DOCSLIB.ORG

Epidemiology of Serious Sport and Recreational

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Epidemiology of Serious Sport and Recreational EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CATASTROPHIC RUGBY FOOTBALL INJURIES IN NEW SOUTH WALES Tai Rotem This dissertation is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters by research thesis. Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, 2007 Publications and official reports generated from this research Published articles in refereed journals Rotem TR, Lawson JS, Wilson SF, Engel S, Rutkowski SB, Aisbett CW. 1998. Severe cervical spinal cord injuries related to rugby union and league football in New South Wales, 1984-1996. Medical Journal of Australia 168(8): 379-381. Rotem TR, Davidson R. 2001. Epidemiology of Schoolboy football injuries. International Sports Med Journal 2(2). [Online] Available at: www.esportmed.com/ismj Lawson J, Rotem T, Wilson S. 1995. Catastrophic injuries to the eyes and testicles in footballers. Medical Journal of Australia 163(5): 242-244. Published letters in refereed journals Wilson SF, Atkin PA, Rotem T, Lawson JS. 1996. Spinal cord injuries have fallen in rugby union in New South Wales. British Medical Journal 313(7071):1550. Published conference papers Geffen S, Wilson S, Rotem T, Lawson J. 1999. Severe injury and fatality in Rugby League football. Abstracts from the Football Australasia Conference. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2 (1): 178. Official reports Rotem T, Wilson S, Lawson J. 2001. Rugby football injury mechanism study. Report to the New South Wales Sporting Injuries Committee Research and Injury Prevention Program. Lawson J, Wilson S, Rotem T. 1995. Head and neck injuries in sport: Report to the New South Wales Sporting Injuries Committee Research and Injury Prevention Program. Epidemiology of catastrophic rugby football injuries in New South Wales ABSTRACT Aims and objectives: To investigate the epidemiology, risk factors, and preventive strategies for serious head and spinal injuries related to rugby league and union football in New South Wales (NSW). Methods: The three main components of this study included. 1. A retrospective analysis of clinical and compensation case file records during the 16-year period, 1984-1999. 2. A review of game rules, weights and heights of players, over the past 100 years. 3. A review of film and video footage of rugby football games spanning most of the 20th century. A method was developed to allow valid comparisons in style of play over a 70-year period. Results: The estimated annual incidence rate of SCI for rugby league players was 1.9 (95%CI 1.3 - 2.8) per 100,000 estimated players per year, and 3.3 (95%CI 2.2 - 4.8) per 100,000 estimated rugby union players per year over the study period 1984 to 1999. There was no significant change in the incidence of rugby league related serious spinal cord injuries (1984-1999), fatalities (1984-1999) or serious head injuries (1984-1999). There was a small but significant decline in rugby union related serious spinal cord injuries (1984-1999, P<0.05). However, the relative risk of spinal cord injury was 1.34 times greater for rugby union compared to rugby league over the entire study period (95%CI 1.01 - 1.67, P<0.05). For rugby football, the evidence suggested that the force of impact between participants was a key causal risk factor for serious injury. Elite rugby league and union players from 1999-2000 teams were significantly heavier (P<0.05) and taller (P<0.05) than players pre 1950. Players in modern elite games post 1989 were more likely to be tackled by multiple opponents (P = 0.000), tackled head on (P<0.05), at chest level (P<0.05) and at greater speeds than their earlier counterparts pre 1958. However, modern players appear to be no more aggressive or perpetrate greater foul play than their predecessors. Conclusions: There was a continued annual occurrence of catastrophically serious injuries leading to permanent brain damage and quadriplegia associated with rugby league and union in NSW. The critical risk factors found to be associated with serious injury in rugby football suggest relatively novel approaches to the development of preventive strategies. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge with much appreciation the support and guidance of Professor Anthony Zwi and Associate Professor Mary-Lou McLaws, my academic supervisors. Their guidance has been very helpful in completing the present dissertation report. I would also like to convey deep appreciation to Professor James Lawson, my original academic supervisor. I was privileged to work with Professor Lawson and Dr Stephen Wilson in the conduct of the original study in 1998 from which this dissertation evolved. The late Dr David Garlick (School of Physiology and Pharmacology, UNSW) provided valuable advice and support as my co supervisor. I am indebted to the NSW Sporting Injuries Committee for the funding support they have provided reflecting their strong commitment to injury prevention research. Special thanks to Mr John Anderson and all the staff at the NSW Sporting Injuries Committee who provided ongoing support and access to the benefits paid case data. Dr George Argyrous (School of Social Science and Policy, UNSW) offered most helpful advice on statistical analysis and research methods. Dr Sue Rutkowski and Dr Stella Engel provided access to spinal unit medical records. Mr Simon Drake and Ms Naomi Lamb at Screensound Film and Sound Archive Australia assisted in obtaining archival football video footage. Similarly, Mr Alex Byron at Sports Recording Services assisted in providing footage of more recent games. I acknowledge with appreciation the work completed by Mr Jordan Telfer. Using the designed recording tool, Mr Telfer was employed to review the archival film and video footage gathered for this study independently, with no knowledge of the study hypothesis. Finally, I am very grateful to my parents for the interest and support they have provided over the years. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF APPENDICES 7 LIST OF FIGURES 7 LIST OF TABLES 8 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 9 CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION 10 Background 10 Importance of sport and recreational activities 10 The risk of injury associated with sport and recreational activities 11 The burden of sporting injuries 12 The role of research and government policy in sporting injury prevention 13 Objective 15 Research objectives 15 Organization of thesis structure 17 CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW 19 SECTION ONE Public health approaches to preventing serious injuries in Australia 20 Establishment of injury prevention programs 21 Resources and coordination for injury prevention research 24 Road related injury and fatality prevention 26 Childhood pool drowning prevention 28 Sport and recreational injury and fatality prevention 30 SECTION TWO Developing and evaluating injury prevention strategies in sport and recreational activities 37 Study design in epidemiological studies of sport injuries 38 Constraints in data collection 40 SECTION THREE Background to serious injuries occurring in sport 42 Spinal Cord Injury 42 Clinical definition and management of spinal cord injury 42 Risk Factors for spinal cord injury 45 Epidemiology of spinal cord injuries in Australia 46 Head and Brain Injury 50 Clinical definition and management of head and brain injury 51 Risk factors for head injury 54 Epidemiology of head and brain Injuries in Australia 55 2 Fatalities 57 Risk factors for fatal injuries 57 Epidemiology of fatalities in Australia 58 Non-traumatic fatalities in sport and recreational activities 60 SECTION FOUR Serious rugby football injuries 62 Explanation of rugby football codes 62 Rugby league rules 62 Rugby union rules 64 SCI in rugby football 68 Brain injuries in rugby football 70 Prevention strategies for serious rugby football injuries - safety programs, rule change and enforcement 71 Rugby union 71 Rugby league 74 Effectiveness of prevention strategies in reducing serious injury 75 Legal consequences of rugby football injuries 77 SECTION FIVE Risk factors for serious injury in rugby football 79 Overview 79 Extrinsic risk factors 82 Types and style of play that increase the risk of serious injury 82 Spinal cord injury 82 Head injury 83 Mechanism of tackling injury 83 Force of impact 85 Direction of impact 88 Multiple tacklers 90 Level of impact 91 High tackles risk of injury to the ball carrier 91 Low tackles increased risk of injury to the tackler 92 Mechanism of ruck and maul injuries 93 Mechanism of scrum injuries 94 Acute management for suspected serious injuries 97 Spinal cord injury 97 Brain injury 98 Illegal/foul play 99 Number of players 103 Stage of season 104 Other external risk factors 105 Protective equipment for serious injury in football 106 Spinal cord injury 107 Head and brain injury 108 3 Intrinsic risk factors 110 Player characteristics that influence players’ serious injury risk 110 Anthropometric and physiological characteristics 110 Pre-existing conditions 114 Physical preparation 116 Skills, experience and technique 118 Level of competition, competitiveness and aggression 121 Age 127 Player position 128 Risk Exposure duration 130 SECTION SIX The historical and sociological development of rugby football and its effect on participant aggression and competitiveness 131 SECTION SEVEN Style of football played in modern times (post 1989) compared to that played in an earlier era (pre 1958) 139 Number of tacklers 140 Impact force 141 Dangerous scrums and tackling technique 141 Illegal/foul play 144 Number of players 145 Players strength, fitness and size 146 CHAPTER THREE – METHODOLOGY 152 SECTION ONE Injury definitions of data included in study population 152
Load more

Recommended publications
  • P16 Layout 1
    TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 2, 2014 SPORTS Baylor opens stadium with 45-0 win over SMU WACO: Bryce Petty took a bruising shot to his lower Bears really didn’t need that much offense anyway. Griffin was on hand for the Bears’ first game on again when Matt Davis, after scrambling out of the back on No. 10 Baylor’s first offensive drive in its new SMU’s three quarterbacks were sacked a combined campus since 1935. The Washington Redskins quar- grasp of a defender, tried to throw across the field riverfront stadium. eight times. The Mustangs (0-1) were held to 67 total terback and Baylor’s only Heisman Trophy winner took while running away from another one. He threw into a The reigning Big 12 offensive player of the year then yards, their fewest since coach June Jones took over in part in the statue dedication more than three hours crowd and was intercepted by Xavien Howard. moved gingerly at times, often grabbing at his back and 2008, and shut out for the second time in their last three before kickoff and was also on the field before the Petty then had completions of 15 and 13 yards to side between plays the rest of the first half. games. game, giving the invocation and taking part in the Jay Lee before his 5-yard TD run made it 31-0. Petty Petty still managed to have a big impact in the “What allowed the game to be won tonight, the way opening coin toss with former President George W. got hit again in the side going into the end zone and impressive debut of McLane Stadium, accounting for we dominated defensively,” Briles said.
    [Show full text]
  • Sevens Game Management Guidelines 2015
    SEVENS GAME MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES 2015 2 015 SEVENS GAME MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES © 2015 USA Rugby Content by Richard Every Edited / Reviewed by Tom Lyons, Nick Ricono, Peter Watson, Brad Kleiner, Peter Simpson, Jerry McLemore and Brittany Jacobs. For more information visit www.USARugby.org SEVENS GAME MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES 2015 INTRODUCTION USA Rugby Referees’ management has established guidelines to refereeing at all Sevens levels in USA Rugby. These guidelines enable players and referees to have a clearer approach to the game and to be more consistent in Law application throughout the country. They also reflect directives from World Rugby Sevens. These guidelines are to be distributed and applied nationally everyone involved in Sevens for 2015. Richard Every Brittany Jacobs High Performance Referee Manager Referee Manager INTRODUCTION : CONTENTS USA Rugby USA Rugby CONTENTS PAGE The Principles of the Game 2 Referee Abuse 2 Sevens Laws Variations Overview 3 The Breakdown 3 Maul 7 Scrum 8 Lineout 9 Advantage 10 General Play 10 Foul Play 11 Contacts 13 1 SEVENS GAME MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES 2015 PRINCIPLES OF THE GAME “It is through discipline, control and mutual respect that the spirit of the game flourishes and, in the context of a game as physically challenging as rugby, these are the qualities which forge the fellowship and sense of fair play so essential to the game’s ongoing success and survival.” - World Rugby: Laws of the Game 2015 It is essential that we, as a community, stand together and work together to develop rugby in the United States. It will be through mutual respect and support that we grow the game.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying the Collision Dose in Rugby League: a Systematic Review, Meta
    Naughton et al. Sports Medicine - Open (2020)6:50 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-020-00263-w CORRECTION Open Access Correction to: Quantifying the Collision Dose in Rugby League: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Critical Analysis Mitchell Naughton1*, Ben Jones1,2,3,4,5, Sharief Hendricks5,2,6, Doug King1,7,8, Aron Murphy1 and Cloe Cummins1,2,9 Correction to: Sports Med - Open 6:6 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0233-9 An incompletely revised version of the above article was inadvertently submitted for publication before all Reference authors had the opportunity to approve the manuscript. 1. Naughton M, et al. Quantifying the Collision Dose in Rugby League: A As a result, multiple errors were present in the published Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Critical Analysis. Sports Med - Open. 2020;6:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0233-9. article [1]. These relate to: – The number of articles assessed. – Reference citation details. – Data errors. – Figs 1, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5, 6a, 6b and 6c. – Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. The full article with all corrections is re-published ahead. Author details 1School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia. 2Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK. 3Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, Leeds, UK. 4England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK. 5Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Lexique Anglais-Français Des Expressions Pratiques De Rugby À XIII
    Lexique Anglais-Français des expressions pratiques de Rugby à XIII A ACCIDENTAL STRIKE : CONTACT INVOLONTAIRE ACTING HALF BACK : DEMI DE TENU ADVANTAGE : AVANTAGE ARE YOU READY : ETES VOUS PRET ATTACKING TEAM : EQUIPE ATTAQUANTE A SUB : UN REMPLACANT B BACK : JOUEUR DES LIGNES ARRIERES BACK TO ME, DAVID! : RECULEZ A MA HAUTEUR, DAVID (à 10 m sur tenu) BACK-ROW/BACK-ROWER/BACK-ROW FORWARD/LOCK : 3EME LIGNE BALL BACK : MELEE SUITE A UN COUP DE PIED EN TOUCHE DIRECTE BEHIND THE LINE : DERRIERE LA LIGNE BENCH : BANC DE TOUCHE BLEEDING PLAYER : JOUEUR QUI SAIGNE BLIND SIDE : COTE FERME SOME BLOOD : DU SANG BLOOD-BIN : JOUEUR SORTANT POUR SAIGNEMENT C CHARGING-DOWN : CONTRER CHICKEN WING : TORSION DU BRAS DERRIERE LE DOS CLEAR! : BOTTEUR OK (sur coup de pied à suivre, pas de plaquage à retardement sur botteur) COME HERE : VENEZ ICI COMMISSIONER : DELEGUE (du match) CONVERTING A TRY/CONVERT A TRY : TRANSFORMER UN ESSAI CORNER POST : POTEAU DE COIN (LIGNE D'EN-BUT) (CORNER) FLAG : DRAPEAU (d'en-but) CROSS BAR : BARRE TRANSVERSALE CRUSHER TACKLE : PLAQUAGE EN ETAU D DEAD BALL : BALLON MORT DEFENDING TEAM : EQUIPE DEFANDANTE DIFFERENTIAL PENALTY : PENALITE DIFFERENTIELLE DIVE : PLONGER DOCTOR : DOCTEUR DOMINANT : (PLAQUAGE) DOMINANT DO NOT ENTER YET : N’ENTREZ PAS ENCORE DOUBLE MOUVEMENT : SECOND MOUVEMENT DOWNTOWN : JOUEUR EN DEHORS DU JEU DROP GOAL/FIELD GOAL : DROP DROP KICK : COUP DE PIED DROP DROP-OUT : RENVOI SOUS LES POTEAUX OU AUX 20M EN COUP DE PIED TOMBE. DUG-OUT : BANC DES REMPLACANTS DUMMY: FEINTE (de passe) DUMMY-HALF : DEMI DE TENU
    [Show full text]
  • RFL Facilities Strategy
    Rugby Football League RFL Facilities Strategy 2009 – 2013 1 Contents Introduction and Update ................................................................................................................................... 3 Community Club Development Programme .................................................................................................. 3 Strategy Focus .................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction to Rugby League ............................................................................................................................ 6 Governance .................................................................................................................................................... 6 Geographical Spread and growth .................................................................................................................. 7 RFL Vision ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 Rugby League Facilities Background ................................................................................................................ 10 Basic requirements for the playing and training of Rugby League .............................................................. 12 Rugby League Facilities – meeting the need ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Difference in Rugby League Match
    COVID-19 enforced rule changes in rugby league Difference in rugby league match characteristics following the introduction of temporary law modifications due to COVID-19; A preliminary investigation Gordon Rennie 1 2, Nicholas Dalton-Barron 1 2 3, Dan Weaving 1 4 Ben Jones 1 3 4 5 6 7 1Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom,2Catapult Sports, Melbourne, Australia,3England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, United Kingdom,4Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom,5Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom,6School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, and 7Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa Keyword j Keyword j Keyword Headline balls [PTB], tries) were extracted from a commercial match uper League (SL) is the highest level of rugby league com- statistics provider (Opta, Leeds, United Kingdom). Spetition in the Northern Hemisphere. The league compe- To establish locomotor characteristics, each player was fitted tition was postponed on 24th Match 2020, due to the global with the same model of GNSS microtechnology device sam- COVID-19 pandemic, and restarted on the 2nd August 2020. pling at 10 Hz (OptimEye S5, Catapult Sports, Melbourne, With the aim of reducing the number of close proximity en- Australia). The test-retest reliability of OptimEye S5 mi- counters within matches, a number of risk mitigation fac- crotechnology devices to measure instantaneous speed across a tors were implemented by the Rugby Football League (RFL).
    [Show full text]
  • Leeds Rhinos Foundation
    LEEDS RHINOS FOUNDATION Oldham Rugby League Development Officer - Role Profile Job Description Job Title Oldham Rugby League Development Officer Salary Competitive Location Leeds Rugby Academy, Clarence Fields, Bridge Road, Kirkstall, Leeds, LS5 3BW Various schools across Oldham Hours of work Part time, 24hrs per week Responsibility to Leeds Rhinos Foundation Rugby League Development Manager Contractual Status Annual (1 year fixed) The purpose of the role is to provide a high-quality rugby league programme throughout Oldham Purpose of the role and the wider areas, working in partnership with Leeds Rhinos Foundation, Oldham Sixth Form College and the RFL (Rugby Football League). The role includes developing, implementing and delivering a programme with the College and Secondary Schools setting. KEY ROLES & REPONSIBILITIES Key Responsibilities • Deliver high quality weekly rugby league coaching to students at Oldham Sixth Form College. • Work closely with local amateur clubs and develop a pathway for players combining rugby league with the education creating a bespoke offer. • Curriculum Rugby League delivery in Secondary Schools focusing on 7–9-year groups • Work closely with Local SGO to deliver secondary school RL 9s competitions • Run u12 taster sessions at local community clubs • Plan, lead and deliver u12-14 player development days during school holidays • Plan, lead and deliver ETP 14+ programme • Work closely with LRF media team to create media release to promote all projects • Create case studies that highlight the impact all work has on the development of Rugby League in the area • Attend regular LRF Rugby League development meetings • Assistance in any other LRF areas of work as requested by line manager.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Umpire Coaching – 30 July
    th Field Umpire Coaching – 30 July 1. Communication Before the Game - Speak on the player and team in the game, players to be aware of, possible match ups - How you will work together as a team – hand overs, back each other up, field/boundary/goal issues that may arise During the Game - Communicate with players only when necessary, do not make sarcastic or disrespectful comments at any stage - Communicate clearly with the players during the game - Only explain decisions to players who ask respectfully - Do not get engaged in conversations with players on the umpiring After the Game/Quarter - Discuss with other umpires issues that may have experienced during the game/quarter - Discuss where the games at and whether need to change in the next quarter - Discuss players that are performing well for votes 2. Our Limits Comments by Players - Penalise any comment that is clearly dissent or abusive towards an umpire with a free kick or 50m penalty - Allow players to question respectfully and offer an appropriate response as necessary Comments by Officials (runners, trainers, water carriers, etc) - Any comment you feel that the runner needs to be warned, this needs to be a free kick or 50m penalty. We will not accept any abusive or a comment where the dispute the decision from any of these officials and should be penalised on the first occasion. Comments from Other Club Officials - Make a note of these on the match report for the league to follow up as required Other Security Issues - Make a note on the match report, eg umpire escorts not able to rectify an issue that has occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • LJMU Research Online
    LJMU Research Online Evans, SD, Brewer, C, Haigh, JD, Lake, M, Morton, JP and Close, GL The physical demands of Super League rugby: Experiences of a newly promoted franchise. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/1782/ Article Citation (please note it is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from this work) Evans, SD, Brewer, C, Haigh, JD, Lake, M, Morton, JP and Close, GL (2015) The physical demands of Super League rugby: Experiences of a newly promoted franchise. European Journal of Sport Science. ISSN 1536-7290 LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information please contact [email protected] http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/ 1 The physical demands of Super League rugby: Experiences of a newly promoted franchise 2 3 4 Abstract 5 6 The physical match demands for a newly promoted European Super League (ESL) squad 7 were analysed over a full season using global positioning systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Year 5/6 Tag Rugby League Competition
    GREATER MANCHESTER SCHOOL GAMES 2016/2017 YEAR 5/6 TAG RUGBY LEAGUE COMPETITION Tuesday 21st March 2017 Eastlands Outdoor Athletics Arena SCHOOL GAMES BACKGROUND INFORMATION: The Greater Manchester School Games aims to further revive the culture of competitive sport in schools. This exciting new concept will harness the power of the Olympics and Paralympics and is designed to motivate and enthuse more young people than ever before to participate in high quality, meaningful competition within and across schools, supporting them in achieving their own personal best in sport and in life. The competition will run across three distinct, but integrated levels (see below) providing a simple and progressive pathway culminating in a multi sport festival (Level 3) that will showcase the very best of competitive sport across the County. Level 3 – Greater Manchester School Games Level 2 – Inter-school competition Level 1 – Intra-school competition Teams from Primary, Secondary and Special Schools will win the right to compete in the Level 3 Games having qualified through their local level 2 inter-school competitions. The ‘Winter Games’ will feature thirteen sports; all of which will be delivered simultaneously utilizing a number of the City’s world class sporting facilities. COMPETITION PATHWAY: In partnership with the Salford Red Devils Foundation, the Greater Manchester Local Organising Committee proudly presents the Year 5/6 Tag Rugby League Competition. It is hoped that this event will encourage more young people to play and enjoy competitive Rugby League and be used as a catalyst for ongoing participation and development. Tag rugby is a non-contact variant of the real game, which replaces full contact, tackles with the removal of a ribbon attached by velcro on a belt worn by all players.
    [Show full text]
  • Velocity and Acceleration Before Contact in the Tackle
    Velocity and Acceleration before contact in the Tackle Sharief Hendricksa, David Karpula, Fred Nicollsb and Michael Lamberta aMRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa bDepartment of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa . Correspondence to: Sharief Hendricks MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa PO Box 115 Newlands 7725 Tel: + 27-21-650-4572 Fax: +27-21-686-7530 Email: [email protected] 1. Introduction A major characteristic of Rugby Union is frequent bodily collisions between two or more players. These physical collisions are generally referred to as the tackle (Hendricks & Lambert, 2010; Gabbett & Ryan, 2009; Gabbett & Kelly, 2007).The tackle contest can be identified when an opposing player, not in possession of the ball (tackler), contacts a player in possession of the ball (ball-carrier) in an attempt to prevent further progression of the ball towards the tackler’s try-line. The tackle places a range of physiological, and to an extent, psychological demands on players (Takarada, 2003; Deutsch, Kearney, & Rehrer, 2007; Passos et al., 2009; Passos et al., 2008; Brault, Bideau, Craig, & Kulpa, 2010; Passos, Araujo, Davids, & Shuttleworth, 2011). Players’ are expected to meet these demands on average about 10 to 25 times per a match depending on playing position (Deutsch et al., 2007; Quarrie & Hopkins, 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Read Book Widnes History Tour
    WIDNES HISTORY TOUR PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Jean & John Bradburn | 96 pages | 01 Jul 2018 | Amberley Publishing | 9781445678573 | English | Chalford, United Kingdom Widnes History Tour PDF Book The club went into administration on 22 February after a take-over bid failed; as a result of this development the Rugby Football League imposed a point penalty on the club and their upcoming game against Sheffield was postponed. Date of experience: April Australasia def. Please help us stay online by donating today. Here are some links to archaeology-related organisations and websites useful for keeping up-to-date and involved. On 1 March , the RFL accepted a takeover by a seven-strong consortium registered as Widnes Rugby League Club Limited, however the 12 point deduction remained in place leaving the club on minus 8 points. Silver Jubilee Bridge. Vince Karalius returned to the club in March as co- coach with Harry Dawson. Wales 21—7. From early humble origins Liverpool, over the centuries has grown and developed to become one of the most exciting cities to visit in Europe. We ate in the cafe and spent a few pounds in the shop on experiment kits. England def. This came with a stipulation that the ground could be sold only to the local council at the original price. Click Here. Brad Walker. Wales def. France 29—7. View Tour 12 days. Jack Johnson. Full view. As independent specialists we provide a more dedicated, personal service with flexibility and bespoke planning. In local businessman Peter Littler signed a naming rights sponsorship deal as the Stadium became the Select Security Stadium [9].
    [Show full text]