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Introduction to Viruses

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Introduction to Viruses OCN 621 BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY SPRING 2011 Introduction to Viruses Grieg Steward University of Hawaii Department of Oceanography Friday, February 25, 2011 WHAT ARE VIRUSES? What are they made of? How do they replicate? Are they alive? Friday, February 25, 2011 Prokaryote Eukaryote Cellular Life Friday, February 25, 2011 Some examples of genes every cell needs and can be used to determine phylogenetic relationships DNA polymerase RNA polymerase Ribosomes But there are others (e.g. those needed for energy metabolism like cytochrome C) Friday, February 25, 2011 Tree of Life Eukaryota Where are the viruses? Based on small subunit rRNA data Friday, February 25, 2011 Replication of Cells vs Viruses Cells: binary fission (or budding) Viruses: parasitic replication within cells Friday, February 25, 2011 What are viruses? • Infectious agents that can replicate only inside a host cell • Relatively simple: • A set of instructions (DNA or RNA) • A protective coat • No motility • No metabolism Bacteriophage Epsilon 15 Friday, February 25, 2011 BALTIMORE CLASSIFICATION Group I: Double-stranded DNA viruses ALL other life Group II: single-stranded DNA viruses Group III: double-stranded RNA viruses Group IV: positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses Group V: negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses Group VI: positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate (retroviruses) Group VII: Double-stranded DNA viruses with ssRNA intermediates Friday, February 25, 2011 Morphologies Icosahedral Symmetry Bacteriophage T4 Other http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T4_phage HIV Filamentous Tobacco Mosaic Virus Friday, February 25, 2011 Many shapes and Sizes Influenza (Humans, birds, Siphovirus pig, seals) (bacteria) Tobamovirus Calicivirus (Tobacco plant) (vertebrates) Friday, February 25, 2011 VIRUS MORPHOLOGIES: PROKARYOTES AND PROTISTS MURPHY, F. A. et al. , eds. (1995). Virus taxonomy. 586 p. Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York. Friday, February 25, 2011 VIRUS MORPHOLOGIES: ANIMALS ACKERMANN, H.-W. & BERTHIAUME, L. (1995). Atlas of Virus Diagrams. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton. Friday, February 25, 2011 STEPS OF VIRAL INFECTION Entry (of virion or its nucleic acid) Protein synthesis Nucleic acid replication Assembly Exit Friday, February 25, 2011 MECHANISMS OF VIRUS ENTRY Friday, February 25, 2011 Phage T4 animation Animation: Seyet LLC (Meador, Gooding & Bartek) for Purdue University (Rossman, Leiman et al.) Friday, February 25, 2011 Viruses Infect All Types of Marine Life •Marine mammals •Sea Birds •Fish •Crustaceans yoto98.noaa.gov •Bivalves •Protozoa •Macroalgae (kelp) ideo.columbia.edu •Microalgae (phytoplankton) •Bacteria en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium Friday, February 25, 2011 Viruses are Relatively Host Specific • Many viruses infect only one species or even only one strain within a species • Some viruses have broad host range (e.g., influenza) • Occasionally, viruses can mutate and “jump” hosts (e.g., HIV, Ebola, Phocine/Canine Distemper) Friday, February 25, 2011 Infection can be ugly or lethal TURTLE HERPESVIRUS INFECTION Turtle photos source unknown BACTERIOPHAGE INFECTION Photos G. Steward Friday, February 25, 2011 A VIRUS IS A PIECE OF BAD NEWS WRAPPED IN PROTEIN SIr Peter Medawar (1915-1987) Friday, February 25, 2011 INFECTION CAN BE BEAUTIFUL Vase of Flowers (detail) –Jan van Huysum 1722 Friday, February 25, 2011 Can viruses make us human? essay by L.P. Villareal (2004) Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Apparently Yes! Image by Jane Ades, NHGRI Friday, February 25, 2011 Consequences of of Infection 1. Lysis 3. Lysogenic Conversion 2. Transduction Infection Immunity New Enzymes Toxin Production Estimate: 43% of marine isolates harbor prophages Friday, February 25, 2011 Phage-encoded Toxins Bacterium Phage Disease Vibrio cholerae CTXØ Cholera Hemorrhagic Escherichia coli Lambda Diarrhea Clostridium botulinum clostridial phages Botulism Corynebacterium diptheriae corynephage Diptheria Streptococcus pyogenes T12 Scarlet Fever Skin & Tissue Staphylococcus aureus various Infections ...and many more! Friday, February 25, 2011 Where Are the Viruses? Eukaryota Virus Friday, February 25, 2011 To Understand the ecology of the plankton Need to Understand the viruses with which they interact Friday, February 25, 2011.
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