Políticas Del Fake: La Ficción Mediática Como Modo De Resistencia Y Emancipación De Elena Gabriela Fraj Herranz, Está Sujeta a Una Licencia Peer Production Lisence

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Políticas Del Fake: La Ficción Mediática Como Modo De Resistencia Y Emancipación De Elena Gabriela Fraj Herranz, Está Sujeta a Una Licencia Peer Production Lisence TESIS DOCTORAL Autora Elena Gabriela Fraj Herranz Director Josep Maria Català Domènech Departament de Comunicació Audiovisual i Publicitat Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona PRIMAVERA 2015 La tesis Políticas del fake: la ficción mediática como modo de resistencia y emancipación de Elena Gabriela Fraj Herranz, está sujeta a una licencia Peer Production Lisence. Políticas del fake: La ficción mediática como modo de resistencia y emancipación 3 Agradecimientos Esta tesis no habría sido posible sin la ayuda personal y profesional de muchas personas con las que he com- partido este proceso. Quiero agradecer a mi director y tutor, el Dr. Josep Maria Català, que me ha sabido transmitir la dedicación y el rigor necesarios para llevar a cabo esta investigación. A todas las personas con las que he compartido proyectos de creación de arte activista a lo largo de más de una década, gracias a las cuales ha surgido la motivación de realizar esta investigación. Personas con las que he compartido colectivos como Enmedio, X.net, Yomango y Las Agencias donde todo lo que he aprendido mediante la práctica y la experiencia cotidiana ha afectado no solo a esta investigación sino que estos pro- yectos se han llegado a constituir como experiencias de vida. Esta tesis se asienta sobre una serie de saberes aprendidos de forma vivencial y compartida de modo que, si bien la autoría de este trabajo es individual, se ha de reconocer que han influido en el resultado estos procesos colectivos. Asimismo agradezco el soporte emocional ofrecido por mis compañeros y compañeras del departamento, el Dr. Ricardo Iglesias, la Dra. Rebeca Pardo, la Dra. Montse Morcate, el Dr. Tjasa Kancler y el doctorando Diego Marchante, así como a mis compañeros y compañeras de la sección sidical de la UB CGT-Plataforma d’asso- ciats, especialmente sensibilizados con este proceso ya que todos y todas hemos realizado las tesis en unas condiciones de precariedad excepcionales que han supuesto un esfuerzo añadido a lo que ya de por sí es un trabajo largo y exigente. A Vicenta González, compañera de CGT-Plataforma d’associats quien ha corregido esta tesis de forma generosa a cambio dice, de las horas que he dedicado a la lucha en contra de la precarie- dad laboral y a la defensa de la universidad pública. A todas las personas que, en un momento u otro, me han ayudado de manera formal o informal compartien- do dudas. Por un lado, mis compañeros del Departamento de Disseny i Imatge de la UB el Dr. Carles Ameller y la Dra. Laura Baigorri y, por otro, a la Dra. Núria Vergés. También a la doctoranda Lucía Egaña quien me dio referencias clave sobre el tema de género, arte y humor. A las personas que afectivamente han estado a mi lado, a Alf, a mis amigos y amigas, a mis familiares, es- pecialmente a mis hermanos. A mi compañero Amonal por los cuidados y por las risas. Muy especialmente a mi madre, Milagros, por la paciencia infinita y por estar siempre ahí, pase lo que pase. Y a mi abuelo que ya no está y que me enseñó a través de sus relatos orales junto a la chimenea que el humor es una forma de afirmación y resistencia. Políticas del fake: La ficción mediática como modo de resistencia y emancipación 5 Resumen Los fakes mediáticos activistas son acciones de protesta que pretenden visibilizar reivindicaciones sociales. Son mecanismos de guerrilla que organizan la resistencia mediante la táctica, la creatividad y el ingenio para abrir grietas en la maquinaria mediática. Los procedimientos comunes que utilizan los fakes son el hackeo, la simulación, la suplantación y la ironía. Estas formas de actuación permiten acceder a los medios al mismo tiempo que generan una alteración de los códigos de enunciación establecidos. Pero debido a que el público es engañado, emerge un conflicto ético entre los autores o las autoras de esosfakes y los públicos y participantes a los que se quiere interpelar. La efectividad de este tipo de acciones y el rol que se adjudica a los públicos son dos problemas inherentes al arte activista. Los estudios sobre arte activista se han dedicado a investigar la capacidad de incidencia sobre los temas que se critican. En esta tesis se aborda el problema de la efectividad en función de la capacidad emancipadora de la obra sobre los públicos. Los casos de estudio analizados comparten una estructura fragmentada que ocupa diversos espacios y tiempos, por este motivo se establecen paralelismos con las teorías del montaje cinematográfico de las vanguardias rusas. En este contexto comparativo aparece el problema de la conexión entre la ficción y la realidad y el problema de la relación entre la obra y los espectadores y las espectadoras. En todos los casos estudiados se hace uso de la simulación, de la metáfora y del fake con la intención de desvelar una verdad. La verdad es la cuestión clave que hace falta definir porque organiza la representación y la noción de ideología. Por otro lado, estas formas activistas están atravesadas por la cuestión de género ya que todas aquellos fakes en los que se acaba descu- briendo la autoría están realizados por hombres. Por último, la relación entre la obra y los públicos tiene que ver con el concepto de ironía. La ironía es un recurso retórico responsable de diseñar una puesta en escena donde el público es invitado a compartir un espacio común que, en función de la distribución de las posicio- nes y de las miradas de los creadores o creadoras y los públicos y, si estas distribuciones están atravesado por los afectos, los fakes mediáticos pueden producir una resistencia colectiva emancipadora. Políticas del fake: La ficción mediática como modo de resistencia y emancipación 7 “Lo ideal no es fabricar herramientas sino construir bombas porque, una vez que se han utilizado las bombas construidas, ya nadie las puede usar. Y debo añadir que mi sueño personal no es construir bombas, pues no me gusta matar gente. Sin embargo, me gustaría escribir libros-bomba, es decir, libros que sean útiles precisamente en el momento en que uno los escribe o los lee. Acto seguido, desaparecerían. Serían unos libros tales que desapa- recerían poco tiempo después de que se hubieran leído o utilizado. Deberían ser una especie de bombas y nada más. Tras la explosión, se podría recordar a la gente que estos libros produjeron un bello fuego de artificio. Más tarde, los historiadores, y otros especialistas podrían decir que tal o cual libro fue tan útil como una bomba y tan bello como un fuego de artificio.” Michael Foucault. Diálogo sobre el poder. Estética, ética y hermenéutica. Políticas del fake: La ficción mediática como modo de resistencia y emancipación 9 ÍNDICE PARTE 1. PRESENTACIÓN 19 Capítulo 1. Presentación 1.1.Introducción 1.2.Motivaciones 1.3 Estructura de la tesis PARTE 2. METODOLOGÍA 27 Capítulo 2. La metodología y el proceso de investigación 2.1 Objetivos generales 2.2 Objetivos concretos 2.3 Hipótesis y preguntas de investigación 2.3.1 Sobre la manera en que operan las formas estudiadas 2.3.2 Sobre la verdad, realidad y la representación 2.3.3 Sobre los públicos 2.4 Selección de los casos de estudio Jammers, trolls y pranksters: The Yes Men, El Sueño Checo, Ikastrolla, Alan Abel. Género, culture jamming, mediactivismo y humor: Ariadne A Social Art Network, Polvo de gallina negra, Guerrilla Girls, Dyke Action Machine. 32 Capítulo 3. Metodología y marco teórico 3.1 Herramientas metodológicas: metodologías cualitativas y cuantitativas: principales diferencias 3.1.2 Algunas características generales de las metodologías cualitativas 3.1.3 La metodología cualitativa en la investigación: la hermenéutica, la teoría fundada y la auto-etnografía 3.1.3.1 La selección de los casos de estudio y la auto-etnografía 3.1.4 La complejidad como circunstancia investigadora 3.1.5 La cuestión de la ética y el método científico 3.1.6 El análisis cultural 3.1.7 Los procedimientos 3.1.8 Diseño de la investigación 3.2 Marco teórico 3.2.1 Marco conceptual 3.2.1.1 Exposición de la teoría y de los conceptos: las teorías de los estudios culturales y el análisis cultural 3.2.1.2 La necesidad de apuntar unos conceptos clave Políticas del fake: La ficción mediática como modo de resistencia y emancipación 11 3.2.2 Muestreo teórico 3.2.2.1 Desobediencia 3.2.2.2 Poder jurídico 3.2.2.3 Sociedades disciplinadas 3.2.2.4 Poder y resistencia 3.2.2.5 Sociedades del control 3.2.2.6 Capitalismo inmaterial y economía de la contribución 3.2.2.6.1 Capitalismo inmaterial 3.2.2.6.2 La economía contributiva 3.2.2.6.3 El hackeo 3.2.2.7 Formas de resistencia: sabotaje en las sociedades disciplinadas y apropiación en las sociedades del control 3.2.2.8 Resistencias y rizomas 3.2.2.9 Esferas públicas 3.2.2.9.1 Internet y las esferas públicas 3.2.3 Marco referencial 3.2.3.1 Terrenos comunes: arte y política 3.2.3.2 Una imagen es (posiblemente) política 3.2.3.3 Arte político, postmodernidad y crisis del sujeto 3.2.3.4 Breve recorrido por las definiciones de arte crítico, el arte público y el arte activista 3.2.3.4.1 Arte crítico, arte público y arte activista 3.2.3.4.2 Procedencia del término arte activista 3.2.3.4.3 Arte, medios de comunicación y culture jamming 3.2.3.4.4 El arte crítico, el arte activista y la institucionalización 3.2.3.5 Breve recorrido por las teorías, terminologías y focalizaciones construidas en torno a el mediactivis- mo y el culture jamming 3.2.3.5.1 Precedentes del activismo mediático 3.2.3.5.2 Orígenes del término culture jamming y sus marcos teóricos 3.2.3.5.3 Marcos y enfoques en las investigaciones sobre culture jamming 3.2.3.5.4 Críticas a las prácticas culture jamming 3.2.3.5.5 Modos de hacer del arte activista 3.2.3.5.5.1 Táctica 3.3 Resumen del capítulo 3.3.1 Enmarcando la investigación 3.3.2 Problematización al arte activista PARTE 3.
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