronave and the atmosphere), which allows gravitational mass M g and velocity v , which traveling with very high velocities through the atmosphere without overheating the aeronave. is given by [3] r r Considering Eq. (8), for = pp a at = 6mr , = g vMq (10) 2 we can write that = gg cME (11) 36p ()...χχχ −= a ()16 22 21 n Δ ρ GMx where gg 1−= cvmM ; mg is given by ()matteri 0si The gravitational shieldings (,..,2,1 n) can be Eq.(1), i.e., = χ mm ig . Thus, we can write made very thin, in such way that the total inertial χ mi mass of them, for example in the case of M g = = χM i ()12 22 1− cv s ≅ 9.4 mr , can be assumed as M 0si ≅ 5000kg . −3 Substitution of Eq. (12) into Eq. (11) and Eq. Thus, for Δ =1mx and ρ ()matteri = .2.1 mkg , (10) gives Eq. (16) gives 2 12 g = χ i cME (13) ( 21 χχχ n ) ×−= 101.9... m (17) By making χ = χ =...= χ , then, for n = 7 , vr h 21 n rr we obtain the following value i vMq == χχ ()14 c λ For = cv , the momentum and the energy of the χ = χ21 =... χ7 −== 00.71 (22) particle become infinite. This means that a

5 It is relatively easy to build the set of spherical gravitational shieldings with these values. First we must choose a convenient material, with density ρ and refraction index

nr , in such way that, by applying an E sufficient intense 2 ( = ε 0 EW ), we can obtain, according to Eq. (5), the values given by Eq. (22). Since in the region with Δx - thickness, the value of χ is extremely close to zero, we can conclude that the gravitational mass of the spacecraft, which is given by m = χ()χ χ ...χ m , becomes very small. gs 21 0sin This makes possible to the spacecraft acquire strong accelerations, even when subjected to small thrusts ( = mFa )[3]. On the other gs hand, with a small gravitational mass, the weight of the spacecraft will be also small. Note that the Gravitational Repulsive Force Field aggregates new possibilities to the Gravitational Spacecraft, previously proposed [8], while showing that the performance of this spacecraft goes much beyond the conventional spacecrafts.

6 References

[1] Higgs, P. W. (1966) Phys. Rev. 145, 1156.

[2] CERN (2012) Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC, Phys. Lett. B 716 (2012) 30.

[3] De Aquino, F. (2010) Mathematical Foundations of the Relativistic Theory of Quantum Gravity, Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 11 (1), pp. 173-232.

[4] De Aquino, F. (2008) Process and Device for Controlling the Locally the Gravitational Mass and the Gravity Acceleration, BR Patent Number: PI0805046-5, July 31, 2008.

[5] De Aquino, F. (2010) Gravity Control by means of Electromagnetic Field through Gas at Ultra-Low Pressure, Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 11(2) November 2010, pp.178-247, Physics/0701091.

[6] Modanese, G., (1996), Updating the Theoretical Analysis of the Weak Gravitational Shielding Experiment, supr-con/9601001v2.

[7] De Aquino, F. (2011) The Universal Quantum Fluid, http://vixra.org/abs/1202.0041

[8] De Aquino, F. (1998) The Gravitational Spacecraft, Electric Spacecraft Journal (USA) Volume 27, December 1998 (First Version), pp. 6-13. http://arXiv.org/abs/physics/9904018