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Waldoekologie-Online Heft-14-4.Pdf Waldentwicklung und Landnutzungswandel AFSV Waldökologie, Landschaftsforschung und Naturschutz Heft 14 (2014) S.31–42 7 Fig., 3 Tab. urn:nbn:de:0041-afsv-01444 Scopus Indexed Journal Waldökologie, Landschaftsforschung und Naturschutz – Forest Ecology, Landscape Research and Nature Conservation www.afsv.de/index.php/waldoekologie-landschaftsforschung-und-naturschutz Rekonstruktion der Waldentwicklung aus Forsteinrichtungswerken und historischen Karten Ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung des Landnutzungswandels in der Nationalparkregion Sächsische Schweiz Reconstruction of forest development based on forest management plans and historical maps A contribution to research on land use change in the Saxon Switzerland national park region Ulrike Seiler & Ulrich Walz Abstract hand, reforestation measures are evident in former small glades within large closed stands. A comparison of the rela- Forest is commonly perceived as a natural landscape ele- tive coverage of individual age classes and groups of tree ment, which, in contrast to other anthropogenic forms of land species as derived from forest maps produced quantifiable use, persists over long periods of time. Yet the woodlands statements on developments such as the increase of old-age of Central Europe have in fact undergone major structural stands in the national park or a reduction of silver fir over the transformations as a repercussion of centuries of shifting entire national park region. High-resolution analyses were land use. undertaken in order to detect changes in the distribution of the various tree species, for example allowing a reconstruc- Using historical and current forest management plans as tion of the developments leading to the currently very low well as other historical maps, such changes have been ana- occurrence of silver fir. Such analyses also pinpoint which lysed to a high spatial precision for the national park region tree species have replaced the traditional silver fir found in of Saxon Switzerland over the timeframe of the past two this area. hundred years. Results show that the intensification of forest management at The main purpose of this work is to check the suitability the beginning of last century created stands which were little of historical forest maps for digitization, and thereafter to suited to the respective location. In the meantime, however, analyze the resulting datasets to derive new information on we can detect structural changes in terms of the composition the structural changes of woodland. The conclusions were of species and age classes towards a near-natural state. linked to findings on spatial changes in forest cover within the Saxon Switzerland national park. A considerable benefit of such investigations is that gener- ated data can be used to scrutinize the formulation of devel- The results show that the generated data can be used as a opment goals as well as supporting the planning of forest basis for the spatial-statistic analysis of woodland develop- maintenance and development. ment, resulting in quantitative as well as qualitative state- ments on structural changes as well as changes in patterns Keywords: GIS, landscape change, historical old forests, of forest usage. Analyses based on historical topographic Saxony maps show that in the period from 1780 until today the extent of forest coverage has dropped only minimally from 60 % to Zusammenfassung 56 %. However, some large-scale felling of woodland can Der Wald wird häufig als ein natürliches Landschaftselement be observed at the edges of clearings as well as reductions wahrgenommen, das im Gegensatz zu anderen, anthropo- in small, isolated stands situated in open land. On the other gen begründeten Flächennutzungsarten über sehr lange Waldökologie, Landschaftsforschung und Naturschutz 14 (2014) 31 AFSV Waldentwicklung und Landnutzungswandel Zeiträume besteht. Im Ergebnis einer seit Jahrhunderten Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass die Intensivierung der Forst- andauernden Landnutzungsgeschichte hat sich aber auch wirtschaft zu Beginn des letzten Jahrhunderts zu wenig der Wald in Mitteleuropa in seinem strukturellen Aufbau stark standortgerechten Wäldern geführt hat. Mittlerweile zeigt sich gewandelt. eine deutliche Annäherung der Baumarten- und Alterszusam- mensetzung an einen naturnäheren Zustand. Anhand historischer und aktueller Forsteinrichtungswerke sowie weiterer historischer topographischer Karten wurden Ein wesentlicher Wert solcher Untersuchungen liegt darin, diese Veränderungen für die vergangenen zwei Jahrhunderte dass die Zielformulierungen für Waldflächen anhand der am Beispiel der Nationalparkregion Sächsische Schweiz generierten Informationen überprüft und die Pflege- und Ent- flächengenau untersucht. wicklungsplanung der Wälder unterstützt werden können. Die wesentlichen Ziele der Studie bestanden darin, die Schlüsselwörter: GIS, Landschaftswandel, historisch alte Eignung der historischen Kartenwerke zur Forsteinrichtung Wälder, Sachsen für eine digitale Aufbereitung zu prüfen und den aus dieser Datenbasis ableitbaren Erkenntnisgewinn zu den strukturellen Veränderungen in den Wäldern zu ermitteln. Die Erkenntnisse 1 Einleitung wurden mit Ergebnissen zu räumlichen Veränderungen der Die Einflussnahme des Menschen veränderte die natürliche Waldbedeckung in der Sächsischen Schweiz verknüpft. Ausstattung, das Erscheinungsbild und die Funktionalität der Landschaft in Mitteleuropa in den vergangenen Jahrhunderten Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auf der erstellten Datengrund- grundlegend. Die Analyse dieser Veränderungen in histori- lage räumlich-statistische Analysen zur Waldentwicklung schen Zeiträumen kann uns heute wichtige Rückschlüsse möglich sind, insbesondere quantitative aber auch qualita- auf die möglichen ökologischen Folgen von Änderungen der tive Aussagen zu den strukturellen Veränderungen sowie Landnutzung geben. Sie ist damit eine wichtige Grundlage zum Wandel der Nutzungsstrukturen. Analysen auf Basis des Landmanagements. Für eine solche Analyse sind flä- von historischen topographischen Karten zeigen, dass chengenaue Rekonstruktionen des Landschaftszustandes, der Waldanteil von 1780 bis heute von 60 % auf 56 % nur der räumlichen Anordnung und der strukturellen Zusammen- wenig abnahm. Deutlich werden jedoch örtlich großflächige setzung der Landschaftselemente für bestimmte Zeitpunkte Abnahmen an den Rändern der Rodungsinseln sowie eine erforderlich (BÜRGER -ARNDT 2012). Abnahme kleinerer Waldflächen des Offenlandes. Dem gegenüber stehen Zunahmen durch die Aufforstung offener Die heutigen mitteleuropäischen Wälder sind Bestandteile Bereiche innerhalb großer geschlossener Waldbereiche. Aus einer vom Menschen geschaffenen und beeinflussten Kultur- dem Vergleich der berechneten Flächenanteile einzelner landschaft. In ihrer Artenzusammensetzung sind sie geprägt Altersklassen und Baumartengruppen aus den Forstein- vom Nutzwert der einzelnen Baumarten, so dominieren die richtungskarten waren Entwicklungen wie die Zunahme Wirtschaftsbäume Buche, Eiche, Fichte und Kiefer (KÜSTER der Altbestände im Bereich des Nationalparks Sächsische 2008). Naturnahe Waldökosysteme blieben nur dort erhalten, Schweiz oder die Abnahme der Weißtannenbestände in der wo eine Inwertsetzung der Flächen aus klimatischer oder Nationalparkregion quantitativ erfassbar. Für Erkenntnisse geologischer Sicht nicht lohnend erschien. zu den Veränderungen in der Baumartenzusammensetzung wurden flächengenaue Analysen durchgeführt, die es bei- Eingebettet in eine großflächige Kulturlandschaft mit land- und spielsweise ermöglichen, die Entwicklung der gegenwärtig forstwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen, blieben Reste naturnaher sehr geringen Verbreitung der Weißtanne zu rekonstruieren. Wälder beispielsweise in der Sächsischen Schweiz (Abb. 1) Es sind auf dieser Grundlage genaue Aussagen möglich, erhalten. Die heute als Nationalparkregion geschützte welche Baumarten an die Stelle der historischen Vorkommen Landschaft unterlag dabei vor allem in den letzten beiden der Weißtanne getreten sind. Jahrhunderten einem tief greifenden und nachhaltigen Abb. 1: Räumliche Einordnung der Sächsischen Schweiz und Zonierung der National- parkregion. Fig. 1: Location of Saxon Switzer- land and zoning of national park region. 32 Waldökologie, Landschaftsforschung und Naturschutz 14 (2014) Waldentwicklung und Landnutzungswandel AFSV Wandel. Die Entwicklung der Wälder ist in zahlreichen wald- 2 Gebietscharakteristik und und forstwirtschaftlichen Studien zur Sächsischen Schweiz Datengrundlagen gut dokumentiert (SCHMIDT et al. 1993, WA GNER 1994, TOR K E 2006, RIE B E 2012). Aufgrund des Fehlens geeigneter Metho- den zur Verarbeitung raum- und zeitbezogener Informationen 2.1 Untersuchungsgebiet waren flächen- und objektgenaue Aussagen zu den struk- Die Untersuchung umfasst die Wälder der heutigen Natio- turellen Veränderungen der Wälder allerdings bislang nicht nalparkregion Sächsische Schweiz, die sich im Südwesten verfügbar. Historische Kartenwerke können die notwendigen des Freistaates Sachsen befindet und an die Tschechische Informationen dafür bereitstellen, da sie systematisch, flä- Republik grenzt (Abb. 1). Die Nationalparkregion setzt sich chendeckend und über längere Zeiträume erhoben wurden aus dem Landschaftsschutzgebiet und den darin eingebet- (WA LZ & BERGER 2003). Sie bilden neben geeigneten Verfah- teten zwei voneinander getrennten Teilen des Nationalparks ren zur Datenverarbeitung die Grundlage für objektgenaue zusammen. Während das Landschaftsschutzgebiet auch und lagetreue Aussagen zum Landschaftswandel und finden
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