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Keeping and Breeding Aquarium Fishes

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Keeping and Breeding Aquarium Fishes Keeping and Breeding Aquarium Fishes BY. e. 'V. E,\l.\lf·: :\,S, D .. '" PII . Professor of V Crail"lr." l'bysi%gy Ul1h·eT.dry (If ydnl'Y ydTlt'y, e'U: S01fr b II' Il/es, A7I.frra/ia CAD 11 PR · I '., PUBLI H ' EW YORK 1953 KEEPING AND BREEDING AQUARIUM FISHES ACADEM IC PRESS INC. 125 EAST 2JRD S-nlJ-:ET, NEW YORK 10, .Y . All Riglm Reserved NO PART OF THIS Il00K MAY liE REPROIlVO:I) IN ANY FORM, UY PI-IOTOSTAT, M ICROFlr.M, OR ANY onlER MEANS, WlnlOl' "!" WRJrJ"EN I'ER;\IISSION FROM n1E I' III.. ISHERS. LibrlJTY of CongTtJS CatllJog ClJTd Number: (52~ 12267) PRINTED IN THE 0 ITED STATES OF AMERICA Preface A BOOK on the care and breeding of fishes needs no apology in the United States, which has over J 0,000,000 aquarium keepers. It is surprising that so few books on the subject have been produced and that the greater part of nearly all texts on fish kc ping is concerned with species and varieties, their recognition and pecu­ liarities, rather than with fish keeping as a whole. In the present \'OIUllle, attention is focused on the aquarium as ,1 going concern, on the factors which enter into the maintenance of this state, and on fish breeding. The feeding and breeding of fishes is the subject of considerable discllssion and argument in all "fish" circles. There is much yet to be learned, but on the other hand there arc Illany straightforward simple principles which arc often forgotten, and there is also much prejudice wi1ich oftcn operates ro makc a simple job complicated and a failure. Cold-water and goldfish enthusiasts may complain that the tropica[s seem to get an overweight share of the text. This is because they need it. This book is not concerned with fancy varieties or show standards, except so far as they need sp cial conditions for main­ tenance or breeding. Thus, goldfish breeding is only a special case of carp breeding in general and needs no extensive treatment. The same applies to their general Care. The figures on pages 96, 98, 99, L08, 109 and I J2 were supplied by the Aquarium rock Co. Inc., of ew York, and are reprinted from the Twentieth . dition of their catalog with their kind permission. My best thanks are also due to Mr. R. Austin and Mr. R. M. Penn, who between them produced all the rest of the figures . \\'. EM tF.N eptember, 1953 v Contents Chapter I - THE MODERN Q ARIL\I ··· .... ···.··· The Rectangular Tank . ..... , , ., ... .., . ... ,. The Balanced Aquarium . .. .. .. ...... .~ Aquanum Plants ...... , ,. .. .,... ... -+ i\lollusks ............... , ... ..... .. ,. ... R Other Tank Inhabitant~ . .. .. 1() Fishes .. .......... , ..... , . ..... .. .. , ... ...... 1() Cbapter 11- TilE NAHl.\IY 1\:-; 1) PIIYSIOLOC ;Y OF FI~IIE S .. .. , . 20 Fins . ..... .. .... ... ... .. , . ... ... , . ... , 20 Body .. , .......... .. ,.,," ............ ,.,." . 21 Peculiarities of Fish natomy ... , ......... 21 wimming and Balancing . ... ... ..... , .... 22 Metabolic Rate and Oxygen eed . .... .... 2~ Growth, Age, anel Size . ....... , ... , .. , .. 24 alt Tolerance and Excretion . ...... , .. , , 25 Temperature Tolerance and Adaptability . , ... 27 Reproduction .. , . , .... " ...... " ..... , ...... ,.. 30 Chapter 111- FEEDll'G Fl HE ......... ... ....... , ....... , ... 32 atural Foods ... , , , . , .. , ... , . .. .. 33 Dried Foods . .. ......... ..,.".,..... .. , . 35 Other Prepared F ods . ...... , ... ...... ........ ... , 37 Live Foods ..... , , .... , .. ..... ... ............. .. , 37 Antibiotic . ... ... ..... ...... , . ... , .. , . .. .... 54 Feeding .................................... ... .. 55 Chapter IV- THE PRJ. CrPLES OF AQ ARI I KEEPJ]sG ... , .. 57 hape and ize of Tanks. .. .., .................... , . 57 Fish CapaCity of Tanks .. , ..... , ... ... ... , ........ , , .. 5 Modifymg Factors ............. , .. , .. .. ....... , ... 61 Water Quality ...... ............. , . ..... .. ... " .. 63 ew and Old Water . ..... , . .. .. ... 66 loudy Water . .. ., .. 67 Removal of Mulm . ... .. , .. 68 Removal of Fixed Algae .. 70 Routine Checks .. 71 VII Vlll CONTENTS Chapter V - SE1T ING Up A TANK . ..... .... 72 Sand or Gravel ... ... ... ... ........ 72 tones, Rockwork, and Ornaments .. 73 Planting .... ......... .. .... ............. 74 H eating and Lighting ..... ... " . .. .. 77 Covers .. .. .. .......................... 79 Introducing Fishes ... ........ ............ 81 Catching Fishes .... ........ .. .... ..... 83 Chapter VI- LIGHTING A 0 H EATINC: . ...................... 86 Light Needed oy Plants . .. ". ................... R7 A rtificial Light ..... ...... .................... 88 Lighting Intensity .. ..... ...... 90 Fluorescent Lighting ............... ........... .. 91 H eating ... .................................... 92 Types of Heater ...... .. ................ ......... .. 9.5 Thermostats . .................. ............. 97 Multiple Circuits . ....................... .. .. ..... 99 ontrolled Differences in Tank Temperature ............ 102 Cbapter Vll- ERATION, FILT RATIO N, AN D C IRCUI.ATION OF' TH E WATER ...... " . .... ....... .. .......... ... 104 Aeration Stones . ............ ........ 105 Factors Affecting Effi cient'\· ......... .. .. ... ..... 105 Types of Air Pump .. .............................. 107 Other Aeration 1erhods ............. .......... .. 109 Pumping Water ...... ...... ..... .................. III Filt rs . ...... ..... .............. .. ..... .. ... 112 Circulation y terns ..... .. ................... .. ... 115 Cbapter VIll-AQUARI 1\1 ROOMS A ' 0 BREWING B ATTERIES ... 11 7 Heating and Heat Conservation . .. ............ 11 7 Lighting Arrangements .................... ... ....... 119 Th Tanks ........ .. ..................... ...... 120 eration .... .. ............. ... ......... ... ..... 123 Water and Drainage . .. ....... .. ..... 123 Quarantine Tanks .. .. .. ............ .. 124 Breeding Batt rie. .......... '" 12 Chapter IX- BREEDI G LI\'EB E RER. .. ..•.....•.......... 127 e. in Livebearcrs . .. ..... 127 Fertilization ..... ............. .. .. 12 Development . ..... ..... ...... ... .. .. 129 Saving the Young. .. ....... ...... ..... .. 130 Feeding the Young ........ ............. .. .......... 131 CONTENTS IX Strajns ..... ............. ...... .... 132 Hybrids ....... 134 Breeding Outside . 134 Culling Livebearer Young . 135 Forced Growth . .. .. ....... .. 136 Cbapter X-BREEDING THE E. SCA'ITERI':RS.. 13 7 ex in Egg Scattcrers. .. 131-1 Cleaning Tanks ..... DR Setting Up Tanks . .. ... .. .. .. ....... ..... 141 Spawning ....... ... ................... ....... 142 Aberrant TYrc~ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ........... .. 14-+ Incubation 0 the Eggs ....... ......... .. .......... .. 147 Hatching . ............ ............ .. .. .. ... ...... 14R Chapter XI -BR EE Ol~(; THE ANARA ' TIns, !CHLIllS, A. () , ) 11-: OTHERS .. .. ............................. .... ISO Sex Ditf erenccs ..... 150 uitable Tanks . ...... 151 Anabantid Courtship and Spawning .... 152 ichlid Courtship and Spawning . .. .... 153 Othcr Specic . ............... .. ..... 155 Chapter XII- FEEDC ' G A..\iU REAR! G TH E Fny ... ............ 15 7 Foods and Food Sizes . .. 15 Infusorial Feeding Jerhod~ .. ...... 160 Later Feeding ... ..... " . 162 Space Requirements and Culling . ....... ., 164 Ridding of Pests . .. ., .. ........ 166 Cbapter XIII-DISEASES AND PARASITES ...................... 169 White Spot or Ieh . .. .. ........ ........ ... 169 Fungus ....... ...... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... 172 Mouth Fungus ... .................................. J73 Fin Congestion and Tail Rot ... .. .................... 173 Flukes .. .... .. .. .... .. ......................... 173 Fish Lice and Anchor Worm ..... .. ............ ... .. 174 Rust, or Velvet Disease ............... .. ....... ...... 175 eon Tetra Disease . ....... .... .. ..... ..... ..... 175 Ichthyophonus ........ ... ......................... 175 Dropsy . ... .. ... ............. '" .............. 177 Tuberculosis .. ..... ....... .. ................... 177 Pop-Eyes ....... ...... .................. .. .. ...... 177 Egg-Binding ....... ....... .. ..... .. ........ 177 wim-Bladder Diseases .... ..... ............ ... ... .. 178 x CONTENTS "Shimm.ies" .... .......... ... .. .. ... ..... .. .... 178 Melanosis . .... .. .... ..... ................... .. 178 Constipation ..... ........... ........... ..... .. 178 Abrasions and Wounds .. ....... ... ... ........... 178 General Treatment . ...... .... ............... 179 Weights and MeasUl'es ..... .. ........ ...... .. ... 179 Stock Solutions ... .. ...... ................ ........ 180 Cbapter XIV- MARINE AQUARIA ..... .. ..........•...... 181 The Salt Tank ...... .... ................ .... ... 18 2 Artificial Sea W ater. ..... ............ .. .. .' . .... 183 Plants, Rocks, and Sand .... .... .. ... .. ...... 184 Maintenance . ........... .......... ...... .. .... 185 Fish Capacity ... .. ... ... ... ............... 186 Suitable Fishes . ........ ........ .. ... 187 Marine Invertebrates ... .... .... ....... ....... .. ... 189 Feeding .... ...... .. ......................... .. 190 Diseases .... .. .. .. " .. ,',.,.... ....... ........ 191 Index , . , ... , ........ ..... ... , ........... , .......... 193 C HAPT E R I The Modern Aquarium A QL',\RI Ui\1 keeping in the \\'estern \Vorld is a fairly recent hobby. The keeping of fish in small indoor tanks was seriously undertaken only in the middle of the last century, when both in Britain and on the Continent of Europe a considerable interest in the subject developed. It is not surprising that the hobby as practiced then was
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