Novitates1 PUBLISHED by the AMERICAN MUSEUM OF,NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST at 79TH STREET NEW YORK

AMERICAN MUSEUM ,.~~~~~~~Novitates1 PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF,NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET NEW YORK. N.Y. 10024 U.S.A. NUMBER 2704 SEPIEMBER 22, 1980

WILLIS J. GERTSCH AND NORMAN I. PLATNICK A Revision of the American Spiders of the Family Atypidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae)

AMERICAN MUSEUM Norntates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 Number 2704, pp. 1-39, figs. 1-60 September 22, 1980 A Revision of the American Spiders of the Family Atypidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae)

WILLIS J. GERTSCH1 AND NORMAN I. PLATNICK2

ABSTRACT The eight known New World species of Atyp- genus Sphodros Walckenaer. Sphodros bicolor idae are diagnosed, described, and assigned to and S. milberti are newly synonymized with S. two genera on the basis of genitalic and somatic rufipes. Four new species are described: S. pai- characters. Only one American species, Atypus sano from Texas and Tamaulipas, Mexico; S. fit- snetsingeri Sarno, belongs to the Holarctic genus chi from Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Ar- Atypus Latreille. The nominal species Atypus ab- kansas; S. atlanticus from Virginia, Illinois, boti (Walckenaer), A. rufipes Latreille, A. bicolor North Carolina, and Georgia; and S. coylei from Lucas, A. milberti (Walckenaer), and A. niger South Carolina. Hentz are transferred to the endemic Nearctic

INTRODUCTION The name Atypidae is used here in the tures plesiomorphic for these spiders. Among sense established by Simon (1903), who re- these are the presence of a large tergite on stricted the family to a small group of dis- the dorsum of the abdomen (figs. 3-6), of six tinctive mygalomorphs with representatives spinnerets (fig. 23) still maintained as in most in both hemispheres. The atypids are bur- Antrodiaetidae, Mecicobothriidae, and prim- rowers that spin a tough tubular web in the itive Dipluridae, the doubled nature of the soil and prolong and camouflage an aerial elements of the male palpus, both embolus segment as a trap for wandering insects. The and conductor being present, the moderately short aerial tube of the European Atypus lies wide separation of the anal tubercle from the on the soil, whereas the long tube of the spinnerets, and the presence of a swollen American Sphodros is usually tied vertically palpal tarsus in penultimate males. These to the side of a tree (figs. 1, 2). The family features have all been modified in higher my- represents an ancient branch of the infraor- galomorphs. On the other hand, the quite der Mygalomorphae still retaining many fea- successful atypids have derived features in

1 Curator Emeritus, Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History. 2 Associate Curator, Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History; Graduate Faculty in Biology, City College, City University of New York.

Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 1980 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $2.60 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704 both their morphology and especially their for there are two apparent synapomorphies ingenious technique of capturing prey. uniting the three genera and none (that we The present systematic account of the are aware of) contradicting that relationship. Nearctic Atypidae supplants an earlier work The first of these synapomorphies is the clas- (Gertsch, 1936) in which the three species sical one: the prolongation of the inner por- then known were described and illustrated. tion of the palpal coxa into a distinct lobe Since that time, only one additional species, comparable to the endite of araneomorphs. Atypus snetsingeri Sarno from Pennsylva- As noted by Simon (1892), the few other nia, has been described, but much additional mygalomorphs (like Paratropis and Actino- information has accumulated. Important new pus) that have a coxal lobe at all do not share collections of these relatively rare spiders, the extreme prolongation of the lobe found which are numerous only in rather restricted in Atypus, Sphodros, and especially Cal- habitats, have doubled the size of the Amer- ommata. The second synapomorphy uniting ican fauna. Our species other than A. snet- the atypid genera is the structure of the pos- singeri are now assigned to the genus Spho- terior median spinnerets, which are ex- dros in recognition of differences in their tremely wide and bear obliquely triangular male and female genitalia and their greater tips (fig. 23); so far as we are aware, such degree of sexual dimorphism (the males usu- peculiarly shaped posterior median spinner- ally being significantly smaller and some- ets are not found in any other spiders. times brightly colored). In addition, the spe- Within the Atypidae, each of the three cific names of two of the previously known genera is distinguished by a unique type of species have had to be changed because of spermathecal structure. In Atypus, there are new synonymies; both S. bicolor and S. mil- two broad plates each bearing two or more berti are now regarded as synonyms of S. small receptacula (fig. 19). In Calommata, rufipes, and S. niger is recognized as the val- there are four spermathecae, each bearing id name for our most northern species. several closely packed terminal receptacula positioned in a cauliflower-like arrangement RELATIONSHIPS (Kraus, 1978, fig. 13 of C. simoni; we have observed the same structure in C. signatum Traditionally, the Atypidae has been divid- and C. sundaicum). In Sphodros, there are ed into two genera, Atypus and Calommata. four spermathecae, each highly coiled and However, as Kraus and Baur (1974) have in- without distinct receptacula (figs. 29, 58). dicated, two very different types of sper- There is growing evidence (Kraus, 1978; R. mathecae and palpi are found among the R. Forster, personal commun.) that the ple- species previously assigned to Atypus. siomorphic form of the female genitalia for Those authors suggested that only Palaearc- spiders is a single spermatheca bearing nu- tic species actually belong to Atypus, in merous receptacula. If so, the spermathecal which case the generic name Sphodros could arrangement of Atypus represents the most be revived for the Nearctic species. As plesiomorphic form within the Atypidae, but shown below, the division is not quite so pre- the details of that structure (particularly the cise geographically; although Sphodros is two broad plates) argue as strongly for the exclusively Nearctic, one species of Atypus monophyly of Atypus as the unique types of is found in America as well. Kraus and Baur spermathecal morphology of Calommata (1974, p. 88) also suggested that Calommata and Sphodros do for the monophyly of those should not be included in the Atypidae, but groups. they did not indicate whether they believe The question thus arises as to the interre- only that Calommata is different from Aty- lationships of the three atypid genera. An pus and Sphodros or that it is actually more answer is difficult to obtain, both because of closely related to some other group of spi- the absence of a well-corroborated hypoth- ders than to those genera. At any rate, we esis identifying the closest relatives of the believe Simon's (1903) hypothesis of the Atypidae, and the difficulty of finding hom- composition of the Atypidae to be correct, ologs of some atypid features in other my- 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 3

FIGS. 1, 2. Pursewebs of Sphodros from Florida; photographs by H. K. Wallace. 1. S. abboti. 2. S. rufipes. 4 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704

3.,

4a 4~~~~~~~~~4

4~~~_~

FIGS. 3, 4. Sphodros abboti from Florida; photographs by H. K. Wallace. 3. Male. 4. Female. 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 5

J&,e'''w'g'S

r -

FIGS. 5, 6. Sphodros rufipes from Florida; photographs by H. K. Wallace. 5. Male. 6. Female. 6 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704 galomorphs. The Atypidae has most fre- tarsus of females; and the dorsally directed quently been associated with the chelicerae, elongated palpal trochanter, and Antrodiaetidae and Mecicobothriidae, but greatly elongated posterior tarsi of males). the characters used to define this group (the Similarly, the ridged borders of the sternum Atypoidea) have been shown to be plesio- of male Atypus (fig. 14) are unique to that morphic (Platnick, 1977) and the Mecico- genus. bothriidae have been hypothesized to be Among possible synapomorphies, the more closely related to the Dipluridae change to a 2+2 spermathecal arrangement (Gertsch and Platnick, 1979). We are not would most parsimoniously link Sphodros aware of any derived characters unique to and Calommata, a hypothesis that is also the Atypidae plus Antrodiaetidae, and it may supported by the much greater degree of sex- be that the atypids represent the sister group ual dimorphism found in those two genera. of all other mygalomorphs. Atypus is the The palpal structure might be thought to con- only mygalomorph genus known to approach tradict this arrangement, as Calommata re- the putatively plesiomorphic form of female sembles Atypus rather than Sphodros in genitalia described above and found in at having a short, straight embolus (in Spho- least some Mesothelae; other mygalomorph dros, the embolus is longer and curved, fit- genera have either four separate spermathe- ting inside an elaborate conductor instead of cae (in the "2+2" arrangement defined by resting on it). There are few other spiders Kraus, 1978) or a more derived arrangement. with palpi similar enough to those of atypids If the Atypidae is monophyletic, then the to provide useful outgroup comparisons, and change to a 2+2 arrangement is most parsi- even they suggest no resolution as both con- moniously considered a synapomorphy link- ditions occur within the Antrodiaetidae and ing all the non-atypid mygalomorphs (with the Mecicobothriidae. More informative may parallelism within the Atypidae and, of be the variation within Sphodros itself. Most course, the Araneomorphae). This rather of the species of Sphodros are united by the tenuous hypothesis is also supported by the peculiar shape of the male palpal tibia, which work of Yoshikura (1958), who found that is dorsally expanded for the distal four-fifths the mygalomorphs whose development has of its length (fig. 26). However, one species, been studied share derived features of on- Sphodros coylei, differs in having an almost togeny not also found in Atypus karschi. unmodified tibia (fig. 60), and is therefore The argument of Kraus and Baur, noted considered the sister group of the other above, for the removal of Calommata im- Sphodros. Interestingly, the embolus and plies, at the very least, that Atypus and conductor of S. coylei (figs. 59, 60) are much Sphodros are more closely related to each more similar to those of Atypus and Cal- other than either is to Calommata. We are ommata than are those of the other Sphodros not convinced that this hypothesis is correct, species. We therefore consider the palpal because most of the features in which the morphology of Calommata and Atypus to be three genera differ seem to be autapomor- plesiomorphic for the Atypidae, and hence phies of one or another genus rather than as not contradicting a sister-group relation- synapomorphies linking two of the three. ship between Sphodros and Calommata. Calommata, particularly, is one of the Possibly contradictory evidence of a more world's most bizarre spider genera, with a convincing sort might be found in the fusion probably endless list of features unique to it of the labium and sternum in Sphodros and (for example: the bipartite, longitudinal tho- Atypus, which lack the transverse suture racic groove and basal ledge on the outer sur- found between the labium and sternum in face of the fangs in both sexes; the poste- Calommata and at least some Mesothelae. riorly situated ocular tubercle, greatly Within Sphodros, the species other than reduced size of leg [especially femur] I, dor- S. coylei can be placed in three groups. sally expanded chelicerae, enormously elon- Sphodros abboti and S. paisano are linked gated endites, and flattened palpal tibia and by the postembryonic subdivision of the ter- 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 7

minal segment of the posterior lateral spin- tarsal claws. The longer legs of males appear nerets (which also occurs in some species of at a time when they are ready to leave the Atypus and in the mecicobothriid genus Hex- tube in search of mates; there is some evi- urella). Sphodros rufipes, S. fitchi, and S. dence that mature males wander in the day- atlanticus are united by the presence of bi- time and are generalized ant or wasp mimics colored legs in males and extremely similar (F. A. Coyle and W. A. Shear, in litt.). Fe- palpi, whereas the remaining species, S. ni- males seem to spend all their life in the purse- ger, has a conductor much more complex web, which grows in size and toughness as than that found in the other species (fig. 54). the spider ages. The tough silk makes the Relationships among S. niger and the abboti atypids largely immune to attack by pompilid and rufipes groups remain obscure. wasps. It is not known whether the difference in orientation of the aerial portion of the purse- NATURAL HISTORY web is a generic character separating Spho- Atypids are perennial spiders, with fe- dros from Atypus. Although Sarno (1973) re- males living seven or more years. Their nat- ported that captive specimens of Atypus ural history has been studied by many work- snetsingeri resemble their European coun- ers in Europe and America and numerous terparts in building horizontal tubes along details are known; only the general patterns the surface of the ground, her description of are mentioned here, especially those perti- the tubes in nature does not specify their nent to their systematics. As early as 1792, orientation. Information subsequently re- J. T. Abbot described the tubes of the Amer- ceived from Mr. S. Tessler indicates that the ican species later to be named S. abboti; he tubes are horizontal in nature but are found was unaware of their prey capturing tech- lying about 2 inches above the ground. Some niques and imagined that the spiders came doubt.also exists as to whether all Sphodros out of their tubes at night to capture insects. construct vertical tubes. It is possible that S. He called them purseweb spiders (after the niger does not. The second author has ex- long, narrow purses then fashionable) and amined sites in Michigan where the species this common name has been widely adopted occurs, at times when mature males were by Americans. McCook (1888) did an ex- being frequently collected in pitfall traps; no haustive study of the nesting habits of S. ab- trees at those sites had tubes, and any fe- boti in Florida. He concluded that the purse- males in the areas would have had to have web, usually begun at or under the ground horizontal tubes hidden under leaf litter. This surface with an irregular silking of the area may be generally true for the species, for al- and then continued section by section up the though numerous males are in collections, side of a tree as a distinct tough silken tube, only a handful of females have been collect- was a protective device to isolate the spider ed, as would be expected of spiders that are from weather and enemies, and at the same both cryptic and sedentary. time a trap for insects. With some reluctance The remarkable and unique predatory he agreed that the usual sanding of the out- technique of the atypids was first demon- side of the tube (accomplished by pushing strated by Enock (1885) in England and has sand through the silk from the inside) was in been corroborated many times since; insects fact a camouflaging technique. The length of crawling over the aerial tube are impaled the aerial tube varies with the size and age through the silk from the inside by the long, of the spider, averaging about 12 inches in S. thin fangs and then secured by cutting a rent abboti and 15 to 20 inches in S. rufipes. in the silk large enough to drag the prey Movement through the narrow tube is facil- through the tube. Once eaten, the remains of itated by the relatively narrow bodies and the prey, and later the liquid droppings, can short legs of females and immatures, and be ejected to the outside through an opening perhaps also by the paucity of leg spines and at the top of the tube. the presence of large, smooth teeth on the Atypid sexual biology has been studied by 8 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704 several Europeans, most successfully by ders were free-floating in air or still attached Gerhardt (1929) in the German species A. by draglines to the twigs from which they muralis. After the wandering male finds the were blown off. aerial web of the female, he drums on it with his legs and palpi, insuring that the waiting female is receptive, and then exudes a large ACKNOWLEDGMENTS drop of saliva onto the web to soften it. Once Unless otherwise indicated, all specimens entry into the tube is accomplished, the male listed below are in the collection of the crawls beneath the female's body and inserts American Museum of Natural History his palpi alternately. The right palpus is ap- (AMNH); we offer special thanks to the fol- plied to the left opening of the female gono- lowing colleagues and friends for their gen- pore, and the left palpus into the right side. erous gifts of material and interest in this This is the "Dysdera-embrace" generally project over many years: Dr. Frederick A. used by mygalomorphs and haplogynes; in Coyle, Western Carolina University; Dr. the latter group both palpi are usually applied Henry Fitch, University of Kansas; Dr. B. J. simultaneously, whereas in entelegynes, the Kaston, San Diego State University; Mr. F. palpi serve the corresponding opening of the J. Moore, formerly of Ohio State University; female epigynum (the right palpus on the Dr. Martin H. Muma, Silver City, New Mex- right side and the left one on the left side). ico; Dr. William A. Shear, Hampden-Sydney Gerhardt discovered that both the conductor College; Dr. R. J. Snetsinger, Pennsylvania and the embolus are introduced into the fe- State University; and Dr. H. K. Wallace, male epigynum. He suggested that entrance University of Florida, to whom we owe spe- of the flat, lobular conductor aids in opening cial gratitude for introducing these exciting up the entrances to the receptacula for the spiders to the first author in the field and for embolus, and there is such a close corre- allowing us to use his photographs and data spondence between the size and shape of the on natural history. Drs. M. Grasshoff, Nat- conductor and of the basal plates of the fe- ur-Museum Senckenberg, and T. Yaginuma male that there is little doubt that these parts and Y. Nishikawa, Ohtemon-Gakuin Uni- actually interlock during copulation. After versity, provided representatives of Pa- mating (in S. abboti often during June) the laearctic species for comparison. Drs. R. R. female may kill the male, or he may live Forster, Otago Museum, and 0. Kraus, Uni- peaceably in her tube for many months. versitat Hamburg, shared with us the results The eggs, in the case of S. abboti num- of their comparative studies of mygalo- bering up to 200, are placed in a sac usually morphs; Dr. Coyle and Mr. Robert J. Raven, suspended just inside the underground part Queensland Museum, reviewed a draft of the of the tube. They hatch during the summer manuscript. At the American Museum of months and the young probably disperse dur- Natural History, Dr. M. U. Shadab helped ing the fall by walking away from the mater- with illustrations and Mr. R. J. Koestler with nal tube to start tiny pursewebs of their own. the scanning electron microscope. Finally, The larger species S. rufipes can produce we are indebted to the following curators and more eggs (one sac contained 278) and the collectors for allowing us to study their spec- young disperse in the spring of the following imens of these uncommon spiders: year. In England, A. affinis also has a later mating season and the young usually over- AP, Mr. A. Penniman CNC, Canadian National Collection, Dr. C. D. winter in their mother's tube. The juveniles Dondale have been reported to walk away from the DR, Dr. D. Rossman maternal tube in single file, leaving behind a EPC, Exline-Peck Collection, Dr. W. B. Peck dragline as they follow each other up into FMNH, Field Museum of Natural History, Dr. J. bushes or trees. Enock (1885) observed pos- Kethley sible ballooning of juveniles, but it is not FSCA, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, clear from his description whether the spi- Dr. G. B. Edwards 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 9

JB, Dr. J. A. Beatty tubercles (Atypus and Sphodros) or ledge JH, Mr. J. Heiss (Calommata) on outside at base. Female LS, Mr. L. Sorkin palp with dentate claw. Legs weakly MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Dr. H. spi- W. Levi nose, without claw tufts or tarsal scopulae; NH, Dr. N. V. Horner tarsal claws three, those of female with large NL, Ms. N. Lawler smooth teeth, those of male small, variable; OSU, Ohio State University, Dr. C. A. Triplehorn trichobothria in single row on tarsi and meta- RL, Dr. R. E. Leech tarsi, bases with single smooth ledge; tarsal SR, Dr. S. E. Riechert organ of plesiomorphic form (protruding lobe ST, Mr. S. Tessler without series of concentric ridges occupy- TTU, Texas Tech University, Dr. 0. F. Francke ing entire surface), sometimes with small WD, Dr. W. A. Drew ridges encircling receptor area only (figs. 7- WS, Mr. W. Sedgwick 12). Abdomen suboval; single large tergite All measurements presented are in milli- above base, often forming scutum in males. meters and are accurate to ±0.03 mm. Six spinnerets: anterior laterals narrow, one- segmented; posterior medians wide, one-seg- ATYPIDAE THORELL mented, with obliquely triangular tips; posterior laterals elongated, typically three-seg- Atypinae Thorell, 1870, p. 164. mented, rarely four-segmented. Heart Atypidae: Bertkau, 1878, p. 356. (where Calommatoidae Thorell, 1887, p. examined) with three pairs of ostia. Epigy- 23. num with large, suboval, weakly sclerotized DIAGNOSIS: Atypids can be distinguished bursa copulatrix and two basal plates bearing from all other mygalomorphs by the devel- two or more receptacula each (Atypus) or opment on the prolateral side of the palpal with narrow, transverse bursa bearing two coxae of elongated lobes analogous to the coiled (Sphodros) or uncoiled (Calommata) endites of araneomorph spiders (fig. 49) and tubes on each side. Embolus of male palpus by the widened posterior median spinnerets thin tube held within curved conductor while bearing obliquely triangular tips (fig. 23). in resting position (Sphodros) or straight DESCRIPTION: Carapace with pars cephal- spike crossing straight, broad, lobular con- ica strongly elevated in front; pars thoracica ductor (Atypus and Calommata). low, apically narrowed; eyes on compact, transverse tubercle produced forward as na- sute lobe over narrow clypeus (except in fe- ATYPUS LATREILLE male Calommata, where nearer thoracic Atypus Latreille, 1804, p. 133 (type species by groove); thoracic groove short, transverse monotypy Aranea picea Sulzer). Roewer, 1942, fissure margining prominent suboval or p. 210. Bonnet, 1955, p. 811. quadrangular pit on each.side (Atypus and Oletera Walckenaer, 1805, p. 7 (type species by Sphodros) or longitudinal, bipartite (Cal- monotypy Oletera atypus Walckenaer, =Aty- ommata). Sternum with four pairs of sigilla; pus affinis). First synonymized by Dufour, 1820, p. 109. posterior pair enlarged, approximate; other Proatypus Miller, 1947, p. 52 (type species by pairs progressively smaller; usually smallest original designation Atypus muralis Bertkau). anterior pair at sides of labium. Labium First synonymized by Kraus and Baur, 1974, p. fused to sternum (Atypus and Sphodros) or 88. free with well-developed transverse suture (Calommata). Coxa of pedipalp with promi- DIAGNOSIS: Males of Atypus can be distin- nent lobular extension as long or longer than guished from those of Sphodros by the mar- basal portion, without serrula. Chelicerae ginal ridges on their sternum (fig. 14) and large, horizontal, geniculate, without rastel- their straight, spine-shaped embolus and lum; cheliceral groove indistinct, promargin short, broad conductor (fig. 16), females by lined with straight row of sharp teeth; fang the epigynum with two heavily sclerotized long, thin rod nearly as long as paturon, with basal plates bearing receptacula (fig. 19). 10 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704

zWr.-wxl. .!

.., -IN... 4, 17 II

fteft- 4 .l. ..MOP fs,

I .". *S 9 If: go"'Ift me, .., .fi 711.-.. , .11 .-, II

FIGS. 7-12. Tarsal organs of tarsi I of females, dorsal views, scanning electron micrographs. 7. Calommata signatum, 2000x. 8. Atypus karschi, 2000x. 9. A. snetsingeri, 2000x. 10. Sphodros abboti, 2700x. 11. S. rufipes, 800x; arrow points to receptor area. 12. S. rufipes, receptor area, 16,500x. 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE I1I

FIGS. 13-16. Atypus snetsingeri Sarno, male. 13. Body, dorsal view. 14. Sternum, ventral view. 15. Palp, prolateral view. 16. Palp, retrolateral view.

Atypus snetsingeri Sarno MALE (holotype): Total length, including Figures 9, 13-20 chelicerae, 16.50; body as in figure 13. Car- apace dark reddish brown, bright, lustrous, Atypus snetsingeri Sarno, 1973, p. 38, figs. 1-9 with narrow marginal black seam; pars ce- (male holotype from Lansdowne, Delaware phalica darkest, margined by blackish stripes; County, Pennsylvania, in AMNH, examined). pars thoracica with narrow blackish lines ra- DIAGNOSIS: Atypus snetsingeri seems diating from black thoracic groove; eye tu- most closely related to those Palaearctic bercle black. Sternum, labium, palpal coxae, species, like A. muralis and A. karschi, chelicerae, and legs I and II nearly concol- which also have the apical segment of their orous, reddish brown; legs III and IV yellow- posterior lateral spinnerets subdivided. Based ish brown. Abdomen dull dusky brown, with on the limited samples available to us, A. numerous small yellow pits; dorsum with snetsingeri differs from these (and other) Pa- shining brown scutum, enclosing yellowish laearctic species in having the basal plates of tergite, running from pedicel to middle of ab- the epigynum broadly triangular (fig. 19) domen; lung patches and spinnerets paler rather than square (Kraus and Baur, 1974, brown. fig. 42). Carapace 4.80 long, 4.80 wide, quite 12 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704 smooth, shining, but moderately rough along I II III IV Palp sutures and side margins. Pars cephalica es- Femur 4.80 3.75 3.15 4.20 2.20 sentially straight along front, strongly ele- Patella 2.00 2.00 1.60 1.70 1.00 vated, with rounded corners, forming trian- Tibia 2.50 2.00 1.80 2.70 1.30 gle with straight cephalic sutures to thoracic Metatarsus 3.70 3.00 3.00 4.10 groove. Pars thoracica quite flat, much low- Tarsus 2.20 2.20 2.25 1.60 1.35 er, gently rounded on sides to rounded, Total 15.20 12.95 11.80 14.30 5.85 emarginated posterior margins bearing con- Palp (figs. 15, 16) small, clothed with fine spicuous pleurites; thoracic groove wide, hairs and weak setae. Femur thick at base, transverse fissure, front margin showing two less than three times as long as basal width; trivial nodes, placed back two-thirds of car- patella slightly longer than wide; tibia thick, apace length, occupying about one-fifth of less than twice as long as dorsal width; tarsus carapace width at that point. twice as long as broad, tapered and rounded Eyes set on small elevated tubercle nearly at apex; bulb small, with broad apical re- one-third width of pars cephalica. Ratio of volved conductor and thin, straight embolus. eyes, anterior lateral: anterior median: pos- Abdomen 6.50 long, 3.50 wide, roughened terior lateral: posterior median, 28:31:22:22. and pitted, with thick covering of procum- Anterior row as wide as posterior, straight bent blackish hairs; dorsal scutum smooth, as viewed from above; medians separated by shining, with numerous minute hairs outside less than their diameter (22/31), nearer lat- of tergite. Spinnerets six: anterior laterals erals (10/31). Posterior row recurved; oval 0.40 long, posterior medians 0.80 long, four- medians separated by three diameters (22/ segmented posterior laterals with lengths as 70), subcontiguous with laterals. Median follows: basal 0.60, median 0.60, subapical ocular quadrangle much wider than long 0.55, apical 0.45, total 2.20. (100/43), narrowed in front (100/80). Lateral FEMALE (Lansdowne, Pennsylvania): To- eyes of each side contiguous. tal length, including chelicerae, 15.50; body Sternum (fig. 14) 3.00 long, 3.20 wide, as in figure 17. Carapace yellowish to orange- moderately roughened throughout, with dis- brown, with narrow black marginal seam and tinct ridges at borders, covered sparsely with blackish sutures, thoracic groove, and eye inconspicuous short hairs; four pairs of sig- tubercle. Appendages and underside nearly illa well defined, oval first pair larger than concolorous. Abdomen dusky brown, cov- round second pair, posterior pair suboval, ered thickly with small pale spots; dorsal ter- separated by about their width. Labium 0.65 gite dusky orange. long, 1.15 wide, rounded at apex, with few Carapace 5.50 long, 5.10 wide, bare. Pars inconspicuous hairs. Palpal lobes sparsely cephalica subtriangular, less elevated than in clothed with fine hairs and band of fine spi- male, straight in front, with distinct cephalic nules along inner margin. Chelicerae more sutures. Pars thoracica low, with trivial ra- than twice as long as wide, only slightly nar- diating grooves, narrowed to about three- rowed to rounded apex; promargin with fifths of maximum width at widely emargin- about 15 large teeth and minor denticles in ated posterior margin, where lobed pleurites straight row. distinct; thoracic groove placed back nine- Leg formula 1423. Legs thin, clothed fourteenths of carapace length, occupying sparsely with fine black hairs and thin, most- one-fifth of carapace width at that point. ly ventral, spines on distal segments. Tarsi Eye tubercle as in male. Ratio of eyes, an- essentially straight, with rings of false su- terior lateral: anterior median: posterior lat- tures from basal fourth to near apices. Un- eral: posterior median, 6:5:4:4. Anterior row paired tarsal claws without denticles, paired slightly narrower than posterior, procurved claws with fine teeth in slightly variable pat- from in front, moderately recurved from tern, two-four on proclaws, three-four on above, medians separated by their diameter, retroclaws. by their radius from laterals. Posterior row 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 13

FIGS. 17-19. Atypus snetsingeri Sarno, female. 17. Body, dorsal view. 18. Sternum, ventral view. 19. Epigynum, dorsal view.

moderately recurved, medians separated by clothed sparsely with rows of dark hairs and more than three diameters (2/7), contiguous some weak spines on distal segments. Palpal with laterals. Median ocular quadrangle wid- claw with five large teeth in curved row. Tar- er than long (110/45), narrowed in front (110/ sal claws with stout teeth, unpaired claws 75). Lateral eyes of each side contiguous. usually with five, proclaws with three or Sternum (fig. 18) 3.50 long, 3.70 wide, four, retroclaws with four or five. sparsely clothed with fine black hairs; all sig- I II III IV Palp illa distinct but oval front pair least strongly Femur 4.00 3.30 3.20 3.50 2.25 indicated, large oval posterior pair separated Patella 2.00 2.00 1.50 1.65 1.15 by about their width. Labium 0.75 long, 1.50 Tibia 1.70 1.20 1.10 1.70 1.00 wide, clothed with fine hairs, some at apex Metatarsus 2.10 1.75 1.70 2.25 stouter. Palpal lobes clothed with fine hairs, Tarsus 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.35 1.00 thickly set with short curved spinules over Total 11.05 9.50 8.50 10.45 5.40 most of ventral surface. Chelicerae less than twice as long as wide at base, smooth, shin- Abdomen 6.50 long, 4.50 wide, roughened, ing, with reddish hairs and curved setae at pitted, thickly covered with pale subprocum- apex; promargin with 15 teeth, four reduced bent hairs; dorsal tergite smooth. Spinnerets to short denticles. six: anterior laterals 0.50 long; posterior me- Leg formula 1423. Legs of medium length, dians 1.10 long; four-segmented posterior 14 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704

FIG. 20. Southeastern United States, showing records of Atypus snetsingeri (triangle), Sphodros abboti (circles), S. paisano (diamond; arrow points to record from Tamaulipas, Mexico), and S. atlanticus (squares). laterals with lengths as follows: basal 0.80, NATURAL HISTORY: A complaint from a median 0.70, subapical 0.80, apical 0.50, to- home owner about spiders in his swimming tal 2.80. pool led to the discovery by Dr. R. Snetsing- Epigynum (fig. 19) with two heavily scler- er of Pennsylvania State University of a large otized basal plates, each bearing two short colony of this species in Lansdowne, Penn- bulbous receptacula. sylvania. A few wandering males had been MATERIAL EXAMINED: UNITED caught in the swimming pool filter. Numer- STATES: Pennsylvania: Delaware Co.: ous males, females, and immatures were Lansdowne, June 25, 1969 (R. Snetsinger), found on the property in pursewebs attached 16, 1?; Sept. 12, 1970 (P. A. Sarno), 1, to low stems and roots of bushes and small I Y; Naylor Run Park, Upper Darby, Oct. trees and along a concrete house foundation. 19, 1979 (S. Tessler, ST), lY. The aerial portions of the tubes averaged 150 DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Dela- to 175 mm. long for mature males and some- ware County, Pennsylvania (fig. 20). what more for the females. Studies of the 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 15 habits by Sarno (1973, pp. 50-51) demon- 2. Posterior lateral spinnerets four-segmented strated that spiders of all ages build purse- ...... abboti webs and capture their insect food in the Posterior lateral spinnerets three-segmented ...... 3 fashion typical of the family. The species 3. Labium enlarged, about four-sevenths width was recently recollected by Steven Tessler of sternum (fig. 43); anterior pair of sigilla of Bryn Mawr College in a park about 1 mile obsolete .... atlanticus from the type locality. He reports (in litt.) Labium normal, about one-third width of that: sternum; anterior pair of sigilla present ... 4 The park is typical of the west Philadelphia ...... 4. Legs mostly red ...... 5 suburbs, being largely manicured with a pre- Legs black ...... 6 ponderance of tennis courts and concrete, but 5. Femora of legs all red; conductor of embolus there are still some relatively undisturbed long, evenly tapered to apex (fig. 36) ..... patches of woods. Atypus tubes were located ...... rufipes this past fall in the woods (mostly oak) on a Femora of legs black except dorsally at distal sloping hill. The tubes were found at the base ends; conductor of embolus shorter, wider of small trees on the downhill side, and along (fig. 42) ...... fitchi a retaining wall at the top of the hill. Some 6. Metatarsi and tarsi of legs bearing many false smaller individuals were taken from tubes built sutures; conductor of embolus evenly ta- in the litter, the aerial portion of the tube lying pered to apex, palpal tibia not incrassate horizontally about 2 inches above the ground. (fig. 60) ...... coylei The specimens I'm sending were from along Only tarsi of legs with false sutures; conduc- the retaining wall, the tubes partially camou- tor of embolus widened at apex, palpal tibia flaged by litter. Some individuals constructed incrassate (fig. 54) ...... niger tubes in a container for me and accepted ear- 7. Posterior lateral spinnerets four-segmented wigs (Forficulidae) and German cockroaches, .8 ...... while never attacking isopods or noctuid moths Posterior lateral spinnerets three-segmented (adults) that were coerced into "walking the ...... 9 tube." 8. Fourth pair of sigilla oval (fig. 28); spermathecae usually with four coils (fig. 29) .... SPHODROS WALCKENAER ...... abboti Fourth pair of sigilla invaginated laterally (fig. Sphodros Walckenaer, 1835, p. 638 (type species 31); spermathecae usually with three coils by original designation ["La premiere espece"] (fig. 30) .paisano Sphodros abboti Walckenaer); 1837, p. 246. 9. First pair of sigilla small, near labium (fig. 51); Madognatha Ausserer, 1871, p. 143 (nomen no- carapace and sternum relatively short, vum for Sphodros, erroneously believed preoc- wide (figs. 48, 49) .niger cupied by Sphodrus Clairville). First pair of sigilla larger, set well back from base of labium (as in fig. 33); carapace and NOMENCLATURE: Although Walckenaer sternum relatively long, narrow (as in figs. first used the name Sphodros in 1833 (p. 27, 44) .10 438), it did not become available until partic- 10. All sigilla enlarged (figs. 33, 44) .11 ular species were associated with it in 1835. Second pair of sigilla reduced to thin bands DIAGNOSIS: Males of Sphodros can be dis- (figs. 39, 57) .12 tinguished from those of Atypus by their 11. Second pair of sigilla widely separated, a line connecting inner margins of all pairs nearly smooth sternum, without marginal ridges continuous (fig. 33); spermathecae regular- (fig. 22) and long, curved embolus lying in a ly coiled (fig. 34) .rufipes long, curved conductor (fig. 26), females by Second pair of sigilla approximate, a line con- their epigynum with four long, coiled tubes necting inner margins of other pairs bisect- (fig. 29). ing second pair (fig. 44); spermathecae irregularly coiled (fig. 45) ...... atlanticus KEY TO SPECIES OF SPHODROS 12. First pair of sigilla widely separated (fig. 39) ...... fitchi 1. Males (those of paisano unknown) ...... 2 First pair of sigilla approximate (fig. 57) .... co ei . l ...... y Females ...... 7 ...... 16 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704

Sphodros abboti Walckenaer with pars cephalica and margins of pars tho- Figures 1, 3, 4, 10, 20-31 racica darkest; eye tubercle black. Chelic- Sphodros abbotii Walckenaer, 1835, p. 639 (fe- erae very dark brown dorsally, reddish male holotype from Georgia, no specific local- brown ventrally; sternum, labium, and palpal ity, lost [but discussed and illustrated in Ab- coxae brown with greenish tinge. Legs, ex- bot's 1792 manuscript "Drawings of the Insects cept for light brown tarsi, dark brown with of Georgia" housed in the British Museum greenish tinge. Abdomen iridescent blue to (Natural History), vol. xiv, p. 6, pl. 8, fig. 36], purple dorsally, with long, black, hastate not male [=Actinopodidae]; female neotype scutum anteriorly and several irregular re- designated by Gertsch, 1936, pp. 12, 13, from curved rows of round, pale spots posteriorly; near Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida, in venter similarly colored except for brown AMNH, examined); 1837, p. 247, pl. 1, fig. 7. Madognatha abbotii: Ausserer, 1871, p. 143. lung covers, yellowish triangle at epigastric Atypus abbotii: McCook, 1888, p. 203. Roewer, area, and laterally blackened spinnerets. 1942, p. 212. Carapace 3.45 long, 2.85 wide, uniformly Atypus abboti: Simon, 1891, p. 308. Gertsch, pitted and roughened, armed only with few 1936, p. 9, figs. 1-6, 11, 12, 15-23. Bonnet, small spines on front face of ocular tubercle, 1955, p. 812. truncated in front, weakly rounded at sides, narrowed between fourth coxae, posterior NOMENCLATURE: Chamberlin and Ivie margin broadly rounded, emarginated above (1944, p. 32) treated "Burke County" (now pedicel. Pars cephalica very strongly elevat- Screven County), Georgia, as the type lo- ed, convex, forming subequilateral triangle cality, probably because Abbot lived in that as seen from above, steeply declining behind area from approximately 1776-1806. There ocular tubercle, leveled just anterior to tho- is nothing, however, in either Abbot's manu- racic groove. Pars thoracica irregularly flat- script or Walckenaer's descriptions that in- tened; thoracic groove deep suborbicular dicates any locality more specific than Geor- depression placed back four-sevenths of to- gia. No specimens of S. abboti are presently tal length, occupying one-sixth of carapace known from central or northern Georgia; if width at that point. Abbot's material was from that area it is pos- Eyes on elevated tubercle occupying one- sible that he actually collected S. atlanticus third of front width. Ratio of eyes, anterior or S. coylei rather than the species here re- lateral: anterior median: posterior lateral: ferred to as S. abboti and represented by posterior median, 17:14:14:11. Anterior row Gertsch's neotype (the possibility that Abbot slightly wider than posterior, procurved from had S. rufipes can be discounted as he col- front, recurved from above; medians sepa- lected both sexes and would surely have rated by more than their diameter (9/7), by mentioned the striking colors of male S. ru- their diameter from laterals. Posterior row fipes). recurved; medians separated by nearly four DIAGNOSIS: Sphodros abboti seems most times their length, contiguous with laterals. closely related to S. paisano as adults of Median ocular quadrangle wider than long both sexes have four-segmented posterior (6/3), narrowed in front (6/4). Lateral eyes of lateral spinnerets (fig. 23), apparently a de- each side slightly separated. rived character (very young specimens of S. Sternum (fig. 22) 2.35 long, 2.00 wide; la- abboti have the three-segmented spinnerets bium 0.50 long, 0.75 wide; both clothed typical of both young and adults of the other evenly with short erect black hairs. Sternum species of Sphodros). Males of S. paisano with eight sigilla: inconspicuous pair at base are unknown, but females of the two species of labium; small pair near posterior margins can be distinguished by the characters listed of coxae I; small pair near middle of coxae in couplet 8 of the key. II; large oval pair between coxae II and III, MALE (near Gainesville, Florida): Total separated by their length, about as far from length, including chelicerae, 9.75; body as in margins of sternum. Palpal lobes clothed figures 21, 24. Carapace very dark brown evenly with erect black hairs, set with two 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 17

FIGS. 21-24. Sphodros abboti Walckenaer, male. 21. Body, dorsal view. 22. Sternum, ventral view. 23. Spinnerets, ventral view. 24. Body, lateral view.

irregular rows of spinules and several rows small, armed with single weak tooth; paired of short clavate hairs on inner margin. Che- claws small, proclaws usually with five, re- licerae twice as long as high, three times as troclaws with three teeth. long as wide, strongly rounded and rough- I convex retro- II III IV Palp ened above, flat prolaterally, Femur 2.80 2.45 2.30 2.80 2.10 laterally, abruptly depressed near base, Patella 1.25 1.20 1.15 1.30 0.80 clothed with short inconspicuous black hairs Tibia 1.70 1.40 1.35 2.00 1.50 and set with long, curved spines and stout Metatarsus 2.50 2.15 2.30 3.10 hairs at distal end; promargin with nine Tarsus 1.70 1.80 2.00 2.25 1.60 strong teeth, two most distal reduced in size, Total 9.95 9.00 9.10 11.45 6.00 others subequal; retromargin with thin band of black hairs. Palp (figs. 25, 26) with long, evenly curved Leg formula 4132. Legs relatively slender, conductor moderately widened apically and evenly clothed with rows of black hairs, with bearing thin, curved embolus; tibia incras- spines restricted to venter except for few sated, as wide as long, with retrolateral weak dorsal spines on metatarsi (most nu- clump of spines. merous on legs II and III). Tarsi long, flexi- Abdomen 3.70 long, 2.70 wide, suboval, ble, distal three-fourths marked with numer- clothed with black hairs. Spinnerets (fig. 23) ous false sutures, ventral surfaces with short six: anterior laterals slender, 0.45 long; pos- curved spines at sides. Unpaired tarsal claws terior medians separated by their width at 18 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704

FIGS. 25, 26. Sphodros abboti Walckenaer, male palp. 25. Prolateral view. 26. Retrolateral view. base, 0.65 long; four-segmented posterior curved from front, very slightly narrower laterals with lengths as follows: basal 0.50, than posterior row; medians separated by median 0.55, subapical 0.45, apical 0.55, to- more than their diameter (22/15), almost as tal 2.05. far from laterals (20/15). Posterior row re- FEMALE (near Gainesville, Florida): Total curved; medians separated by four diame- length, including chelicerae, 13.00; body as ters, slightly separated from laterals. Median in figure 27. Carapace light to dark yellowish ocular quadrangle wider than long (77/34), brown with darker infuscations radiating narrowed in front (77/47). Lateral eyes of from thoracic groove; eye tubercle black. each side very slightly separated. Chelicerae dark brown, darkest dorsally; Sternum (fig. 28) 3.00 long, 3.00 wide; la- sternum, labium, and palpal lobes yellowish bium 0.70 long, 1.25 wide; both clothed with brown posteriorly, becoming darker ante- short erect black hairs. Eight sigilla present riorly. Legs dusky yellowish brown with tar- but two anterior pairs poorly defined. Palpal si darkest. Abdomen dark brown with lighter lobes clothed with black hairs, median half triangular scutum and small round pale spots set with numerous short spinules. Chelicerae on dorsum as in male; venter similarly col- shorter than in male, three-fourths as high as ored. long, promargin with nine subequal teeth and Carapace 4.25 long, 3.50 wide, smooth, additional denticle retrolateral of most prox- subquadrangular, broadly truncated and wid- imal tooth. est in front, nearly straight at sides, slightly Leg formula 1423. Legs stout, clothed with narrowed behind, posterior margin broadly short black and longer dark hairs, some bris- rounded, shallowly emarginated above ped- tle-like, sparsely spinose. Palpal claw with icel. Pars cephalica less elevated than in six teeth; tarsal claws very small, unpaired male, wider in front, forming triangle as seen claw usually with three teeth, paired claws from above. Pars thoracica flat, thoracic usually with four or five teeth. groove deep depression placed back two- thirds of carapace length, occupying one- I II III IV Palp sixth of carapace width at that point. Femur 3.20 2.50 2.20 2.60 1.80 Eye tubercle less elevated behind than in Patella 1.60 1.60 1.40 1.55 0.95 male, two-sevenths of front width. Ratio of Tibia 1.20 0.95 0.85 1.20 0.80 eyes, anterior lateral: anterior median: pos- Metatarsus 1.45 1.25 1.20 1.60 terior lateral: posterior median, 25:15:17:13. Tarsus 1.00 0.85 0.80 1.05 0.95 Anterior row recurved from above, pro- Total 8.45 7.15 6.45 8.00 4.50 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 19

30o

K. I M.. 31 ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I/

FIGS. 27-31. 27-29. Sphodros abboti Walckenaer, female. 30, 31. S. paisano, new species, female. 27. Body, dorsal view. 28, 31. Sternum, ventral view. 29, 30. Epigynum, dorsal view.

Abdomen 6.00 long, 5.00 wide, suboval; 19, Mar. 13, 1933, same habitat (H. K. Wal- spinnerets with proportions as in male. lace), 39, Nov. 17, 1934 (H. K. Wallace), Epigynum (fig. 29) with four tubes, each 39; Rattlesnake Branch, May 13, 1937 (H. usually with four coils. K. Wallace), 19; Sugarfoot Hammock, Apr. MATERIAL EXAMINED: UNITED 18, 1933 (H. K. Wallace), 29, June 14, 1941 STATES: Florida: Alachua Co.: Devil's (H. K. Wallace, S. C. Bishop), 2G, 19, June Millhopper, Feb. 3, 1938, mesic hammock 19, 1935 (H. K. Wallace, AMNH, EPC, (H. K. Wallace), 19; Gainesville, Jan. 7, MCZ), 5G, 239; no specific locality, May 1927 (OSU), 29, Apr. 1, 1933 (H. K. Wal- 25, 1933 (H. K. Wallace, OSU), 1G. Clay lace, OSU), 99, Apr. 19, 1964 (J. F. Ander- Co.: Roess Gold Head Branch State Park, son, FSCA), 19, Apr. 20, 1964 (J. F. An- June 12, 1962 (J. A. Beatty, JB), 19 . Colum- derson, NH), 2 9, June 14, 1935 (H. K. bia Co.: Ichetucknee River, branch N of Wallace, W. Ivie), 2G, 29, June 24, 1918 (C. Santa Fe River, 15 mi. S Lake City, May 3, J. Drake, OSU), 59; W Gainesville, Apr. 1965 (F. J. Moore), 69; Ichetucknee 18, 1938 (W. J. Gertsch), 29; NW Gaines- Springs, June 15, 1963 (OSU), 1d, June 23, ville, June 1, 1977, mesic woods (T. Chester, 1963 (F. Hurt, FSCA), 19; Lake City, Mar. FSCA), 1 d; 2 mi. N Gainesville, Mar. 4, 1966, 1903 (J. H. Comstock), 3 9; Lake City at pine woods (F. J. Moore), 1d; 8 mi. W Santa Fe River, Dec. 14, 1975, base of spar- Gainesville, June 8 (W. J. Gertsch ), 29; kleberry tree (A. E. Graham, FSCA), 1 9; Newnan's Lake, Feb. 22, 1933, tube on oak O'Leno State Park, Apr. 19, 1964, hydric tree in climax hammock (H. K. Wallace), hammock (J. F. Anderson, FSCA), 19Y. 20 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704

Flagler Co.: Tomoka, July 1967 (L. Shear, by Wallace (in Gertsch, 1936, p. 8), Gertsch TTU), 1Y. Gilchrist Co.: Otter Springs, June (1949, pp. 133-136, pl. 15; 1979, pp. 124-125, 10, 1978, wet woods near springs (R. E. Wil- pl. 7), and Bishop (1950, pp. 121-124). liams, FSCA), 16. Hamilton Co.: 6 mi. W Jasper, Feb. 4-5, 1938, tubes on gum trees Sphodros paisano, new species in mesic hammock (F. N. Young), 2?. Leon Figures 20, 30, 31 Co.: Bellamy, May 11, 1935, 3?. Levy Co.: Manatee Springs State Park, W. of Chief- Atypus abboti (misidentification): Chickering, land, June 3, 1977 (J. A. Beatty, JB), 16, 1937, p. 271. Vogel, 1962, p. 250. 1I, June 11, 1975 (J. A. Beatty, JB), 26, TYPE: Female holotype from Rancho El 8?; Sea Horse Kay, Dec. 6, 1956, tubes Milagro, Cruillas, Tamaulipas, Mexico (1930, against bases of cabbage palms (H. V. Dice and Bartlett), deposited in MCZ. Weems, Jr., C. H. Wharton, AMNH, ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun FSCA), 11?. Liberty Co.: Kelly Branch, in apposition from the Spanish paisano Dec. 10, 1937 (F. N. Young), 1?. Marion (countryman). Co.: Ocala National Forest, June 13, 1935 DIAGNOSIS: Sphodros paisano seems most (W. Ivie), 1?. Putnam Co.: Acosta Creek, closely related to S. abboti but females can 2 mi. N Welaka, May 3, 1947 (H. K. Wal- be distinguished by the distinctive pattern of lace), 1d, 19?; Lake Carlton, May 24, 1936, sigilla (fig. 31): the fourth pair are large and woods (H. K. Wallace, MCZ), 6?; Univer- kidney-shaped, and the third pair are small sity of Florida Conservation Reserve, We- and transversely oriented. laka, May 5, 1973, mud springs (G. B. Ed- MALE: Unknown. wards, FSCA), 1?, June 2, 1947, mesic FEMALE (holotype): Total length, includ- hammock (H. K. Wallace), 16, 5?, Oct. 6, ing chelicerae, 17.70. Carapace and chelic- 1973, mud flats (F. Coyle), 1?. Suwannee erae light yellow to orange-brown, with dus- Co.: Suwannee River State Park, July 19, ky shadings on side margins and head 1973 (F. Coyle, W. Shear), 3? . Wakulla Co.: furrows; eye tubercle black. Sternum, la- Wakulla Springs, 2?. Georgia: Thomas Co.: bium, and palpal lobes dusky orange. Legs Millpond Plantation, S. Thomasville, Feb. 1, yellowish brown. Abdomen dull purple to 1968 (W. Sedgwick, MCZ), 1?, Mar. 1, 1968 black, with numerous small pale spots; dor- (W. Sedgwick, MCZ), 4?, Apr. 20, 1973 (W. sal scutum inconspicuous, brown; spinnerets Sedgwick, WS), 2? , June 15, 1973 (W. Sedg- pale yellow. wick, WS), 3?, July 16, 1973 (F. Coyle, W. Carapace 5.40 long, 5.00 wide, bare except Shear), 2d, 3 ?, Sept. 20, 1968, tubes in for few black hairs on ocular tubercle and moist woods (J. A. Beatty, JB), 9?, Sept. fine hairs around side margins. Pars cephal- 20, 1972 (W. Sedgwick, WS), 2?. ica strongly elevated, triangular. Pars tho- DISTRIBUTION: Southern Georgia and racica flat, shallowly emarginated posterior- northern Florida in hammocks and mesic sit- ly, thoracic groove deep fissure for-ming uations (fig. 20). essentially square pit placed back two-thirds NATURAL HISTORY: The habits of S. ab- of carapace length, occupying about one- boti were explored in depth by McCook seventh of carapace width at that point. (1888), who provided numerous illustrations Eyes on small tubercle about one-fourth of of the purseweb and burrow; no specimens front width. Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: from McCook's study area (Fairyland, Geor- anterior median: posterior lateral: posterior giana, Brevard County, Florida) have been median, 23:21:18:18. Eye rows subequal in examined, however, and it is possible that width; anterior row moderately recurved, McCook's specimens are actually S. rufipes medians separated by their diameter, nearer (McCook does not mention males or the front edge of obliquely set laterals. Posterior spinneret structure, either of which would row moderately recurved, medians separat- serve to establish the identity of his speci- ed by about three and one-half diameters, mens). Additional contributions based on au- touching laterals. Median ocular quadrangle thenticated specimens have been provided wider than long (80/33), narrowed in front 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 21

(80/52). Lateral eyes of each side slightly d'Histoire Naturelle, lost). Bonnet, 1955, p. separated. 815, footnote 560. Sternum (fig. 31) 3.70 long, 4.00 wide; la- Atypus bicolor Lucas, 1836, p. 216, pl. 5, fig. bium 0.70 long, 1.25 wide; both covered 5a-d (male holotype from North America, no evenly with fine black hairs, labium with few specific locality, in Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, lost). Gertsch, 1936, p. 13, figs. 7, stiff hairs at tip. Four pairs of sigilla present 13, 24, 25, 28, 29. Roewer, 1942, p. 212. Bon- but first two pairs barely visible; posterior net, 1955, p. 815. NEW SYNONYMY. pair large, approximate. Palpal lobes clothed Oletera bicolor: Walckenaer, 1837, p. 245. with erect hairs and thick series of spinules Sphodros milberti Walckenaer, 1837, p. 249 (male along inner margin and covering most of holotype from near Philadelphia, Philadelphia lobe. Chelicerae twice as long as wide, County, Pennsylvania, in Museum National strongly inflated above base; promargin with d'Histoire Naturelle, lost). NEW SYNONY- close-set series of eight subequal teeth and MY. tiny distal denticle, retromargin with single Atypus milberti: Banks, 1907, p. 736. Roewer, small proximal tooth. 1942, p. 212. Bonnet, 1955, p. 816. Leg formula 1423. Legs short, clothed with pale hairs and few weak spines; all NOMENCLATURE: The first mention of a metatarsi and tarsi with row of spinules in red-legged purseweb spider from the United dorsal or prolateral position. Palpal claw States was by Latreille (1829, p. 233), as fol- with six teeth; paired tarsal claws with three lows: "M. Milbert, correspondant du Mu- or four teeth, unpaired claws with two or seum d'Histoire naturelle, a decouvert aux three. environs de Philadelphia une autre espece (Atypus rufipes) toute noire, avec les pattes II III IV Palp fauves." This concise diagnosis fulfilled all Femur 3.60 3.20 2.80 3.10 2.10 the legal requirements for its time, and was Patella 1.70 1.80 1.60 1.80 1.10 Tibia 1.50 1.20 0.90 1.50 0.80 better than most in unmistakably identifying Metatarsus 1.90 1.60 1.40 2.10 the taxon and providing precise locality data. Tarsus 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.20 1.10 A few years later, Lucas (1834, p. 333) re- Total 9.80 8.90 7.70 peated this record almost verbatim (misspell- 9.70 5.10 ing the name as rutipes), but he subsequently Abdomen 8.50 long, 5.00 wide, suboval, (1836) described and illustrated the same thickly covered with fine black hairs; dorsum species under the name bicolor. In a foot- with note, Lucas (1836, p. 214) mentioned La- shriveled, inconspicuous triangular ter- that he did not gite above base. Spinnerets six, with pro- treille's rufipes, indicated know whether his species (known from portions as in S. abboti. only Epigynum (fig. 30) with four slender tubes, a single male collected by Milbert) was the each usually with three coils. same as that of Latreille, and noted some MATERIAL EXAMINED: The holotype and color differences, the legs in his specimen two females collected at Austin, Travis being "rouge vermillon" instead of "fauves." County, Texas (March 12-18, 1903; J. H. There can be little doubt that Walckenaer Comstock) and housed in the Cornell Uni- (1837, p. 249) actually had before him La- versity Collection at AMNH. treille's specimen from near Philadelphia DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern Texas and when he, after assigning Lucas's bicolor to northeastern Mexico the genus Oletera, described the species (fig. 20). again as Sphodros milberti (Walckenaer had earlier [1835] used the name milberti but pro- Sphodros rufipes (Latreille), vided no characters for the species until new combination 1837). In retrospect, it seems almost certain Figures 2, 5, 6, 11, 12, 32-37 that the names rufipes, bicolor, and milberti Atypus rufipes Latreille, 1829, p. 233 (male ho- were all based on the same specimen, a male lotype from near Philadelphia, Philadelphia sent as a gift to the Paris Museum by M. County, Pennsylvania, in Museum National Milbert sometime before 1829. 22 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704

FIGS. 32-36. Sphodros rufipes (Latreille). 32. Male sternum, ventral view. 33. Female sternum, ventral view. 34. Epigynum, dorsal view. 35. Male palp, prolateral view. 36. Male palp, retrolateral view.

The name rufipes was mentioned by Hentz femora and more distal legs segments all (1842, p. 224) and later by Banks (1892, p. completely colored carmine red, females by 147), who suggested that it was probably the the large and widely separated sternal sigilla same as bicolor, but it has been ignored by (fig. 33). all subsequent authors and catalogers, with MALE (Camp Roosevelt, Maryland): Total the exception of Bonnet (1955), who tenta- length, including chelicerae, 14.50. Carapace tively placed rufipes as a synonym of bi- quite uniform reddish brown to black with color. Bonnet suggested in a footnote that if many tiny yellowish spots; pars cephalica these names were one day found to represent darkest, eye tubercle black; pars thoracica the same taxon, the species should continue with black marginal seam. Chelicerae, palpi, to bear the younger name bicolor. However, sternum, and labium dark reddish brown; leg insufficient usage has been made of that coxae and trochanters paler brown, femora name to justify its retention under Article and distal segments bright red, fading to or- 79(b) of the current version of the Interna- ange or yellow in preserved specimens. Ab- tional Code of Zoological Nomenclature. domen dull blackish; dorsum with brown DIAGNOSIS: Sphodros rufipes, the largest scutum; apical segments of spinnerets yel- American atypid, seems most closely related low. to S. fitchi and S. atlanticus, which also Carapace 5.40 long, 4.70 wide, finely have males with bicolored legs; males of S. roughened and pitted, bare. Pars cephalica rufipes can be distinguished by having the strongly elevated, subtriangular, broadest in 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 23 front, sides nearly straight to thoracic Abdomen 5.00 long, 3.50 wide, oval, groove. Pars thoracica low, thoracic groove clothed thickly with black hairs. Spinnerets deep depression placed back seven-elev- six: anterior laterals 0.55 long, posterior me- enths of carapace length, occupying one-fifth dians, 0.85 long, three-segmented posterior of carapace width at that point. laterals with lengths as follows: basal 0.50, Eyes on prominent tubercle equal to one- median 0.75, apical 1.00, total 2.25. fourth of front width. Ratio of eyes, anterior FEMALE (Pelotes Island, Florida): Total lateral: anterior median: posterior lateral: length, including chelicerae, 24.00. Carapace posterior median, 22:17:14:12. Anterior row dark reddish brown with blackish shading on as wide as posterior, procurved from front, grooves and depressions; pars cephalica weakly recurved from above; medians sep- darkest on margins, eye tubercle black; pars arated by more than their diameter, nearly thoracica with marginal black seam, black as far from laterals. Posterior row recurved; streaks radiating from dark thoracic groove. medians separated by five times their diam- Appendages and underside of cephalothorax eter, subcontiguous with laterals. Median mostly concolorous. Abdomen dark brown ocular quadrangle wider than long (90/33), to dull black; dorsum with dark brown scu- narrowed in front (90/54). Lateral eyes of tum above base; spinnerets light brown. each side slightly separated. Carapace 9.50 long, 8.30 wide, smooth, Sternum (fig. 32) 3.30 long, 3.30 wide, bare except for few hairs on eye tubercle and moderately roughened, clothed with fine along sides of pars thoracica. Pars cephalica black hairs; sigilla deeply impressed, lying in well elevated, triangular, wider than long. straight line, front pair well marked; roughly Pars thoracica low, roughened over most of suboval posterior pair separated by the ra- surface, much narrower than pars cephalica, dius of one. Labium 0.65 long, 1.30 wide, rounded and widely emarginated behind, slightly emarginated at apex, clothed with with radiating grooves deeply impressed; black hairs. Palpal lobes evenly covered with thoracic groove deep depression placed back fine suberect black hairs and band of tiny two-thirds of carapace length, occupying less spinules along inner edge. Chelicerae almost than one-fourth of carapace width at that three times as long as wide, broad at base, point. roughened, especially on prolateral side, Eye tubercle one-fourth of front width. clothed apically with curved hairs and Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: anterior me- spines; promargin with 11 teeth in single dian: posterior lateral: posterior median, row, basal two smallest. 30:25:32:30. Anterior row narrower than Leg formula 4123. Legs slender, with spi- posterior, procurved from front, essentially nation as in S. abboti; tarsi with false sutures straight from above; medians separated by on distal halves only. Unpaired tarsal claws more than their diameter, almost as far from with zero to three minute teeth; paired claws laterals. Posterior row slightly recurved; me- with three or four teeth on proclaws, three dians separated by more than three times to five on retroclaws. their long diameter, nearly touching laterals. Median ocular quadrangle wider than long II III IV Palp (15/6), narrowed in front (15/8). Lateral eyes Femur 4.65 4.00 3.40 4.25 3.00 of each side slightly separated. Patella 2.00 2.00 1.65 2.00 1.20 Sternum (fig. 33) 5.30 long, 5.30 wide, Tibia 2.25 1.90 1.65 2.35 1.75 3.35 4.40 smooth, with scattered black hairs; sigilla Metatarsus 3.40 3.15 deeply impressed, in slightly curved line, Tarsus 2.00 1.80 1.70 2.20 2.00 third 11.75 15.20 7.95 front pair as large as second and pairs; Total 14.30 12.85 oval posterior pair much larger, separated by Palp (figs. 35, 36) with apex of conductor about radius of narrowest width. Labium shallowly grooved 1.50 long, 2.50 wide, rounded at apex, with broad, laterally directed, with process drawn to blunt point; embolus long, black hairs. Palpal lobes evenly covered thin spike. fine black hairs and many spinules concen- 24 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704 trated on inner side. Chelicerae less than vine State Park, Mar. 31, 1964 (J. A. Beatty, twice as long as wide, broadest at base, JB), 16, 1?, Apr. 2, 1963 (matured Apr. 19, smooth but roughened at apex where provid- May 7), in tubes (W. A. Shear), 26, Apr. 3, ed with curved hairs and weak spines; pro- 1968 (J. A. Beatty, JB), 1 X, Apr. 4, 1957 (W. margin with 11 teeth in straight row, fifth J. Gertsch, R. R. Forster), 1 Y, June 20, 1957 from apex smallest; retromargin with black (L. and W. Miller, MCZ), I Y, July 18, 1973 denticle opposite innermost tooth. (F. A. Coyle, W. A. Shear), 1Y. Madison Leg formula 1423. Legs stout, with rows Co.: S mi. NE Madison, Sept. 7, 1967, pine of black hairs and short spines on metatarsi woods (F. J. Moore), 8?. Georgia: Fulton and tarsi. Palpal claw with five large teeth; Co.: Atlanta, June 19, 1949 (P. W. Fattig), paired and unpaired tarsal claws with three 16. Illinois: Union Co.: near Otter Pond, large teeth. Pine Hills Area, Oct. 26, 1966, tube on tree base on rocky slope, adult when collected, II III IV Palp Femur 6.00 4.50 4.10 4.50 3.30 died Oct. 1971 (J. A. Beatty, JB), 1. Lou- Patella 2.90 2.75 2.25 2.25 1.80 isiana: East Feliciana Par.: no specific lo- Tibia 2.25 1.60 1.40 1.90 1.50 cality, June 1956, burrow on side of cliff (L. Metatarsus 2.70 2.30 2.20 2.80 Roddy), 16. Evangeline Par.: Chicot State Tarsus 1.60 1.50 1.25 1.50 1.60 Park, June 22, 1972, tube on oak tree (R. M. Total 15.45 12.65 11.20 12.95 8.20 Blaney, DR), 16. Natchitoches Par.: 2.5 mi. WNW Kisatchie, Nov. 5, 1977, tube on Abdomen 10.00 long, 6.00 wide, oval, beech tree (D. Rossman, DR), 1 . West Fel- thickly covered with fine black hairs. Spin- iciana Par.: 2.75 mi. W Wakefield, May 27, nerets six: anterior laterals 0.90 long, pos- 1977 (M. L. Israel, DR), 16. Maryland: Dor- terior medians 1.50 long, three-segmented chester Co.: Hudson, June 29, 1967, gravel posterior laterals with lengths as follows: road in pine woods (C. Porter, MCZ), 1G. basal, 1.30, median 1.30, apical 2.50, total Montgomery Co.: Plummer's Island, June 5.10. 1926 (MCZ), 16. Prince Georges Co.: Ber- Epigynum (fig. 34) consisting of two reg- wyn, Jan. 14, 1945, in tube (M. H. Muma), ularly coiled tubes on each side. 1 ; Camp Roosevelt, June 1935 (J. R. MATERIAL EXAMINED: UNITED Jones), 16; College Park, Feb. 14, 1942, in STATES: District of Columbia: Blagdon tube (M. H. Muma, FSCA), 1, Apr. 23, Field, Washington, June 19, 1937 (I. Fox), 1942, on tree (M. H. Muma), 1, July 16, 1G. Florida: Duval Co.: Cedar Point, 20 mi. 1942, in tube (M. H. Muma, FSCA), 19; from Jacksonville, Jan. 1-26, 1963 (M. Hyattsville, Oct. 1, 1950 (L. Ross, FMNH), Mann), 39; Fort George (F. Hurt, FSCA), 19. Mississippi: Forrest Co.: Camp Shelby, 1?; Fort George Island, fall 1962, 39; Pe- near Hattiesburg, June 25, 1943 (C. D. Mich- lotes Island, Apr. 5, 1967 (F. J. Moore, ener), 16. Hinds Co.: Clinton, spring 1926 AMNH, MCZ), 29. Gadsden Co.: no spe- (J. W. Bailey), 19. New York: Suffolk Co.: cific locality, July 7, 1934 (Bellamy), 19; Northport, Long Island, June 1965 (S. Ro- Quincy, Apr. 19, 1938 (W. J. Gertsch, man), 1G. North Carolina: Clay Co.: Sunday AMNH, FMNH), 109, June 12, 1935 (J. D. Farm, near Hayesville, June 16, 1978 (M. Kolby), 19, Nov. 28, 1934 (H. K. Wallace), Engel), 1G. New Hanover Co.: Wilmington, 19. Jackson Co.: Florida Caverns State June 12, 1965, on brick wall (Mahaney, Park, N Marianna, June 6, 1977 (S. Ketzler, EPC), 1G. Rhode Island: Newport Co.: road JB), IG, June 9, 1975 (J. A. Beatty, JB), 19 , between Crescent Beach and Old Harbor, June 24, 1966 (J. A. Beatty, JB), 19, July Block Island, July (S. Macdowall), 1G. Ten- 18, 1973 (F. A. Coyle, W. A. Shear), 19, nessee: Davidson Co.: Nashville, Mar. 1949 Sept. 19, 1970 (J. A. Beatty, JB), 19 . Liberty (R. H. Milton), 1, Mar. 11, 1915 (W. S. Co.: no specific locality, Apr. 8, 1941 (H. K. Cartwright), 19, June 28, 1958 (A. R. Las- Wallace), 29, June 2-4, 1952 (H. K. Wal- key), 1G, July 10, 1955 (A. R. Laskey), 1I, lace, AMNH, FSCA), 3G, 19; Torreya Ra- Sept. 26, 1954 (Mrs. A. R. Laskey), 19 . 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 25

FIG. 37. Southeastern United States, showing records of Sphodros rufipes (circles) and S. fitchi (squares).

Knox Co.: Knoxville, May 1978 (J. Harp, terial from College Park, Maryland. Addi- SR), 1 Y. Loudon Co.: Lenoir City, June 3, tional information can be found in Gertsch 1974, wrapped in theridiid web on house (1949, pp. 134-136, pl. xiii; 1979, pp. 124- foundation (W. Tolbert), 16. Robertson 126, pl. 6 [color photographs]). Co.: Glenraven, June-July 1904 (W. H. Fox, MCZ), 16. Texas: Liberty Co.: Dayton, Jan. Sphodros fitchi, new species 18, 1920 (Cartwright), 7?. Virginia: Fairfax Figures 37-42 Co.: East Falls Apr. 11, 1909, un- Church, Atypus sp.: Muma and Muma, 1949, p. 489. Fitch, derground (N. Banks, MCZ), 2?; Falls 1963, p. 23, fig. 6. Church (N. Banks, MCZ), 5?, c. 1912, 16, 1?. TYPES: Male holotype from University of DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Texas to northern Kansas Natural History Reservation, near Florida, north to southern Illinois and Rhode Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas (June Island (fig. 37). 12, 1959; H. S. Fitch), and female paratype NATURAL HISTORY: An excellent study of from the same locality (August 1961; H. S. the habits of S. rufipes was published by Fitch), deposited in AMNH. Muma and Muma (1945) on the basis of ma- ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun 26 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704

FIGS. 38-42. Sphodros fitchi, new species. 38. Male sternum, ventral view. 39. Female sternum, ventral view. 40. Epigynum, dorsal view. 41. Male palp, prolateral view. 42. Male palp, retrolateral view. in apposition in honor of the collector of the probably appearing black in life. Sternum, type specimens. labium, and palpi dusky brown. Legs with DIAGNOSIS: This handsome species is only coxae, trochanters, and most of femora dus- likely to be confused with S. rufipes; males ky brown; tips of femora and rest of legs of S. fitchi also have black bodies and car- bright orange, reddish in life. Abdomen dull mine red legs in life, but the red coloration black, with conspicuous, shining black scu- is limited to the dorsal surface of the distal tum running from base to middle of length. ends of the femora plus all the more distal Carapace 4.20 long, 3.70 wide, coriaceous, leg segments. The sternum of the female (fig. roughened, with structure as in S. atlanti- 39) is proportionately broader and the sec- cus. Thoracic groove placed back seven- ond pair of sigilla (usually equal in size to the tenths of carapace length, occupying about third pair in S. rufipes) are reduced to nar- one-sixth of carapace width at that point. row bands much smaller than the third pair. Eye tubercle less than one-fourth of front The sternum of the male (fig. 38) is also width. Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: ante- broader and the second and third pairs of rior median: posterior lateral: posterior me- sigilla are of nearly equal size. The apical dian, 18:18:13:13. Anterior row as wide as part of the male palpal conductor (fig. 42) is posterior, moderately recurved; medians a wide, spoon-shaped receptacle bluntly separated by two-thirds their diameter, pointed at the apex and far shorter than that somewhat nearer laterals. Posterior row of S. rufipes. gently recurved; oval medians separated by MALE (holotype): Total length, including about three times their long diameter, nearly chelicerae, 12.70. Carapace and chelicerae touching laterals. Median ocular quadrangle dark mahogany brown, with dull luster, wider than long (36/16), narrowed in front 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 27

(36/23). Lateral eyes of each side separated dians separated by four-fifths of their diam- by almost the radius of front pair. eter, as far from laterals. Posterior row Sternum (fig. 38) 2.70 long, 2.90 wide; four gently recurved; oval medians separated by pairs of sigilla distinct, first pair lying in small almost four times their long diameter, nearly grooves at sides of labium, fourth pair sub- touching laterals. Median ocular quadrangle oval, separated by nearly their width. La- wider than long (22/8), narrowed in front (22/ bium 0.60 long, 1.10 wide, narrowed and 13). Lateral eyes of each side separated by broadly rounded at apex. Palpal lobes pro- less than radius of front pair. vided along inner edge with mostly doubled Sternum (fig. 39) 2.70 long, 2.90 wide, cov- line of spinules. Chelicerae more than twice ered evenly with fine black hairs; four pairs as long as wide; promargin with 11 thin teeth. of sigilla distinct, second pair reduced to nar- Leg formula 4123; legs thin, with setation, row bands, fourth pair oval, set obliquely, spination, and claws as in S. atlanticus. narrowly separated in front. Labium 0.60 long, 1.10 wide, broadly triangular, rounded I II III IV Palp Femur 3.50 2.80 2.60 3.30 2.20 at apex. Palpal lobes with thick series of spi- Patella 1.70 1.70 1.50 1.70 0.90 nules along inner margins. Chelicerae less Tibia 1.70 1.30 1.30 1.80 1.50 than twice as long as wide, inflated at base Metatarsus 2.70 2.40 2.60 3.50 on inner side; promargin with 11 stout teeth, Tarsus 1.70 1.70 1.70 2.20 1.50 fourth from apex smallest; retromargin with Total 11.30 9.90 9.70 12.50 6.10 small denticle in groove near basal tooth. Leg formula 1423. Legs stout, clothed with Palp (figs. 41, 42) with apex of conductor fine black hairs and small series of short shorter than in S. rufipes, wider than in S. spines on sides of apical segments. Palpal atlanticus. claw with five large teeth; paired and un- Abdomen 4.70 long, 3.05 wide, coated paired tarsal claws with three long teeth. with short black hairs. Spinnerets six, with I II III IV Palp proportions as in S. rufipes. Femur 5.50 4.60 4.20 4.70 3.30 FEMALE (paratype): Total length, includ- Patella 2.70 2.60 2.50 2.60 1.60 ing chelicerae, 24.50. Carapace dark reddish Tibia 2.00 1.70 1.30 2.00 1.30 brown, dusky around margins, with dusky Metatarsus 2.80 2.30 2.30 3.00 streaks outlining pars cephalica and radiating Tarsus 1.50 1.50 1.20 1.50 1.60 out from thoracic groove. Chelicerae dark Total 14.50 12.70 11.50 13.80 7.80 reddish brown, lighter below. Underside of cephalothorax and legs dusky brown; latter Abdomen 5.20 long, 3.40 wide, thickly with narrow dusky bands above. Abdomen covered with fine black hairs; dorsum with dull black. conspicuous brown tergite above base. Spin- Carapace 8.00 long, 7.20 wide, coriaceous, nerets six: anterior laterals 1.00 long; pos- smooth, bare except for bands of short hairs terior medians 1.70 long; three-segmented around raised side and posterior margins and posterior laterals with lengths as follows: few black hairs on ocular tubercle. Pars ce- basal 1.00, median 1.00, apical 1.90, total phalica large, elevated. Pars thoracica flat, 3.90. broadly emarginated behind; thoracic groove Epigynum (fig. 40) with paired tubes of deep transverse fissure placed back nearly each side with three basal coils. three-fourths of carapace length, occupying MATERIAL EXAMINED: UNITED about one-sixth of carapace width at that STATES: Arkansas: Bradley Co.: 5.5 mi. W point. Hermitage, June 3, 1974, elevation 60 m. (R. Eye tubercle small, less than one-fourth of G. Chenowith, J. S. Heiss, R. E. Howard, front width. Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: JH), 1. Washington Co.: Fayetteville, June anterior median: posterior lateral: posterior 6, 1979, walking over recent excavation (N. median, 5:5:4:4. Anterior row slightly nar- Lawler, NL), Id. Kansas: Douglas Co.: rower than posterior, gently recurved; me- University of Kansas Natural History Re- 28 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704

FIGS. 43-47. Sphodros atlanticus, new species. 43. Male sternum, ventral view. 44. Female sternum, ventral view. 45. Epigynum, dorsal view. 46. Male palp, prolateral view. 47. Male palp, retrolateral view.

servation, near Lawrence, June 12, 1959 (H. TYPE: Male holotype from Gainesville, S. Fitch), 1r, July-Sept. 1952 (H. S. Fitch), Hall County, Georgia (June 15, 1939; B. J. Id, Aug. 1961 (H. S. Fitch), 1?. Nebraska: Kaston), deposited in AMNH. Lancaster Co.: Lincoln, June 10, 1939, pit- ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is an ad- fall trap (E. Fichter), 1 d6. Oklahoma: Cleve- jective from the Latin atlanticus (connected land Co.: Lake Thunderbird, 12 mi. E Nor- with Mount Atlas), referring to the distribu- man, May 30, 1971, on ground (J. H. Black), tion in Atlantic states. 16. Payne Co.: Stillwater, May 1, 1972, on DIAGNOSIS: Males of S. atlanticus can be front lawn (W. A. Drew, WD), 1', May 9, readily separated from others by details of 1967, in greenhouse (C. Clifton, EPC), 1G, the labium and sternum (fig. 43). The labium, May 18, 1978 (W. A. Drew, WD), 1h, June which is two-thirds as wide as the sternum, 1, 1978 (W. A. Drew, WD), Idc. is greatly enlarged, strikingly elevated, and DISTRIBUTION: Plains states from Nebras- has a small spur at the apex. The first pair of ka south to Oklahoma and Arkansas (fig. 37). sigilla is essentially obsolete, being at most NATURAL HISTORY: The habitat and tube represented by a thin groove at each side of have been briefly described by Fitch (1963). the labium. Only the metatarsi and tarsi of the legs are bright orange in color. Females Sphodros atlanticus, new species resemble those of S. rufipes but can be dis- Figures 20, 43-47 tinguished by the closely spaced second pair Atypus bicolor (misidentification): Barnes, 1953, of sigilla (fig. 44) and the irregularly coiled p. 2. spermathecal tubes (fig. 45). 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 29

MALE (holotype): Total length, including bearing small blunt tubercle at tip. Palpal chelicerae, 16.00. Carapace dark mahogany lobes with fine black hairs and rows of small brown with dull luster, probably black in life, spinules along inner edge. Chelicerae more with narrow black marginal seam and black than twice as long as wide, smooth above, bands outlining pars cephalica. Sternum and with few black hairs and spines at apex; pro- labium dark reddish brown, margined with margin with 11 thin teeth, two or three at narrow black seam; sigilla dusky brown to apex reduced in size. black. Chelicerae dark mahogany brown. Leg formula 4132. Legs clothed sparsely Palpi and basal segments of legs dark ma- with fine black hairs and few weak spines. hogany brown above, paler below; metatarsi Paired tarsal claws with two to four teeth, and tarsi of legs bright orange, probably red unpaired claws with single denticle. All tarsi in life. Abdomen dark gray except for con- flexible, marked with transverse false su- spicuous blackish scutum on dorsum. tures; tarsi III and IV with series of small Carapace 5.40 long, 4.80 wide, coriaceous, black spines on prolateral and retrolateral evenly and finely roughened throughout, surfaces. bare except for short hairs on ocular tubercle, essentially straight in front, with small I II III IV Palp Femur 4.20 3.30 3.30 4.00 2.70 rounded angle at each corner, widest just Patella 1.90 1.80 1.70 1.70 1.10 behind ocular tubercle; sides running quite Tibia 1.90 1.70 1.50 2.00 1.80 straight to bilobed caudal edge, deeply emar- Metatarsus 3.20 2.90 3.30 4.00 ginated above pedicel. Pars cephalica large, Tarsus 1.90 2.00 2.00 2.50 1.60 triangular, strongly elevated and highest in Total 13.10 11.70 11.80 14.20 7.20 ocular area. Pars thoracica quite flat, with raised posterior margin; thoracic groove Palp (figs. 46, 47) clothed with fine black deep transverse fissure placed back more hairs. Femur three and one-half times as long than three-fifths of carapace length, occu- as broad; patella suboval as seen from pying one-seventh of carapace width at that above; tibia suboval, deeper than dorsal point. Width; tarsus suboval, drawn to thin point at Eye tubercle small, elevated, about one- apex. Bulb subtriangular, white, with thin fourth of front width. Ratio of eyes, anterior embolus originating near base and lying in lateral: anterior median: posterior lateral: groove of transverse conductor. posterior median, 20:22:18:15. Anterior row Abdomen 6.20 long, 4.00 wide, covered as wide as posterior, gently recurved; me- evenly with fine black hairs. Spinnerets six, dians separated by their radius, by two- with proportions as in S. rufipes. thirds of their diameter from laterals. Pos- FEMALE (North Carolina): Total length, terior row gently recurved; oval medians including chelicerae, 20.40. Carapace dark separated by nearly four times their long di- mahogany brown with darker margins and ameter, nearly touching laterals. Median dusky bands leading from thoracic groove to ocular quadrangle wider than long (80/38), ocular tubercle, outlining pars cephalica, and narrowed in front (80/53). Lateral eyes of radiating from thoracic groove to sides and each side separated by radius of front pair. rear. Chelicerae light brown dorsally, darker Sternum (fig. 43) 3.00 long, 3.40 wide, ventrally. Sternum, labium, and palpi dark lightly roughened around margins, evenly brown, sternal sigilla light orange-brown. covered with fine black hairs; only three Legs light brown dorsally, darker ventrally. pairs of sigilla distinct as front pair repre- Abdomen dark gray except for yellowish sented only by shallow grooves at edge of scutum and numerous small yellow spots an- labium; second and third pairs small, sub- teriorly; spinnerets brown. oval; fourth pair large oval depressions sep- Carapace 7.45 long, 6.85 wide, smooth ex- arated by their width. Labium 1.20 long, 1.80 cept for roughened, raised margins, bare ex- wide, greatly enlarged, at base two-thirds of cept for few weak hairs on ocular tubercle sternal width, elevated, rounded at apex, and bands of hairs on side margins, straight 30 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704 anteriorly, gradually narrowing posteriorly, Abdomen 8.40 long, 5.75 wide, widest pos- only slightly emarginated behind. Pars ce- teriorly, covered with fine light hairs. Spin- phalica elevated, with paramedian oblique nerets six: anterior laterals 0.90 long; pos- grooves posteriorly. Pars thoracica flat ex- terior medians 1.20 long; three-segmented cept at folded posterolateral corners; tho- posterior laterals with lengths as follows: racic groove deep fissure placed back seven- basal 1.20, median 1.50, apical 1.90, total tenths of carapace length, occupying more 4.60. than one-fifth of carapace width at that point. Epigynum (fig. 45) with paired spermathe- Eye tubercle one-fourth of front width. cal tubes of each side irregularly coiled Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: anterior me- masses. dian: posterior lateral: posterior median, MATERIAL EXAMINED: UNITED 14:11:12:9. Anterior row narrower than pos- STATES; Georgia: Hall Co.: Gainesville, terior row, very slightly procurved from June 15, 1939 (B. J. Kaston), 16 (holotype). above; medians separated by slightly more Illinois: Jackson Co.: Lake Murphysboro than their diameter, by almost twice their State Park, May 13, 1976, walking across diameter from laterals. Posterior row re- road (M. Anderson, JB), 1d. North Carolina: curved; medians separated by four times Carteret Co.: Beaufort, June 11, 1952 (R. D. their diameter, by one-fourth their diameter Barnes), Id. Jackson Co.: Coyle Farm, 1.5 from laterals. Median ocular quadrangle wid- mi. S Webster Center, Aug. 23, 1974, tube er than long (65/23), narrowed in front (65/ at base of small holly (W. A. Shear, F. A. 37). Lateral eyes of each side separated by Coyle), 1? . Virginia: Spotsylvania Co.: radius of front pair. Fredericksburg, May 30, 1917, Id. Sternum (fig. 44) 4.70 long, 5.45 wide, DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern United States roughened only around labium, evenly coat- (fig. 20). ed with long black hairs; four large pairs of sigilla, first pair rounded, second pair long, curved, approximate, posterior pairs oval, Sphodros niger (Hentz), closely spaced. Labium 1.80 long, 2.15 wide, new combination elevated, with ridge behind pointed apex. Figures 48-55 Palpal lobes with fine black hairs and spi- Atypus niger Hentz, 1842, p. 224, pl. 8, figs. 1, nules scattered over inner halves. Chelicerae la, lb (male holotype from Northampton, almost twice as long as wide, roughened Hampshire County, Massachusetts, de- along inner edges, with hairs and spines in- stroyed). Roewer, 1942, p. 212. Bonnet, 1955, creasing in number distally; promargin with p. 816. 11 fifth or sixth most distal Atypus milberti (misidentification): Gertsch, 1936, strong teeth, p. 16, figs. 8-10, 26, 27. Chamberlin and Ivie, smallest. 1945, p. 550, fig. 7. Kaston, 1948, p. 58, figs. 1, Leg formula 1423. Legs moderately stout, 2; 1953, p. 29, figs. 37, 46, 49, 50. clothed with fine black hairs but with few spines, mostly dorsal on all metatarsi and DIAGNOSIS: Males of S. niger are small, tarsi and on patella and tibia III and IV. Pal- stout, black, and have a distinctive palpal pal claw with four teeth; unpaired tarsal conductor which is revolved at its apex and claws usually with three teeth, paired claws terminates in a sharp spine (figs. 53, 54). The with four or five. sternum of the female (fig. 51) is broad, has well-defined sigilla, and is distinctive in hav- the first of situated at the an- I II III IV Palp ing pair sigilla Femur 5.10 4.45 3.80 4.45 3.25 terior border. The epigynum (fig. 52) has Patella 2.50 2.45 2.20 2.30 1.45 spermathecal tubes with fewer coils than in Tibia 1.85 1.65 1.20 1.80 1.45 other species. Metatarsus 2.55 2.05 2.05 2.75 MALE (Cornwall on the Hudson, New Tarsus 1.50 1.30 1.10 1.20 1.50 York): Total length, including chelicerae, Total 13.50 11.90 10.35 12.50 7.65 10.50. Carapace dark reddish brown to 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 31

FIGS. 48, 49. Sphodros niger (Hentz), female body. 48 (left). Dorsal view. 49 (right). Ventral view. black; pars cephalica darkest in front with groove. Chelicerae dark reddish brown; ster- blackish grooves outlining head and running num, labium, palpal lobes, and most of legs laterally across thorax from dark thoracic dark reddish brown. Abdomen blackish on 32 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704

FIGS. 50-54. Sphodros niger (Hentz). 50. Male sternum, ventral view. 51. Female sternum, ventral view. 52. Epigynum, dorsal view. 53. Male palp, prolateral view. 54. Male palp, retrolateral view. sides and below, with large brown dorsal their diameter, by their diameter from later- scutum from base to beyond middle. als. Posterior row recurved; medians sepa- Carapace 3.90 long, 4.05 wide, finely rated by four times their diameter, nearly roughened and pitted throughout, bare ex- touching laterals. Median ocular quadrangle cept for few hairs on ocular tubercle. Pars wider than long (63/25), narrowed in front cephalica strongly elevated in front, about as (63/40). Lateral eyes of each side subcontig- long as wide, truncated in front. Pars thorac- uous. ica low, moderately rounded on sides, trun- Sternum (fig. 50) 4.65 long, 5.30 wide, cated behind, with narrow pleurites at pos- moderately roughened, covered evenly with terolateral corners; thoracic groove placed short black hairs; four pairs of sigilla present, back about three-fourths of carapace length, front pair inconspicuous, posterior pair occupying about one-fourth of carapace large, oval, separated by width. Labium 0.50 width at that point. long, 0.90 wide, rounded at apex, set with Eye tubercle prominent, one-fourth of inconspicuous black hairs. Palpal lobes with front width. Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: similar setae and rows of spinules on inner anterior median: posterior lateral: posterior side adjacent to fringe of pale hairs. Chelic- median, 16:11:13:1 1. Anterior row as wide erae almost twice as long as wide, narrowest as posterior, procurved from front, recurved apically; promargin with 11 subequal teeth. from above; medians separated by twice Leg formula 4123. Legs relatively stout, 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 33 clothed with rows of black hairs and scat- with single small tooth opposite innermost tered weak spines. Tarsi relatively short, promarginal tooth. with false sutures on distal two-thirds. Leg formula 1423; legs short, thick, with rows of fine black hairs and few weak spines I II III IV Palp concentrated on apical segments, forming Femur 3.30 2.75 2.70 3.00 2.15 rows on metatarsi and tarsi. Palpal claw with Patella 1.55 1.65 1.35 1.40 0.90 Tibia 1.45 1.25 1.20 1.70 1.50 five large teeth; tarsal claws of legs I-III Metatarsus 2.15 2.00 2.25 3.10 mostly with three large teeth, leg IV with two Tarsus 1.35 1.50 1.50 1.75 1.35 teeth on unpaired claw, three on proclaw, Total 9.80 9.15 9.00 10.95 5.90 four on retroclaw. I II III IV Palp Palp (figs. 53, 54) with twisted, distally Femur 4.50 3.70 3.00 4.00 2.60 pointed conductor. Patella 2.30 2.20 2.25 2.25 1.60 Abdomen 4.50 long, 3.00 wide, covered Tibia 1.60 1.20 1.00 1.40 1.20 evenly with subprocumbent black hairs ex- Metatarsus 1.90 1.70 1.70 2.50 cept on smooth scutum. Spinnerets six, with Tarsus 1.25 1.15 1.00 1.30 1.30 proportions as in S. rufipes. Total 11.55 9.95 8.95 11.45 6.70 FEMALE (Des Plaines, Illinois): Total length, including chelicerae, 22.00; body as Abdomen 10.00 long, 7.00 wide, broadly in figures 48, 49. Carapace reddish brown, oval. Spinnerets six: anterior laterals 1.35 with dark streaks on head and dusky ce- long; posterior medians 1.30 long; three-seg- phalic sutures and thoracic groove. Append- mented posterior laterals with lengths as fol- ages and underside of cephalothorax concol- lows: basal 1.00, median 1.00, apical 1.70, orous. Abdomen dark brown to blackish, total 3.70. covered with many small pale spots on all Epigynum (fig. 52) with paired spermathe- surfaces; dorsum with light brown sclerite cal tubes of each side with few coils. above base. MATERIAL EXAMINED: CANADA: Ontar- Carapace 6.50 long, 6.50 wide, smooth, io: Ancaster, July 15, 1969, grassy bank with bare except for few hairs on ocular tubercle. goldenrod (A. J. Thomson, RL), 1Y; Belle- Pars cephalica wider than long, less elevated ville, July 6, 1962, pitfall at edge of mixed than in male. Pars thoracica broadly emar- deciduous woods (A. L. Turnbull, CNC), ginated behind, with narrow pleurites; tho- 16; Burlington, June 11, 1964, under board racic groove placed back about two-thirds of in field (C. Freeman, G. Coombs, FSCA), carapace length, occupying about one-fifth of 1 d; Chatterton, June 6, 1963 (C. D. Dondale, carapace width at that point. CNC), 1d, June 22, 1967, hand collected Eye tubercle slightly more than one-fourth (CNC), 16, June 26, 1967, pitfall trap of front width. Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: (CNC), 1; Grimsby, July 12, 1942 (W. L. anterior median: posterior lateral: posterior Putman), 1 Y ; Rondeau Provincial Park, May median, 27:20:20:21. Eye pattern as in male 19-July 6, 1976, pitfall in grass (C. D. Don- except anterior medians separated by only dale, J. Redner, CNC), 1d, June 10-July 9, slightly more than their diameter. 1975 (C. D. Dondale, J. Redner, CNC), 1i; Sternum (fig. 51) 4.20 long, 5.20 wide, Windsor, May 18-July 6, 1976, pitfall in prai- moderately roughened, clothed with sub- rie grass-oak (C. D. Dondale, J. Redner, erect black hairs; sigilla smooth, posterior CNC), 1cd. UNITED STATES: Connecticut: pair suboval, separated by two-thirds of Middlesex Co.: Clinton, July 28, 1973 (J. width. Labium 1.00 long, 1.70 wide, set with Krng), Id. New Haven Co.: West Haven, black hairs. Palpal lobes covered with sub- June 19, 1978, on wall of building (J. Bruno, erect black hairs and numerous spinules. LS), id. New London Co.: Lyme, June I 1, Chelicerae almost twice as long as wide; pro- 1977 (J. Pratt), 16. Illinois: Bureau Co.: margin with ten equal teeth, retromargin Princeton, June 13, 1933, flood plain forest 34 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704

FIG. 55. Eastern United States and Canada, showing records of Sphodros niger (circles) and S. coylei (square).

(T. H. Hubbell), 1G. Champaign Co.: Uni- 1 G. New York: Orange Co.: Cornwall on the versity of Illinois Woods, June 9, 1937 Hudson, May 31, 1913, in road, 1i; Green- (MCZ), 16. Cook Co.: Carle Woods, Des wood Lake, summer 1959 (J. Callan), 1. Plaines, May 20, 1950, tube in leaf mould (0. Suffolk Co.: Babylon, Long Island, July 27, Park, MCZ), 1 Y; Riverside, May 30, 1912, 1935, in bananas, 1 d; Great Gull Island, July 1G. Jackson Co.: Indian Creek, May 24, 3-5, 1976 (D. Brody), 1G. North Carolina: 1977 (S. Wilson, JB), 18. Rock Island Co.: Macon Co.: Satulah Mountain, 1.5 mi. SW Moline, 1942 (M. V. Pyl), 1 . Indiana: Parke Highlands, June 1, 1975, on wet moss next Co.: Turkey Run State Park, June 14, 1951 to spring, elevation 4543 feet (W. H. Par- (H. S. Dybas, R. L. Wenzel, L. Ross, rish), 16. Stokes Co.: Hanking Peck State FMNH), 28. Porter Co.: Indiana Dunes Park, June 5, 1951 (E. E. Brown), 1G. Ohio: State Park, June 24, 1950 (L. Ross, FMNH), Adams Co.: Long Lick Hollow, June 15, 16. Kansas: Douglas Co.: University of 1962 (F. J. Moore), 1i; Vastine Hollow, Kansas Natural History Reservation, near Lower Lick Creek, Apr. 26, 1966 (F. J. Lawrence, 1963 (H. Fitch), 16. Michigan: Moore), 1 Y. Erie Co.: Cedar Point, Aug. 15, Clinton Co.: Burke Lake, June 23, 1969, pit- 1913, from stomach of frog (C. Drake, OSU), fall in field (J. Hurrell), 18. Ingham Co.: 1Y. Franklin Co.: Sharon Woods Metropol- East Lansing, June 5-12, 1970, pitfall (N. I. itan Park, June 5-26, 1963, pitfall (A. J. Pen- Platnick), 1 . Missouri: Johnson Co.: Knob niman, AP), 2G. Hocking Co.: Cantwell Noster State Park, June 5-12, 1978, pitfall in Cliffs, near Rockbridge, June 8-11, 1922 (W. brushy prairie (W. B. Peck, J. Peaslee, M. Barrows, AMNH, OSU), 2G, 1933 (W. EPC), 1d. New Jersey: Bergen Co.: Closter, M. Barrows, 16. Pennsylvania: Berks Co.: June 29, 1974, in swimming pool (J. Rozen), Virginville, Oct. 1, 1966 (P. Vaurie), 1 Y. 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 35

FIGS. 56-60. Sphodros coylei, new species. 56. Male sternum, ventral view. 57. Female sternum, ventral view. 58. Epigynum, dorsal view. 59. Male palp, prolateral view. 60. Male palp, retrolateral view.

Huntingdon Co.: 6 mi. S Pine Grove Hills, not been seen it is possible that they were June 10, 1977 (T. Henry), 1d. Tennessee: actually S. atlanticus. Fentress Co.: Jamestown Barrens, May 1979 (R. Noss, SR), 16. Virginia: Rockbridge new species Co.: 3 mi. S Vesuvius, June 24, 1956 (R. L. Sphodros coylei, Hoffman), 16. Wisconsin: Dane Co.: Shore- Figures 55-60 wood Quarry, Madison, June 6, 1955, run- TYPE: Male holotype from Clemson, ning over stone (R. Nero, MCZ), 16; Uni- Oconee County, South Carolina (April 14, versity of Wisconsin Arboretum, Madison, 1977; F. A. Coyle), deposited in AMNH May 9, 1954, crossing road (J. L. Kaspar), courtesy of Dr. Coyle. 16. Grant Co.: Wyalusing State Park, June ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a pat- 14, 1949, crossing road, maple-basswood for- ronym in honor of Dr. Frederick A. Coyle of est (H. W. Levi), 1d. Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, DISTRIBUTION: Northeastern United States North Carolina, student of the mygalomorph and southern Ontario (fig. 55). spiders, who collected the only known spec- NATURAL HISTORY: An excellent paper by imens and first recognized the species as Poteat (1890), dealing with the habits of S. new. niger and missed by most students, was DIAGNOSIS: Males of this dark species can brought to notice by Bishop (1950). Poteat's be distinguished from all others by the pres- study population was from near Raleigh, ence of false sutures on both the metatarsi North Carolina, and as his specimens have and tarsi of the legs and by the non-incras- 36 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704 sate palpal tibia (figs. 59, 60), females by hav- smooth at base, with black hairs and larger ing the first pair of sternal sigilla enlarged bristles at apex; promargin with 12 subequal and approximate and the second pair re- teeth, retromargin with single denticle in duced to narrow bands (fig. 57). groove opposite innermost tooth. MALE (holotype): Total length, including Leg formula 4123. Legs thin, sparsely chelicerae, 8.50. Carapace dark brown to clothed with fine black hairs and rows of blackish with black streaks outlining pars ce- short black spines mostly on distal segments. phalica and fanning out from thoracic Tarsi and metatarsi straight, showing little groove, thin line running from prominent flexibility, but both ringed with false sutures black eye tubercle to posterior margin of car- over most of their surface. Unpaired tarsal apace; side margins with narrow black seam. claws with single denticle; paired claws with Chelicerae blackish above and on sides, pal- three fine teeth (only two on posterior retro- er below. Sternum, labium, and palpal lobes claws). dull brown. Legs with basal segments dark brown; metatarsi and tarsi lighter. Abdomen I II III IV Palp mostly dull black; dorsum with shining black Femur 2.50 2.35 2.15 2.70 1.75 scutum from base to beyond middle; spin- Patella 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.25 0.75 nerets brown. Tibia 1.20 1.10 0.90 1.50 1.30 Carapace 3.00 long, 2.70 wide, smooth, Metatarsus 1.85 1.80 2.00 2.70 lightly roughened on margins, bare except Tarsus 1.20 1.00 0.90 1.30 1.00 for weak hairs in front of ocular tubercle. Total 7.95 7.40 7.05 9.45 4.80 Pars cephalica subtriangular, elevated, highest in ocular area. Pars thoracica low, with Palp (figs. 59, 60) clothed with fine black straight posterior margin and moderately de- hairs. Femur more than three times as long veloped pleurites at corners; thoracic groove as dorsal width; tibia not fully twice as long deep transverse fissure placed back seven- as dorsal or lateral widths, not incrassate; eighths of carapace length, occupying one- tarsus drawn to fine point; bulb small, with fourth of carapace width at that point. thin curved embolus lying in groove of apex Eye tubercle prominent, projecting strong- of conductor. ly forward, about one-fourth of front width. Abdomen 3.30 long, 2.30 wide, roughened Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: anterior me- and pitted, covered with fine black hairs; dian: posterior lateral: posterior median, dorsal scutum smooth. Spinnerets six: ante- 22:10:14:19. Anterior row as wide as posterior laterals 0.35 long; posterior medians 0.60 rior, slightly recurved; medians separated by long; three-segmented posterior laterals with three times their diameter, by their diameter lengths as follows: basal 0.40, median 0.35, from laterals. Posterior row moderately re- apical 0.60, total 1.35. curved; medians separated by more than FEMALE (Clemson, South Carolina): Total twice their diameter, contiguous with later- length, including chelicerae, 26.65. Carapace als. Median ocular quadrangle wider than light brown with darkened margins and dus- long (19/9), narrowed in front (19/14). Lateral ky streaks radiating from thoracic groove. eyes of each side contiguous. Chelicerae light reddish brown proximally, Sternum (fig. 56) 1.80 long, 2.00 wide, darker distally. Sternum, labium, and palpal evenly covered with inconspicuous black se- lobes dark brown, sternal sigilla lighter. Legs tae; four pairs of sigilla present, front pair olive brown, darkest dorsally. Abdomen inconspicuous, oval fourth pair separated by very light purplish brown with small white their length. Labium 0.30 long, 0.60 wide, spots anteriorly; tergite and lung covers yel- rounded in front, with few black hairs. Palpal lowish; spinnerets darkened laterally. lobes covered sparsely with black hairs, with Carapace 8.65 long, 7.05 wide, roughened rows of small spinules on inner margins. along deep grooves radiating from thoracic Chelicerae almost twice as long as wide, groove, smooth elsewhere, well supplied 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 37 with short black hairs along front and sides, I II III IV Palp on ocular tubercle, on midline of pars ce- Femur 5.00 4.55 4.30 4.45 3.00 phalica, and scattered on pars thoracica. Patella 2.55 2.10 2.00 2.25 1.45 Pars cephalica elevated, particularly at and Tibia 1.70 1.55 1.35 1.80 1.40 behind ocular tubercle. Pars thoracica with Metatarsus 2.40 2.20 1.85 2.60 five raised portions between six deep radiat- Tarsus 1.35 1.15 1.05 1.25 1.35 ing grooves; posterior margin almost straight, Total 13.00 11.55 10.55 12.35 7.20 with small pleurites at corners; thoracic groove deep transverse fissure placed back Abdomen 11.75 long, 7.90 wide, with pro- two-thirds of carapace length, occupying curved dorsal ridges posteriorly, covered slightly more than one-fifth of carapace with fine black hairs and longer bristles; ter- width at that point. gite indistinct, covered with hairs. Spinner- Eye tubercle extended posteriorly, about ets six: anterior laterals 0.75 long; posterior one-fifth of front width. Ratio of eyes, ante- medians 1.35 long; three-segmented posterior lateral: anterior median: posterior later- rior laterals with lengths as follows: basal al: posterior median, 12:11:6:13. Anterior 0.95, median 1.35, apical 2.25, total 4.55. row almost as wide as posterior, almost Epigynum (fig. 58) with paired spermathe- straight from above; medians separated by cal tubes of each side with about five coils, twice their diameter, by their diameter from narrowed distally. laterals. Posterior row almost straight; me- MATERIAL EXAMINED: Only the holotype, dians separated by four times their diameter, plus one female taken in a lot beside 109 by their radius from laterals. Median ocular Lakeview Drive, Clemson, Pickens County, quadrangle wider than long (75/27), nar- South Carolina, on April 15, 1977, and kept rowed in front (75/47). Lateral eyes of each alive in captivity until Aug. 1, 1979, by F. A. side separated by radius of front pair. Coyle. Sternum (fig. 57) 4.70 long, 5.10 wide, DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Clem- coated with long black hairs; four pairs of son, South Carolina (fig. 55). sigilla present but second pair reduced to NATURAL HISTORY: Both known speci- narrow bands; first pair enlarged, closer to mens were taken in a mixed hardwood-pine each other than are second pair; posterior forest in a residential area. The male was pairs large, oval, closely spaced. Labium found walking over leaf litter at the base of 1.40 long, 2.10 wide, gently rounded ante- a tree in daytime, and looked like a large ant. riorly, with few black hairs. Palpal lobes with An attempt by H. Douglass and F. A. Coyle few black hairs, with spinules sparse over to re-collect the species in August 1979, was inner half, abundant in rows along inner mar- unsuccessful; only a couple tubes of juve- gins. Chelicerae twice as long as wide, with niles were located. The grove of trees where narrow band of dorsal hairs proximally, ex- females had previously been observed has panded distally to cover entire surface; pro- been destroyed by the construction of a sew- margin with 11 large teeth, fifth most distal er line. reduced in size, retromargin with single small tooth opposite most proximal promar- LITERATURE CITED ginal tooth. Leg formula 1423. Legs relatively narrow Ausserer, Anton for body size, with rows of long dark hairs 1871. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Arachniden- and few spines, mostly dorsal on all meta- Familie der Territelariae. Verh. Zool.- IV. claw Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 21, pp. 117-224. tarsi and tarsi and on patella Palpal Banks, Nathan with three large teeth; paired tarsal claws of 1892. Our Atypidae and Theraphosidae. Ent. anterior legs with four, of posterior legs with News, vol. 3, pp. 147-150. three teeth; unpaired claws of anterior legs 1907. A preliminary list of the arachnids with three, of posterior legs with two teeth. of Indiana with keys to families and 38 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704

genera of spiders. Rep. Indiana Geol. Gertsch, Willis J., and Norman I. Platnick Surv., vol. 31, pp. 715-747. 1979. A revision of the spider family Meci- Barnes, Robert D. cobothriidae (Araneae, Mygalomor- 1953. Report on a collection of spiders from phae). Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 2687, the coast of North Carolina. Amer. pp. 1-32, figs. 1-91. Mus. Novitates, no. 1632, pp. 1-21, Hentz, Nicholas Marcellus figs. 1-19. 1842. Descriptions and figures of the Ara- Bertkau, Philip neides of the United States. Boston 1878. Versuch einer natuirlichen Anordnung Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, pp. 54-57, der Spinnen. Arch. Naturg., vol. 44, pp. p1. vii, pp. 223-231, pi. viii. 351-410. Kaston, Benjamin J. Bishop, Sherman C. 1948. Spiders of Connecticut. Bull. State 1950. The purse-web spider, Atypus abbotii Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Connecticut, (Walckenaer), with notes on related vol. 70, pp. 1-874, figs. 1-2144. species (Arachnida: Atypidae). Ent. 1953. How to know the spiders. Dubuque, 220 News, vol. 61, pp. 121-124. pp., 552 figs. Bonnet, Pierre Kraus, Otto. 1955. Bibliographia araneorum. Toulouse, 1978. Liphistius and the evolution of spider vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 1-918. genitalia. Symp. Zool. Soc. London, Chamberlin, Ralph V., and Wilton Ivie no. 42, pp. 235-254, figs. 1-22. 1944. Spiders of the Georgia region of North Kraus, Otto, and Helga Baur America. Bull. Univ. Utah, vol. 35, no. 1974. Die Atypidae der West-Paliiarktis. Abh. 9, pp. 1-267, figs. 1-217. Verh. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg, vol. 1945. On some Nearctic mygalomorph spi- 17, pp. 85-116, figs. 1-46. ders. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 38, pp. Latreille, Pierre A. 549-558, pls. 1-3. 1804. Tableau methodique des Insectes. Nouv. Chickering, Arthur M. Dict. Hist. Nat., vol. 24, pp. 129-200. 1937. Arachnida from the San Carlos Moun- 1829. Les Arachnides. In Cuvier, G., Le tains. In The geology and biology of the Regne Animal, Nouvelle ed. Paris, pp. San Carlos Mountains, Tamaulipas, 206-291. Mexico. Ann Arbor, pp. 271-283. Lucas, Hippolyte Dufour, Leon 1834. Atype, Atypus. Dict. Pitt. Hist. Nat. 1820. Observations sur quelques arachnides Guerin, vol. 1, p. 333. quadripulmonaires. Ann. Gen. Sci. 1836. Quelques observations sur le genre Phys., vol. 5, pp. 96-116. Atype. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 5, Enock, F. pp. 213-217. 1885. The life-history of Atypus piceus Sulz. McCook, Henry C. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, pp. 389-420. 1888. Nesting habits of the American purse- Fitch, Henry S. web spider. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- 1963. Spiders of the University of Kansas delphia, pp. 203-220, figs. 1-9. Natural History Reservation and Miller, Frantigsek Rockefeller Experimental Tract. Univ. 1947. Pavou6i zvilfena hadcovych stepi u Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. Mohelna. Acta Publ. Soc. Cogn. Cons. No. 33, 202 pp., 104 figs. Nat. Moraviae Silesiaeque, vol. 7, pp. Gerhardt, Ulrich 1-107, pls. 1-16. 1929. Zur vergleichenden sexualbiologie Muma, Martin H., and Katherine E. Muma primitiver Spinnen. Zeits. Morph. Okol. 1945. Biological notes on Atypus bicolor Lu- Tiere, vol. 14, pp. 699-764. cas (Arachnida). Ent. News, vol. 56, Gertsch, Willis J. pp. 122-126. 1936. The Nearctic Atypidae. Amer. Mus. 1949. Studies on a population of prairie spi- Novitates, no. 895, pp. 1-19, figs. 1-29. ders. Ecology, vol. 30, pp. 485-503. 1949. American spiders. New York, 285 pp., Platnick, Norman I. 64 pls. 1977. The hypochiloid spiders: A cladistic 1979. American spiders, second ed. New analysis, with notes on the Atypoidea York, 274 pp., 32 pls., 8 figs. (Arachnida, Araneae). Amer. Mus. 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 39

Novitates, no. 2627, pp. 1-23, figs. 1- giae Soc. Sci. Upsaliensis, ser. 3, vol. 31. 7, pp. 1-108. Poteat, W. L. 1887. Viaggio di L. Fea in Birmania. Ann. 1890. A tube-building spider. Jour. Elisha Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, Mitchell Sci. Soc., vol. 2, pp. 137-147. vol. 5, pp. 5-417. Roewer, Carl F. Vogel, Beatrice 1942. Katalog der Araneae. Bremen, vol. 1, 1962. Supplementary bibliography of North 1040 pp. American tarantulas, 1939-1959 (Ara- Sarno, Patricia A. neida, Suborder Mygalomorphae). Ent. 1973. A new species of Atypus (Araneae, News, vol. 73, pp. 246-250. Atypidae) from Pennsylvania. Ent. Walckenaer, Charles A. News, vol. 84, pp. 37-52, figs. 1-9. 1805. Tableau des Araneides. Paris, 88 pp., 9 Simon, Eugene pls. 1891. Liste des especes de la famille Avicu- 1833. Memoire sur une nouvelle classification lariides qui habitent l'Amerique du des Araneides. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Nord. Act. Soc. Linneenne Bordeaux, vol. 2, pp. 414-446. vol. 44, pp. 307-326. 1835. Memoire sur une nouvelle espece de 1892. Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Paris, Mygale. Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 637-651. vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 1-256, figs. 1-215. 1837. Histoire naturelle des insectes apteres. 1903. Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Paris, Paris, vol. 1, 682 pp. vol. 2, pt. 4, pp. 669-1080, figs. 793- Yoshikura, Makoto 1117. 1958. On the development of a purse-web spi- Thorell, Tamerlan der, Atypus karschi Donitz. Kumamoto 1870. On European spiders. Nova Acta Re- Jour. Sci., ser. B, vol. 3, pp. 73-86, figs. 1-12.