Svnu C,q.nNrvonnCoNsnnvlrroN

The Newslelterand Journalof the IUCN/SSC Mustelid,Viverrid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group IUCN

Number15 October1 996

SPECIESSURVIVAL CoMMISSION

Fossalcr/ploprada ferox) Pholo: Dipl.-Biol.F. Osleffath

Theproduction and distribution of th s issuehas been sponsored by "BlijdorpZoo", Rotterdam, Holland, ,t "ColumbusZoo", Powell, Ohio, USA sl1u- andthe "RoyalZoological Society of Antwerp",Antwerp, Belgium.

EffiEE Slran CnnNrvonn CoNSERVATToN TheNewsleuer and Journal of theIUCN/SSC Mustelid,Viverrid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group

Editor-in-chief: Hany VanRompaey, Edegem, Belgium

Associateeditor: Huw Griffiths,Hull, UnitedKingdom

Editorial board: AngelaGlatston, Rotterdam, Netherlands MichaelRiffel, Heidelberg,Germany Arnd Schreiber,Heidelberg, Germany RolandWinh, Miinchen,Germany

The views expressedin rhis publicrrn)n arethose ofthe aurhorsand do not necessarilyrcllccr rhosc of the lUClN. nor lhe IUCN/SSC Musielid. viverrid & Procyonid SpecialisrCroup.

We are particrlarly gratclul to Walter Raynusseofor reading thc nranuscrittslnd imtroving the English!tyle.

Thc aim of this publicationis lo ofler the membcrsof thc IUCN/SSC Mv&PSCi, and thosewho are concernedwilh musrclids.vilcrrids. and procyonids.briefpipers, news items.rbstracls, and tillcs ofrecent lilerature. All rcadersare invited to seod mirerial 1o:

Small CarnivoreConservation c/o Dr. H. Van Rompaey Jan Verbertlei,15 2650Edegem Belsium

Printed on rcclclcd prper ISSN l0l9--5041

The European endangered breeding pmgram for the (Cryptoproctaferox) AcbimWINKLER

The Fossais the large( native car- nivore on the ishnd ofMadagascar.with a headand body lengih of 60-75 cm. plus a lari of 55 70 cm. Adult males can *,eigh 'nore than l4kg. while femalesare consid erablysmaller. rarely weighillg!s much as l0 kg. The body of the tossa is long and slendcrwith shortreddish-brown fur. Fossas aresolirary hunters which inhabitrhe wood lands remxining throughout Madagascar. They are agile €limber! and can jurnp exceptunally well. Theirdict consistspri- marily ofbirds and small to mediurn sized . includiog lemurs-

Systematically the fossa fbrms a Iink betweenthe rruecats andthe viverrids, showing a rangc of morphological lraits chrr&-teristicof both felinesand viverrids. The overall appearanceof the . its denlilion andthe retractibleclaws are remi- niscentof felids. whilst the sk€leton.brain, leet. and analglands are more characteris, trc ofvivenids. Fofrnertyin thecn family, tbc iossa is now classificd in a separaie subfamily,Cryptoproctinae, within lanily .

The fossa are widespreadover the entire island of Mdagascar bur nowhere rrc they very comrnon. They are absenl trom the many delbre!tedregions (panicu larly in the centralmountainou! zones) but .rrestill consideredto occurin largernum bersin lhe forcsts.emaining in wesrcmand easternMadagascar. Numbers are declin ing however.although noexactfigures are known. Today the fossa is lisred as vul nerable" in the IUCN Red Data Book and is listed on CITES Appendix IL Fos;a r Cnp16p711,1a 1. r,, r r in ,zuuDuisburS

The.eason for the populatbn declineofrhe itJssais ro be Fossashrve been held in captivity in small numbersat a \een largely in the ongoingdcsrruction of rhenatuftl environment tew zoos since the beginningolthis century.The firsi successin of Madagascrr.woodlands arc continuouslybeing cleued on a breeding in captiviry was .ecorded at |he Prrc TsnnbaTazain lrrge scale1() gain ldnd for the grazing of cattle and to allow the Antnnanarivo.Madagascar in I967. The firsrbirth oursideMada r.e ol raluxblc'rnrber \o depfi\rnf rhr J imrl\ ol rhe pnmr ga\ar sr\ ar Monrpellic'Z,u. fran.e in Ir)/a $oodland habitat. Al thc end of 1995 a total of 34 lilssaswas held in zoos Already rnore than 807. of Madag.rscar'soriginal wood wortdwide (il in Europc and 2 in the USA). Twelve ol these ,.rd h.,.bcrn Jf{n'yed MiIr} ot theInrJ. r l,re.t. ren,arnrny.irr ltnimals are held al Zoo Duisburg in Germany. and mosLof the incofporirled iilo pn)tected areas such as national parks and other clptive lbssasoriginxtc lrom tfie Duisburg population. In nrturc reserles.which wanant pdection tbr thc fossr rnd othef recentyears Zoo Duisburg hns been rhc oDly zoo to record the rhrcarcncdwildlile. Howevcr. in.rcountry as poor as is MadaSas regular annual brceding of the fbssa.Basle Zoo in Switzerland. .!f. there is rmmcnschurnaD prcssure to extk)re any femaining Montpcllicr Zoo, San Dicgo Zoo (IJSA). and Parc Tsimbarar.r f.rts ofthe courrry'snrlural heritage. thus lir halc been lhe ool)" olhcr /oos whcrc iossashave repro- duccd successfully.Brccding rt Ba\le and Montpellier. howcyer. In ddilion to the ellects of habitatdesruclion. f{xsas are h.tsDot o.cu red sincelhe .!rl\ l(llios. whilstrheonlr'.temrlc held jn I'untcd 'nan! partsofthe couDtrr sinceihey:re kno*n t() trey in Srn Diego no longcr rcproduce\ Irarc Tsimbazazadocs not ,jn domeslicrtcd uinrals. particul.irly poulLryxnd young pigs. keep ibssasrt present The li[u.. d$clopmcnt of the caprive totuhlion of the ii)lsa thu! dependssdely on on:oing repro Someol thismoney h:rs been in'ested ir a rcsearchproJecr ductive sLrccessesat Zoo Duisbuf!. to evalualethe behrvioural ecology and repfoducrive biology o1 the fossain westemtr4adagascaf. This PhDstudy. colrducted by Theie\ ratjoofrhe presentcaprive popuiation of lE:16is ClareHaukins (Uni!ef!ily of Aberdeen).\!ill bethe first derailed f,rrherwell-balarced. The fourrderpopulation of fire inimals is hul,'!|'Jl Jc.uur .l rhe u\L I rhe qil,l A,rirr:'l'Jre r',1 . \nrallhose!er. ahhoughinbreeding has been pre!enred largely in tracked tbr inlormatron on hone range si7es,popularion densi- rhe p!st. Two further potenrial hundef (it Basle and ties,and hahitat preferences. Skin and blood srmplesafe taken iir \lontpellieo have not yet reproducqd.Horve\'er. with oew parc I)NA fingerprintingrnd hornronal.unlrses. resFctively. while ershavr ng beeneslablished recently,ll is hopedroproducc somc faecesare collected tb. dierary studies.The only previous study offspfing fron these geoetically 'aluable admls. ofthe folsa in tbes ild.cafriedol( by Ue r{rdin Rasol(nrandmsana ir 1994. fbcussedon the colleclion of faecal material only. so In the ten years !ince 1985a total of 20 n)slas have been gaioing our first insightsirro the diet of the fossa.Alnost all thir f!ised successfullyfron !ix different females ffom the captive we kno\r of lhe ammil s biotog) at presentdefrles trom obsen ati. fotulrtn)n. Sur?hrslnnnals $cr. trNnsfcrcdto rnunrber or Toos on\ madeon animalsin capiiveen!imnnre.ts. in l:utr,pc to.\trhlish new l'otcntirl h.ceding paih. Furlhef /oo! in Europeand in rhe USA are also interestedin obrainingtbssrs. More of the mone) from the Fo\sa Fund is to be allocated t{)r jr)int tfr)ject with P^rc Tsnnbuva. Madagascar.ThcPlrc hat h 199.1rEurofean EndangeredBreeding Progranr (EEl') alreadydeveloped plan! to re-eslablishtb\s.ts ar the 7oo.while the rnf lhe t$sa $as iniliated at Zoo l)uisburg. I he BEP was nated Fossa-EEPurgently requires neq rnrmals tfolll Madagascarro $nh nvo ailns in mind. Firstly.lhe breedlngprogrnn is irtended brcaden the gcnctic bdsc ol thc EEP popul.uior. With \upport ro rnriorain a genericall) \'iable popularoo in captiliry. The lion lhe FossaFuDd. Lhe srrl-l-rr Pxrc Tsimb.iraza will .rlso bc I r'i .'Ir r. Dr.(don., Inr.re-p,rn lof rhe.ooperJ|r\eInrnrren,fl ,l boking ro assessfic o\crall numberol rhe lbssaon Madagascar. r)l l(tr\xs in capli!ity. ircorporrLiDgLhc dislribution, pliring and l.reediIg the aninuls. evalualionofa targetpopulation, and Iong- In conclusiorit canbe said that lhe initilrion of theFossa' r.nr popullttlonplanning to nrinilnize inbrecdnrgrDd to mainrriD Fund in 199.1has led Io urked chaoges ro the corser\ahon hiSh gcnctic rarirf iliry. The irternatioDrl studbookf(r the foss{ acli!itics undcnrkcn li)r thc li)ssa.Thc capti!e silualion hl]sbecn in coordin.Ltedat l)uilburg Zoo. grcatly imtmved rfilh llrc csLablishmcnlol !rrious potcntial brccdmg pairs at r numbcr ol zoo\ throughout Eurcpc. whilst The secondarm ofthe EEP is to suppofi natureconserva- Iurlhcr in(itulions iD Europc rDd Anrericaare due lo receiveany rioD in Mrdagascar.A FossaFund wxs cstablishcdrr Zoo Dtris lurplus fossas.Wilh nroe Toos.loiningthc IrossaI]EP, a grcatef \t r! ,'.'\l:in turJir! ne(e'.rr)tor i"'rL(or.er\JriuIh(ri\i ounrber of tixsas can be pre\ented ro dre visiting public. This Iies. Most of lhe nroney geoeratedrhusf'ar originales Iron lhe prolides an oppo(unj1y ftn partlcipatiDgroos lo rai\c public t.rnslcrs ol li)ssasbc1$ccD zoo. Fossaswhich rrc trrnsk)crtcd awarenessof an unr'rmiliar animal specie! such.r! the risla. and wirhin thc EEP fr)grrm rrc offcrcd oD r hrccding lorn brsis to inlbfm lhe zoo-gorngpLrblic about the statusofthe tbsla in its wilhout changingownc*hip. Apllt ircm prling trrDsporl cosLs. increasinSlydiminishing nrturxl envinruncnt. lhc conserlation Ihe recipientzoo is requestedlo pay a one-olf sum ofltt leasrUS$ oi thc i(xsa and othcr Lhfcarcncdwildlilc on Nhdrgr\crr will bc 1.{X)0lothe FossaFund li)rcrch li'ssaoblained. (Natural1l,, cach furfier supported$ilh the financesgencraLcd by lhc FossaEEP s zoo is welcome to donatenore noney if they so desire).Addi- lioDal moncy lbr thc Fossr Fnnd is bcing collcctcd fiom thc public. By rhc cnd of 1995 nnn! rhan USS 12.000rbc{dr" hrd Zoo Duisburg,Miilheimer Strasse273, bccn gathc.cd by thc FossaFuDd. 47058Duisburg, Germany

The Netherlandsban the importationof furs from animalscaught in legholdtraps

In 1991.the Eumpean(innnrission announced its inten DLrlchMinisrerial Decreeof 2.1Decenrber19115. et1lcti!e tion to pfohibir the introduction into the Conmuniry ofpelts and I January 1996. brns lhe inrpon ot pehs. sknrs ind turs. and ,,.,r'.rl:.ru. J ".' J' "1..|| i1\' J,,nirJl,t.\ i... ri!,r.Jr:r: in manufacturedgoods l containpelts. skins or luh, ol Lhe countres which catchihe|ll by meansofleshold trapsortrappnrg linlo$nrg \pccic\l nrcLhodswhich do noLmccL intcrnatioDrl humanc tratping sLrnd {rds. A rcfulrtion ([C :]251/9ll was b lakc cffcct on I Jdnurrr Amcrican Ta\iJeu tew t Americin pine ma(en 1995.Ho$c!c., inrpjcmcntrtionof lhc brn hrs bccn dch)cd Muftes arteiLotd. Bealer C.a/r, rr,.r.1.r!li: (loyote (inlt t$ice by rhe Cor nission in rnticipatlon of rhe establishlrlenlol ld lrtt. Einlne Ilrt.ld . ftttltu'a. l:;shct Mdftes ttenrdrrii Crcy rrrernation:rlhumrne rrappng stardards. s()lf (arlr lrtrJr Muskrat Orddrrd lbtthitus: Orret Lrttd .rrr.ldrriri Rrccoon ?xr-\or t oi: Srble l\1.1rtu'\.ib.llun. TheCommislion lcii thcw{} o|cn li)rindi!idual nrcmbcr \ The bm doesoot rpply lo impors from otherEU }'tenber ol the EU ro rmposethe bar. however.and the Nelherl nd! is the SLaLcs. li.\I country to do so. Fur exporrefslioln the tJSA. Clanada.ard Russiatlercel) oppose lhe bin uhich.the! afgue.mrrs countef the Nrthcrlunds clam ps doirn on lcshold pelts. 1966.rrafli. B//., Nofld l radcO.g{ni^rion rulc\. l6(2):38. Sightings of Nilgiri (Martes gwatkittsiHorsfield) at Peppara Wildlife Sanctuaryand Silent Valley National Park, Kerala, India.

G. CHRISTOPHERand E. A. JAYSON

W.stem Ghat! of the lndian sub'continentis wcll known Occasion lly. a stran:e animal sith dafk coar.pale yellow for jt! extensivellofal and fruoal diversrrl. The conrplex topo throat.llar ofter-like head which t waggedup and down slighlly. gr.tphl rnd widc rrnge of nricro clinlatic and soil condiiions wrs ti)und in the nroisl deciduousand hill top eYefgreentracts of r.sullsin a mo\alcofplarl communiriesrnd aninralasso!iation!. the sancruary The 'K:rni trlbals cnll this animal Koduvalli : 1nfa'licular. rhe sourhernpart ol rheWcslcrn Ghatsis a refugeto afier a direcr sighring ue contirned rhis to be the Nilgiri mrr mrny threatened.endangered and endemic plana and rnimrls. rmongst which the large ma'nnrals are beller knowD thrn lhc \mallermrmnrals. lhe smallcarnivore com runityol rhisrcgion ln May i995. 11Vrzhukkanrparr (,15()n] ASL). ncrr the h.rsremamed under rccordcd(Yoganand & Kumar. 1995).Scien- Bonaccod Hills, we notlced an aninal feednrs on honey by iifically. nost liverrids and nnsrelids. rnd parlicularl) the tropi, inscriing Lhc liont half oi it! bod) into a trce hde (lli11clrl./ crl fornrs,rre am)ng the leastknowr carnivores(Schreibererdl.. p.nr.r.(r)r., about five metres abore rhe ground. It was around r98S). | 1.00hours. and the a inral iclively led tbr l0 ninules wilhont botheringabout its surroundings.Imlncdia{cl} .rllcr withdrrwing The Nilgiri lfrcn is a rrrc mustclid whi.h is endenricto liom the treehollow il noticed (hc observers.rltised its i('re body rbelbrened trncls of lhe Wc(crn Ghrt mount{in range.Sightings slighily.and nrade aharshchucLling noise. Soon, irclimbcddown o1 Lhisstccics ha\e al!o beenlefy few (Madusudan.1995). The lioln thc trcc and s$,iflly rnovedoff into the grassyundefgrowth. LICN/SSC Mrsielid. Vi\cnid & Proclurid SpecialistGroup Wilh its bead raised.thc palc )clk)w rhroat was clc,trly !isihle. listed the Nilgiri mater as a threatenedspecies lbr priorilr-! $ith ! toralbody lenglh (head to tail)ofabout 1.3m. Thearea ot' conservationaction. the sighting sas fockv wrih nixed deciduousfbresl.

Though thc distributior ofMd/rcr gtrzrlnr!/ in the iouth ln Februiry 1996.again wc obscrled .i Nilsiri mrrtcn in r em western Ghits hasbeen dcscribcd by ! rrnNs ruihors (Irococ k, cultivatedarea near the Chirhinkode Kani t.ibal settlenrenl( 120 19.11iIluLLon. l9,1Sr finn. 1980:I,ratef, 1980: Jerdor. 198.1). ot ASL). In thc clcr strnlighr,we were ablc L('obsefle the yellow rhere 1si remarkablepaucil\, ol lnibrmalion on the dislribulion rnd strLusofthis species.Apart tiom rheeirly descriplions.direcl \ightingsofNilgiri mal1enha!ebeenreportedtiomtheBrrhmagiri Wildlile Sanctuafyin Karnataka(Kararth. 1984).the Eravikullrn] Ndtnnrl Park in Kerah (M^dusudan, l1)951and, nrorerecently. lLonrUpper Bha\ani ol thc Nilgiris(Cokula & R,rmachandran. 1996). Indircct evidence (scars)of the aninal wefe identified ffom theMukurutbi NarionalPark b) Yogrnand & Kumar (1995). Thc spccics is likclv t(r occur nt the Indira Gardhj wildlife SrDcrtranand the K{lakad M undanthuraiTiger ReserveofTrnil \rdu. rnd thcNcyyrr WildlifeSrnctuary of Kerala(Schreiber./ ,,. 19E9).The presenlobsenations (Fig. 1) arcthc firstrecords rn the Nilgiri nrartent'Krm the PeppafaWildlite Sanctuarylrnd rhe Silert V,rlleyNrtional Park.

PepparaWildlife Sanctuary

The PepparaWildlife Srncluary ({)8'3.1 08',12'N. 77'07 17 l:l E) ii situatedal the sourhernend ol rhe Wenem Ghals.To I rr\cr\t licslhcKahkad M undrnthumiTigef ReseNe and tos srds r1\ n)uLhis the Nerlaf Wildlife SaDctuary.lhe $rctuary occu- t,resar nreaof5:l km'.lt is drai edb) theRilcrKrramanawhcrc .r reserloir formed by a dam acfosslhe river occupiesan areaof r.lll km'. The lenain is ruggcd. wirh clclattuns ranging lrom 100 rrlolTlTmASL.

The sanclui.! is cndowcd wi(h Bcsl corst trl)picrl c\.r !reen rnd semi-evergreen.soulhern moist nixcd dcciduotrs, nrrhcrn irofical hill lirrest!. and southem hill top eleflreen l,!e\l\ (Champbn & Scth. 1968). Rccd brakcs and Mr.riti.a r\ rmps crn also be seenin fii! tract. I)uring our three-]-earstud! ,,n nran wildlife conflicls in and aruuDdthe lancNirry area. we nxdcsightings of varioussmall and largenrammals irteracting nirh rhelocrl Kani tribrls Fig. 1 Si!lhtir kxaliti?soJ Nilgiti rkt,t?n lhroit and the dorsallyflaftened head. When disturbcdthc rnimrl \urus hemtuphtunlitt^),Leopard cat (I./ir ,.,sd1cn'l'). Jungle ran along fie grornd with small leapsbefofe dis.rppedring inlo thc c l (l'..i.rl]r). and thc Common (lfrd rrr.r). rdjoiniog nroi!t deciduou\ vcgclation. Dlrring its novement. though there were many trecs and shrubson lhe wat. the aninal Thcrcforc, in rddirion to the Nilg'ri Biospherere!n)n. the moved only on the g(mnd nnril il disrppe.tredlrorn sight. Ashambu Hills ol the southerr wesrern Ghats may be anolhcr potcntial areafu studling small cirnivofe comnrunities.Ihough The Nllgiri marlenii well known n) the Krni tribalsol thc tbc tribrl myths rnd taboos help in the .onseNation of Lhis rcgnn They believe that a distufbed maften (Kodulalli) in thc endlgcrcd mustclid lo $rJre exreot.none of the krcrls rrc {ware fofeir will call othcr members of its krod aod will allack an of it! statusand imporLancc. uDrrned pcrsoo.Being hunref lathefer!. tfie Kanis will consumc rDv tlpc ol $ild aoinal (herbivores.omnivoIes. and camivof.s). Acknowledgements hur thc) r\oid c.rlbg the Nilgni manen becausethey believe its mcrl ro bc lroin)nou\. Thc npleasantbodt odour of the marlen Wc rcknowledge Dr. K. K. Ramachrndran rn.l Dr. P. nrr\ be tla, rc:isonlbr lhis beliet. Viia)'akumarro Nair. Kerala Forest Rcs.arch lhtitule. Peechi. and Dr Airrh Kunrar.S rlim Ali Centerfor Ornithok)g) & N.rrurl SilentValley National Park Histof).Coi batue.li)rrhcirconnncts and encoufage ment. We rlso cxtcnd otrr thanks Io Mr. Gigi K. Joseph. Keraln Foresl '1hc SilcnLVlllcyNarionirl Park (1 l''0.1-ll"l3 N. 76"2,1 Researchlnstitule rn.l Kcral{ For.\t Depaftnenl tor inliring us -(' 19 F.)isuniquef(, itshighbiologicaldiversirvrndendemism: Io thewildlife cenlus of 1996 t lorms lhe core-zone of the Nilgiri Brcspherc Rescflc. Thc .ler rlion rangesfrom 900 m to 2.38:lm AsL. Thc prrk is covered Ret'erences rnonly by west coastt opical wet evorgrccn i(rcsls rnd grr\sland \holi cco slncm in ihe higher rflrches. Champion,H. G. & Seth.S. K 1968.A ro is ! t r\ ^.f thelarest i\?r,r oJrrdr.r. Governnrcnrol Indra. New Delhi. On 29 M{} 1996.drring thcwildlilc ccnsus,.r Nilgiri was Fino. F. 1980 Slonddl( s Md,lhk ia.f /,1k. Th.rclcr. Spink & spottedby us nearAnginda peak (2.183m ASI-). At 10.2i)hours. Co.. Bonbar". wc s.rw rn animl rvirh i black coat and orange)elbs thRnl, Gokuh. V. & Ru chrndran.N. K 1996.ArecofdoftheNilgiri roli g on the graslland lvhich crnre oul ttom the ncrrby shola. mrren (MdRr sr rtt,rsi Horsfreld)iD tlfpef tlha\!ni..,/. we \rere watchirg the animal at a distanceofabout 5 m and.whcn Banl\tr Nal.Hisl. S,... 93(l):81. it rc.tlizedour presence.ir raisedrIS lbre bodi, to standon its fiind GouldsLrurt,C. J. 19,19.Anrbush to capture crcws bv Yeilow legsfof a nlonlent.Then it moved lwilily ol l inr(' thc shola it had throared nrarteo ((:lnrro itl u\ftttkusil. L B \tr Nut. come lro|n. The aninral hid a darker colour than those lighled //iJt.5r)i.,48r802. earlierat Pcptda ($hich hrd r dark brown coatwith a paleyellow Hunon,A. tr. l')49. SDrkcsand nra xn:rlsofthe High wavy thrcat) frcnr the e{rlierrcports fronr Anarnalairnd Coorg (Riley. Mountains., Bo )a\ Ndt. Hirl. .So....18:681-694. l9ll Gouldsbury.19.19. Finl. 1980:Jerdoo.198'l). it apperrsto j.rdon. I. C. 1984.A handbookol th. t dhnnnlt ol lndid. Mitt^l h.t!e been either a nrale,or a fernale in sunmer corl. Publ..Delhi Krranth,K.Il. I984.C,nret|utitDl LthutIor rc LiotitriItu|,1! qu. Clc.rr\i\ibilily and good suo light. combinedwith lhe anl i1! tunl litrest habitats iI Kdtndteku. Deparnnentof brckgroLlndol grecn grass,nudc thrL sighting ol Nilgiri oranen I].ok)g] rDdEnviror) e t.Govt of Kamrtak n. B angalore. rr rhe Angrnda l'eak ste.taculu. Thc !nimal rs kno\n as Madusudan, Nl. D. 1995. Sighting of Nilgii marten (,rr'r'rl.r K,,r,'.,r,!, '.'rhe\,L Jut,, rrt.'"1 I\:' .j,i,i. strdrlnrr/) rr E..tvikulaln Nriiooal I'ark. Kerrh. lndia. S"dl Cut,nor. C.nro\.. tl$ 1 Ourprc\cnt obserlalio s alsoreveal that.Mark-\ grairn?il PococL.R I. t94t. th. fuuna ot Btitish ltklkt i'l.Lu.ting ('.\l.rn i\ rdrtt.tblc t{) r lvidc rangc ol h.rbilars.troln hlgh altitude shola dtul ButhLd.tttd,rnnlkt.lal 2. Taylor rnd Fraocrs.l,olr- gn\\land to t.opical dec Lrousforest a1 lo$ ele\atut. This .rdaptabiliry fesembles thar of rhc closcly rclrtcd Ilimalryrn Prarcr.S. H I980.rr!rookoll dklitMuitls.Bonbn\ NaLHisr. .p.cie\ Ma es lkrrigulu. (ltaier. l97li Robcrts. 1977). Aparl Soc.. Bo b.ty. lion our direct sightiog!. Nilgiri nr{ren wetu rcport.d b} the Rilcy. K. V. l9l:1. BonrbayNarufal Hisror) Socicty s Mrlnmrl locrl tribal! fiotn the Kx!iar. Chcrukld. Cbcmmudi. and Surlet ol lndia. Relmrt No. IL Coorg. .,f.EoDb(r Mr. Athimmrhi arcas of thc Pepprra Wildlite Sanctuary.and also Hlrl. 5:,{..l2:.18(r 5l l. frcnl lhe contiguous Klamrlxi Reserved Forests and Ner-yaf Robefis.T. J. 1911. thc "tun"tult ol Pdlirrrm. ErnesiBenn Ltd., Wildlile Saoctuar). I-ondon & Tonbridge. Schreiber.A.. wilth. R., Riifel. M. & Van Ronpaey.H. 1989. ln the Mundrnrhurai Krlalad Tige. Reserve.a mafen \yctrels, idrets.nturlgooses and thct n'kntr\. An k tion artackinga nroule deer lT rdsulus ,trnnna) ||as obser!ed b! a Pldn fl, |irc tun'erratit,i .,1 n|t\tu'lits d,ri rltenitls. :rut ofstudents( l991 )lrom rhcSchool olEcology. Pondicherry IUCN. Ch d. L:ni\crsil).nearlhe di\ersionbuodon Pachairr Ri!er. ID 1992.rn Yogioaod. T. R. K & Kumr.. A. 1995.Tht disldbulionot imxll rnirnalagair sas obserled:rloogthe Sengakheri Kxkkaehi trck camivorEsindrc Nilgiri Bir)sphcreRese^e. souftem India: king prth (Nl. Vinuv.rk.pcrs. colr!n.). A Fjlnninary repon. SrdU ()l irorc aonr.^ .11:l-2.

li tlre Peppari Wildlife Sanciurfy. lprn from lhc Nilgiri Divisionof Wildlife lliology, Kerala Forest .urtcn. \. hi\e nude direcl nghtingsof C(nnnr)nnrongoo\c ResearchInstitutc, Peechi-680 653, illeryestesalvttl!ii). Ruddy nrongoosci//. r,nllr). S all Kerala. lndill In.liaf .i\et (vir./fn1rld ir,/kd). Conmro p.tLnci\et tPnal.- Commentson the behaviour of a Grison ( vittata) hunting an Agonti (Dasyproctapunctata)

RolandW. KAYS

The grison (Gdlnrir rtirra) is a lilllc known neotropical eyesightof free-raogioggrison. and Kaufmann& Kaufmann rnusrclid.Reporrs on crfri!c indiriduals (Dalquest & Robens. (1965) reportedrhat rheir caprivegrison lrequentlyexplored l')-1. hi,utrnJr,n& Kruf r"rrrn.l,rh5l. ..rn.\,ir agoutiburrows.Ihave fourd norepofs ofagouti!,r! pre) ofgrisor lsunquist ?r al.. 1989). rDd thc neoLropicrl fauna in general in publi5hedliteralure. However. one unpublished accourl of the (Emmons,19901dcscribe the gris)n rs r terei,tfial hunterofsmall nlamnnlsof SanBlas. Panana.includes a reportof a grison mammals rnd othcf smrll vertebrates. arlackingan agouti in a rirer rt orid-day(Charnley. 19851. Additionalinlbrmarion is neededto veriiythe hunting melhods of Given such scant infonnation on the grison. I report here gfisonand the importaoceof agoutjsin their diets. observitions of an incidental encounter.On lhc norning oi 17 Decenber I 995. nly self andthree oiher biologisrswere hiking lhe References Phnrxtion Loop trail in Sobcrani! Nrrion{l Park in Cennal Prnama. Thc prrk conrrirs 22.000 ha of lowland noist fofelt Charnley,S. 1985. Mar"rdls d the Penatkr Proial Ar(a, San including both oklandnew growth. The PtantationLoop trail mns Bhts, Pdiatnd. SmirhsonianTroticrl rcscrch Institutc, rlrrcugh young torest (30-50 yeirsl thai has grown up in an rbandoned cacao flantatron. Dalqucst.W. W. & Robcrts.J. H. 1951.Behaln'ur of young grisons in caprivify. A/r.r. Midl. Ndt.,46,359 366. At approxnnarely08.15 we were standingin the middlc of Eisenberg,J. 1989. Munmul\ ol the neotrcpi(s: The Mtthetn r 2 m widcrr.tilwhcnwc hcardsonrethin-s running loward! us. An t&ttopi.s. voL. /. Ihe Universily of Chicago I'res!, .tt"Lti .l)d.,r, , 'r ! un,ial.,I r.urJed |l,( c.rnerol rherarl I0In Chicago. aheadand proceededto run directly at us wilhout slowingi ihe Enlmofs. L. 1990. Neottupic.tl ruiiforclt |k,rnul!: A lieLr rninul ran right through the tbur ofus and conrinuedon the trail srilc. The U ilersil) ol Chicrgo Press.Chicago. behind.lnrmediately followirrg. we heardanother animal running Kaufrnanr, J. H. & Kaufmann, A. 1965. Observaiors on the Iowardsus on the trail: a grisonrounded thecorner. sloppcd about behaviour of l.ryrasrnd gnsons. Z .Sii,8erieft., :l(l:1,16 S m lrorn trs,and .rn oli inlo thc li)rcn. 155. Sunquist.M. E..Snnquisl, F.& Daneke.D. E. 1989.Ecological When the grilon nomentarily stopped for about two scparrLionin r VenczuclanLlanos c&nilorc connnunit). \econdson the !|ail, it provided us wjth difect. clear views of its 1, K. H. Redford & L F. Eisenberg.eds. /dfd,..' ,r irci{l markin!st $,exlso ohsened l)aftialside'views ofthe aoinral neattupicdl rnntnalosr'.'the Srndhill Crane Pfess. rs it ran oil into lhc iorcst. Thc animrl could be.learly distir Gainesville. guishcdliom a sLriFd hog Doscds kun k ( C-,,.?d/, ' r.,rl nridtr ' ) becauseitstail wasnotbushy andits bodywas notblackand white I)epartmentof Ecology& EyolutionaryBiology, .triped. Thc coniprruLi!clysmall si/c and distinctivefacial Universityof Tennessee,Knoxville, TN 37996,USA mrrkings pennittedexclusionofothercarnivore,i such as the \ taitd bdthdtd)t lrheb\tsh lspl,rrror !.rdrldl.i). The grison \e obscrvcd rcscnrblcd thc drrlcr, nn)rc str)ut detictir)n in F.isenbergs (l9lt9) book more fian the painting in Ennnon s r I !.)t)0)field gude. ABSTRACT

Sclcrrl rddilional obscrlatn)ns about the encounterare Agonisticbehaviour of malestriped \io(hy of note here sioce they lead to specLrlationabour the hunting methods of rhe species.The rrison rlas obviously in Agonisric beha!iour ol captiveadull xrle Slriped weasels pursujtof the agouti. yet there sere approximaleiy 15 m sepnral- rr,, ,lr\rL .nhu". hr -x. in\<.rigar(Jh, Jrr n!in!

These obserlrtions per rit speculatnn thal grison may THERIOLOCTCAL CONCRESS hunt by scent. follo$irg a pfer-'s tmil and continuing pufsuit The SeveDthlnternrtional Congfess will be held ffon 6 to r.ross rilcrs rDd in and (rt oi holes rDd othcr rcfugcs tossiblc 12 ScpLcmbcrl99l nr Acrtulco. Gtrcncru. Me\ico. Contactl rrtil it crn finallycrlch the exh{usted Thisis consistent with trey. Dr. Rodigo A. Medellir.Conmtrnicarions Coordinrtor .onnnentson behaviourreponed b] otherruthon. Sunquisl !rison e mail: ogaona(snrifundr ecolo.lria.unan.mx. f/ d/. ( 198.11notcl thc lccD s.Dsc of snrcll and rpprrcntl) poor Seasonalchanges in energeticsof nutrition in males of small mustelid species ()

Isor L. TUMANOV andElena A. SORINA

Thc.rpid developnentsin thc biological sciencesnrakt it Daily foodconsumption important to apply difierenl researchnethods that pronote a mofe comtrchensive understandingol the ltatures of a spccies Collected datNsbow lhal the seasonalbody weight dyna- thatdetennincils ecology.lnlbrmation aboul seasonalchangesin mics areclosely connectcd wirh thechanges in rhelbodconsunp- the levels of iood consumptior and physiological parameters rioDs ol ihe carnivores undcr observation (Fig. ,l). ln sumner allow us to judge thc adaplabilityofan organisrn1o one or another when iLwrs hot. mammalsatc comparatilely litllc. A decreasein enviormental factor. This i! a neccssry considerationin thc daih lbodconsumDtionbccame visible in polecrtsand weaselsin developmentol r srrategy fof the managcmentfbr an animrl June,anJin rnink in July. since rhe middlc ol Augusr (approxi- populatbn. or breeding it in c,tprivily. mately) the amountofdaily food ealcn beganto increascsharply and in Scptemberthe food consnmptionsof thc animals were ln this paper the authorstry t() trace seasonalchanges rn maximised.Thus, in septenber De.cmber. in comparisonwith body weigbt. Ielcls of tbod consumptionand xlso some physto the sumner season(June-July). thi! indcx increasedon averrge Iogical paraneters in nllcs of snnll speciesof mustlids that by 9.37. in weasels.by ll.ilq. in . and by 19.99o have been kept in caplivity fbr lbur years. Thc dalli obtained in Elropean mink. Thc srealest increasein rutomn lbod con- signiticrntly supplementthe ptesentlyfragmenlary and heteroge- sunption observedwas in the polecat.thedrily ibodcoosumption neous information available on thc se.rsonalchanges in energy ofwhich in.reasedby 59.0%. A notrble featureof anin]:rlsofthis b.rlance and nutrition ol the species under consideration in speciesis the clear ,rgrcemeorwith the increasein lheir body cattivily (Slonim. 1952: Heidt "r d/.. 1968. Tumanov & Levin. weighl in rurumn. due to the rccumulation of considerablelal 1974r Segal, 1975; Danilov & Tum.tnov, 1976: Chappel, 1980r reserve!. In fie cold season the need for high cak)ric fbod Knrg. 1980:Korhonen "1al.. 1990iTumano'r. 1993b). nnrkedly dec.erscdin alt mustelids.which shouldbe considered as a stable adaptile lesponse aimed al the nrore economical' Ten nammals wcrc used in the exFrimcnts: three Euro' expenditureoi,rccumulatedenergyreserves. lncamrvorcs. when fic needfor high quanti Wan ninl (MulleLd lutreold L.). three polecats(M. putorius L.), metabolicprocesres dccrease in wintef. rwo Amefican mink (M r,;r.rn Schreb.).and two weasels (M ties ol lbod and high energy e{penditure is rcduced, which ri'?Iis L.)- During lhe relearchperiod the animalswcrc weighed determinesthe successluloutcone o1 over-wintering lSlonim, nonthly and received contrd feeding tbllowing generrlly ac- 1952; Tunlanov. 1993b).In spring, beforc moulling and rutting ceptednethods (Danilov & TumNnov.1976). The phylion)gical thc daily lbod coDsumptionol malesincreascd again in the time statusof the animals(all male) was deternined by visual inspec- determinedfbr thal spccies.Furlhermore, in dilterenr yearsthese tions of their genitalia.the dimensionsand cobur which changed changeswere suble in character(Figs. 5 & 6). markcdly during the rutting period. Rectal tempera{ure wis measuredwilh a medical TEMP 60 clecrrothennometer.Thc Rectal temperature rmbient lempemtureduring exp€rimentswas l8 20'C in sumnef and 12 l5'C in othefseasons. The rccral remperatureol animals i! rn index of the intensity of their metabolisn. Its seasonalchangcs in the carni Body weight vorcs observedwere ersily monilored. ]'hc highest rectal tem peraiurelevels wcre noted in spring and sunmrer.and the lowcst Changesin the live wcigh( ofmammal! duringlbe seasons inwinier.ln walm sensorsthe body rcmperatureof nranm.rlswas arehighly lignillcant as a sign oi pcriodic changesin the lclel of higher than ir Deccnber by an averagc ot' 0.8'1.8'C. which their energ] melabolisn. Our obscnations on captive rnustelids clearly coffelates $'ith lhe changesin their energy mctabolism revealed the follosing changes in thc body weight of malcs lcvcls during theseperiods (Tumanov & Lc!in, 197'1:Tumanov, during the seasons(Fig. l). Atthe end ofsunmer (r.e.rn autunrn) 199:h). ihis index noticcably increaled in all .rnimals obserled, rhis corrcspondingwith intens food consunption during this period Anong the spe.ies inveslig3ted.the alcrage antual body and the accumulationofthe far resenes requifed for survival in tcmprature was highesl in the American mink and the polecat lt winler. For exanple. durlng the period from Septemberto De was lower in wcasels and Europc,rnmink (Fig! 7 & 8) lt rs cember.the increasein weight wirh respectto June Jul] was on intercsling that in the lasl ol lhese. fectal rcmperaturesin all thc average8.1% in thc wcrsel,6.3q. in the Amcrican nink.7 0'l,, k)wcr lhao in the Amcricar nink. which had a in fie Europeannrink. and 20.99. in the poleclt. Thus, the most higher level of encrg! merabolisnr (Segnl. 19751Tumanov, intc sive iat accumulNlionwas oblerved i. polecatsrn aulrmn, 1993b).The avcrrgeinnual disprrily in this test wrs l9'C, which should bc considereda specific a&rptation related to the although nr sepffale months it rcached2.5'C. Thus. in difterent reduclionofhcrt inadiation and cnergyexpenses in winrcr. In rhe ]ears in June-July lhe body iemperalure flucNated within the cold seasonir all mustelid fat reseNesgrldually decreasedand limits of 16.,t :18.2''{-lin the Ame can mnrk. and l'l 'l 37 l"Clin their weight! rcduced.bul ir sprjng (betbre the beginning of the the Eutupcanlnink (FiSs.9 & l0). The maxnnun increasein this m)ulring and reproducrivcperiodl re valuc ol thesemdices ns. index in the lpccics investigatedsassccn at difttrelt tinrcsofthe rgrin. Ar rhe end of spring rhe animals hrd thcir lowest body !ear. ln the Amcrican mink the maxi'n!l rectal temp.raturc was wcighls and lat reservcs.These changes werc obser\ed in each in April and Jull. in the Eurofean mirk il was in Ap l rDd June. rnd Oclober in dre J-earof research(Figs. 2 & 3). in Mrrch and May in the polccat.rnd iD Jun. wcrsel. At thc cnd of rutrnrn Nnd in wirter, the animals bod) rhe abiliry of malesto engagein productivematiogs over a teml'€ralureswere al lheir lowest.Fof instance.ifinJulythebod! comparitivelylong penodlTable l). temperatureofanAmerican nink $lrs on thca!cfugc 37.9"C. and thal of a 36.3.C. {he in December it dccrcasedcone Theresults of ourobservations on captive carnivores show spondinglyro 36.7'C lind 35.1'C. Ils respecri!cdecrease in a renurkableincrease in reproduciives.atus andreadiness to mnte rinrer shouldbe consideredlis r form olthcrn]i' rcgulation.since in maleAmerican mink in Februaryand March. and in other a decreaseof temperatureamplitude belween an animal s body speci€sin the periodfron March to July. jnclusive.The nost and the environmentpromoles lt decreasein thc inknsity of heat intensiverut in caplivitywas in the Americanmink (fron the nT3diation(Shilo!. 1962). middlcol Fcbruaryto thc 201hol March).In theEuropcan mink itlastedlrolllMarchto May. in polecatsfiomMarch to rhebegin- Reproductive features of the species ningofJune. and in lhe weaseltiom April to the middleofJuly.

The muslelid speciesobserved have a high levelol enersy It isnecessary alsoto note that in malesofall the speciei under metrbolirn. and experience!tron8 inlluencesfron unfh!ourable considcration,rhe beginnirg of rut coincidcdwith high lcvelsof environmenlalfaclors.Apparentlythisdererminestheirrendency foodrequirement. body tenperature and body weight (he dimen- Lohigh lecundity,eafly lexual naturatior, shol1pregnancies. and sionsof whichdecrcased by thc endofthe reproduclivcpcriod).

E,e

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Flg.1. Dynrmlc! olbodywllghl Inmrl!. ol Flo.a, O.lly tood con mptlonln mrld of .mrll mu.t.lld .p.cl.r Inlh. cour.. or.y..r mu .lldr tn dlltlr.nI nonth.

Conv.nllond tlgm for Oq.'l

-t. ArnltLanmink . -. -. _2-Eurcp€anhlnk - - - 3 - polecat

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Flg.2. lt. lono-l.rmdynt|nlc' ot bodyw.lghl ot thc EuroD..n mlnt m.l. l{ t Flg.3. Th.long-t.rm dynrmlc! ot bodyw.lght ot lh. ool.c.t mrl. N 2 forllC.2 A a: 9 Ea

Ep!"'i:i:$8r3 !3i""9ji:F5iA monthS

Flg.5. Ch.ngct In dallyfood con3umptlonin mlnl mala N 2In dlfilr.nt y..r8 tha Europ.rn Flg.6.Chrnge3In dallyfood consampilon In lhe polccrtmrl. N I In dlff.r.nt yeara

Convanllonalslgna 11986r. E 1987r. for fig.5,6,9 & t0: Z 1988r- tr 1989f.

i9:o:i> €Fe"dcgi:$53t E ""H "':: r.?;*d't montht month'

Flg.7. S.|3onrl dy|rmlc. of ..ct.l Fig.8. S..ion.l dyn.mlct ot rGctrl polccat temparaturaInArnarlcin mlnk (l) and wo.3rl t.mp.r.tur.In Europ.rn mlnk (l) end (4 m.1.. (2) m.lcr ------1 Convanllonalalgna: Convantionel3igns: ---2

€""9ElcF8 monthg

Fig.l0. Th.long-tarmdynamict of reclal t.mp.rrlur. Inthe malaN { of thc Amcdcan mlnk Specics Years Readiness to matine ( l-) bv month! tl l vIl IX X XI xtl American 1945 mtnK 1987 19aA 1949 European 1946 mink 1947 1988 + + 1949 Polecat 1986 1987 1gaa 1989 1946 + + 19E7 i9aa '1989

Tabl. 1. ReptudLt.ti( p.tiod duLtlit,t ut nal?r ol \h\.tll .antiore\ kept h.dptnit)-. Conclusion Thus. the autumn period. when the intensily of Detrholic proccsscsdccrc.rscs rrd 1atrcser!es or energypotential increases. Spcciticit! of teeding, seasonaldlnanrics of weight aod is very imponant rn the life of small predaloh. Apparently their tir)d requifenrentsin many c{ses deternrinc the th}sn)logicrl \urvi!11 in wintcr is in nrny respectsdetermined by the availabr- ditus. readioessto rut. reproductivepotential. and. in the end.the lity xnd rc.epilbility of high calory li)ods in auturun.when tood nunber ol muslelids io nalure. Seasonalchanges in the energy requirementsare especially high. balaceof ihe diets of nnall carnivoresafe revealedsuf]icienrly clearly to presenta stable adaptile responseaimed at the eco References nonricrl cxpcnditure ol rccunrlated energy .eserves. When nerabolic processesdecrease in winter, the lood rcquirementol Chappel.M. A. l980. lhernalenergetics rDd thcrnl('rcguhtd) rnu\relidcdecreise \harply. which derermineswherher there is a costsol \mall arclicInamnals. .,r. Mrl,',..6l:27t1-291. \llisfuctory onr.omc to over winlcring.In this periodthe\e species Danibv. P. L & Tumanor.I.L. 1916.Musteltrls ttt|( Na tll.n rre u!u{lly nolvery nctiveandconsumc liltlc ftr)d. only-gradurlly ,itr. UJSR.Nauka Puhl., Leninsrrd. (In Rus\ian) cxpcD.liDgtheir intcrnal rescrves.Belbre the reproduchveseason llcidr. G. A.. Petcrscn.M. K. & Kirkland.G. L. 1968.Miring rnd spri g rrorlt the inrensities ol feeding aod body wejght behiviour ind development of least weasels (Mrvfl.r inc.casc no(iccrbly again. In April-May. when males moult ,nrrlis) in c.tptiYity..L Mdmm.. 19:113-419. intensely.are in rut. or befbre a rut sLatc.lhc) cat conrparrLivcly King. C. M. 1980.The wcascl Mrsrcld nnzltr.tnd rrs prey in an littlc. ln this period lhe reserles of nutrients jn their bodie! are Eoglish woodland. J. Anin. Eco|..49.121 159. xgain spcntrrpidly and thc bod) reighls ofihe inirnils decrease. KorhoDcn.IL. Tokirinen. H. & Hany. M. 1990.EfTects ofgroup andser cornbinalionon productivepedonn ance of iarmed In rhc sumnrcrwhen il is hor. malesconsume lilrle ibod. A polecarslllusl?kl tLtltrtils) Z. ve^rchtierk.. l3:'79 a3. J.creise nr daily tood consumptiorrbecomes noticeable in June. Segal, A. N. 1975. zrJd}r on eologr and phlsiolo{! oJ the rnd laslson averageuotil the middle orendofAugust. Atter that. AD./i.d,,?i"t. Nruka Publ.. Novosibirsk. (ln Russian) thc lcvcl ol this indcx bcgins to increase.ln summer males are Shiiov. t. A. 1962.About lonre conceptsconncctcd wilh siudy ol' u\urlly lcs\ lar.rnd thcir lleight is appreciablyless rhan in spfing the pfoblen of themoreg\tllrrcn. hd. Zh..1l:19l-191. (ln Russian) Sloninr. A. D. 1952. AniDul h.ut M.! i6 rcsuldiian in th. The seasonaldynan cs ot body lempernluesare one ol lhc otgaris,l olrunnals. Acad.Science TJSSR Publ., Mos indicesof the lcv.l of basic mctrbolism. and can be observedin cow l-enigrd. (ln Russidn) 'lumano!. muslelidsquite readily. Temperaturcis ck)scly connccted with l. L. 1991a. Ad.Lpliv. lcltures of tramnrals of the .hrnges in body weight. and is charrcrerizedby:r sharpincrease uslclid tamily. Manrnralia.Mustelidae. Ecological ol rectal tempefaturesin lhe summer rnd in crrly spring in morpholosical nd phy\iologicalaspccls. Aubkl liss. u .onrtrrison $ith winter. nisk. tuh. st?t1.th)Lt. hid. tkaiftSt. I'ete,\burg.(ln Russian) Tumrno!. L L. l99lb. Ecological determiratior ofthe level of In SeptemberOctr)ber the food rcquircmcnt ol males cnergymetabolisnr in sornenrusFlids. Lutr.old l:1121. noiiccabl) incrcrscs.B) {hc niddle ofaulunn ihe anrmalsreach Tumanov.1. 1.. & I-evn. V. Cl 197:1.Agc rnd scrsonalctutnges mdximum l-amcss..rlierwhich lheir iood needsdecrease. Autumn in sone phylidogical indices ol M,r/.1d ni'al;r L. and latteniDgis impo*ant in lhe livcs of all nrusrclid\.because lt|usteld enninta L. \'!sDtjk ZnL. ):25 10. (In Ruslian) rcquiring tat rc\crvcs tR'nolcs survi\al of the mammals in the urtarourable seasors.ln Novemherboth thc indiccsol mctabolic ResearchInstitute for Nature Conservationof the processesand the food requirenrentsof n lcs dc.rcisc. The! Arcticand the l{orth, l3 Cheli}era. beconre less active- their weights dcc.casc. and thc clclc is 193224St. Petersburg,Russia Project: The feeding habits and habitat use of the Long-tailed weasel(Musteh frenata) in El Thmbo. Cauca.Colombia

ElizabethMesa GONZALEZ

Introduction The above objectivesare ser out to rnswer the following ques-

Thc WesrernCordiliera (mount.in chain) and thc Pacilic Basin ofCauca is consideredto be one ofthe rcgion! ofgre,rcst . k the size ofthe hone rangeof individuals det€rminedby the biobgical dilcrsiry in Colonbia. lt fbrms part of the Choco {ype of habitat (i.e. natural/distubcd)l biogeog.rphic rcgion and containsa variety or endenricspccics . Are lhere size difterences belwccn male and ttmale home !u.h as thc recently discovered Colombian weasel (Mrrkld . Is Ihere overlap in the spatial nichc occupiedby individuals? . Do€s tbe degrecol rlteration of lhe natural habital dclcrmine Orhcr species.mostly ecological generalisls.h.tvc ben thc composilion of the diet? efited nlm human inlluences on the area. These include rhe . which is the most approprirte barl fbr weaselcapture? Loog tailed wealel (Muttela fftnatu), which has adaptedto a larieq of habitats. ln spite of its bcing a widely dislributed 3. Justification \pecies.knowledge of its hiohgy is only parrial,being basedoo descriplive, anecdotal. and a smrll number of fbrmal studies In Cobmbia thereis no knowledgeol rhebiology ofmany canied our in North America over the last few decades.ID her manmal speciesand. in thc caseof M. /i.rdld. data dedvc only study of noriherDhernisphere wcascls, King (191t9)co|nmenis: lron studies ar other latitudes, wherc many of irs habils and "...it is nol thrit tropical weaselsare less impoltant,just thrl lhey behaviourrare dctcrmined by marked seasonalchangcsin cljrna- are lessknown rnd probablyvery different fronthe threenonhe.n re. rhJr are ah\enrin rhe Ir',ti(.. lr r, rherelorcInF.rlJnl ro developstudies that connibutet{) the knowledgeof the speciesin Colombia.Studies of species inte.vcncdzones and their interacti All thesefactors combine to moli valc the presenlwork. the ons with hunan occupanlscrn help in lhe developmenlof new objcctives ol which include ihe detemination of homc range, altcrnatiles lbr nppropriateresource usc. nutritional habit!. and an elaluation of weaselcapture nethods. Field study merhodssuch as radiotelcmcrry,live rrrpping Although M. t/e,ard lppears (o be little threatened.it i! using appropriatebaits, lnd rccognitionofthe uniquecolouratioo worthwhile to study its nutritnrnalhabits and noreneni pattems. patternsofspecific individuals.rllow close study ofanimals with as these must hlvc prrlly contributed to the succes! of its minimal effe.l npon the nltural bellaliour. This pe.mirs r beuer 'high expansx)nin pressure zones.The comparison of .csults rppr)ximation oi rhe species biology. obtainedfrom samplingbcalities wilh different degreesofaherr lion/disturbanceshou ld revealthe currenl slxtus of lhe speciesand 4. Bibliographicalreview rt! n\f,r'\'r^ humdnpre\\ure. The family Mustelidae is the most diverse group of the 1. Corxiderations cirnivores. being distributedover allconrinents exceptAustralia and Antarctica.There a.c spcciesadipted to arboreal.fossorial, Muneld frenatdis a highly adaptivespecies (Enmons. aquatic, and tenestrial liie. and they assumcld.nnrs biological 1990)and its dict is consideredlo begeneralist andopponunisric roles: camilory. iiugivory. insectivory. and carrhworm-teeding (Simms,1979: King. 1989).It 'nay thusbe hypothesisedtbat: (Scturibere..rl.. 1989). ''the.€is no prefe.encelilr or rejectionof the differenttypes ol hnbilalwith differcntdegrees of xllcraltunor disturbance".lt Thc lnmily is made up of67 specics(King, 1989).and in followsrhat: Colombir is rcpresenledby the following species:tifd b,/ra.d (tayra or ulam). Con.pdrls r.'nlrlfidrirr (Arnazonianhog-nosed L rhetype of habitat(altered or not lltcred) doesnot allect the skutnk).Ptetunuru brusiLztrrir(girnl olter or river wolt), Luta individualhone ran-sesizcs. /drgl.drdr.r (louthern .ilcr otter). Gdli.lir rirdtd (greatcrgnson 2. fccdinghabits vary from onelocality to anothcr. or h!j]Jn). MusleLuhennrd (long tttilcd weasel), aud M. felipei :1.the proportions ofeach food typc lbund in thediel aresimilar, (Colonbian weasel)(Enrmons,1990). 4. the aninr.rlscan be capluredusing any lypeof bait. The genusMrn€Id was dcscribedbyLinnaeus in l758and 2. Objectives includes between l3 and 16 species.The lpecies ,'lt. /,'"uard, describedby LichtensEin in 1831. is distributcd throughoutthe . To delerminethe home "anqesizas in Munelt lrenatu Arnericasiion southernCanadr ro Venezuelaand Bolivia, but . To evaluatcthe compositionof its diet during the ranry period exc)udingthc soulh westerndeserts oflho Uniled Slates(Wozen- (Augusr lo February) crali. 1993). It oradeits appearance,pcrhrps abrupily. in North . To establishifthe activilics and diet ofM.l;.rd,d areaffectcd America morc than t$() milltun yearsago. ben)rethe firsr glacia by allerationof the hrbitat lion and,like olher canrilorcs. reachedSoutb America during the . To deFrmi're the o imnnr tlpe of lrnp ro use to study the Pleistocenefaunal exchangcs. quickl] occupyingthe small carni vorenichc (Kins. 1989).

to Musteld frcnata hasa conbined head,bodylenglh of 215- been rade ol livc hrits. fresh conspecific facces.rhe scent ol :120mnr. a tail lengthof I l5 207 mln. foot length= 15 55mm.ear r.rbbitor hNreintestines. and laborrtory mice (Mrr /r!r."lb). thc length= lG20 mm, and weight = 85-340g. Male! arelarger rhan lait being adlisable in arcaswhere Mar exists in thc wild (King. the femrlcs. The colourationoflhc upperpa(! is black to coffee I97-r.19119). colourcd, wirh a crcam or tellowish nbdomen.eirbcr wirh or 'lhc !\irhout white facial spots.The rip of the tail endsin a charrcter recognitionof individuxls is impofant should recap- islic rult ofblack hrir. and rhe tail length is 40 70% of the head lure occurand. bccruscofthis methodsol narting arc used.such body lenglh. I{air i! presenton the planra. and palmar surlaces as thc xnrpurrtion of digirs under rnreslhesia (Simms. 1979) (as (Eisenbcrg. I 989rtsmmons, I 990). I-ong tailed weasels,rre highly uscd frequenlly for rodentt. thc axachmenl of coloured neck adiptable-They crn be presentin forests.larmlandanil clearings. laces. .tnd vrrxlully,positioned ear rags. rnade of either alumi xnd occur at a wide elevationalrrnge. frolll l.000 to 4,000 m ASL niunr1Kin8. 1973) or plaslic(Lockie. 1962). (Eiscnherg( 1989). Linn & Day (1966) found difilculties wirh rhc lasr rech Mustckt.ltunatu dilTcrs cxternally frcm M. lelipei. The njque becausethe tagsrendcd 1o frll offor iritate the aninals. and lattef hasa &rkerdorsal cok)uration,an elongaiedo!.rlspot of l5- the number of.tnim.rls marked was liniled by rhe snall number l8 nrm on thc lower pal1ofthe neck. lacks hair on the plan(arand of tag combinations possible. A \olution to this is to employ prlmar srrtaccs. and irs tail does not halc a black tip. Ar the metbodsinvolving lhe skerchingoflhe animals ventralcoloura \kclctal level M. l.lipci dilfcrs in having a tritid baculun 0zor & ti{)n paftern, since lhis is inilividually unique in all musrelids. dc h Idre. 1978:Alberico, 1994). Recordsobtained up unrilnow However.the nethod can presenlpfoblems in long-term nudies, k{rte M. l./ip.t in lhc wcsrernand centirl cordillcrrs betv,een since identilication ncccssitatescapture. and funhermorc an rltitudes of 1.750and 2.700 m in the depanmenlsofCaucr, Huila. individual's colouration paucn can change with moulting. rnd in the bordersberwecn Valle del Caucaand Choco (Fawcett, t993). Although King (197:l) conlider! this nethod to be subje! li,rc. ir can be combinedwith othcrcharacterssuch as weigbt, fur Mnsteh lienata h^s beer studiedin sorncderail in North colouf. sex. and dcntitir)n. and can be used to assisLin lhe A'nerica. but li11lc is known of its naturrl history in South identificalionofindividuals without u!ing anificial markingsrhar Anrerica.Weisels lrc teresrial. diurnal and.octurnal, their dier 'nay modify their nalLrrrlbehaviour. is generalisl and cM include mice. rabbirs. birds and repriles lSrmms. 1979rKing, 1989).Their densare in holl('ws underrcots 4.2 DIET AND HOME RANCE or be(ween.octs. The nother ind young can fofage as n social Dielary analysiscan be carriedout using the scars(l,lcces) Lrnit during the wcaning pefiod. but thc rdult\ dre iypically lcii in densorgui conlenls,butonly the latterprovideinformrtn)n ititarl, cxcept during the maring period (Hall. 1951).The on individuals. Thc tccth and bonesof prey itens c.rn be identi sersonaliry of mating in rhe tropics hrs yet !o be invesrigrtcd fied, althoughtinding dcnscan be difficult urless their occupants (Eiscnbcrg.1989). are tollowed by radb tracking.

.I.I TRAPPING AND MARKING The stomachcaprcity of a weasel is 10-20 g. whilsr rhe There are sclcral factofs that influencc the captufe of weight ol a mousc is 20 30 g. Orly a single rnousccan be eaien scascls rn SeDeral(M"sr"la spt.l. including the t_\,pesol t.rp and rt once. :rnd eich gut or scat rnalysed will contain only a single bait used.the phlsicxl auributesofthe foresr.sean'nal variations tbod type. whilsl thc rcnrainsof a given fbod sourcecould appear in behaviour(reproduction), rerritoriality. erc. During LhclNsr 20 rn more than one scat.As a result,any group ofscats colbclcd lt rcrrs various prqecls hrlc been carried out. somc w;rh rn the sameplace and tiInc is usuallytreated as single sample(King, .'nphrsis on investigalingthe efiicicncy of haps alreadyin use. 1989). or lo tesr severalmodeli that do not causephlsi.al injury to the rninnl (c.9.fiactufes or damagero extrcmiries.!kin, canioes.erc.). The mosr complete data on the diet of lhe bng railed weasel in the Nodhero Hemisphercarc gilcn by Sinms (1979) work of note includes rhar car.ied out by King & Edgar and Kirg (1989). They agreethat the principal sourceor food i! 11977).Simms (1979), King (1973.l9lJ9). Bclanr (1992). and nice. nrainly gcnus Pcrofl)r.ar. Squirrels.rars. and shrewsare Palazon& Ruiz Olnr)(1993), all ofwhom usedwor)den box rraps aiso ertcn. Iftects are eaten occasionally. bur Sinrms (1979) wirh approprialclrcadle mechanismsro cipture lilc wersels atiribulesthis to a.cidental ingestjonduring the consumplio. of

Although mustelidsin generalarc curiousaninals and are rrtncted to empty lrips. thcy lan ceale their explorarionil fiey The home r.tngc is defined as the areain which an xnimal rrenol rcwardcd' rrequently(King. 1973).Hcnce the imporlance movesdnring the coufse ofits activilies(Dunsl('nc. 1989). It can o, choosinglures and baits thrt are effeclive as attracranrslDay be determined using capLurerecapture, the radio-tracking ol .r.r/.. 1987).Ofequal nnportan.e is a periodofprebniriDg ofrhe aninrals.or through !isull records.Radio tracking an anirnalcln trrpping area. rcdu.e interlerencewilh ils lifc stylethrcugh the remotemonitor ing of its rctivities, i.e.lixing a ridio transmillcrt() the animaland Various bairs hrvc beenuled previously.Fresh blood and tblklwing it! movementswirh a rrdio rcccivcr rnd antenna. pheisanr or quail eggs fail to artractsloals lM. e inea)(Kii9. l97l). but successhas bccn rcpofed in aftracting long rrilcd The activity rrdius oi lhe long tailed weasel has becn lveisels (M. /r.drd) with bacon (Simms. 1979), rhe Anazon estimntedlrom dcn useto be 100m. rnd from parh usc ro be 105 serscl (M. dlirdad) with maize and htDrnr! (Izor & Paterson. and 205 m lilr femalesand malesrespectively. Thc home range 1985).and Colonrbian weaseis(M r"clvr"i) with sardine! in oil has been estimalcd throu-lh radio-lracking to rveragc 12 16 ha mixed with loastedmaize lAlberico. 199,1).ln addirion, use has {Svendsen.1982 in King. 1989) .I.3 STUDItsS IN COI,ON{BIA each trap berog lefrratcd b) a distanceof not less th,rn 10 nr Rcportsol wea\elsin Colombia come fronl nany accidcnhl (dependrngon the total arca ol Llrcsite). The trap siteswill fifst captures(Mootenegfo, per!. connn.) and In)m in!cnrories caffied be prebaitedwilhout placlng traps.ind then thc trNl'sr!illbcput oul in sonre areas.Records fnn muscum collcc(ions place M in place but hck.d opcn. so rhar the animrls becomc frmilirr l;?,d/d in the depanmetrtsofAntioquir. C!uca, Hrdla. M.tgdalena. withtheln { l)ry./ d/..19139). The traps $,i11 he chcctcd clcrr l2 Risarrlda and Valle. and betueen altilu.lcs o1 1.700 (o 3.050 m hours(at 06.00and 18.00hoursl. Since seasels l.am to rvoid ASL. Negret11991) reports it in his lxundlinvenlory of the PNN trap! (King. 1989).lhet will be left ntr 2.1hours t dr) and lbr Munchique. a 15day per()d. Thc aboveprocedufe will thcn be rcperrcd unril three periodsof sanrplnrghrvc beencompleted in eachhabital A \tudy is presently benrg canied out on the ColombirD type. Unbaircd traps will also be used a! a conlrr)l t{) scc il lhc $else1 1.1,t.Ti,lilei) nr soulhern Colombia and no(hern llculdor. animals are rttra.lcd br lhc bail or by curio\ity shich inlendsro dctcnninc its nurrilional habits. populationpara nrerers- rnd homc rrngc b), rldio tracking (Fawcett , l99a). M ! rt.ln The resultsobtained will be exprcsscdas the numberof /,rq)"/hrs bccnclcscribed by Schreiber.r.r/.( lt)89)rs probrblr" capluresin 100nap days or C/100TD lbr eachbait and !ite. A rhe rafestcarni\orc in SotrthAnerica . M,rk d/./?.1has not y.r lrap diy is equal Io one lrap being sct lbr 2,1hours.Not all tfaps hccD caprured durlng the study by Fawcctt. but indilidual M. \ill be lfiggcrcd by scrscls, aod those liggered hy othcr /;",drri havebeencaptured in thcPNNCuc!rde losGuacharos and rnimlls or lbund (riggeredaod elnpt,,'will bc rrkcn rnroicconnl. nrLhc PRN UcLrmari (F:rwce(. 1991).In lhe lattcfl()cality rnrb.rdult To connollin thc animNlsthrt !isit the trapsand do nol rclivrte 'r,t, mrlc wrsradio lricked lbrfburdays betbredling on rccrpturc.but rhenr.to.'rt{rir $ill h. InJ,l(reJf ll,t en rJn.e..U'int the resultsha!c not bccn publishedyet (Fawcett.pe|S. co'n'n.). x lieih srrface or mud.

5. Methodology Caplurcdindi!idrals will be tansfcncd lo ck)lh bagslo be weighed. llnd anaeithesi/€d with ketanine hydrochloride 5.I STTJDY ARI]A (Kelalar)..trado\c ol I l) 30 mg/kg giverrinlr,rnm!.ul.irll in thc The ltudy areais lo.rtcd in lhc soulh{vest ofthedepafment hind leg (Cooper.1992). This will orinrlniseslres\ing of the ol Cauca.on the easternsbl)e ofthc wcsLcrncordillcra. within rhe anidraland facilitale handling.Sex will be nored.and ageclass iuri\dictnnol thenruoicipality of l':lT{mbo.and rlso ircludesrhe dcrcrmnlrd (iuvenile/adult) based on rhc dclelopment of the El T.rubilo Reservestrich bofdeh PNN Munchiquc. she.e lhere tcsleslrnd the leals (borh ofthese rre inconspicuousinjuveniles) is e\ide ce ofthe presenceof M. te,.td (N-cgrct.pcrs. connn.). and roolh wearexamined.Note will rlso be nradeofhead-body length(HB). tril lcngth(T). err length(Ij). hind foor lcngth In gcncral the departmenrof Cauca is phlsic.rll) laricd (HF). and tbre loot lengrh (FF). A sketchwill be made of the (IGAC, 1980).The tempcratui: ol theregion.iaries lionl 5"C in dre lcntral colourationpattern iof sublequenLrccogniln]Il (Linn & highlandsto 27"Cin rhelowhnds. Rith an annurlramtallof5.258 l)ay, 1966).A ficldnunberwillbe assignedtocrch nrdilidurl mnr and a urimodal annual rain rcginrc wirh mininum values and a photogrrph lrkcn ol lhe animal s venter k) coml'lcmcnl between July and August rnd ils maxintum lionr Octobef to dre skctch.'lhcsc drta sill be enteredon a caplurc shecl.Oncc Decernber.The dry scrson (Jr si'nnner) occurs nr February rnd rhis is donc. the animalswill be put in acrgc design€dro avoid Nlarch (Aceledo. 1994). any inju cs occufting oo awakening fr)nr aDrcsthcsir.Once totally recovefedwealc]\ will bc lreed at the lite oflapturc. At The are forms par ofthc Choco biogeogr.iphicregion and Do timc will int :rnimalsbe sacrificcd. lirturcs thc lbl1o!vingbiomes: lowland n)rcsrir undulrtilrg and flat xreasNi{h'10 nl high trce!. subandernforcst rr arcasolinlernediate 5.4 RADIO-TRACKIN(;;: HON{E RANCE SIZE ropo:faph\ with lO m high 1rccs.rnd Andern cloud fbresron steef One rduh malc rncl one i'dult temrle will bc sclcctcd hillsidesqirh low rrces(Ace\edo. 19941. ffom Lhc indiliduals captured at ea.h sitc lor rrd'o-laggxrg. Thcscindi\iduals will be litted with a coll.irrhar weighs less 5.2 I,OCATION O!' SA]\IPLINC SIDES than.l.l ofthe rnim.tl s wcight (Kenward. 19901.Thc) will bc The licld phisewill comprisetwo (agesithc lirst(August) maintainedin obscrlrtion for 3-.1hours bcli)rc bcing ireed to will be a reconnrissancctip ilt which a seriesof intorln{l intcr assesstheir red.li(nr n) fi c collar.A three-elementYagi dnlcnnr dnd views wirh inhabihnis ol lhc rcgion will be carried out to colle.l a MarinerM 57 receiv.rwillbcused ro pick ut thesignrlfrom evidenceof thc wclscls' presencertbotprinc. sightings,signs ol thetraosmittercollar. Animals wil1be racked tar thrc. ft)nlhs. tfcdrtrcn). lt d to enablish nlo sanrtling silcs wilh ditftrent dcgrccsol alteratiodd(rurbance. In the secondsllfc (in Septem- Radio l()cationtc\ts {o estinute any emh in thc rmd ber-Jaruary)rhe lbllowing acrivilies will be cafried oul: ings will be carried out in adrancc.rt tbe difiefent study srtes. using coll.rff located{r kno$n points. Recordingstat()ns will 5..] TRAPPIN(; (BAIf TIJSTING) ali) bc bcated at known points.Locatr)n n:rdmgs will be made woodenbox (raps (75 x I I x l.1cnr)will heused (sinril$ to hydry in NrrD.lo order.so nraintaining nrilcpcndcncebetween thoseenrplotcd by Sinnns. 1979)but w(h some modificrln)ns lirr thenr.All tbc locationswillbe logfedon r mapol lhe area. tbcuseol li!e bans.The tmps are intcndcd to sinrulalebuno$s. and hcnce \\,ill be placed in sheltcrcdtositbns (belweenrocks. trr)ts. It will be possibleto locrl. Lhcdens used by the ,rnimal rrunk\) nd linrd \riih beddiog such as non ,rbsorbcnlcolron $Iool. whcn rcsting b! homing-in on the dircction ol lhe strongest sl'rigs 01 legetarion. or slraw nd clcrrcsr sigoal (Cochfan. 1987). Whcn the anllnals are nroving three or more lires $iil be txkcn. {l shofl lilne Thc lbllo\\'rrg baitswill be us.d: livc baits(chicken. nrouse). irteflals (not gf.ltcr thln 10 h). and Ltsinf points kDownon brcon. rnd 'rrdines preservedin oilmixcd wirh to.rstednraize. Trap Ihe orap.Triangulali(nr of thcsebeiring\. usirg thc nrctln)dof rransecrswill be phccd fando iy in erch ofthe chosensilcs. $ith L.Dth {Srlrz & Alkof. 1982).witl rlk)s clc(crni.llion of the

tl Tahe..R D. l987.Crptura)mNrcleion tosirionol lhe arinralin rclrtionto thosepoints. The fix is DN).1.O.. Schenrnitz. D. S.& estinaled as rhc position ofthe rDtcnnr at which the maxinrum de rnirnalessihc(res. iDrcnsityresponsc is .tchieved.u!ing vc(i.al polnrizarions DLLrsrone,N 1989. Th( nlnk. l & A. D. PoyscrNlturul History, $ bcrelhere are!at.r bodiesand horiTontrl whcn thctt is lbre( Th. No,lhtnt Ttorit: \egcLatidr(Clochran. 198?: Kenward. 1990). Eisenberg.J. l989.Mdrrrr solIheNtahopi(\ It)/. /. Unilcbil) (n ChicaSoPrcss. Chica3o rnd London. Enrnrons.L. ll. 1990.N?ntn .dl runfort\t kturxntls. A fi(11!\udt ''Mininun convex pollso anal)sit i! affcclcd by UniYcAilt of ChicaSoPrcss, ChicrSo. e\rreme poinls ind pfoduces hone rinse estimates which Fa$cett. D. 1993 Colonrbiar $cascl Project.Proj.cl $rbmirledlbr i clude area\ that fic animal may noL visil (Keowafd. 1990). lunding Io rhc IUCN/SSC Mustclid. Viveaid & Prcc)onid Nlodelsobtrured lroln the INSANE computerprogram YOU ll spccidlistgruup. l6 pp. $r11be u\ed lo crlcolate lhe siTe ol thc ho re range oi erch Fa$celt. D. 199:1.Nes! tionr Colonbia. S,z,// C.rrriioi" aonr.,r, 11r23. Ha1l.E.R.195 LA,L,n1,r ttcdr.h.LlniveGily ofKNnia\ Publicarions. 5.6 FEEDINC HARITS Muscunrof l\'.t.Hnl...1: l-,:166. will be Wcasel scarsfound in trrps, dens. and on trtils IGAC 1980. l)r.1i.,r,'h s.asttJito l( (d,,Dnr. Tonro 1 v ll :arhered iD plaslic bags. These$ill be wrshed $ith detefgcDt lnslituroGeogrdico Agr\Iin CodNzzi.BoSoIr. rnd 5'7 sodium hypochlofide lbr l0 nin. Samples will bc lzor.R J.&DcLrTore.l- l97li.A ncw\Fcies of$crsel(M&nfl.rl (.t{r.rtcd b} site and an!l}scd usiog rhe mcrhod cmployed b} fronrrhe bighluds oiColombra.trilh conrmentson tbc evolu_ Sanchcr ( l99l) (i.e. separrringfiem rrlo iubsdml'lcs lbr each lion ard distfibntionol SotrrhAmcrican wea\els .,r'Mrlrr, . .ire) llrch subsamdewill b. sprcxdor a sheetof grid lined 59:9:-102 sca*l!. fapef 20 r 20 cnr with 2 x 2 cn) grid-squares.lwcnt) squires lzor-R J.& Palerson.N. E 1985.Nolcs on SouthAm.ncan $i1l h. !clccted at mndom. rDd the difterent food tlpcs h each J rtld,rr.,66:788790. o e \rill be idcnLilicd usiog referencccollections. Ken$ud. R. E. 1990.Wildlifc rldio lagSing. King. C. M 197 1.A synernlbr trappnrgrnd handlinglivc $clseh in .161. Th. prcsenceof edch lix)cl r]-pe in a ianrtlc will be thc ficld. J. Zi,t. l7l:.158 dhdstaolr.Chri\ropher .rlculated as: RATE =sunl frequcncr lbr each sublamplc/toral King.C.M. 1989.1,11?rdri,atlhistotl ofr e4\(lt numberofsquarcs co nted. when dcrd aninralsarefiund thcir Hclnr. London R. L. I977.lechniqnestbrlrrppingandtracking \romrchs will be renroved {nd prcserled in 70% llcohol tbr King.C M. & !:dgar, sraa\s\Mu\t.ld .rr1il!a): I reues. Nn.la ne$ system.rv4 Z.dldrtl J. Tool .1t193 212. Lnn. L & D!). Nl C 1966.Identific.lion ot indi\idutl treasels 5.7 HABITAT DESCRIPTION Mrrklrrn?/l u\in8the !.ntrNl pclagefrltc m ./ Zrrl.. l'llj:581 phlsiononric-structuraldcscription will be Dadc ol A 5115. where ofacti!ily i! recordcd Ll)etegetation in thc sites evidcnce Loclie. J. D. 1966.Tenitory In lDdl ca.ii\ores. S\1nPloa!. str thc rsucceisful trapping, lirotprints. s.tts. dens). identitying Lordo, t8:111 165 \rrata frcscnl. slratr height and coler. leaf littef covcr and the Ncgrcr.A J l99l.lnvcDlrriode frnnade r.ncbrados.egisl.ados cn cl (telling, degrccol alleration/disturbrDce hnrning.cuilivation. ParqtreNacnrral Nalural Nlunch(uc. Museode Hrsront Nrlu pastoralclcrrrnce). This innnmrrioo $'i11becornplcmented by ral. tini\ersrdadd.l Cluctr. INDERI-NA. \eg.lrtion studiesalre.Ldy crrried out in thc :rrea. Paluon.S.& RuizOlmo.J. 199:1. Pr.liminary daraonlhc use ol space rnd acrnity of thc Europeannrink (Mr\t.la lult?okl rs rc' 5.It STATISTICAI- ANALYSIS vealedby radio tructin.!. Strutl Cl ttnln r-trs.^ 8:6 8 Conringencytablcs ol R x X will b. uscdlo testuhether S!nche/. P. P. l99l Bvalu!.ion de h dicla del .oyote (rdtrir /l,r/anr r particularbril rltracr\ \Leasels.Tso-way ANOVA will be durlDrccl n,esde o.tobrc cn el Parq!. \tcional Prlo Vedc. used1o lcst *hether habilrt rnd/or the sex ol-Lhe animals Goanacaste.Costa Rica In ,../ori.l tlt lohld.itrt.! .lr rnlluencehomcra ge size.Mixcd modellwo'wa)' ANOVA will r e,-/?bfl,i. eds.'| Slnche7 and P. SNnche/. 5 1 6 | . Univcrsidad be u\cd to tesl whetherlhcrc arediffefence! nr the propoftion ol Nacionrl. Hcredi.r.Costa Rica. .rch lood type coDsurned:rnd wh.Lhcr this laries betwccn siDrms.D. A. I979. Norlh Amcricln we.sels:rcsource utiliTrtroD lnd (i,, hlbillll r)pes. Cirdphi.al rnilysis of niche ulilization ulll bc distriburiur. .1.Zool . 51:501-52{1. !an Rompac).11.1989 ii?arcls. .rrricd out using radio t cking data Schreibe..A.. Winh.R. Rifttl.M & 6,ett. Du,lsoo:.5,dnd thtn ftlul'i.s. An attn,I t)lun.lnr the tt,1!?^1nirr1t)l ,1u\t.lit/l t kl I ir'.r/il^ IUC\. Gl|nd Bibliography Sokal.R. R &Rohlf.F.J. l969 Bnrrelrnl.(Edicbn cn Lspanoll.W. IL Freetran& co.. Sitr Fran.rsco. Acev.do. C. L l99.r. Gere.alidrdcst re\enahinoricr del Parque Wozencratt.w. C. 199i. O.def ('anrivord.In Mannnl sl)tLle!t)l th. Nrcioral NNluralMunchique. N"r8.k./or C.k nbnrts \oLL A kt.t.r.rlit dr.ls.ot:tttrhk tuJ.Nnk, eds D Wilson (Nue\aipocal6:l 1.1 aDdD. Reeder.Snrilhsoriln hstlutioD. W!\hi.gton. DC Albcrico.M. 199.1.New locNlilyrerord fbr lhc Colonrhian$ers.l \Mutnlu lilit.it. SttulllQtni.t. Cotst^.- 1l):16l7 llelanr. J. L. 1992. Effica.ny of tluce rlpes of lirc tr!P\ tnr Principal investigator:Elizirbeth Mesa Gonzalez crptuing $ea\el\, ,l|stelu spp. Co Fll,Var. 106:39:l Dircctor: Alberto Cadena 397.(Abstrrct) Cochran.\!. \. 1987.TelenretriN cn \ida sillestr..h Mdtrrdl.l? ta(hrita\ de gcnitrt l. rild iiAcst,?. cd. R T Rodngucz Departamentode Biologia,Instituto de Ciencias 5-11-516.Th. wildlife So.iely.usA. Naturales,!'acultad de Cie[cias,Universidad Ii ,Vdr!d/ /. Cooper.J E. !r.)91.Ancsre'iu de esp.cicscxo(icxs. Nacionalde Colombia,Santaf6 dc llogota, an(n.\ia.lr lt\ rktutn.\@ nrdl.f, ed A D. Hrlbcr).l l:l l16. bdil.rialA.rbi.. Zrrrgola. Cohmbia 1l Conservation,welfare, and caring for the wild.

Huw I. GRIFFITHS

Oler recerr years there have bccn grert increases rn $eltare comprises for many species.are both actually highly awarenessol rnimal welfareissue! in general.as illustrrrcd by thc problemarical.as would bc rny processby which this could be developnent of specialisljournals (e.g. Animal welfare. Ani- translaledinlo tlscal values. .nralslnd Socicry).rhe biflh of university coursesand rssociatcd texts (e.g. Rldcr. l992tWebster. 1995).and an enormousboon Despirc this. progressively more rnd more people are io NGOs and prcssurcgtuups associated.in one way or anothcr. intercsted ir cxrcnding humane issues ti) wild animals. even with the impft)vcnr.nt of lhe wellare statusof animals. though ir is oftcn dillicuh Io seewherc humanshrvc ftc righl (or cvcn thc opporlunily and ability) to affccr lhe wellire of wild Within the reseafchcoln nruniry itsell lherehas been a lefy cfeatures (Bckoll & Jltnrieson. 1996: Kirkwood & Sainsbury. markedircrease in ethic,rl.rwareness in both field and laboralor], 19961.Arguably, of course. conserlarion is itself a fofn of relcarch (c.g. Bateson,l99l: Bekoff & Jamicson.I996) wi(h the welfare. but noved froln thc lcvel of the hdilidual or captive ethics conrmillccs of nuny iournals and leaflred $cielics now population to that of the wild living rnelapopulationor specie!' acting to atternprlo ensurccthically approprlatebehaviour (e.g. American Society of Mammalogisrs,1987). Against lhis back ground.lhefe i! also constrnt rnd more.adical pressureon behalf lndeed. the existenceol conceptssuch as MvPs (Mini of animalsboth fronoutside scicnlc by .rninal righrs and dark mum viable Populatio, discusscdin works suchas that ofSoul6 green pressurcgroups. and within scienceitselffrom movcmenls (1989) and which lb.ns rhe basisofPVAs (PopulationViabilily such as rhe eco-feminists(e.9. Emcl, 1995). Analyses)suggesls that there arc minimum numericaithrelholds for spcciespopulalions below which numbersshould not fall. lf Issuesinvohing the hun n. trcrtment of olher species theleconcepb arc tobe practicaland robusl.this can suggestthat olicn rrc Ira ght with ethical.conceptual rnd practicalproblems. interventionis requircd to preventlhese thresholds bcing crossed ahhoughwhen dealin: with domcslic rnimals it is rnucheasie.to this can casily bc linned as a populationgcnctics based concep( tur do$n meaningful markers for discussbn and delelopment. Herc a! leNsrit is clear that rhe gereral public of thc Wcst is inrcrened (at least paslively) in improving the condition of Interventior wirh wild animdl populations leems to bc domesticand comprnion species.andthere is widesprerdsupport bccorningmore and mo.e significantrs r parlofthe conseNation for organisatbns such as rhe UK s Compassionin World Frr movemcnl.Forexample. manypeople at thcgrrss rooc levelnow ming and Germrny s Vcrein gegentierqualerische Massenricr are inlolvcd in fie wildlile rehabililation movcrnent.Here local pcople. of(en initially with lery littlc specialistknosledge. nray bccome deeply involved in the taking-in. healing. and eventual lndeed.when it comesro consumersactually beinS willing rclcasc ol various sick. injured or n)ad casualty wild anrmals, k) pay cxrrr lbr 'ethically-produced' foods. tbcre has been a even though it is sometimes uncleaf wh€th.r snch lbnns of 'inlervention corsidefable g()wrh in thc market-shareheld by cruelty licc' are actually in thc animals best welfare interests and iree-range' prcducts. parlicularly when the coosumercan (Kirkwood.1992). vilidate a pRrduct's clhicrl credenlials. Thus programmessuch rs thc brirish RSPCA s (Royal Society for thc Prcvcnrion of Despite this the RSITCA now maiotairs a numher of Cnrclty ro Animalsl tieedom foods hbclling scheme.in wbich tacilities that dealexclusi vcly with wildlife rehabilitation.Ns docs lin)d itcms ltre ethically vetted prior 1(' bcing endorsedlor sale. rhe Wildlife Holp;tals Trusr. In the UK a loose coalition of such cleafly denonnrarc thrlat leaslapropollion ofpeoplearc willing irdividuals and organisationshas formed under lhe umbrella of ru pu)c\rr r.,'h^pu rrh3 cleJ|or clerrcrl."n., n nr.. fie Brirish wildlife Rehabilihtbn Council, which acts as a medium li)rinlbrmarion collation andexchllnge and nlso provides Welfire issue! are pu{ed rclati!e1} ersilv when I'ves trainirg scminarsand conlerences(e.9. llanis & Thomas. 1988: tock-bnsedissues are considercd(rnd panicularly cruelty tree/ Thomas. 1990).Eveo though there is rc(urlly very little research humanehushandry Nnd slxughler). but the point at whi.h hu'nan done that is lt)ecificrll) gcared towards inlestigation of the inreresrcan and.shouldslop has alwxys been blurred. In the casc wellrre ofwild species,therc is a growing literaturelhat feaLurcs of UK law. thc main ilenr of legislalion to deal with animal aspectsrelevant k) wildlile rehabilitation, rnd notably assess- wellare is the Protectionof Annnals Act l9ll. This avoids menrs ol animals subsequentto thcir release (e.g. Brown & conflicts of dclinilion (nnd also conflicts with thc hunling inter- Cheelenran.1996; Monis.tdl.. 1993tRoberrson& Hanis. 1995). ests k)hby) by specifically confining itself tr) rhc well-areand p()tccttun tiom croelty (borh passivelnd lclilc) oldomestic and ln n similar nranncrthc reintroduciion movenrcnt.which conpanion species only thus rll wild aninnls are ex.ludcd. seeksto reirtrcduce endnngeredof exlirpaled speciesio habitac Furthermore. the public s perccplions of the values of wild trom which they halc disappeared.has bn)ad grassroots supporl. creaturesarc complenand difticult to predict(c.9. Kcllen. 1986). Thesetypes ofproiects ofien rcquire a greatdeal of logillic inpul fionl field naturalists.tnd wildlite enthusiasls.rnd in the British Thus. althouShframeworks do exist ibr the estimationof Islcs aloneinrerest has been exprcsscd in reint.oductionp.ograrn thc'inherert wonh of arrinrals.as in the caseof some US court mcs lbr lr vnriety ofbirdi and mrmmxls. the latter including the rulings lbr compensathn by pollulers (Lyster. 1985). acturlly Polccarand Pine marten(Griffithserdl.. 1996).the bealcr (Mac- definin! whar the well)re oflhese creaturesis wonh. o.clcn what donaldddl.. I995),rnd alsolless seriously) brown and wolf.

l.l The heatingand releaseorlhe reinrroduclionofextirpdted is it eniitled to humanelrealment and hcncethe protectionofthe lnjmals m.r)r both seem to be wcll defined acts with {ell lawl' Nol surpdsingly.rhis hasgenerated r large amount ol case dclineated.nrorally dclansible sholl-term objectivcs. However. if 1aw . and thcrehave been lomc coua decisionsthat arc extremely .itherare done badly.thcy can rendily changetoacts in which the drrr(ulr t" und(^trnd .lnounr of harm done lo thc crealuresthemselves. or causcd to rnhcrs in their envi.onment, soon may outweigh any benefils Cooper ( 1987)poinls our rhat circus elcphantshave been Jerived. at least by lhe rnimals- ruled ro be non domcslicaledcreatures whilsl camels.which no longer occuf in the wild, ltre domesticatcd.Similsrly. a beached Despitclhismany peoplebelievcLhar there should be nore whalc is nol a caplive' so it is nol ar act ofcruelty 1o cut pieces (Cooper, lbr Jrroacri!ehuman involvemenl in tbe welfareofwild specrcs,even fiom iI while slill.rlive 1987:l4). Much ofthe basis rhough this mry rlso possibly entril thc risk of simultaneously thiscontusionis thatwcrcilrcrimetocnrelly ill treati wild arimdl. Jorog unq,ittingharm (Kirkwood & Sainsbrry, 1995).Some wild then agrcat many sportingrclivities night autitnatically become .rndrei ntroduced populations already have bccn !accinated againit .rimesrs well.British animalweliire leSislation hasahtaysbeen \ 1ral.bNclcrial or protozoand iseascs( c.g. Gascoyne.r ,21..! g9l r constructedcarefrlly sr asnot to infiinge on therights ofhunting 'brought woodford & Rossiter, 1994). others hrvc been in to .Asin rhea survivalthroughperiods ofpa(icularly h[sh environ- A new item ol UK legislation seN a new standard for entalconditiurs (c.g. Johnson& Gfeen. 1990).whilst many UK conduct lowards wild species:the wild Malnnals (Protection hadgcr groups prolide lupplcmcnlary teeding and veterinary Aco 1996.To my knowledgc this is the first itctu ol legislalion .rre, acrivcly search out and which threalen anywherc Lo provide welfare considerationspecifically ro wild .rnrmals.andbuild larious defencesystems lo protectbadger setts species.Undcr the lerms ofthe Act, it is now a criminal ofitncc rionr huntcA (e.g. Baker. 1992j HNnis dr d1.. 1990). to causc dcliberale suftering of rny kind to any wild manmal. ('l'he spccific wording is lf, sNvcas permitted by this Act. any Activities suchas these.or rhc pro\isioo of road crossings personmutilates, kicks. beats.nails or olherwise inpales. strbs. rar crertrues such as badgcrs,. and even migraring toads burns. sloncs. crushes.drcwn!. drags or asphyxialcs any wild LanSton.I 9891all actto briog togerhcrwell areand consenation mammal with intenl ro intlicl unnecelsarysuttering he shall be rnlerests.and takc humanintervention funhcrout into lhe wild Of guilly ol an ofience"). .o rse. il can be argucd lhal when animals live in a hunan ,lonrjnatedenvircnmenl rhey are alreadysubiect ro human influ Thcrc had beeneadier attenrptsto passagesimillr legisla- .nce- and rhrl rcts of interference arc simply remedial. e.g. tion through lhe British Padirmcni but. becauseofc.treless legal .lcining oil from scrbirds ibllowing an oil spill (Kirkwood & wording and conllicts with hunting and wildlife managcmcnl sanrsbury. 1996). Cerlainly. we havc no real idea of what the inlcrcsls, these always had lailed. . \tent of humalractions (bofiacrive andpassive) is upon wildiiie. .rlthoughthe tew attemptsal asscssmentdo suggestthallhey nay The presentAct. howcvcr, made specific€xchrstuns liom rlolvc lrist numbersof individuals (Salisbury et al.. 1994). p.osecu(ionfbr the relief ofanirnal sultering (i.e. mcrcy killing) rnd lbr any person involved in genuine, lcgitimrte nnd le-cal The UK.like mosl olher Europeancounlries. trkes a nther hunting. wildlifc minagement or pesr control. Thus. wilh MPs 'iicc p!!!ivc slince lowards wild rpccies.Most aninals areconsidered beiog allowed a vole. il was successful(i.e. MPs werc 'hunting unde. what bfoadly crn be termed laws' (Gane Acts. permilted to vote following their individual conscrencesralher I)eer Acls) or 'conservationlaws' (Wildlife & CountrysideAct. rhnn pariy policy guidelines). (bnscrlltion of Seals Act). Thcse tend to deal wiih spccific problemsas lhey ariseand, with the excepion ofthe BrdgersAcl As yct there have heen fcw lesis of the law in thc couns. 1$hich was largely r productofpressufe tiom wclfarisls) there is Ahhough it is quite clearthlt lhe law willnotaffect hundngorpest 'handling no considcrarion of the appn)priarcnessof or o{ manu!emenlJrli.rri(' Jl 3ll. il sill b< dble lo J.r a!Jin.l Jn) personwho, for rursonsof theif own. wishesdelibemdy ro hua or halm rny wild nammal (mosl birds alreadyarc protectedrigor' Furthermore.as the P(ncction ofAnimals Act spccilicatly .'r.l) by rhe .un'er\rtionlru.l. excludes wild crealuresfron considerrlion.when therehavc been .rses of thc dcliberale cruel treatment of wild animal!. thcre What willbe ofintercst. however.is how defencclawlers \inrply hrs nolbeen a legalfranrcwork wilhin which p.osecultons willintcrprcl wording withir lhc Actsuch as inient, ?eliberate' 'unnecessary'. can be placed(cruelty inflicred in scientific wo.k is an exception. and !s rhesecould conceivably provide delences being governed by the Animals (Scientific Procedures)Act JgJrn.r(hrr8e. ul (ruflr). rr lean unJrr -,me circurn.unre. 'necessary' 1986).This haslong representeda sourceofdisconlentto animrl (Bur when is ir to rail an animalto atree?).There also welfrrisls. rs lhere afe clearly instancesin wbich wild creatures mNy be some basisfor conlusbn ovef the dclinirion of lhe term 'wild' -...any xre deliberatly subjcctedto suffering (hcdgehogsbeiDg tonurcd as thal given in the Act is nlalnmal which is not a b) youth. for exrDple). domesticorcaplivc xnimil within thc meaningof lhe Pr)Lcclion ot'Anima's Act l9l1... 1 What is morc. lhere is no reNlrcason lo assumethat lhc degreeofsuffering by a wild nammal shouldbe any lessthan rhal Mrny aninal welfafisis scc the Wild Mammals (Protec' e\r'criencedby a domellic one (although therc have been some lion Act) simply asbcing rhestnri ofa processin which allaninrlls 'inhumanity' .lai rs to the contrar). e-g. Howard. l99l). Because of 1bis, will be accorded legal proteclion liolll hunan organisa{ioossuch a! lhe RSPCA have a long hisroryol lestinS' Clearly no-one would argue rhar to deliberlttly intlict pain upn rhe P()tcclion of Animals Acl in an attempt to find out exactly any animal. wild or not. is lcceplrble. bu1to tfhat extent welfrrc whc. an aninralis considercdro be wild or not: for cxample.is a considerationsshould opcrare c'\er otherconcernsoflets adccpcr Drnrkkept in r canibonrdbox a crptive' undcr lhe Act and. if $. set of qucstidx. For those ot u\ interestedin thc sludy of wild

l5 !nnnals this docs suggestthat mrny of rhe lcti!ilies that wc cn Emel. J 1995.Are ro man enough.big rnd bad enough? tnflrolr gare in now (whetherinvasive ofnot) may becone lrogressrYel) Ecoteminis|ll and wolf eradicaLnrnin the USA -So.i.6 ftne ind nr)rc unaccept.iblciD the eyes ot thc ptrblic, and to the n.nt & Pk,nins: & Spd.. l:l:707-7-l'r. pressue gurps lhat seenroften to drivc nrtionrl legislatures Grscornc.S. C.. Lrurenson,NI. K.. Lelo.S & Borner.M 1993 R.tbiesinAiric'tnwilddogs(41..ro,1'r?r)intheScrcngeli A lew years rgo one British anirnal rights organilrrion Rcsion. Trnzxnia. J. wiltll. Dis.,29:396 102. with a piriiculNr i:mil tbr educrtion sen! qucstionnairesto rl1 Griffirhs. H. 1.. Dr!ison. A. & Birks. J Spcciesreintrcducrions unilcrsiry biolog] depxrtmenlsdcmanding to kno\\' how man) Cons?n. Biol.. 10:923. .tnimals werc livisected in undefgrldurtc teacbng each yeaf Harris. S. & Thomas.T.. cds. I988. P,?.1'd.1r,sr.l the ottlus nl 'Ihe dcfinllion of livisecrioo oficrcd was the usc of iny lrving \,-nt,osiun ol tlk Briti\h 14iLlLilaR(habilik i LComlil animrllbr expefimcnrrlor renchingpuQoses ofany kind.iiclu BWRCI c/o RSPCA. Horshan. 1988 ding h.ha!ioural and observationalstudies. Harris.S.. Jefieries. D.. Cheeseman.C. & Crcss$e11.W. Pr.bl?ms tith badse^i (2"Led.).RSPCA Horsha'n ln thc cise of mv dcparlrnentat thc tine il was diilicult to Howlrd. w. E. 1993.Aoinral rcserrch is dcfcnsible.J n'l.,xi,. pr)videan answcrlo the questionnaire.ln tenns of!ivisectr)n b]' 11:234-235. "...surgical oi the usualdclinitions. e.g. operationson living.rni lohnsoo, A. R. & Green. R. E. 1990. Survj\'al and btcediog ru'.rr in thc mals..." (ct'. Chanrbcrs Twentierh Centuy Dictx)nary) our an Greatcr ilaningoes Phoeni.opte,ls rrl./ '11:l 17 121 swef would have been zcro. bul undcr the definiln)n ollered the wild aftcr a period of captivity lvr///nrfl preseNationof anlwer would ba!e beentcns ofthousandsrlnrch otourrcaching Kellcn. 1986.Socirl aod perccttu.tlfacl(rs in the p"r.rrr in\olved ltudics ol insects(prrriculafly .\r,r.a and ,/o!'Plil.r) rninal species.Pp. 50-73 ,r B Nort(,r. cd Ir. rnd one rotrblc exerciseinvolved watching lhe shoaling behr!- /n r ry' -\t)?,ier. Prnrcelr)nUniversity Press,Princeron i, R iour of large nunrhersof snrall lishes nr a unk Kifkwood. J. W. 1992.Wild snimal welfarc. Pp 139'15'l Rydef, cd. Ariinal w!l.tt. 4nt the (ni\tottm.ttt. London. There rs clearly someSenuinc common ground tbrinimal Duckworths. $ell.rrc issuc\ but. a\ wildlile professx)nals,perhapi wc shouldbe Kirkwood.J.W.& Sainsbury.A.w. 1996Eth ics ol inlerventions A,tD W.U.rr. invohed aseducalorsas well. Todale. many scientistshavc taken for dre weltare of frec liling wild.tnimals ! highly enrenchcd stancetr) w.lfare. occasx)nallypeeking orer 5:215 1,1:1. Polrmer Pro lhe top of that lrenchto seewhal is happeningiround us Sonteof Lrngroo. T. L.. ed. Anphihi ns drll tod.ls ACO what we seeis good. and someof it seemsnor $ good ll is .rlso ducts l-rd-. shefford. Grotius Press,Can- lair t{) say rhal in thc pnsr most wildlite biologisls have given trr t.yster. S. 1985. tnt.nutkt l riLllil. la\" ru) little thoughl lo the effecLsoftheif aclionsupon lhe crcrtures bridgc. D with which rhe work (Bekoff & Jrnieson. 1996) Macdonald.D. W.. Trttersall. F. H.. Bfown. E. D & Ualharrv. I 995. Reintroduciog the Eurupeanber! cr lo Brilain: no(al- Man,t ttet Hosc!cr. as those mcmbers of the broader community gic reddling or restoring biodivehityl with firsl handex pericnce of w ild crcaturesand their behavioural 25:l6l 200. l993 The behr!iour and ecology.$e are ir a strongposition ro provide well r.iasonedand Monis. P. A.. Mcakin, K. & Sharaf-r.S. Itrtkr. t',r errl,1'dz,s). meaningful inlbrlnatjfl ro rhe popula.c rs a whole Thc lack of sun ival of rchabilitatedhcdgehogs { plrliciprtion in dcbrte and discussionby thc s.ientillc .onlmu- Anun. w?lfdr. 2:s3-66. unn lrc cnrircn,t?ttt nrry. {nd plrrticulafl} by non'medical biologilts, clrn lead to Rlder. R.. ed. 1992. Aninal vtlfarc public !ulpicion. As scllare legisltt()n nroles furthcr liom the Duckworths. London. S. 1995.Thc conditionand survival labor{t(trt r d the fatn}ard inio thc lield. it is Frhaps lrnre we Robcrtson.C. P. & Harris. Annr' Weuxt. startcd(ospexk out because.if wc donot. thenficld bioloSy could atier rcleise of captile-reared iox cubs. :l:281-19,1. nx)n be a lhing of the past. Sainlbury.A. W.. Bcnnett.P. M. & Kifkslx'd, J K. 1995.The welfarc of lree liv ing wlld annnals in guropc: harn caused References by hunan activitics.Anlrr. tv?#di.4il8.l 2{)6 cort(tlrttit,t Cam American Socicrt of Mamnalogists. 1987. Acceptablc tield Soul€. M. E. 198'7. Vtalte rut lullons lot methodsin mammrlogy. Prelinrinaryguidelines alproved bridge University Prcss.Cambridge go rel$se of.rsualties. ,1 by thc Amencan Socicly of Mamnalogisrs l Marttt Thornas,1., cd. 1990. t-clting thc oftlrc Briiish wildlilc 68(4XS):I 18. ProceedioSsof Lhethird symPosiLnn c/o RSPCA. Horlham Brker. G. 1992.Sett protecrionrn South Yorkshire Pl 62'61 in RehabililationCouncil. tsWRC (l 'a (\'? to\t(trl! Eden Ndtiulal !eduatitn ol Bddser Gnups Annual Q)nkrcnft Webstcr, J. 1]995. Ann wclfdr? ool 1991. Nrtnrnal Federationof badgcr Groups. I-ondon Blacksells.Oxn)rd. P. B. 1994.Disease fisks rssociated Baleson. P. 1991. Assessmenlol- pain in ,rnin ls. Ari/r. Adlt . Woodlbrd. M. H. & Rossiter. proje.rs Pp lT8 200 ,r PJ. .12:1317839 wrlh rvildlilctranslocation T Fcidnef. eds C/../if. Bckotf.M. &.hmiesoo. D. 1996.Ethics an.l the study oi cxmF Olney. G. M. Mace & A. oft\iU a d.ttPti\e vorcsr doing scienccwhile respccringaninrrls Pp l5 15 .n6.^rnion: itne klir'.,ldnde?nen London. t, J t-. Girtleman.cd. Carniroft behd\'tor' c&h)8\' dnd .unxdl. Chapn n & Hall. (wlu!iotl. Vol m( 2. CunsrockPublishing. hhrca Brown. J. A. & Chcesenan.C. L. l996 The cllects of trrnsloca- ResearchInstitute for Environmental rion on ,r s)cial group ol badgefs (M?le\ nelts) Anint Management& Science,Univcrsity of Hull, ]Yctdr. 5:289 309. CottinghamRoad, GB-Hull HU6 7RX' UK Ac{dcntc Q(i!)pcr.M. E. 1987. An inttt Lnttun r./ nrnrdl lrrr'. e-mail: H.l.Grilliths @geo.hull.ac'uk I'ress.Loodon. Ecology of the Malay civet (Vivena tdngalungs, in logged and unlogged forests.

ChristinaPaulette COLON

Background rines per week for crch nrdividual. A diurnal rcading will be Ltkcn to locate the anrnral'srcning site and a noctumal rcading Selectivclogging;n rropicalrain forestssi!nilicantly will be taken to loc.tlc rhe animai-s active rangc rrea. once per .Llrersrhe llru.turc rnd rcsource base of the ecosyste'n. ycl mon(h.actility levelswillbc moniloredat 30 minute intervrls lbr \ irlurlly no infonnation cxisls on its impacl on most speciesol 24 hours. Scat sampleswill be collecredand dissectedfor dicL rrldlite. Data are pati,rularly lacking regarding the impact on analysis.A portion ofeach sanrplcwill be examinedfor intcrnal 'r.rmmalian crrnilorcs. dcspi(e lheir ecological "nportancc rs parasitesand anoihe. will bc prcscrvedlbr spec;esidentification ,.ystore species.Thc goal ol rhis project is to asles! the imprct usrng DNA anplificntioD. 'l \clccti!e logging oo the population dcnsit),,leeding ecology. irurlrh. and behalior of the Mah) civet (vi|p'd /rmgalutiga)in Status .' lowland diptcrocrrp rain forest.A leconda.) goll is lo generate ,r\eline drla on the behavior and ecolog) of thc Mala) civet. Tr.rppingelTorts in the primary lorest have resultedin the .Lbdurvhich little is known. Two populationsofMalay civets will crpture of four rnalc and two fenale MalNy civers. Al1 animals .. srodiedione in rn areaof undislurbedrarn forest. and the other wefe radio .ollared with the exceptionof onc rnalc. rhich was n .tn .rfeawhere sele.ri!c logging occuffed h 1988.l)iffetcnccs subadult.All drugging and collaring proccdureswent smoothly r LIictrnd ieediog ecology will be qurntilicd throrgh analysisoi llnd all animalsappearro h:r!c suiferedno illeffelts. Trapping in -.u sample! collccLcd in both study areas. Intelnal trrasilc the loggcd li'reslhas resultedin the capturcand radio-colLaring of ..rxly\is will provide infbfrnati{n on rhc heltlth and sress levels one male and tso femllcs. Trap successhas hccn k)wcr in the ,l hoih topula(ions. logged toresr.giving an initiNl impressionthat populaln)! dcnsi ties m.r! in tact be low€r in this disturbedarea. lnsufficient home Specificgoals rrngcdakltre ayailableio supportconc lu sions. There does appear to be significant home range olcrlap in both arcas. . aomprrc home range size and ovcrhp ol Mnlay civets irr logged and unloggcd fbrests. To dare.over 100lcat snmplcshave been collected.Iniri.tl ' Compare activity budgets of Malay civels in logged and analysis indicat€s that dier consists of a signilicrnl porrior of unloggcLllbresls. invertebmteprey. includingsomc toxic speciessuch rs scorpnns. , l)etennincthccomposirionandseasonalchangcsirdictsofthe rnillipedes.ard giant centrpcdcs. lo.il cilct communrty. . Quantify difierence! in tteding ccobg) of Malay cilets in Funding oggcd and unloggedloresr. . Iontran Lhcinrernal prrasite load of individuals in logged and J. w. IiulbrighLFoundalion - Wlldlife Conservrtion Society SigrnaXi - The Scientific RescarchSociety

\Iethods Departmentof BiologicalSciences' FordhamUniversity, Bronx, New York, Six Malay civels in er.h sludy rrer will be capturedand USA :Lrrcclwilha radio collar. l'oint locrlions will be takeo al leasttwo

Proceedings2nd Symposiumon carnivores The Galerellarnongooses in southwesternAngola BiologJ,'and conservationof mustelids A numcrical analysis of cranirl measurementstaken rn Pavia,20.22 October 1993 sl'ecimcnsof c.r/d,"//d spp. from Angola iDd their comparison with values giv.n in lhc lirerature leads lo the conclusior thal Theseproceedings contain 22 paperson lhe e.ology tnd most of the ecinrcns lion the southwc(cm corner of this .onservationof \mall musrclids,and a turlher l6 papersdc!oted county aSree\|irh (idl?t(lkt ,i(/d/.r (Thom!s. 1828). which L. rheotcr. and in ptn'licular10 rese ch on drc spcciesin caplivity. rcinforccslhe statementthat this nanle rs synonymonswtth Gdletel lu llltrAt. t1slgt'cagc. I 889 ). A map on thc dislriburionof All rhe papefsloncerncd with the mustelids (o(ers er C.lid (r.., '.ind G. !,rsrnklr ir Angoh andnoles on theirecolog) ',.|.a,rre li.reJin,h( Rr..nr I Ier.,r're .e.riuI arcgivcn. as welt ascolour photosruph\ ol skinsof eightspccimcns.

t'.i!iori. C. (ed.).I995. Proceedinrs ll ltrlirn Sympo\iur oo Crawlbrd Cabral.J. 1996 The (p(i.\ ol Odl{d/./ (Mrmmllia: ..Lrnilores.Bk)logy rDd conservalion of nrustelids. /Ar//?t (n.s.) Carnilorr:Herpe\tinae) occDrlnS in thesouih$estern corDcr of l/l) l -108. Anlih (;ututltOrtd.St;t lt\l .)ltIt:l 11

t1 Recentpublications

Nalur€'skcepers

Amenen Xarten, FishenLy^x, Budiansky.S. 1995.Nature s kkp<.rs fh. n?t s.iente oJ tt ttur. .ndWolverin€: Survey Methode monagenent.Phoenix. London.310 pp l 1099 pbk IorTh€ir Detection rtl I pickcd up this book with .r cerlain amount of apprehen sion. It has altraclive cover graphics. conrplete w(h a very appealingphorograph ol I wolf. addcdto whi.h. rhe blurb on rhc back is completedwith a recommendrtionf(nn Ionxthan Ponirl gleanedfron fie SundayTimes. Aha . you m;ghl lhink a book rimed at the annchair ecologisrand BBC TV wildlife consena- '. tion buffl To a cemin extentyou will be ght This is ccflainlv rhe market share lhrt the publisher has aimed for and, to some extent,it is rlso the feadershipthe authoris addressjog.although whcther he ever intendedto do it directly is arother ma(erl _pp l)espilelhis. thi! book isn'i itrst snolhcr bil of science" 1i'r the ecologically'awNrc.and Budirnskv does hale someihingto say.The majorthemeolhis book is howourp.escnl vicw of naiure it actually sornelhingofan artifact. and lhai wbat the majofity of people wrnr is no! 1(] presenc narure. but ro prescrle a pafticnlar vision of ir. This is perhapsnot an enlirelv novel ! iewpoint, asthose of you e ho havewreslled with Sharna s ''Ian.lscdpe unll nenb^ will bc.rll too awxre Budianskvjust urcs thb as a pafl of his argunrcn(.howeler. 3nd doesn'Lflog the rendcr to dealh with the idea. His appr)ach is inore to {ake us developmcnlol carnivores lhrough arl enlertaininglyportrayedhistory of$e Survevmethods for small the \tildernes!'and natureconservation" novemcnrs, and in the spirituxl. romanli., and even 'nys Ziclinski. W. J. & Kucera, T. E. , edi. t995. A\vrit:an natt"n, particularly their roots tical longings of Ninelccnlh Cenlrry polt industrial sociely fish"r, l\n\ and \roh,?rin.: Sune'" n tllotlsJbr th.it ttcte.tn)n- qual;tiesthnt now arc *ished for in any'wildcr Gcn. Tech. Rep.PSW-GTR 157.Albany. CA: Pscific Sourhwest Ullimately. the alion of the inraginalionsof Nincleenth ResearchSution. ForeslSenice. Ll.S.Departnrent of AgricultLt rnd poeis,rathcr tbar ha!ing any reality rootedin re. 163pt. Ccntury ltrtiits any laDdscapethat Nclrally h.$ or ever did exist Morco\'er, (and thcreare n nywhodon l agreewilh The st{rus of the Anrcrican ma(cn (Mdt?s onetilunn). lccording to Budiansky him) much of what wc consider1o be naturalin anv landscrpeis fishcr (M. r,.fx,,ri), CanadiNnlynx (1"'N.unuletlsis). ^ld likely ro have beenphced theredcliberately by our predeccssors wollernre (Grl, srlo) is of increasingconcc.n lo nBnagcrsrnd how much oflhe ttigioal" hndscapeactuuy wns conser!arionislsin much of $e western Uniled States Because Furthcrmore, and how nuch had beensctivelynranaged bv prehistoric rhesespccies are ptulccled th.oughoul much oflhcir range in lhc onginal. (or pre-technobgicai) nran? we\r. inlormalion on populationdrtus aod trendsis nol avaihble at IeNst lrolntfrpping recofds.This repon dcscribesnethodslo detectthe "managc whar leadsus to is. ifwe arc to nature.whal tbur lpecics by using cither renlolc photogmphy.track plates.or rhis for what reasons.r d what pans ol it sno$ tracking. A slrategyfor systematicsxmpling and advice on are we rctually manrging. are real (i.d. bona fido).rnd which are not? Also. when somc thc number of delices used, on lheif deployment. and on ihe - are nalurai ard other ltre unnNlr mininum sanrplingduratbn ioreach samplingunitare provided eiementsof .rn envifonmcnl sc derl with lhis.if at alll For examflc uhnl A method lbr the dispositionof surley data is recommeoded!) ral'. how should of ecosystemsk) which introducedani that thc collective rcsulls of multiple surlels crn be uscd lo about the manNgement "ao pari (e.g horsesand hunos in the tungelands describe regional distrihution pattems over time. The repor! 'nals rrc integral In turn. thji lceds irto thc conflicls of interelt that describcsnot only survey methodstbr animal dctection.but rlso ol the USA). scieorific man.tgementmd lhe often highlv providessom€ consideratn)ns oftheif usein monitoring populati caD occur between conlused wcllare and conservationbased intercstsheld bv fie ecologically rwire/conccmed public ar large How.rn rhe views be reconcilcdwith whar night be cdled The methodsdescribed shotrld al$ bc approprirte lo lhe ofp.ofessioml ecologisrs apocrypha" lhe out'modcd nnd dis[oved com delectionof a !ffietr'. of (nhcr rnre or shy speciesworldwide the ccologic.ll ponontsot' pre-war ccology that still fbrm thecofe oflhc scientific It is available free ol chrrge fronr: by gnrssrNts conservationislsl(Key amonglt these Publication!/altn. R. Schncider rational held thebeliefthal nrlrral systemsbehave in a simple.dcrcmrinis- Rocty Mountain lro.cst and Rangc Experiment Station being predickble nranncr). 3825 Ealt Mulberry Strcet ric and Fort Collins CO 80524 8597 s keep.tt is not a polemic. and it docsn t aim t(r TJSA Nutur. does quc(ion much or'rhe basjs and Tct. 970/.1118l7l9 preach. bul it certainly

I8 direction ofthe modern natureconservatior movement. thu! if il (c.g. Scoll Creel s on the role ofhormones in the so.ill ccok)gy is challenging io anyone. it is the aforementionedBBC'fV of dwarl )rhere is reportageof ofigiml re!ults.and this ilocumenraryarmchairbrscd naturecrusaders'parricularly those is rhen placedwithin a broadercontext (hcre tbe endocrinebasis rhat Budianskysees as having!ccrlrin self righteousdogmatism. ol carnivore social behaviout. Fufthermore,Lhe authots rhem- Having said thar, he docs also rcmind one to lhink abour some selves have been chosen well. and thcir conlribulions rellecl .oncepts that one hasn t really considcrcd since undergraduale manl-ofthe more significant and exciling ficlds within evolr(io 'lhe dxls. and rh{t's no brd thing. nary ecology Senerally. studics presentedhere otten are basedon the useofcdrnivorans as modcl systemsntherthan any So, this book doeshave somethingto say. and it does say Laronomic constrainls and, as a result. thc prcchiality thal rr. rnd saysit well. lt does.howwever. contain many stNtemcnts always threarensluch compilations is aloided. Almost all the \ rlh whichoneperhapsnay notwhole heanedlyagree. buton the aJticleshave broadeFscaleappeal, !o thc rclcvancc and interesl .thcr hrnd it containsmuch ofinterest aswell. Budianskydoesn't ol the book to the generalistreader are considcrrbly grerler than rrkc ir rll roo seriously -he has a dry. cynical wit. and small those olten ichieved in multi-author texts. .rnecdoresand side-swipescrop up throughoutthe texl. causjng f\en the occasionil chuckle. we all have to read far too mulh Thc range of articles within adr.ri,o/e 2 is broad. The ,i\ef cerebraltechnical paperwo.k, so somethingthat entenains volume is prefaced by Gittleman .ind wirh a short chapter on .nrd!1so intcrcsts isjusl lhe ticket for a liide recreationaireading conserv.(ion by Georgc Schaller. It then divides betweenthree \rru, r ri..p.rr scoreshighly hcre.Thc bollom line is that lhis loosely-consraired sections. each again bcing introduced by "behaviour", 'cvolulion'. hook is intefestirrg and enJoyNble,and that ccrtainly sbould Gitdenan: ecology". and Pltrt one '.conmend rt to inyone. ("bchrvi{,ua'l (ar1s with an excellent piece on the.ethics of (r.ri(r br H. 1. Gtillitht) studlirg camivorans (Bekoff & Jamieson), accompanjed by discussionsol dwarfmonsoosebehavioufal endocrinok sy (Crcc1). nasculinizaiion in female spoltcd hyaenas(Frank), lhe adaptive signilicance of coar colour pauerns (Ortolani & Caro). rnd sympatry in canids (Johnson.Fuller & Franklin). PaI12 ( eco' logy') conmences with Mills on some praclical aspectsof the siudyd thelarger Afiican species, tullowcd by D.tyan& Simberlou on size separation.waser on dispersal;n sociil species.Reading & Clark on reintrcduction!. and cnding on Johnson and co- workers on carnivore conservationand mnnagcmcntin China. 'c!olu1tun') The final section( commenceswith hunancarnilore assoclations (Clutton-Brock). and also includes an:tlyses of craniodentaladaptations (Bikne!icius & van Valkenburgh).gc ncric rchtcdness in social species (Go'npper & Wayne). the hisrorical demographyof genetic variation (Wlync & Kocpfli). broad'scalebiogeogmphy (Hunt), phyk'geny and evolutionary rates (Flynn) and lastly. carnivore ecomorphology(werdelin). Each ol thcsc .trticlesis referencedindividuaily. and the lolume concludeswith both laxonomic rnd subjecl indexes.

Carnivore behavior, ecology, and eyolution Clerrly, Cdnn?re 2 doesnot (and could nevet deal with elery lspect oi relevance1() caroivore biobgy, but it docs havc r (iinlenrrn, J. L.. cd- 1996. Camn'oft btharior, ?colog\ and good attempt at presentingus wilh $me oi the most i te.esting trolution. Volune 2. Comell University Press,lthaca and t-on areasat prelent. Some rcadorsmay cornplain th:t some aspect ,lor. tl4,l pp. | 29.50 pbk. deartothem hasbeen excluded, ofperhirps a lavoumteresearcher or group. or may even have prelcned tbat the book was more This. like ils predecessorvolume. is an inportanl and ovenl! conservarionrelated (eventhough conscrvatn)n bnnogy i\ Inreresting,signiiicant publication. Furthermore.despite the in a recunenr theme throughoul). Cenai,rly. you .an nevcr plcasc .lu!i{)n of thc words yol"rre 2 h the title. this is a little cvcrybody. Howeler. what Gittleman does achicvc is r broad nrisleiding as rhe lolunre does standon its own, lnd is wonhy of brushedapp.oach to carnilore rescarch..indone whichhopetully Indrudual aftention.This is also a hook ol its Lime:many of its will not onll be of purcly rcrdcmic interestto thoseaheady inte .r)ntribulions rre splced srroogly wilh consefvation rele!ancc resredinthe carnivofes.but alsoone rhatwill stimulrte thosewilh rnd. \,ery early on. there is an a(icle on thc cthicdl aspectsof moregereml biologicalinlcrcsts t('conslderihe group morc closely. t.lmirore rcseirch $mclhing that nrostofus considertoo little. This i! a book rhat I-oucrn dip inlo. and one that does Gittlernans atproa.h tbr Arlrii?)r. 2 hrs been to solicit rewrrd the effon of r.ading iL ir's one that I am happy io have. pxltA fnn workcrs wilh r range of interests within general rnd rmhrppy (orecommendio others. The slandardofprcduclion biologv. lnd thcn act as a "quality control lbf the compilation. is good. ind the price tbr the paF$a.k cdilion is not excessrve. F_orfeaders that are nol familirr with thc lirst vohrne. lhe fbrmat pNrlicuh y by curent nrndrrds It is a little sadlhnl it will bc l(x) rdopled is rhar Lhc arriclcs are desigoed so as to irclude the expensivefor post-grrdufle.itudents. alduugh it is ccnrinly worlh- "reliew reponing of original rcsearch and rlso somc of the uhile as r lihrarr-I'urcha\c Ii)r uDi\ersrliesand colleges holding .ontexl within which the {o|k wrs donc. Thc end rcsuh is not coursesin wildlifeor.\{rlutionlr} bdogy. Cefainly.thefe will .lissinilar to the rype of a(icles onc sccs in journals such as the be tbw with an irlcrcsr in.rnri\ores tharwillnot iind it worlhwhile. TR'tnl.tntlAnnual tl.rierr series.Thus. nr any individual article |ft\i.n b," H. t. Grilfths)

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Dtuxin\ andiurans in hoodcdmcrgrn\cr (l.?l,.ftr?J I l7r'175-.176.(cditirirll . r.!//dr. r ).comnpn mcrgaDscr(M./t!J ,,./gd, r./) ard mrnk(,,lrxr /e[r Anon. 1995.S.rentiiic conscn$tron badlcr\ and TB. i/.i tt.. . l3?:575. , iJ,,) collectcd !lons thc St Mrricc Rivcr ncar L! Tuquc. Qubec Anan.1996. Ct t olrluttu. t,//./r.rir3. Brirish lii.ld spons sociery. En|innn. Pollurn,i 92:|1l |54. Clilion-rradrcy.R. S .rdl. 1995 Thc occurcncc of Mttubkk rnot boti Anon 1995.adds4!: 6,d.1r?.J /b/ i/.f./or./r. En8lish narure.Pder inllchon in cdulc in lnd arcund an arla subicct ro cxreosile b.dger lM(les nrle!) t.ni|rol. Epittu nn. hlert., Il1:l1rrl9]. r\ftilhadr. R 1996.wild .itimrl dotnesricaredanihnl expenmcntalani Cliton Hadley-R. S..Sale6. A. R. & Srock.M. P. 1995.t\rlurrtun oi an nrxl.hrnges in the b.arn during ea.ly onbgc.y dcFnd on erlrron ELISA lnr Mr.,rd.r..t,, b,ri! r.tcction rn badlers (M./.r d.rl nrrntrl .ondjtio. s rj. fdl:,/. L'rij hru 5I )51 162.l.Matult ttttriun v.t. n... 1.17,55555li tsr.llii.B \'l &Bennan.A. 1995 ui\tofltholoe! ofposrparrun placen Clode. D.. H.liwell. E (1. & MNdonakl. D W 1995 A complrison of r.lsires ii Diik (M&rzlu r ir.,) c\Nsed ro polychldinlted biphenyh body Nndnbn in rilerinc and coastalm,nk lMrn./d rirorl../ Zrrl.. or irrclio.\ lhercol. nPMl.t l0l:841 85:1. 2:lt:686-689 B!ud. U. J. z. d/. | 9{16.Feret mothersprovi.lc morc ano-ecDitallicki"e to Copehid. J. P. zr d|. 1995. A !!e trap n)r volverine lnd olhcr lircst nulcol^prire Poslbleconriburionropsychoserualdiiltrcnrirttun clrnivorcs. n'Ul S,, d!11..13:515 s38. Pr\\nt. <( ,'1./,ar. 6():351.159. Co.bet. C. & lld.i\ . S.. cd:. 1996 The hahdhool of Rtuith "knvhrlt ucn Dr\id. M.. BoNler. R. l & Frro. J. B. 1996 Niche scparatnlrby t'r./ ?rlln,i. Blackwell Science.Oiinrd. Dir rid rilei oLlcrs Coexrslenrern a n rinc cnlironnrcnt. Oi{or De M.rinis, A. M 1995. Crxntumetnc variabilily ol polecar Mrt /d 75:-11,18. r,/dnx L. l T58 fiom north cenfal lrdt. r/rr/ru iN..!.I ?( I /2):57 68. Bcnolino. S.&Dorc,B 1995.Food h$ils ofthe (one ntanentttttp\ fuint Dc Mlrjn is. A. M. & Agnelli. P. 1996.First daraon the {i.rer dier of rhe iD Lr Mandrir" Regnhal Prrr (PiedmonLresn,n, no(h wc\tcfr polecal Mxrr.l,, rln'na (Carni! ora. Multelidae) in I Ldlt Mr,,,d1t, haly) /^,tir {N S I ?(l/:):105 109. 60:1,1.11,16. Boissinrgnssc. L. e/ d/ | 996 Phoricrcgulatbn of C Fos Ceneexpre$ion De Mdinrs. A. M. & M!\seli. M 1995.Feeding habih of thc pinc nrlncn in rhc sufrachiaearic nucle{rslnd rhecircldiln rh}rhnr or photo\en- Mart.\ ,rlrl.t I-.. 175E,in Lurope: A revie{. arr/rn l,!.s.1 ?(l/ rirl\iry in rhent k Ma!. Bruii R.:.,31:21-31. 2)rl:ll 150. Bon.n. M. 1995.Estimxtingcosr\ and genctichcncfits ofladous sizesof De Mrrnns. A Il. & Pnndolli.M. 191)5.N'lorphomerrc uriatn)n in stonc prcd.ror popularions the cale .f bear. woll. wolverinc !.d l!nUn nrancn Mari.r./bttu, in {esrent Alps in rehlion ro clin.te. Hlt/ir Srvcdcn ./. trLrrorr,. ,!tdra8! . 4l:1.19 l5?. rr\lt.l 7(l/2):119l:15. Dounou\.L.. O.ec.hi.. G. & Dore. ts. I995 Potulxrtun rtudy on Mxtrfl.r Dcsmond.Nt. J & SavidSe.J. A. 1996. Faclors nrfluencing bunowiig or I .,,rnr.r i. northsc\t lialt (Vallc d Aosta region): .aplures. (Str.6b .lnnanarir) ncsr dcnsitics and .umbcrs in w.slcflr Ne lMphonelric {l.tr. drel. i/rrrir /,v.1-l ?( 1/2)r5l-55. bnska. A,1(t MnllunrlNut. l16 l.l3 148.lTirri&" tzrvr) Brxngr.A 199i.Scasonal chrn!.\ ofto|hic nichco\.rlap in ll'e slone Dou.':lN.D. 1r d1 1995. \'lechanism of frolactin-induccd lurcoropic t.Etv,., Ir4 , ,rdrh, r'd_.\.r,4.. ."//,, rn11ourr,1106 el1lclsnrlhenink1M,i.LrvJd,)o\art.An . R./r/d. 52(Sll:lIl ru of rh. no(hcnrApenrines (N lralyl.,rrr/r {N J.t 7(l/2):I ll Doyle. F. L lg95 Btl'J c !1c. llt nt.lts 1.u....r/,dl'd. lnd nonhero I lti. goshowl. ,.1..ittnl 8e,riln. nc\L\ alrParenLll preyed npon bt a tsrillhdn, D. 8.. l-o\. t- B & Lift(nr. S J. 19q4.Ticks (Acdi. Ixodid.e) {olvernte(t. a;,r/ t,1.). in lhe souLhweslernYukon Terril{r} (i,r. collcctcd fi)m \m!ll and mcdn'nr sizcd Kans.s nnnnnrls. ./. ,t c/. lilll r\2...l09r l15 ll6 Enlt,nol.. 1 | :5llll5lJl. ( Tu\idcd td\u\ J Dubirio, E A 1995 Fedlues ol .lishbuli(D rnd teedingol .rink dunng B Fckhuiz$. S.De trgelen!..rI \ ri een\ rou{Ljcs das.Z,.rd|. tl t2r:3a- srlmon splN.ins if lnrall rive6 dniring irto rbc norrhern sea oi O(borsh. rRh rnD J. E.,1 . 16:I .15 | .16 BrocthuiTcn. S. & Dcrcli\. H 1996. Passagcsfor badgersand then Dtrbrnin. E. A. 1995 Tropho.enolic links (n Lhe Anerican nrink with c ic!c!. i'-Jdgdrrrr.rni..11:11.1 1.12 certainmusrclids in northca\tcrnSibcrir Rlsr,a,./ l-.,i ,26:268 212. Brockhu,/cn. S & Mii\kcns. C. 1996. BoornDranersir Flevolmd. EngelharL.A. & Muller\ch*arle. D. 1995.R.\ponse\ oi bcrvcr (C/nor (lelcsrigdc ]]roplullricsof zucNcndc dicfen? Z.oxrli(r 1t2t 19 21. .d,a/Z,liJ Kuhll k) prudal{trchcmicals .l ( h.,t Ftnl..21:1119 I X44.( Mtstu|a |trnitiea) B.oll. S li Alcrrndcr\cn. S 1996 lrrlc\ligdtion ollhe p.Iho8enesisol Lpple. G e/a/. 1995.Feedmg.esponses ro pred{or b.\edrepellentsin lhc ransplacenr.l rfuisrriss n ol Aleulixn nrink drscrsc paNo\rtrL\ In mounrair bealer (,1tlrzn,rnr nli t. Ltol. Applitrti.,ts 5 | 163 lll0. e\p.rnncntally inftricd mink .l \/ir.l .1lt:1155 )166. Rrc$n.J &ah.cs.nraD.(.1.. l99fi lh. elecr !l lrinslocrrionon r Erlinge.S. 1995 Socixlorgrnizlrnnr in Eurcpennsnall nru\t.lid\. //r v/ri nrciil 81!up of b.dge6 (,!111e!"k!?t) Ani,1. lttUtt. a )a9-ilJ9. /.vSl lll/2)r5 l5 Rucno.F ls96 CompcrilioDb.i$een Ame.icon lrink,uh!,1" f^,,.nd Ceno\e\r. P. & Boilrni. t- 1995 Prchninary daho. Lhe()cirl ecoli)gl of o'rcrart? //'r,?durire \inref./1./,, ft./r)l..1li:) 1.1915.1. lhe \lone mda€. lMr,/.t lrin, Fl.\[ben 177?Jin fuscan! lcc.tr!] Bulrifk. S w..Ua.Y.Q.X!.L &Jiang.Z.W 1996.DieL\ oi. andprc! Itnlt).,9rtr/r /I Sl7( l/2):159l6l sclccfon hy \rblcs frtr'd1.r :rl./ltd) n nlrthem China. J. .,Ud,,n.. Geno\e!i. P.. Secchi.Nl. & BorLnnr.L. 1996.Dicr ol \r{ine nrnrten\- A. ?l:715 ll0. cunrplc ol.coloe calflc\ibiht J lo"/. 2.18:5.15555. Busttrk.S. W . Nfa.Y Q-Xu.l. &Jidne.7.\!.1996_.\\i.lerhabilatGodii. J. & Vnier. E l!95. Lcs nru(elida\ dd\ les lor€tsdr Nord de lr .c.loet oi (dbic\ ( Itr,7.\ trrc/rrdr in r.lirion ro lore:r rrantrjerr{r Frrnce:leurs llu(ludion\ J ellcctir\dc 1975i 1987 a.rL Enrnon. ii Chrra Zr,/. ;.I/rplnr,na 6lt8 ll5 /.,\'rr . 255t r,l 20

ai.nrc7.l.J./r/. l996 Occuplrional!\thmacauscdb)minkuri.e.A/1.ri!,rJonebloed.R. H., Tmas.-L P. & Lu(iik. R. 1996.A probilisric modcl for dcnwr! n)il qurlLy cntcnrba\ed on secondi'ryporsoning ol top prcdn. (joirer Villrmidos. J. C. zr d1 1995 l'dlrl crlplospondn)$s in lir.r\ L(tr\.2. (l!lcuiatn)n\ |nr dichl('.odiphen!llrrchloroelhrneIDDI) xnd tMrn(la ,rr,iut lltrot A morphoparhologi.str.ly. J. Zn wiUl. crdDiunr. r.,,ofn,1 E Nifunnt. srfeft 11:219306. IMultctu n^oln) 'tl./..24r:519-54.1. Krprc!n.K l99arBoomnrart..\nrhctNatnnraalPrrkZuid-Kcn.einerland (n! 3e..J.?rd1 I99.1 Seroilirgnosisol Mr..,/2tr,,1r r,rdinllctron Z n ll i.r 1( 1 t:41"45. (.Mu rt t : nntt t | | nb!dg.^ d.vclotmcntofr. indircctEl-lSAu\ingr25Kdaantiecn Kauhah. K 1995 Chln8cs in thc disnibutn)n of thc Eu.opcM h!d!cr. l11 ,{e... E: E5. M?/.1 ,,clA. ir Fnrldrd du.iDerhe rapid .olofizarion of rhc ficcoon (l.odn.h .l Nl. Wrlliam\. E S & Ru\kirk. S W 199.1Etlccts of a doe Arr Tnrl ir.,,. :ll:l8l 1r)l rir)drliedli\e !fus .anrnedrsle ter vr.cine on captivehrdger\ Kruhrlr. K. 1996.Dr\Lnbrtional hirtory ol lhe Alrencai mrnk (Mrtzld lhttntua tu\ts) l. llikll. Di\.. il):192 196. riJ,,) rn Finlud $rth rpccrll reiercncelo the fend\ in orte. (l,r? (iorree.Nl c/d/.l995.B nrg A nodel I or bnrn.giificrli o. in tere\rrirl /,r1r) populdtuns Ann. Zatl. I.nn.,33:2E) 29\ tnod chains The care of caddiunr ii rhc Kempen,The Nerherlinds. Kener. R. B. & Locke. H 1996.MakinS sentc oirh. policy proc.$ fof Sri nrdi En|ir.ntn.,168:215.:ll. (Mrtz1d,n?/irl calnivorc consc^dn)n. C,,j.n Btt.. l0:1001 llJla.lcult, ltlt, 1nifirh\ H I. Davi\on A & Blrk\ J 1996 Spc.Lc\rernn.ducnons Kheb.drrovr.I NI.rnl l9g5 Chromosrlandr.gnnral|li.!llTrlnnroirh. (-otn t r. Bi.l.. 10923. tMtittlu t,utot ir: iiltt t(: "nrr k!J locr for ICKC.IGGC. ALDts. HOXB. Cil'1. and l'RNl'in r|. Atreri Ln,.ich. R. C. ./ d/. 1995 Gonrdil lunction itr ninli unde. anificirl cin mink (,Uhr.fu ,drr) Corrpdison\ wirh humln afd nousc phorotcriods.1 it//ol I.tr1.. l0-l:1.11l5:. ltlaoirt Catun. 6:705 109 Hrlbrook.R S. 1/ rl. 1996.Conran'inanl conceorrarions in lllinon !'ink Knrg. w. \\.. Le![rie. S L.. veaze),. R. S. & Hodgirr. E. C 1996. .rd olicf a.o/,,rQlr,.qr5l0l 11.1. Superfici.lspre.diigptodefiraodulc.riti!cdcnnilirislnaic.r.l'./. rl.llli$.ll.F C &\Iac{londld.DW 1996,\mcricdnminklMui.hria,t) D.n ol . 1:1111 rn Lhe tippe. Thames crl.hDcnt Relllron\hip $rlh \electcd prfl Korprmnki, E . Koi\ une.. V & tlrkkrrxrnen. H I 9!6. Mrfohrbrt.l use snc.ic\and dcn av, hhilily tln C.neri .16:al 56 rndhchariorofvolciundcr$c!\.1!ndfuptff pNdrtnnrri\k P.cdrt(t rlxn\li.l & Henuoien. H. l9t)6 lledrlior or c.dpering rodenr:pe.ies lr.ilillld.. Aclrdr.,.,1. l:10 l;l A si$plc cxplardtior ot co'npl.r pa co\. l. ,\rid. E.ol.. 65 224 Kosk.la.E.Homc.T.JNfrppcs.T.&Yloncn.H 1996 Docsriskotsnlrl .lll. lUr''fld airdli,) m!stclid pfcd0lion rticcr thc ocJtrut clclc rn lhc bank rolc. 'l.o\ki. I & Kofpi'uki. |' ls95. Mi.rohrc fodcnrdu.ni.s ir no'lh.jrr Clethtnt,r\\ Elonilrtl ,\t'tr ,./'df.. 5l:l 159 ll6.l luDpc Paflnrcryiz.d irodcls ldrhc frcllarof pr.! i cfi.rior t., Koykul.$J&Bi{uf.P X lr)95Thc XYflir otthcmin\ tMtst.la|i\ort duringdrlicrenl Frn)ds ol le(trlarr.hrilr".,9zfrlndr 122:169l?6. 'l]dcox. -u lt)95. B.dee* d'd trolnr. rubercL,losis A rapp ;.1 of Kr ! ska.D. I t)!6. t heefie.r ol donrenlcariotron bfr r siTca|ll conrpo\irion elhnnog! rnd pnlhoger.ns. ,r A!rn,r. J.i.. l:5:.1.11.1.1:1. in dlhemnrl (M,tzlrr ri'a,,) I ,xn.19 615 661. ;i.,ncoi. Nl !995 Ofhlt\. hldgcr! lnd hovin.\ ttrl, ll1 J.11]:.19.1 Kuli\ic.7 .7.1 1995inlc\trgatnin .l rxodidand nrg!!d lr.t\ on sonre llftox. Nl. lt)96 Brdgcis nnd bo\r.e TB - A rrapp.arsll ol VI-/NVI- mamnal\ lnd birds in the exlended arcn oi tselgrtule. Artu v.,r nilecriou\ c!rrlc L?tt.tt At)tt. Mir bl)h1.. 1212t:95-96. Ar,{fdl .li:lll-129. ll.rncor.M. lS9aiBovnrc TB in hadg.r\ r\ rcltprlrsllofclhiologr'and l,an-!erell.JP pral 1995Fu!lpft)lcctnnr in mnk xgrlnslnrinlr.leiili: tnlhogenels. Rzt,iran,r t/./.. 90:l7l lll. vnus *ith re{ generruoner.ine par!ovnus \ac.nres bsed on sri !.ulos. H.I & Buskirk.S W. 1996i\nrlnodcids in plasnraolfistins fit nrcticfcptidc oi..combinanl trorclD ltnrr. l:l:10:ll loill t.ntric Jogs dd lern mnnens. I l,ldtut . 11:11111l \ Lec.J.&NipLnnrtid.A.I99arOb\e.\tun of reperleduse ofu s olrenne. ,1.!t).. S N.ra1. 1995Dictar! cxposurc ol mint to.arp fromSlgrnrtr 6rl,) r,b. dcn on thc run.|x of lhc norLh$e\rrerilorier Can. Fi.lzl B!!. Nli.higrf I l]fici\ .n rclNductnrn lnd {Nul. ard nrc ,\t, . I i0::1.19.150 torr.tial rist\ to wrl{l mink topulatio.\ Ar./r Er|nwur (lttd,tit1 l-r. X.. ro\. J (; & F-rdman.S. E. 1996.Nlultrplt stlenr. mlelolrp.tra\ in Lrn,/ 19:11.1-1.11 rlenerllltn.la Nt,iutJiur,) tdr. A,tn. 5.,..46 l0l l0l. llulon.S N r.d/. 1995Diellry cxpo\urc olmink t{)can lromSrgrnnw l-r. X. Fo\. J. (1. Erd di. S. E. & Aspros.D G. 1995 Ctrt.neous tsr) . Michig.n. Il Herurdog! !'d li\ er parl'ologl. ,l,1/, tn, ,1,,,,. l)ltphoN nt a ierrer (Mxrk,la pttarir\ ltrr. r.t. Pottu'|..3155 56 a.ntunninnt\r.! .49:11| 117 I-r.X.. Fo\ J. C., Erdnr$. S E. Lrpmx..N. S. & I\Iu.phr_.J. C. 1996. ll.rn.l-.$. & Addeh.\\ F 1995.l-,viluarlonollrdcr.solib!idanccnr Clsri. u,.g.n rll an.m.ll.s in fctr$\ (,vrt.1d ttnJriu\ lnra) ltl an trieiplorred brd.ler popul dr .!,{rDrcn. ,\'rt.. .10:2lJlj295 Prtl,/.l}150 l5E. Lorli. L 1996 Conspecilicrol€ronce rnd s.xtral tcsr.earion Drhc u\c of H.\selbmrh. J. & Sdrsrp. S 1995.Conrprmti!. riLrorrpiDeof tia/)rrl jp!c. endhlbirlN irrnrcl:uopcln |olccd n,nr tran1..1lr2):l?i-L7a) l.at\.r: itkhrrr!i : tr!n . pig.ons. hoN! rd nri'rk. l'.r L.{lf. T. 1996.Pol.ear frldlrur on nog\ and r)ad: rl breeding{Lc\ in llL11)bnn..15:11l1 sesremFrrfce Lth.l h.!. Et0l .E:l15 121. 'iird(Dk. H.rh. G. & J. 1995. Asscsrirre.h.moscnsofy pcrc.ptn,r in I uchcini.Nl & Cr.nu. C 1995S.!$ndl \lrirlio. rn Lhelaod hrbih.l suht..ra.crn molcir^ - Drile.cnt i.\pon:c\ lo \nielling \er{\ t{nrch bndgersin rn xlpine\rlle). HIrtir l,\.5.17(l/21:165lll iie odorctrt nim!li Ari"t. ttrh(\ .19:tllq 1015 t.\/on'(ln) l ynch.J M l996 PosrS|rcirlcoIrni/atnnror lelnndby nru\tclid\.$ilh llN!lan{|. J. L. lt)96. wh! do Cun sois pra;ie dogs give r.ripredar.r tafiicular retcr.i.. ro rh. brd8cf (t./.J nt,].r t..i. .l Bb!.o!t, .!lll.4nn,. A1ldr..jlr87l N80.(Iarrr kirl.d) 23:17,185. llughe,.Nl.S..Nei1l.SD. & Rogd\.!1.S.l996.vrccinrlionoflhebrdge. Nlaloney.R F. & Mc lc.r. L G. I 995.H rrttriell xnd c \pc, ,mcnrdllcanrcd r,V1l2r,,1/zr) rgiin( Mr.,rktrtinnt l^t: rtrt Mnnbtul .5\ 361 prd.tor FcoCririon ln l' e. li\ingNcu Zcalandr)hn\ 1,n, a.l,r. 50:l191 l l0l. (,uxrftld.,,rr.r) I'rro\a. G K & Zhogole\.. \ N. lt)t)6.On the.yl(,loeicil lrechanirns NIr*i G. A. & Shrtlir!. J P. lgqrr \ fr.lrminar\ (ud! ol n.rp in rho undcdlitr! rhc nr nt didprusin! blasb.!\t \i7c lnNrth D,LlraA' l.ntt, nJLnrtutrn,it^.hnl) A cx.nrvor *irh.n exredel)_high ,1(,/c,,ii ,\'lxr( 147:8258ll ffonol.lion .l R|\1 \l.c| J/.4, l9(21 8:l 9:r. |lrLi. T.. Ahe. N. Shiblthara.T.. Oltr. Y. & Krnn!.. Nl. lt)r)i Ne\ Nhainoli. A. & l'rernr,. l) (; l9t)5 rj,Jodhablt) ot th. sn)nc n ficn drstribunonrccord 01 nr.rnr ,,xnfLu, (im.ln. lit)o i Cedoda)liom the rMd&,!.r)tlr) rn rheL tF. \\el() vrlle) (ronhco Ap.rrrr.r. lraI J lex( Nex\elMLMzld ,n d?i! i Hokloido..l.p.n. J t1ttu^no! . al:196. ,rv,ir /,\ J r 711/lr:llr Il: lrlhg.r'. NI. B!i\\i.. J. & Nl6. \. Itt).1 Dillereilirl pholoperiodi. Masor.G. J lLr!1. T.'ii f ,rii! r. Lnll.Vrn./,7 uv,,r r\ lltr$rcd hr rgc ..nlrol ol \0n{nrxl vriiltn!N i. pul\atile lLrteiniringhonrone rele!\e rl renDril ho rlrhcr lnt,r rl,l/;,?.1:11)5lll ln loni fr\ il..rer)afulrhorldr) ldrn'k)lrannnals J. Btr!. Rlt\tl)r' l\J!\n'r. \1 lg95 Qrir.'nr,. h,,!.,'!rrnrl ,,1rh Nlr\l0lidrclinnh.r 9lr ttl rheNLdirer.xir'.r L.l.tri.l. //,\-rif'\.1 , r!lllr:17 ll 1r!l.rerex.h.N. Je,i.zr'jeu:1..8..Sztnruri. A & lub. K 11r96.1.{nl N1r\s.r N1 lgq5 P,.\'ii. .Li, .lrn,rh r.n .l lh.:!!re Dnrlrn.,t/drlr osl '.\r r:Ld/ra,, fre.lxLj.rrn r frslnre fe( rduou\lnre\1 tBirl.{ (.1. /i,,r, Fr\l.b.i. l--- r r. ,. ., n ,n ( r.r. r(ir.ecci l/1rr^ |\j t \rtuLl Pxjk P.Lnnr / .1r,r f,,/.. 65:I 0j l:l) i,\/!tl/r,nrri,l Tilrl):il l8 tl

\tcKr!. J 1995 I'dr, i.4)tr!. F.nniD.! l\e*.lp$ich. r\ocr Jrcd ht Nrlr\trincmrr in fcrr.r\ | Mnr.ltl trn)ri6 f)t.i ^ hPr \l.Kenric. D.. Rarlr. l. (' & N1!rsh.R F. 1996. Tnnsmissible mirk ./. l.r n.\ 17:l1l lii). enccphrk)palh)..\.,rtl,r l,ir.l .7 241 )06 Polrt.S. 1995 P.i\pe!ek k porndrx.lu p.chdnekune belicelMatrrtft)iutJ NlcNab.ts. K. lrr95. !,ner!! erpen{lnureand conse^ario. in tiu-{ivorN\ ! !1.\eD\f i i(ri.:1r,d/r rr1!rnrt atul irled .t \1,au1 5tkli.\'1 :231 nnd nri\ed di.r crnilo.ans L Md"rt .16:)l)6 22) teiRr ban\ttu) lll 1Enllrshwnrxry) Ir(t'el. I fr d1 1995.A \.rinnrg elerrron rnicn\corc \tudr of {nnc Poolc. K. C.. LlkiD. B. T & Berhke.R. w 1995.F.n!ircn nrnral conralri Rrctuilriidac l\cDranida) f ansircsollbcrlannramnralt.t.rn,r&./,(nr nlnls rn {ild nrink in lhe norLhsesl te'rilories. Crn r. ti. Ln1 12:l l.t \Mrtt.s krru) l:."ti r..,t . l 6l :171 1ll(l Nl{nimr.d.F.1996.()nrh.fr'.\cnccoidping foiebill!rc Posillico.Nl.. Sctuhni.P. & Lova.i. S. 1995.AcLivrl! pallemsol lhe (o.c .ler. l..thol l-nn a,/. lJ:107 lori. n arrei Mdrz \/,r1, !.r\lebei. | 77r. in rehrion to one enr inhnental Nhlder..l. t-. 1996 Rcrnlroduringlhc bldgcr ,tl./a rl,/.j: Stories of la.r(tr\.t/r!r,if l,\.J.r7( l/2):7997 t.ilure rid \u.cess.trtz l9: | 10. Poscll. D C .r d/. 1996.EffecN ofdierarr exposurcro fulronisft liod Mnrgid.C.Sccci.F&t)clara-A.M. 1995.I'relininrrvreserr.hoiune Fuflntnl ttuniUildtn. crlntrcmatcnal (M ll25)onlh.rcpn)ducllrc e.ol()gi.rlrndbnmel.icrspe.rsoltheSardinrantmcmrrlcn(Mdlr.\ pedonn.nce of felrale ninl. ..{,1&.Ztf,,,,,,. cota,1. !. a! . ,Dt.rJ. /A n,r /NS r tl l/l):l5l 154 3l:286 292 Murdry- t C & Dotrdiig. J. !,. 19r,1.Rlnge rnd {liet o1 \toats (,t'x{rld Pr.ndcrgasl-J.rrl 1995 Tclrlclclifc asa hnnnlrtc f ii badecA.l D.r/d .m/n.d) in r \$! Zeal.nd beechfore( r!.r zcdL,,/J. c.,1.. lN: I l. R.r. ?.1:950 Pngi')ni. C & Rorr. A. 1c95.Damlec cruJcdbr tt4arntt\lut rdsic.ltr Murpht. E. C. & Do$dn'g.l. E. |995. E.ol,)gy ol rhe\toarin Nothottlu\ (l .cuck!|.t.l 8:12). N{claslroDeylidic.ro Nc!scls (Ur t/./r ri nlii L. ) i'l turcd Honrcmn!c- hibirar use.Dd dier .r ditle.e.r nagesolrhc beech norlh-*esrernItal! Hrrr/ir aN..SI l(l/2):.15-,19. maslclcle Nl! Z.d|r,r/./ 8.,/.19:97 109 I'dgiofi.C &Derl.rntis.A M. l995.Dierofrhepolecar,lru\ttlu t)uhtiu\ Nrkaluki.S lrt)5 tsronchirlmmilicnttunan.ll(rbulrrdivisnnrofthclung i ln ri!crinchabilats (noahem Iiily). Hr (/r\ rllt I ?11/:):6972. .a rhc Jdtlnc\c hddgcr iiv./?\ h.l.\ u(ku"u). J. v(t. M&1. Sti.. Rrnson.R N.BuLler.PJ.&Tallor.E.w. lr)95.Sludiesonne.\esol lhc 5lr-lll l.l6 uppcr rc\tiuror! lracl n rh. fi(cr and rhc mink J Auh,t N.r\.u\ N.tr.ll.D G & Hesinlrn. R C lt)95 Coifolofbovineruberculosi\b! SIf, 5l: I l6 rrccinrrion l'./. ,(.... l-16:l5s 46-r. Rrslings.N. (1. Nlcnc.A (l &Bcard. P 1995.Dccrcascd turliiilv rn \i.min r. J. 1s95 Aciiriry pcrrem .rtd home rmges of rhe An'eicx. Iemrlemr.krM!r.ri riv,r)crpo\cd rr)io{ do\esolperticrdcs. Bi.i nrintMrt l,rriv,, in thcFinnishoutcrlrchlpcheo.,lrr.Zrol ttr,r. R.t,R,l.,5l lsl)!1. rt I t-l Rcadine.R P. & Clmk. T. w 1996.C.rnirofc 'cintrodlcrions:An \r\otr.A .LAnrb!.lU.C..Saysell.D.1'.&l'e.rson.A.J. lr95.Sersonxl interdisciplr.arycxaDinrtnrn. ln adnnnr. h.hd\o,.1 oh!\. ntu! lrl.er grc$rh c!.les ol Itr.ets (M!ri./d /rn,t,r./n/,1 a.d lon-etcnn .tulttu,t vol.2. .d .r l. Girrlcnr.n.196l.16 lrha.a& l,ondon: ctlcct! ol mclamnif rr.lhncn\. J. Erp.r. 2.o1..272135 115. Connock Publ. A$. Noc N!grdd. N l9g5 a.ologic!1. \cd mcni!ry. .nd eeochemicale!olu Restum.J.C.c/,/. l9i)5.!,lfecrsofsutplcdeirdldiehryn iun.hldide lron ol lhe late-!l!c[l lo toslglacrrl Amosc l-&ustrinc Ba\]n. Dcn rnd rcsnicreddri*i"g waler oo nink. v./ Hrr' ?rrn?/.. -ll:.1 10. nuL. F,r\i^-.( r_/.dtr lt:l:1:16. tlll?].s tn.l.s. MN.la ptn iut. Reynolds.J. C. & Tipper. S. C. I 996 Connll of nunrnnlian predaror n' gamcmlnagcncnt lnd conscrarnrn.M?,r, ft.r -26:12? 155. Noran. &wilc\mith.J.w 199,1.Tubcrlu losis nt bcdgeAlMelt\ Dkk\\. Robrld lle. J. F. & Rrlmo.d. M. | 995. SprcrngpalLcr. \ ol ermr.e.MrJl.,1a V(t. Mir rohitn.. 1lJ:179- lr) |. ./,!,.d I-.. iD a Qlcbcc lerosysrein.Crr../. i/J,,/.l.ll82? 1831. Nordahl. K. & Korpin ki. E. 1995. Efttcts of fr.dator rcnrovll .n Roen.!e.. K. L. c/ d/. l!96. A berr atsociired cerebr.l i.giopirh) rn{l vcn.brire prly fopularions Birds of pre)_ ind sn.ll r n!ls. \enile pl.qucs rilh neurolibrillarytangles rnd c€rebralhrmorhagc in a)..,bgk l0l:l'11 )4E I Mrt.ht.nripd) ao .eed wolleriie (c,/.) s,!.n. Ndtubnl A(trt ll:2.13 1,17. O Co.nel. Nl. wrighl. J. NI & Frid. A 1996 Dclc|lipmcntofPCR Ronu Dosaki.J. I 995. Reidine nno le$ei biblio8mply of mre nrusrelids pfune.\ Inr 9 pllmorphic Adrei.dn nnnl Mr{r/,r riv,, mr.ro {casrcrn!urcpcl. rlrvrr /'\:.t l 7(l/2):15 38 {rellire lo.i. Mola?/ E.,1.5:lll llz Roper.T J & Mrckcviciu\. F,.1995 Rldg.r M.Lr ,,./.r dictr arcvrcwof O\\xr.n.l- & I undbcr!. P l99j Oplimizatio. of rcfrodui ivc cffon lnd rheher.rLre iiom rlteibrmer Sovier Unlor. ,,Vd,,r. ,/lcr . 15 I I I I 29. nrlelierlncln nridrals lhei,rUuen.eofresourcelerelrndpredr Roper.T. J.4dl 1995.Danrage by.,v.1.r,L?r lo whertLiri.,r, ri.n risf. fr./ 8.,/.. 9:.i5 56.lMu!1?lu nirtlin r!4a,. dndbdct /rd.a,, ra \utn ct\p\..1.An|. n.1.. a2:1211146. O Rerllt. L. I'I & Drborn. C. J. 1995.The epid.mnnogy of Ml.,rar. Ro\c.J 1995Billlcf! idrcnalccronyirduccs cn.l'.nscl ofsunrmcrflr ,r,r r,L n iD|.dionsi'r.nnnals and nin Arevie$.1rrc'1l.,.trx,( growrh rn hrnlr (.'r,trrr./.,riv,nt.a.,1p. Bn\ltr,t. Ph\:\nl . I I lC:211- t)i\ .l6:1 16.\l\,1.1.\ rklei) )11 Osowski. S. L. BreNer. L. w.. Baler. O. E. & Cobb. G. P. 1995 lhe Ro\e. j.. (jaruln)d. T. & Jdhcr.R 1995.Prolxctin reccpt{)r dccliDcoi nrink in Ceorei.. Nonh Carclin.. old SoolhCaroliia lhe iilheskinof hinldunnglhewinterlirrgro*lh cycleJ Elrlr|r2,,/.. de o I conraminanrs. ,1r? L/. r,rltunDt. aonxrh. Ioli.ol .294I a 123 2ll 105 210. Oq(n.r., F,l.r F r &l\,lli'. \ I lo-o.l\.,)'{)pr.x,.i,o,',,1Louxud.T.Fonraineteiu\.J &Carddaul. M F. 1996.SerlDnl vrriartun rportedsl,unl,s ( Crhr vorr. Musrelidae.Sri/.,!d14 liom Texa\.Mexico in lhc thc.otlpc .f adolt fcnct (M,t.lu, r,tu/nrr inrt .remasicr ud El Sahrdor.L\zJ.1 .S.i...18:119l12. mhclc tvftu,t,d 52:18.1187 P.6ons. G. l. & tsondnrp Niehe.. S 1996 tirpeint.rrl lndlysi\ ol Ituir'Olmo.l.& Prln/o..S. i99i. Silu!ln'nactuelleduvisond-Europeen beh.vior ofnrerdos voles (Mnr,r^- rctr,r l,?,nh ) to odo6 oi rhe L\pagneerpersFcti!e\derecherrhes.(i,/r.8./11. l5t:/l/,1):.125 414. sho rriled {earl(Mhrdl,, t,nild) LLanmLt 3:63 6t). Ru\lon. (1. D. 1996 Thc cilictsofslochNticrt! and scxsonrlit\ on model l!dpr.pn.K.. Joo.,pn. rl. & H-n4l e.. l. ,".l'J.,'.. l,'i h. dynamt\- Borinelrberculo\isinb!dgcrs../.A,t,r r.,1..65:.195 5(10. .o!r)nizrtio. ol l&tic rci{l huclcrir in lhc elsthnrlcstln! lrlcl of Sacchi.O. & Merigei. A. I9t)5 Hrbiml requirenrc s ofrhc stonc mirten nrck|ne nnnt. ,1./d l'.r. Jrr, . 15:.1394.11. lM",/.r.r,td) on the Ttrrhcnia. dopes ol lhe notlhem Apennrnc:. Pedrini. P. Prigtuni. C & Volcxn. C 1995.Distributbn of.mrnelid\ in l^Jr/a t! 5I ?l l/2)i99 10.1 AdaDell(lBrenh Park and surn)undingrrea\ (ccntrrl Itdlian ,\lF\r Sainsblry.A W.7dl 1996Hcllih aDd$clfarc of fchrbilnatcdjulcnilc ,'/rrr,/r {N.S.l 7r l/2):19 .1.1 hedgehog\(E,rd..,r zr,qa.!r) beide xnd dlier releale into thc Pedrini.P.. P ghni.C &vol.ai.G 1995.Ur ol r()phirresntrce: dnd wild l'.,n... lllill):61-65.(M./.r,,1/.L) Inreslhabiht\ by lhe genrs Mdfr.r in Adxmell(!B.cnla Prrk (.cntral Srlazlr.I . Qninrcrc.P S &Cilucnlcs.J M 1995(innparllrlcrnllom! lraliin Alps).Hrr/l{ t,t.s.)7( l/l): ll7 ll5 oilhe!omerona\alc!rtilageinnramnr!1sNlint.c!l.dog.pi8..ow.rnd Pcllchcr.R M l9S5 FrccTcfra(urc \rud! (ifccll iuicrionsinrh.cf di hose.Arr. Ardr.- I77.{?5481. dvdns .nd vrs delerensol r sexsonxlbreeder The nrink ll,lxrt d \.'\,h.r1,,\ \ 6 \r. ,, 1h.\ | lu.'r.r,,nr.nr.,,ti.J\\ n.rrl,rn rivn). Mn r,tr,/,r ner. r../r,. 10:17 5l America. mink (MLtzlri rii,,) -lrrtake.nccunrulaLdn. elimrnnltun PerknN. S. E.. Fo\. J. O. & wrlsh. J H )966. H.liba.n) ,rtitltrr Po\nbiliticsofbioindicdnnr Rrrstrr.t 8.,1..:5:.159.161.

\.NiD.L.Huxlc!.C &Chlcon. E lS95 Firsrrccoftl of thci|Drcd \t unli T.N.cchrrC. l9r)5.DaLaon rtrbnnbldgerr.ri\ny in Solrh\\alei:A bdef t,ib8dllfln tu! (Crnrirotu Mu\telidlel in lhe Shte ol Dutungo. (udr. ,9rv,,rrN S,lrll:):ll.l l?6 \le\rco. .!,rrh zr &,r ,!dr"?/ir t ,10:l2l 22E. I r) l.r.1. G. & Cae.Dtcr.J I- l9g5 ThlmomainlNolerreh.L,/,.Arn,. \.],lle. R. s. & Addi\or. L. M 1995.Nongosroinrenirtal helni hs nl nrrlrcf i,!trr7r'\ anntii!\1llani O.dn. Clnada. ./ lvt/d/ /lb Tlllir D E..r"/. 1996.Dielrr! expostrreol miDk rlr caT norn SaeinN! lt 5t9-5:ll tsr! -l Ch.rccr.rizirion of dicrlD crposure t) thnar hxlogen ed \hnfc R F Rirks J D.. Frcesenre.P. & Krtchener.A. C. l99ar.2nd hrdr).Ibonr. dio\in equi!alenlt, and bi.ma-enificatn]n.r,',?,,,. g.deralion rod.nricidcs aDd polcc!rs ('vi,\r.ia /)!/,/nr\) ln Rrit!in l./ Ld,,.. 10:281291. l:.n\|ror,i Polhtn,t 9|:119 )41. Trouillet. I zt d/. l195 l'hleborolrin. sandflics lDrptcr!. P\)chodida.r ih\rrl:. E. A. & Vd:icld. N1.A. lrl'15.lhe pohi.s.nd u.predidable fron' Seneecl Co'mrunili.\ lionr lhc Ferlo u A.boviru\es r{)la .on\cquorcos oi islrrd trr.\le^ ftn rhe pn)tecrnn' of eidrigered ridr /'r,drt. L S.r. Fau\'. Panrirn - ):)llt)-)96 iM.lli\,1t \pcc[\ - An c\rmtlc liom lau\rid( Lhe Luroledn nrnrk.,UrJn,1,/,r?,[,, on Ktri.\hir lsland),J. t,r J,r. I.r Zddr./ 15r3l.l 325. Valcntin S.l] 199.1St.uctrai and luncrionrl aspe.rofrhe renporon'.r \ dorovich. V E.. I.drkles\k!. B. & Jedrzqicss[. w 1996. \\idler dibularjoinrof rrill cril\or.. rhcAnrcrl.an minli (ttur,.a r in),) di{riburi.traidahund!n.colnrudclidsandh.a!eA jn thc nrcr \alle!\ Arth. h !r t. Ph\ :i.n Bi a.hor. Btut1h ri., I 0115i:80 oi Br!l(trrirz!l'.nner.l foresl..1./rI'i\.,/iI..,11121 155 170 \Jl.rriri.5 f lro. fL i '. In. fh,,l l.rJr|| r. 'icxor.1op1. \Leemrn.D.1.. Croni!.N. J. & Jorcr. P l9s5 Inirill ob\c.!ario.\on Lu\orrsmrrl cnnri\.rc l heAne.i.dn dnrk (i/xr r.l.' \ in t).Bu1l.Sa.. srinkhoh ar belgcf scrts.,'irr I'rr. 1. 25 16 ?7 Za.l F tut, Et01. Za,!..121:169 l7O \..fl,!n. J. Nl.. Ct\de. V L. & BreDnelran.K A 1996. Granula' ..ll vahoDcD-N1.. VrkLun- O & Rl,nnstedL,L. 1995 Aululrn.l rnring ot Lun)rn thecenrrrlner\ous s) (em ofa ierer (Mrv?/.r l,x/r,,1i /irk,r nhoto|.dodl. nran pulatio. cntical vix nrelrtunn lo srnler pelage |d k.r . l.lE(.lJ:656ar Lle\elopnFnLin trnrl A,t,. 5. /. 6l:5E9596 \Lrcnrln.JNl..Cltde. v. L..lones.\'1. P.&Mason. G L.l9t)5 lsocar.s \hDdeNdllc.J l99tr D!\scnhnrcht.n Voerslreel vciliS ge\le1dZ,oruln,r ol trylori. !d.iocircinonu i11n1clcrtct ltlun.lt ttbriB Jur) \'rt. 1llJ:11 12.tMt!r: nr.ltn. Rf... lll(ll):271 l?1. Viddl. S . Ronran.r\ & Mo!a. I-. 191)5.I mnunohino.hedi.al idenliica \mirh. G C. c/ d/ 1995.lvlodcllins bovinc rubcrculi^,s,. b!d!cr\ in tio. lnd mo,phonetric sludl of AC IH cellj of mink iMrn./,r L,!,') Enel!nd Pr.li'riD.ry rcsults.rtturrrrlir' 59:6-19650 drnnsg,o$th r.d diferem sr.gesofsexard dcri\iiy irrthc dull.Go,. \ fir:. J. E & God$n. D L. I9t)6 Aseslrenr of hu!ro.!l inrnrunc Cn"rt Fn!tutnbl. lllll: 14.16. respnseinmjDkrt r\kr.,tnrrl Ant ibodt frcdu.tbn lnd d.tccrnnr. \\!nrberg.S.. Elnrl. J. & l[rso.. A. H. 1996.AtscssnrcDr otlhc accurlct I llil/1. ,tiJ. l2rl58 16l ofquanrlt.rl!. urinc collcctnin in nrink iMxnlrr riv,,l usnl o\nioli. \nrirs..lE.tslalley.ts.R.&wob.\.f.Ci r\ l99tr Imnurno\ cilrstrrlic\ tunt\ l.i co.trnuousrelerse of l'aniDo hl|furic acld and inul n in mink l,!/rt./,r riv,rl chroricrll! exposef lo drelrrv ble.clredkrll L111.AnoNl\ 30:161 )11 pulf mill.filucnr J lt'tl// ,/\. .12:199.li)8. \\!mbcrg. S. Svendsen.P & Joh.nsen.E. 199(, ,\.nl.brs. srdtu\ and \nr tl. J l:. \\oh0)cr.(i ,^ & Schieier.H B. 1995.Phr"\iologic.l. ctudiovrscular turclior i! nr nk ('vir\td, riv,r) &e\thehzed wilh rcpuluctrvc lml plrhologirll eliec\ ol dieh.! hledchedprlp lrill ketamiie/mid0zoldn adl) lrnrdtu l0:55-4r6. .illucnr or mink 1,i/!r \/.?? r irt,t) EntitunDt.IDn1,. a h. nt . | 1:2{l\)5 \\!ng. KL. zr d1 lt95 Predalionon i'c. rungln! comnrnr 'roorlill\ in I t05. Srrkarchc\rn ./ 1:klr1 Onith.l.. 66 1l)0 103. \1!.ia(u tu\r: ) \r'n;. J. E.- Hainc\-D H. Blllilct. B R & Wohcscr.(j. A. 1996. Nlnsinh. D. 1916.Dxisen en lerl,eer Z!,sdnl 7(l) l2 lt.l.r,rr.\) lnhan.cd lntiboJr_ re\ponse\ nr iiinl, i,V,trl, rno,) e\posed lo Wcalcf. J L . Paq!$. P C & Ruggrc(). L. F. 1996 M.tnrg serseoflbe Llicraryblcachcd kfatt pulp Inill .rtlucnt. t,rn,n,i n)\ito1. Chdt . poli.! proces:lincani\or!coiservalion a,,r/,'. 4,,?..11)!6.1 9?6. l5rll6 I170. \okolov.V Lftdl 199(rSlruclurcol themerl$lcunicu\e\tenhsln) N bne.l'.C. & Hanis.S. 1995.Borincrubcrcuhsi\ in had:ertM.lttnLlrt) rnd Nntrvillllcli!rlv ol rhcceiume. in cxmi\orou\nrxnhdls (Mrnr populatioDsin sourlN.sr Lnglind ihc u\c.l a \rochrsric lnuldrio. nralia. Clnnrolr. Mtn1.i .ib.llitu, Muntlo tiv,t, iV. puk)nr:. modcl ro undcrsfuDdrh. dr_ndmic\ol rhe drscnse.I'hili\oth. ltun: latsti\a Ak&lenii trtuk 5rtt\t Llnlosklk \lta\n l99tr(1):.l.li)116. n,r. .t,.. a,,r/,, Ser B 1.19:391.11-1. S.nS.J./rl 1995(lltrsonogrlfhicrnnllsisoi leshltuninnrink(Mrt?r/ williclrs.ts H..Chiuc\.M J &Gaftlincr.C.ll.l99arBi !lury coccrdi{^is rtr.rt. irlrd?r?,,/r)sr.1l:585 59.1 in n len!r (.VrJnlr /,rr,na /rrr) Vrt Prthrl .ll:111 139 \ong.J.Coole.C fl.. Doughs,D A.&NlDIph].B l). 1995l-.v d.n.c wllliams B. H. Camcr. Nl.\t. .t K!$a\nki. l. A. 199:l l)efronc.l lnr hr.rh.g r.d r.ti\rry burin)r:!nrhesis ofproee(erone ir p1.c.ofu Dc$rhclhi.m!\ in r$. rcircr: lMtn.ld tun"n^ ltuo). J. Lv Wi!.ll ol flrink(,''/,r!,1, 'ir,,). Akrl.Ra,nl..5l1S1):102. M.l . 15:5r)(159.1. sr!enri. l'.G..ltlersen.l\1.&Sard.O. 1995,^cttrilLc\of clrhohtdrrtc \\'illirnh. E S e,d1 1996 Va..inrlionofbld.l td)lcd Jc.rcllM!\ d xrd !n'nr, icid Deraboliznrecnz)lrcs lun li\.r oJ nnnr lMrv/r,, ,i!rit.Jr\ Sibeiri tole.al iMh/?/d.r.furrDt) h!hrd\ !nd domcs- w,r) rrd pr.limifdy ob\.r!lrion\ on srcad!-shtc knrelics ol lhe ric lirers (.lr,rclr l,rilr,rrr ,,!) ag!inst dsrenpcr. .1. tlitul. Dit.. cnTynrcs C,,i/r tnr /,.,,. r/Artt.. I l2B:j, 6.1 l::.11711.r l.Lniko\r. !. v. l!95. !,xlincrsolvcrinc nonr nrc nrmcr IISSR:re\rcs Wilhrms. E S. & fhorne.L I 1996 lDiccliou.and trfa\rti. dr\crsc\ (t rhr genust/Anrr,r) (Crnivofu: Muslelidac)./rr(rd 6:l 8. of.rpri\c c!rni\ore\. Fr(h spe.irl emplrr\is.n rIc hlackfo.tcd irritofd. B J & Fctrciia. F Nl. 1995.Prcdahon rue pr\ on crllir.chrds ferfcr(rrr\,.1r ,t!f//r,\r R.t Sti T.rhn. Allnt I'ttttn Lri...t.. L. thc Allanhc coa\tri rrin 1iftsr of Brdzil. r,rd Pri,Lrrdl.. 65:129 l5:9 I 1.1 )ll I Liru hdthdkt) WoodnnG. R. 199i. Bod! .ondirion at.crs inDlurariof drLt rn thc srfu.hln. R. & Jeferiei- D J. 1996.An d$c$nEir olhc dicr ol rhelirnl Euft)pedbadger. .u21.'\ ,rc1. \. J 2../. :.1(rrl8l-l8N Anreri.an di!rkt rtrfu fa,,rlr!msc!ts.ollcclcd Lf !rca\shr.c xrLcr Woods.Nl. l9t)6 ?i!? drl(d Ihe \larnnal Socrcl). I-ondon.2:l tt]. \olcs.4,rk,lr' /t,/.v,r occur I]l.Irt/r,?lirr lll:71 8l woolhouse.A D.&Nld.e.n.t) R l99i An e\rlurtnrnol rcpellenl:l! Str.hu. R.. Jellene\. D J. ti Ch.iir. l'. R 1996 Purt rrti.n \u^.\ .J sufpre\b(Nlrg b) pos{m'.1. ( hor. L,tal .21:15111581.(M,rn'Lr /tr!t Jl/ /,/1 lt?l.r /98/ /988. J\CC. SrrbblefieLrl. {. A.Hanc.ck.Ci,\.Frni.\! ll &Ringei.R.K l99i.Acule woolhouse.A. D. \.(on. R .l & Hxnrllon.B. H 19r.1.Anrl)sis ol !.d\uhchn)nict(xicirr- olnarutull! $ei$eFd Erxon Vrld.z cnrdcoil n \c.rcri.n\ liom \cent tridu rg !ladd\ of trNsht!il f.\\unr ntlllxrd\ rdd ledels.En1,1,,,. ld!..1 Cr.,r. 1..|19.111950 \l r iL hovDlt\ rull(t t ltl K.t t) J (/rr A,l. ll)rlrq2i l. (.Vrtf lrr Surur$!.Y A o dl. 199j.Seque..ing ind conrprritivcrndlyli.l 5 termrnrl regior of dirk S26 ribosomdln|\n.in cD\A Xo,Z..l rt a1.I995 Sell:rioinlrngl,.hdiof in nrcrr.c-licld rar. ,4,,n/t Bn\, rydtt n Ik \l,drr (l,,tJ.r 2 I 8j5-851. tutt|aid\.J. M.r\"r.16 ll.rs llll rr/!\r1lrrni,rrlirl T. -,n. A ll & \cil. ll lr9l l'1..r . rl\ro' Zabreg{Nl H. 19t6.Hclndh..l rrinl. rr,\dd L/!,i. r.d musrir:lts. ff.en"nr and lrtrli.g mink. dd ellecLol drelu! r.pereed!rl rn lh. Or,ht .n)ditnu\ nr\iurh.rnIl ri.L.../ Hrl,tirthrl Sot \\'lrJrtr! eprorlu.rlonNfiod tr./r '1r,, Nrr'. 16rL0l li)r) tl Somers.M .l & Pu.ve\. M. C. 1996.T.phrc olerldp belweenI synbpic semidqurli. crdilores Capeclawlessotter, spotied necled olterand Bodrlho. 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(C rtpk'prot ta Ie tur) (Herpesridae,) fiom southwesremMrdagascar. Ma-ru1u

Hcinrich- R. E. & Rose, K. D. 1995. Panial skelelon of the primnile MDstelids & Viverrids cm,!or!n Mia.ir p?rills fiom lhc cldy Eoccne of WyonrinS. 1 Matnn..76:llE-162, Borland. A. E., Milh. M. G. & La*son, D. ND. Prclarots antlfamets. Joshi, A. R.. Smith. J. L. & CuDbert, F. t. 1995. Influence of food EndangeredWildlife Trust. (Soulb Africa) distribulronandpredatnrn p.essure on spacingbeha!iorin pllmcivcts Clcvcngcr.A. P. I 995. Seasonalityand relarion\hips of food .csourccusc .1.Mu,nn., 76:1205 t212. nl Maft.s nates, G.nend B?iefid, d!.1F"/ir./1,r in the Balearic Koulbs, C. D., Det'onis,L. & Scn,S.1995. Lpho.rar taratkcwidbi.^ hlands. R.r. Ii?/. 1r./,? vr?l50:109 1:ll new vilctrid (, Mammalia) from rhe middle Miocene of Clevenger,A. P. 1996.Frueivory ofM,r"r udrr.r andC"n.tta s?nerain Chios Island.Greece. C",bidr 28:51I 523. .n insurarneditemnean habitat. Rtr. Etol. (T.i. vie)5t:t9 24. I-ivartis..l.A. & Villaiucrtc, R. 1996.lilraeuild prcdarion.mesoprcdaror Clifron Hadley, R. S. 1996.B.dgere, bovine tubcrculosisand the aee of release.and prey stability. Consea,.Aiol., l0:676 677. (Mongooses. reason.drn. Yet.1. 152:2432,{6. Clutron Brock, J. 1996. Competno6, companions,slltus symbols, or Miquel. l. "r d/. 1995.A scanningele.rron nicroscope srudy of some pest\: A revicw ol humanlss@ialions with lhe camivo.es.ln Cani- Ricluladidae(Ncmatod!) parasnesof Iberian D!mmals.Aerrtrrhrlr,st vorebehuvioL et olos,".und e'?l!ri,,. vr,/. 2. ed.J. L. Git(lemln, 375 32:3 11. lGen?tu llenetta) }r2.Ithaca & London: Comsbct Publ. Ass. Miquel, J c/ d/. 1996.Ncw dalr onA,.'/orDu a rzlti,..i Miquel, Tores, Day"n, T. & Simberlofl D. 1996. Pallernsof size sepration in cami- Casrnola et Feliu. 1994{Nemrldla, Ancybsn}mrlidae) parasilizing vo.c communitics ln Carnirore beharior, etolog\, and .rol"tion. Cene u Eeneltu (Canilora. Viveridael in Sp in. Htlntinthobgirr v,/ 2, ed. J. L. Gntlenan. 241-266. Irhrca & London: Comstoct 33:4350. 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Palomaies,l-. zr u/. 1996.Spatial elatnnships b€rween Ibend dd other J. L. GiLtlendn.267'295. hhdca& London: ComsrockPubl. Ass. carniloresin !n a.e! of $u$ sesremSpiin. 1 A/pl Eidl.. 33:5 l3. Pu.ves.M. C , Kru uk. H & Nel, J. A. 199.1.Crabs P,k,nontut.s perldt4\ i. dre dict of oller Aon\'\ .ap."sis d $ater nmngoosc Ati/dr tdladdorar in a licsh watcr hlbitll in South Africa Z. latuE.tiefi, AndelL. W. F. & Woollcy. T. P. |996. Responsesof urb rramnalsroodor Qi,l.Q .t tl. 1995 lsohlionol leplide\ homok)gorsl{) donranrsol aLtractant\and a nart-dnpenringdevrcc. l! i// .!,.. drll.. 24:I I I I I 8. hunrln llphu I hcl! glycopdcrn from ! mo.goo\c dnrihcnuhlgic h.tor. Li?, lll.1l 2.15. Baer.C M. l1)94.Rxbics Anhisloncnlperspe.tive./,/rrt. Arrnt! L Di:. Ra!. I C & Hu crcr. R. l9i)5 lrucrurc of r s|r.$ connunir! in rlr. Rer. A',(, .t c'i,rnar7., .l(.11r168180 lPn,.r,, r.r,,-l CenL.nlAliiranRetublrcb!\edonlhcdalr-!s.lcxmirore \c!l\.\rilh Bllcom. B. J. & Yxhner. R H 1196.Nli.roh.bilrl r.d lrid...pe.h.ri. Ihedr\cntnionolancvSrAir,/.f lManrnali{ So.i.idrcr[.,t,/,i,? reri\lic\ r\n)ciarcd qith the rhicalenedAlleghrn] soodrrl (.,rr.n ,nt, r0r5l5 515 lPtd\.n l.tor) )+ Brucr.c & cel. A. 1995.Eilicrcyof6 anrhclminlicsaeainsr lunrinrl Niebyl\ki. M. L. z, d/. 199.1.Blood hons of A..lcs dlhopi.lut ii rhe \ra8es of Adr_lirrr.arir pro.r,,ir rn naturally inlicted raccoois UnitedSrrtcs../.,4,r./ Mor4uita Contnl As!. lO:141 150.\PtuL \on \t'hr\an latot). v., Palriir./. 60:155-159. Be.liers.C J,l-ccndc.\.T. A.&Slrijbosch. H 1996 Coral snakeninicry Notris- D E.rd1 1996 Expe.imentaiinlecriort ofrhe mccoon(P/d,, Lne smkes nor ivoidcd b! ! mamma!ianpredatr. O..,bgk 106: lolar) ||\th Ba elia bulelotf.ri J Wil.tl. Dis., 32:3OOll1. ltrl .1(rl (NnJrd sp.) Oic. K L.rdl 1996 Rehrn)n\hipbetween cqsid p.orcin( VP2 ) scqlcncc Be)cr.W N . Con.or. L. L. & Gcrould-S 199.1Estimalesofnrilingesln)n rnd pdlhogenicnyof Alcu(ian nrink diseaseparrovr.us (ADv) A b! $il.llili..t lvi///. Md,d(c.. 58:375 381. lPrddor ldor) po\sibler)le lirruccoons in rhertunsmissioD ofADv infectb.\. car Bollingcr.E. K. & Peak,R. C. 1995 Dcfrcdltn)n ofanilicial rvrrn nesL\ J. 2,,1.. t2:18.{81853. A conrp.risonof iitrcsr fcld and Inrenrdke edges A,ntr. Millunl Pea]. S. & Rosc. L. I 994 Reggingand t.nnslerof coari nrearb) {hnc Ij,,!,r . lll:200 20.1.(Pro.ro, /d,4 facedcapuchin monkcys. C.but cdru.inus /'ft a/zr 35:409.{15 lr,\ch.lli. r\ & KasTnrca,J. 1995. Viscerrl larla nigrans induced Robb- I B & Khout. T. A. 1995.Frcro^ iifluencinB sood dlck u\c ol .f\inoph!liccdrdiacpseudoluDor Acauscof \uddcn dcalh inrchild. narurulcfviries../ ll'i///. d,dg..,59r372 :18:1.lPro.\rn hror\ -/ t,,.r'ft S.i . .10rI09? 1l)99.IProLron h)tor) RoBe.s. R E lS95 A rclrew ol \trre .x..oon huorine ind coondog ( .r.\ c A . wlndeler, A. l. & Chlrhon. K M lsgaJ.Rrcoon.abies in Lr ning regulalions.lv,/.//. 5,. a!l/. 2l::198 .106. .Jn.ro Canrd! (1961lo 199.11 A reto$ecrive Fpon. Cdr. y.r./, Rudmann.D. C. tt a|. 1996. Bu\li:artri! podrrir larva mrlrans r. l puppy A.ase repofi and updalefor thc lcrcrinanan../.n,rrr..4rtn. r hJr!un.F 1995NewYortamcksraccoonrabiesfroDlhcrir.r/n.M.d Hrsfuul A:s..3213 16.lPRr\oi kn.rJ ./..I1 || lJ,l lJ5 Rupprccht.C.E.&Smith.J.S.1994 Raccoonrabics lhcrc cm.rgcncr ( lJrli. C C. & Pung. O. I 199.{.Hosr specificiry of Ribosomal DNA ol !n epizooti. in a deosely populltcd arca. S.,,i,d,r yi.,/.. r ariirion iD sylulicT^rdn,s,r,a. f x:i lion Norlh Arnericd.M,/e.{/ 5:15516.r. Bin. h.h1 Pdnsital., 66:1 15- 1 19. I PnLj on lotot J Sllttcry,J P &O'Bnen.S.J. 1995.Molecularph)loecnyofthc rcdpand! { lxrk.K. A. rrl/. 199:1.Epizooliccarinc rabicstrnsmnlcdb} coyote\ rn (Aitun^ fulsens).l. H.tedttr 86:111 122. $urh Tcxas../. A-2,: Vzr.,'!/2./.A$ .204:536 540. (Pr.d.r lrDrl Smdnsilde., M. M. 1996.R.ccoon rabies in clsrcrn Canadal196l Lo r'.Der. J. A..l.bt. w. S. & Kavrn.uSh. D. M. 1994 Ho\ts ofa,r.,-lir 199.1) A retospedive repo.r. Co. \t.t J.a7:511. r/,/,,,,i (Diprera. Psychodidre)in .clation kr vcsicular \tomrtiL,s SLern. S. zr al. | 995.A preliminaryexpcriDcnl o. colenns sseet .orn wnh \rus on Gsabaw hland. Geor.ei..USA M.d v.t rnt.,nat.. a:125 ne iig ro erclude raccoon.l Susldih.A gn. !k. 612/3):2174. 330. tPr'r)on L oa Sroeer,P..ral.l99.l.Raccooncfitheliun'Ane$allergeosource..lll(rgl (n\m- E O .r d/. 199,1.Epidenntogic srudy of sporotrichosisand hi(opl.snosis capriveLilir Amcric!n uild mammal\.Sro Paulo. Sldle. M.. Odening.K. & W.ltcr. G. 199(r Thc raccoonas rnlerntedrale Bt'il M\ripdthologid 125:1922. (Ndr,, sp.) host of:1.!ar.,.l$is speciesin Europe../ drld,trol S,. llrrtrrr{ r',{lrer. M. C. & Bryan.A. L 1995.Flcnn ailtct,ng repn)ducri!esuccess k,,63:1.15l,{9. of wood (orks (Mr.,./id d,,.rr'a,a) ,n ed'centful Georgia. A"i Truyen.P. & Prtri\h, C R 1995 The evolurionrrd .onh ol of paNo! ru\ 112:131)11 (.Prot\.n ljt.rl ho(.!ngc\ .t.nrd.r Vinl.. 6:3l l 317. { r.i.!- I. E .rnl 1996 Acquire.i rc\ishnce and anribody responscof Vcnnccr. V.. Morga., K. H. & Snnh. G. E 1993.Nc ng bnnogt and rac(Dns (Pn!,, rr,r) ro sequenrialfeediles of lrod.t r.4f,/a/ir predahonol pigeonguilleDors hrheQuccn Chrrlotte Idands. Bnri\h (Acari.kodid.c). vd. Pdrd,rol. arl:291-:101. Colurrbia. Coldrral Wnr.rial\ l6:l 19-127.\l't1\'\on lok,) ).rli.g. T L. 1996 ChanSesin lrsroinresrinil charicrerislics of an omnilorous spccics.thc I accoon.s ilh lachtion ud serso. J. Md,r,., Mustelids and Drocronids )usil. !. 1996. Raccoon rabics in easrernclndda (1961 to 1994) A rct.o\pective.eporl' Coftment. Cd f.r. J.. 37 519. Pricmer.J & I-ur. E. 199.1.Atnr"c,tr txJjd (Ccs1odtrl.a parlnLc ol lhe (;.hit.S D.&Frnzell.E K. l996.Second.nmsrndlllcliticrsrnrlccoons badger.11,/21.,!,,z/cr. and thc.accoon,Pr,.r,, /.t f. in Brandenburg. / Md,,,r.. 7l:388 193 Gemaiy (d,. J. Zo./..72:1848l85l (nlnp|cr, M E 1996. Socrllrty md 6o.irlly i. $hne nosed colrs lNd:uu naie) toragiigcossandbcncfit\.a.hdr. n|n., 1: 251 263. lhnrir. A N.. Moser, G. & Rupprechr.C l: 1996.Clinicopalhok)gical !dridnnr in raccoonsinlecLcd wirhdiffereor srreel ribies virus isolatc\ J. vrt Diucn !nt.nr!41or 8:31l1 tsekoft M. & Janricson.D I ir96 Eth,c\ andthe study of carnilo..sr Do ng H. Drir.A N..r a/. I g9.l Blood lcadlevels ol wrld rxccoons(Pzr,, /.trr) scicncc$hilc rcspechng!nirnxl\. ln Curn i I arc behd\ior...ol.t\. and liom rheeasre Unired Starcs.1 lvi/d/,oir - l0: l I5-l l 8 ttnlutit i.val.2.cd L|. (lttrtenan. I5-.15.Irhaca& LondoD Con(ocl' Hrdrn.A.N.f/d/ lg95.Hcrpcsviru\lilierniactn).inrra.coon(Pro.r,n l .r) | Willl. Dis..fl:1]O123 Bik.e\icius, A. R. & vdi Valke.bu.gh. B 1996. DesiSn tar lilling: tlennan. l. B., l'ow.r. l D & I]aton.R R 1995 Stllusol blandingturlles. Criniodcnt!l adapt,rnnrof I rcna,ors.lnca n i\rre L.harn)r. ?..1.lt, Lnwbnba blanht\ii. il Nova Scotia. Canadr Cdh Fn,ld Nai1r.. and trolutian. Vol.2-ed .t I- Citll.man. l9:l ,128 ilhacr & Londoo: 109:142 l 9 l. l.Pr..\r, ldat J ComstockPubl. Ass. Kjeb\.I w. zr d1 1995.Rabies nNcillucc in the LjnnedsLaLes durrng Flyno, J. L I9s6. CdD \oran phll,)genl a.d ntes of evolulion.If Carri 1991J Ankr. Vet.llled.l$,l0?:1562 l5?5 nrc b.ha\ iaL ailo\\. dnrt? r,&/ni,. r,l. 2, cd. J. 1..Cnllcmaf. 5.11 I .hn,rn. S. M . Taylor. L. L &Easlcy.S P 1s9.r (li,nrrernd.eprodnc 581 Ilhrc. & London:Com\tock Publ A$ riresealona1iI)nr?freeIn.ein8]sl!ndpofulaL,on\olrhesusn,dciqres CoDpper. NI. [ & wlync, R K ]996 (ienelic rcl.lcdncss lnNng rndi lM!.d.t ]rulatt) I't .l Priidrol.. lj:ll5 128.lfinr,, /rr,,) vidurl\ $ithin cdnivore $cietie.. I^ Qtrniror. h.h^br...oh)!r, I oege.ing.lP.&Fr.ser. J.D l995.Fictor\affcctin!pipingplorerchick od (voltniot.vol.2-cd J I Ciltleman.419.{52. snrvi\al in diitrenr b.ood rering hibirils.J. wil// M",,9?.59r6.16 I lunt. R. M. Jr. I 996. Bio.!eo.!riph! of rh. ordcf Crnn om ln (il Drn,, . 655.lProt\..or ld.r) h.harior ?robr\ odrtolrtit,t.vol 2.cd J L Cilllemrn..l855,11. ulrler. P. & Elans. C. 1996. Bifd cllls Ju\t cmotn)nll tlisplays or Irhica & London: Conr\rocLPuhl. A$ son'erhinSnrore? 1rn l-lE:26 31. (P/..ron ,r,,1 Wayne. R. K. & Koctfli. K P 1996 De ogr.phic and hrslo.icalcllccts \{i)jr)n. N. 199,1.lhe hun'rn mgiosron8)losis duc ro nrei.r/,,!r/rr o. ge.eric \arialionof cinrirt't.\. tnCnt nn1, I hrharbr. tt.toE\'. dutl raturiLtn:it. Bull A.url. Ndtl.Med. 178:6256l:l (Ndr!d sp.) tnlur.n. vol 2. .d I L cittleDln..151.1E.1.Irhaca & L.nd.n: \adindaris-S A . Iluang.W. & Alc\rnder.I 1996.lhedesienofstrlin Com\tock Publ As \pecilic tolyner.se chain reicrionJ fordiscrinrlnarionof the rxccoon werdelin. L. 1996.CarrlrofiD c.onuthology: A phyloeenellcpcA|c. rrbiesvr.u: (rrinlionn ieenousr!bicsviruscsofOnt,rnr../.vrr,/.)! nre. ln Cani! t ( h.h! \ r',. t\ rl r t:\. tnd.tolutn,n. val. 2..11 l l GillleDd. 51i26l.r hhr!! & | .ndonr Comslork Publ A$ 25 Subscriptions

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