DOCSLIB.ORG

Novitates1 PUBLISHED by the AMERICAN MUSEUM OF,NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST at 79TH STREET NEW YORK

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Novitates1 PUBLISHED by the AMERICAN MUSEUM OF,NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST at 79TH STREET NEW YORK AMERICAN MUSEUM ,.~~~~~~~Novitates1 PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF,NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET NEW YORK. N.Y. 10024 U.S.A. NUMBER 2704 SEPIEMBER 22, 1980 WILLIS J. GERTSCH AND NORMAN I. PLATNICK A Revision of the American Spiders of the Family Atypidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) AMERICAN MUSEUM Norntates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 Number 2704, pp. 1-39, figs. 1-60 September 22, 1980 A Revision of the American Spiders of the Family Atypidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) WILLIS J. GERTSCH1 AND NORMAN I. PLATNICK2 ABSTRACT The eight known New World species of Atyp- genus Sphodros Walckenaer. Sphodros bicolor idae are diagnosed, described, and assigned to and S. milberti are newly synonymized with S. two genera on the basis of genitalic and somatic rufipes. Four new species are described: S. pai- characters. Only one American species, Atypus sano from Texas and Tamaulipas, Mexico; S. fit- snetsingeri Sarno, belongs to the Holarctic genus chi from Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Ar- Atypus Latreille. The nominal species Atypus ab- kansas; S. atlanticus from Virginia, Illinois, boti (Walckenaer), A. rufipes Latreille, A. bicolor North Carolina, and Georgia; and S. coylei from Lucas, A. milberti (Walckenaer), and A. niger South Carolina. Hentz are transferred to the endemic Nearctic INTRODUCTION The name Atypidae is used here in the tures plesiomorphic for these spiders. Among sense established by Simon (1903), who re- these are the presence of a large tergite on stricted the family to a small group of dis- the dorsum of the abdomen (figs. 3-6), of six tinctive mygalomorphs with representatives spinnerets (fig. 23) still maintained as in most in both hemispheres. The atypids are bur- Antrodiaetidae, Mecicobothriidae, and prim- rowers that spin a tough tubular web in the itive Dipluridae, the doubled nature of the soil and prolong and camouflage an aerial elements of the male palpus, both embolus segment as a trap for wandering insects. The and conductor being present, the moderately short aerial tube of the European Atypus lies wide separation of the anal tubercle from the on the soil, whereas the long tube of the spinnerets, and the presence of a swollen American Sphodros is usually tied vertically palpal tarsus in penultimate males. These to the side of a tree (figs. 1, 2). The family features have all been modified in higher my- represents an ancient branch of the infraor- galomorphs. On the other hand, the quite der Mygalomorphae still retaining many fea- successful atypids have derived features in 1 Curator Emeritus, Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History. 2 Associate Curator, Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History; Graduate Faculty in Biology, City College, City University of New York. Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 1980 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $2.60 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704 both their morphology and especially their for there are two apparent synapomorphies ingenious technique of capturing prey. uniting the three genera and none (that we The present systematic account of the are aware of) contradicting that relationship. Nearctic Atypidae supplants an earlier work The first of these synapomorphies is the clas- (Gertsch, 1936) in which the three species sical one: the prolongation of the inner por- then known were described and illustrated. tion of the palpal coxa into a distinct lobe Since that time, only one additional species, comparable to the endite of araneomorphs. Atypus snetsingeri Sarno from Pennsylva- As noted by Simon (1892), the few other nia, has been described, but much additional mygalomorphs (like Paratropis and Actino- information has accumulated. Important new pus) that have a coxal lobe at all do not share collections of these relatively rare spiders, the extreme prolongation of the lobe found which are numerous only in rather restricted in Atypus, Sphodros, and especially Cal- habitats, have doubled the size of the Amer- ommata. The second synapomorphy uniting ican fauna. Our species other than A. snet- the atypid genera is the structure of the pos- singeri are now assigned to the genus Spho- terior median spinnerets, which are ex- dros in recognition of differences in their tremely wide and bear obliquely triangular male and female genitalia and their greater tips (fig. 23); so far as we are aware, such degree of sexual dimorphism (the males usu- peculiarly shaped posterior median spinner- ally being significantly smaller and some- ets are not found in any other spiders. times brightly colored). In addition, the spe- Within the Atypidae, each of the three cific names of two of the previously known genera is distinguished by a unique type of species have had to be changed because of spermathecal structure. In Atypus, there are new synonymies; both S. bicolor and S. mil- two broad plates each bearing two or more berti are now regarded as synonyms of S. small receptacula (fig. 19). In Calommata, rufipes, and S. niger is recognized as the val- there are four spermathecae, each bearing id name for our most northern species. several closely packed terminal receptacula positioned in a cauliflower-like arrangement RELATIONSHIPS (Kraus, 1978, fig. 13 of C. simoni; we have observed the same structure in C. signatum Traditionally, the Atypidae has been divid- and C. sundaicum). In Sphodros, there are ed into two genera, Atypus and Calommata. four spermathecae, each highly coiled and However, as Kraus and Baur (1974) have in- without distinct receptacula (figs. 29, 58). dicated, two very different types of sper- There is growing evidence (Kraus, 1978; R. mathecae and palpi are found among the R. Forster, personal commun.) that the ple- species previously assigned to Atypus. siomorphic form of the female genitalia for Those authors suggested that only Palaearc- spiders is a single spermatheca bearing nu- tic species actually belong to Atypus, in merous receptacula. If so, the spermathecal which case the generic name Sphodros could arrangement of Atypus represents the most be revived for the Nearctic species. As plesiomorphic form within the Atypidae, but shown below, the division is not quite so pre- the details of that structure (particularly the cise geographically; although Sphodros is two broad plates) argue as strongly for the exclusively Nearctic, one species of Atypus monophyly of Atypus as the unique types of is found in America as well. Kraus and Baur spermathecal morphology of Calommata (1974, p. 88) also suggested that Calommata and Sphodros do for the monophyly of those should not be included in the Atypidae, but groups. they did not indicate whether they believe The question thus arises as to the interre- only that Calommata is different from Aty- lationships of the three atypid genera. An pus and Sphodros or that it is actually more answer is difficult to obtain, both because of closely related to some other group of spi- the absence of a well-corroborated hypoth- ders than to those genera. At any rate, we esis identifying the closest relatives of the believe Simon's (1903) hypothesis of the Atypidae, and the difficulty of finding hom- composition of the Atypidae to be correct, ologs of some atypid features in other my- 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 3 FIGS. 1, 2. Pursewebs of Sphodros from Florida; photographs by H. K. Wallace. 1. S. abboti. 2. S. rufipes. 4 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704 3., 4a 4~~~~~~~~~4 4~~~_~ FIGS. 3, 4. Sphodros abboti from Florida; photographs by H. K. Wallace. 3. Male. 4. Female. 1980 GERTSCH AND PLATNICK: ATYPIDAE 5 J&,e'''w'g'S r - FIGS. 5, 6. Sphodros rufipes from Florida; photographs by H. K. Wallace. 5. Male. 6. Female. 6 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2704 galomorphs. The Atypidae has most fre- tarsus of females; and the dorsally directed quently been associated with the chelicerae, elongated palpal trochanter, and Antrodiaetidae and Mecicobothriidae, but greatly elongated posterior tarsi of males). the characters used to define this group (the Similarly, the ridged borders of the sternum Atypoidea) have been shown to be plesio- of male Atypus (fig. 14) are unique to that morphic (Platnick, 1977) and the Mecico- genus. bothriidae have been hypothesized to be Among possible synapomorphies, the more closely related to the Dipluridae change to a 2+2 spermathecal arrangement (Gertsch and Platnick, 1979). We are not would most parsimoniously link Sphodros aware of any derived characters unique to and Calommata, a hypothesis that is also the Atypidae plus Antrodiaetidae, and it may supported by the much greater degree of sex- be that the atypids represent the sister group ual dimorphism found in those two genera. of all other mygalomorphs. Atypus is the The palpal structure might be thought to con- only mygalomorph genus known to approach tradict this arrangement, as Calommata re- the putatively plesiomorphic form of female sembles Atypus rather than Sphodros in genitalia described above and found in at having a short, straight embolus (in Spho- least some Mesothelae; other mygalomorph dros, the embolus is longer and curved, fit- genera have either four separate spermathe- ting inside an elaborate conductor instead of cae (in the "2+2" arrangement defined by resting on it). There are few other spiders Kraus, 1978) or a more derived arrangement. with palpi similar enough to those of atypids If the Atypidae is monophyletic, then the to provide useful outgroup comparisons, and change to a 2+2 arrangement is most parsi- even they suggest no resolution as both con- moniously considered a synapomorphy link- ditions occur within the Antrodiaetidae and ing all the non-atypid mygalomorphs (with the Mecicobothriidae. More informative may parallelism within the Atypidae and, of be the variation within Sphodros itself. Most course, the Araneomorphae). This rather of the species of Sphodros are united by the tenuous hypothesis is also supported by the peculiar shape of the male palpal tibia, which work of Yoshikura (1958), who found that is dorsally expanded for the distal four-fifths the mygalomorphs whose development has of its length (fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phylogenomic Analysis and Revised Classification of Atypoid Mygalomorph Spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with Notes on Arachnid Ultraconserved Element Loci
    Phylogenomic analysis and revised classification of atypoid mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with notes on arachnid ultraconserved element loci Marshal Hedin1, Shahan Derkarabetian1,2,3, Adan Alfaro1, Martín J. Ramírez4 and Jason E. Bond5 1 Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America 2 Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America 3 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America 4 Division of Arachnology, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ``Bernardino Rivadavia'', Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina 5 Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America ABSTRACT The atypoid mygalomorphs include spiders from three described families that build a diverse array of entrance web constructs, including funnel-and-sheet webs, purse webs, trapdoors, turrets and silken collars. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have generally supported the monophyly of Atypoidea, but prior studies have not sampled all relevant taxa. Here we generated a dataset of ultraconserved element loci for all described atypoid genera, including taxa (Mecicobothrium and Hexurella) key to understanding familial monophyly, divergence times, and patterns of entrance web evolution. We show that the conserved regions of the arachnid UCE probe set target exons, such that it should be possible to combine UCE and transcriptome datasets in arachnids. We also show that different UCE probes sometimes target the same protein, and under the matching parameters used here show that UCE alignments sometimes include non- Submitted 1 February 2019 orthologs. Using multiple curated phylogenomic matrices we recover a monophyletic Accepted 28 March 2019 Published 3 May 2019 Atypoidea, and reveal that the family Mecicobothriidae comprises four separate and divergent lineages.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 28, No. 2, Fall 2009
    Fall 2009 Vol. 28, No. 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA (TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS) Table of Contents General Information and Editorial Notes ..................................... (inside front cover) News and Notes News from the Biological Survey of Canada ..........................................................27 Report on the first AGM of the BSC .......................................................................27 Robert E. Roughley (1950-2009) ...........................................................................30 BSC Symposium at the 2009 JAM .........................................................................32 Demise of the NRC Research Press Monograph Series .......................................34 The Evolution of the BSC Newsletter .....................................................................34 The Alan and Anne Morgan Collection moves to Guelph ......................................34 Curation Blitz at Wallis Museum ............................................................................35 International Year of Biological Diversity 2010 ......................................................36 Project Update: Terrestrial Arthropods of Newfoundland and Labrador ..............37 Border Conflicts: How Leafhoppers Can Help Resolve Ecoregional Viewpoints 41 Project Update: Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification .............................55 Arctic Corner The Birth of the University of Alaska Museum Insect Collection ............................57 Bylot Island and the Northern Biodiversity
    [Show full text]
  • Observations on the Natural History O F Sphodros Abbott and Sphodros Rufipes (Araneae, Atypidae), with Evidence for a Contact Sex Pheromon E
    Coyle, F . A. and W. A . Shear. 1981 . Observations on the natural history of Sphodros abboti and Sphodros rufipes (Araneae, Atypidae), with evidence for a contact sex pheromone . J. Arachnol ., 9 :317-326 . OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURAL HISTORY O F SPHODROS ABBOTT AND SPHODROS RUFIPES (ARANEAE, ATYPIDAE), WITH EVIDENCE FOR A CONTACT SEX PHEROMON E Frederick A. Coyle Department of Biology Western Carolina University Cullowhee, North Carolina 2872 3 Wllliam A. Shear Department of Biology Hampden-Sydney College Hampden-Sydney, Virginia 23943 ABSTRAC T The three populations of S. abboti studied exhibit much higher densities than the two of S. rufipes. In S. abboti mating occurs in July, egg laying in August, hatching in September, and the fully equipped and self-sufficient third instar spiderlings develop by November . The tubes of S. abboti are proportionately longer and have a greater aerial length to underground length ratio than do those of S. rufipes. Other differences in tube architecture exist . Both species capture and feed upon a wide variet y of ground arthropods and discard prey remains through the upper end of the tube . S. abboti males search for mates in daylight and appear to be generalized wasp-ant mimics . Our observations of S. abboti male behavior suggests that adult female tubes are marked by a contact sex pheromone . INTRODUCTION Despite their covert behavior and patchy abundance, purse-web spiders (Atypidae ) have attracted considerable attention from araneologists for at least two reasons . First , atypids possess an interesting mixture of primitive and specialized characteristics, thei r outstanding specializations being part of a unique strategy of capturing prey through th e walls of a silk tube, the purse-web.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Spiders of the Chicago Region 1 the Field Museum – Division of Environment, Culture, and Conservation
    An Introduction to the Spiders of Chicago Wilderness, USA Common Spiders of the Chicago Region 1 The Field Museum – Division of Environment, Culture, and Conservation Produced by: Jane and John Balaban, North Branch Restoration Project; Rebecca Schillo, Conservation Ecologist, The Field Museum; Lynette Schimming, BugGuide.net. © ECCo, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605 USA [http://fieldmuseum.org/IDtools] [[email protected]] version 2, 2/2012 Images © Tom Murray, Lynette Schimming, Jane and John Balaban, and others – Under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License (non-native species listed in red) ARANEIDAE ORB WEAVERS Orb Weavers and Long-Jawed Orb Weavers make classic orb webs made famous by the book Charlotte’s Web. You can sometimes tell a spider by its eyes, most have eight. This chart shows the orb weaver eye arrangement (see pg 6 for more info) 1 ARANEIDAE 2 Argiope aurantia 3 Argiope trifasciata 4 Araneus marmoreus Orb Weaver Spider Web Black and Yellow Argiope Banded Argiope Marbled Orbweaver ORB WEAVERS are classic spiders of gardens, grasslands, and woodlands. The Argiope shown here are the large grassland spiders of late summer and fall. Most Orb Weavers mature in late summer and look slightly different as juveniles. Pattern and coloring can vary in some species such as Araneus marmoreus. See the link for photos of its color patterns: 5 Araneus thaddeus 6 Araneus cingulatus 7 Araneus diadematus 8 Araneus trifolium http://bugguide.net/node/view/2016 Lattice Orbweaver Cross Orbweaver Shamrock Orbweaver 9 Metepeira labyrinthea 10 Neoscona arabesca 11 Larinioides cornutus 12 Araniella displicata 13 Verrucosa arenata Labyrinth Orbweaver Arabesque Orbweaver Furrow Orbweaver Sixspotted Orbweaver Arrowhead Spider TETRAGNATHIDAE LONG-JAWED ORB WEAVERS Leucauge is a common colorful spider of our gardens and woodlands, often found hanging under its almost horizontal web.
    [Show full text]
  • Spider Burrows in Ichnological Context: a Review of Literature Data and Burrows of the Wolf Spider Trochosa Hispanica Simon, 1870 from Albania
    Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali (2018) 29:67–79 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-017-0662-7 Spider burrows in ichnological context: a review of literature data and burrows of the wolf spider Trochosa hispanica Simon, 1870 from Albania Alfred Uchman1 · Blerina Vrenozi2 · Bardhyl Muceku3 Received: 28 September 2017 / Accepted: 29 November 2017 / Published online: 22 December 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract A general review of spider burrows and history of their research in eighteenth to nineteenth centuries are provided on the basis of the literature, which is dispersed and almost forgotten by majority of ichnologists. Moreover, burrows of the wolf spider Trochosa hispanica Simon, 1870 from a mountain meadow in Albania are presented. They are composed of an almost straight through gently curved to slightly winding vertical shafts (8.2–17.2 mm in diameter) with a basal, oval chamber, which is 14.5–30.6 mm wide. Above the ground level, some of them show a low, agglutinated chimney a cone composed of soil granules. The burrows are 83–235 mm long. They are comparable with the trace fossil Macanopsis Macsotay, 1967. Other spider burrows can form a simple shaft, which may be ascribed to the ichnogenus Skolithos Haldeman, 1840, or a shaft with the side oblique branches, which is is similar to the ichnogenus Psilonichnus Fürsich, 1981. Many spider burrows show one or more chambers. Their outlet may be closed with a trapdoor or show a chimney sticking above the ground. They may show scratch traces running parallel to the burrow.
    [Show full text]
  • A Range Extension of the Purseweb Spider Sphodros Rufipes in Eastern Kansas (Araneae, Atypidae )
    1986 . The Journal of Arachnology 14:119 A RANGE EXTENSION OF THE PURSEWEB SPIDER SPHODROS RUFIPES IN EASTERN KANSAS (ARANEAE, ATYPIDAE ) Little is known about the behavior or ecology of atypid spiders, aside fro m descriptions of tube-web construction and prey capture (McCook 1888, Potea t 1890, Bristowe 1958) and partial descriptions of the natural history of a fe w species (Enock 1885, Muma and Muma 1945, Coyle and Shear 1981). Gertsch and Platnick's (1980) excellent paper provides a much needed taxonomic revisio n of the group as well as known distributions and notes on natural histories of th e Nearctic species of atypids . Atypids are patchily distributed, though locally abundant . The areas of abundance are often difficult to locate and associate with climatic and ecologica l variables, making their occurrence difficult to predict . They are more commo n in the southern U.S., where they are found in forested areas with sandy soil, o r soil with a moderate to low clay content . In these areas, sites with southern exposures, often along a stream or in fairly mesic situations, seem to be the mos t prevalent purseweb habitats (Bristowe 1933, Muma and Muma 1945, pers . comm. Teeter). This note extends the range of Sphodros rufipes (Latreille) to the northwes t of previous records and is the first record of the species in Kansas . Previously published distribution is from eastern Texas to northern Florida and northwar d to southern Illinois and Rhode Island (Gertsch and Platnick 1980) . S. bicolor and S. milberti have recently been synonymized with S.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia's Purseweb & Trapdoor Spiders
    Georgia’s Purseweb and Trapdoor Spiders By Dirk J. Stevenson In Georgia, trapdoor and purseweb spiders are found statewide. Called mygalomorphs (the species are of the infraorder Mygalomorphae), these arachnids are ground-dwellers related to tarantulas. Male blue purseweb spider (Daniel D. Dye II) Here’s a quick look at both. Purseweb Spiders Three species of purseweb spiders (family Atypidae, genus Sphodros) are known to occur in the state. Each builds tough silken tubes carefully disguised with bits of lichen and moss. The tubes extend up the sides of tree trunks, with the bottoms ending a few inches underground, in damp soil. The tubes serve as shelter and hunting stations. The spiders spend most of their lives in them. Arachnologists enjoy describing the gruesome hunting strategy used by purseweb spiders. When an insect or other potential prey walks over the exposed portion of the tube, the spider, sensing vibrations, attacks from within the tube, impaling the prey with enormous fangs thrust through the tube wall. Once the prey is subdued, the spider cuts a slit in the tube and pulls the insect inside to consume at its leisure. The fastidious spider then stitches up the hole. The bottoms of many purseweb tubes I have excavated were littered with arthropod remains, including the chitonous parts of millipedes and beetles. Adult red-legged purseweb spider on Recent Georgia surveys for purseweb spiders conducted by well-known its tube (Daniel D. Dye II) Florida-based herpetologist Paul Moler and I focused on the status and distribution of the red-legged purseweb spider (Sphodros rufipes) and blue purseweb spider (Sphodros abboti) species.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Molecular Evolution of Silk Genes in Mesothele and Mygalomorph Spiders, With Implications for the Early Evolution and Functional Divergence of Silk Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8q80p6s5 Author Starrett, James Richard Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Molecular Evolution of Silk Genes in Mesothele and Mygalomorph Spiders, With Implications for the Early Evolution and Functional Divergence of Silk A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics by James Richard Starrett September 2012 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Cheryl Y. Hayashi, Chairperson Dr. Renyi Liu Dr. Mark Springer i Copyright by James Richard Starrett 2012 i i The Dissertation of James Richard Starrett is approved: ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ii i Acknowledgements The first chapter of this dissertation is a reprint of the material as it appears in PLoS ONE 7(6): e38084. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038084, published 22 June 2012. It is reproduced with permission from James Starrett, Jessica E. Garb, Amanda Kuelbs, Ugochi O. Azubuike, and Cheryl Y. Hayashi and is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Co-authors Jessica E. Garb, Amanda Kuelbs, and Ugochi O. Azubuike provided research assistance. Co-author Cheryl Y. Hayashi supervised the research and provided lab materials. Research was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant DEB-0910365 to James Starrett and Cheryl Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispersal Aggregation of Sphodros Fitchi (Araneae, Atypidae)
    1995 . The Journal of Arachnology 23 :205—206 DISPERSAL AGGREGATION OF SPHODROS FITCHI (ARANEAE, ATYPIDAE) Observations of dispersal aggregations of my- dragline are carried by the breeze (Coyle 1983) . galomorph spiderlings have been rarely reported Therefore, the four observations may represent in the literature. Spiderlings of the European unsuccessful ballooning attempts . The sky wa s purseweb, Atypus affinis Eichwald 1830 (Atypi- partly cloudy, the temperature was about 23 °C , dae), were discovered climbing up vegetation on and there were westerly gusty winds . warm, spring days (Bristowe 1939). As several Later that day, we returned to the site, and the reached the top of a garden stake, the wind dis- second author discovered a large, white silk tube lodged them and their draglines, which becam e attached to the base of the red cedar tree. No attached to other objects . The young of anothe r spiderlings were observed. The tube and the ce- species of purseweb spider, Sphodros rufipes (La- dar trunk were each approximately 2 .5 cm in treille 1829), performed similar preballooning diameter. The tube extended 17 cm up the side behavior in the laboratory (Muma & Muma of the tree . The next day, the silk tube was ex- 1945). Coyle (1983) was fortunate in observin g cavated and it contained an adult S. fitchi female. the dispersal of purseweb spiderlings in North No egg-sac or egg remains were found inside the Carolina. Sphodros fitchi Gertsch & Platnick 198 0 tube, which was 33 .5 cm in total length . The is a purseweb spider found in the central plain s length of the female, including chelicerae, wa s states from Nebraska to Oklahoma and Arkansas 2.7 cm.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Ohio Spiders
    List of Ohio Spiders 20 March 2018 Richard A. Bradley Department of EEO Biology Ohio State University Museum of Biodiversity 1315 Kinnear Road Columbus, OH 43212 This list is based on published specimen records of spider species from Ohio. Additional species that have been recorded during the Ohio Spider Survey (beginning 1994) are also included. I would very much appreciate any corrections; please mail them to the above address or email ([email protected]). 656 [+5] Species Mygalomorphae Antrodiaetidae (foldingdoor spiders) (2) Antrodiaetus robustus (Simon, 1890) Antrodiaetus unicolor (Hentz, 1842) Atypidae (purseweb spiders) (3) Sphodros coylei Gertsch & Platnick, 1980 Sphodros niger (Hentz, 1842) Sphodros rufipes (Latreille, 1829) Ctenizidae (trapdoor spiders) (1) Ummidia audouini (Lucas, 1835) Araneomorphae Agelenidae (funnel weavers) (14) Agelenopsis emertoni Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 | Agelenopsis kastoni Chamberlin & Ivie, 1941 | Agelenopsis naevia (Walckenaer, 1805) grass spiders Agelenopsis pennsylvanica (C.L. Koch, 1843) | Agelnopsis potteri (Blackwell, 1846) | Agelenopsis utahana (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933) | Coras aerialis Muma, 1946 Coras juvenilis (Keyserling, 1881) Coras lamellosus (Keyserling, 1887) Coras medicinalis (Hentz, 1821) Coras montanus (Emerton, 1889) Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1757) barn funnel weaver In Wadotes calcaratus (Keyserling, 1887) Wadotes hybridus (Emerton, 1889) Amaurobiidae (hackledmesh weavers) (2) Amaurobius ferox (Walckenaer, 1830) In Callobius bennetti (Blackwall, 1848) Anyphaenidae (ghost spiders)
    [Show full text]
  • Spider Sex Pheromones: Emission, Reception, Structures, and Functions
    Biol. Rev. (2007), 82, pp. 27–48. 27 doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2006.00002.x Spider sex pheromones: emission, reception, structures, and functions A. C. Gaskett* Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia (Received 17 October 2005; revised 30 August 2006; accepted 11 September 2006) ABSTRACT Spiders and their mating systems are useful study subjects with which to investigate questions of widespread interest about sexual selection, pre- and post-copulatory mate choice, sperm competition, mating strategies, and sexual conflict. Conclusions drawn from such studies are broadly applicable to a range of taxa, but rely on accurate understanding of spider sexual interactions. Extensive behavioural experimentation demonstrates the presence of sex pheromones in many spider species, and recent major advances in the identification of spider sex pheromones merit review. Synthesised here are the emission, transmission, structures, and functions of spider sex pheromones, with emphasis on the crucial and dynamic role of sex pheromones in female and male mating strategies generally. Techniques for behavioural, chemical and electrophysiological study are summarised, and I aim to provide guidelines for incorporating sex pheromones into future studies of spider mating. In the spiders, pheromones are generally emitted by females and received by males, but this pattern is not universal. Female spiders emit cuticular and/or silk-based sex pheromones, which can be airborne or received via contact with chemoreceptors on male pedipalps. Airborne pheromones primarily attract males or elicit male searching behaviour. Contact pheromones stimulate male courtship behaviour and provide specific information about the emitter’s identity. Male spiders are generally choosy and are often most attracted to adult virgin females and juvenile females prior to their final moult.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Animals of Maryland
    List of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Animals of Maryland December 2016 Maryland Wildlife and Heritage Service Natural Heritage Program Larry Hogan, Governor Mark Belton, Secretary Wildlife & Heritage Service Natural Heritage Program Tawes State Office Building, E-1 580 Taylor Avenue Annapolis, MD 21401 410-260-8540 Fax 410-260-8596 dnr.maryland.gov Additional Telephone Contact Information: Toll free in Maryland: 877-620-8DNR ext. 8540 OR Individual unit/program toll-free number Out of state call: 410-260-8540 Text Telephone (TTY) users call via the Maryland Relay The facilities and services of the Maryland Department of Natural Resources are available to all without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, age, national origin or physical or mental disability. This document is available in alternative format upon request from a qualified individual with disability. Cover photo: A mating pair of the Appalachian Jewelwing (Calopteryx angustipennis), a rare damselfly in Maryland. (Photo credit, James McCann) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Maryland Department of Natural Resources would like to express sincere appreciation to the many scientists and naturalists who willingly share information and provide their expertise to further our mission of conserving Maryland’s natural heritage. Publication of this list is made possible by taxpayer donations to Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay and Endangered Species Fund. Suggested citation: Maryland Natural Heritage Program. 2016. List of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Animals of Maryland. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 580 Taylor Avenue, Annapolis, MD 21401. 03-1272016-633. INTRODUCTION The following list comprises 514 native Maryland animals that are among the least understood, the rarest, and the most in need of conservation efforts.
    [Show full text]