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Pokroky Matematiky, Fyziky a Astronomie Pokroky matematiky, fyziky a astronomie Emilie Těšínská Je to neobyčejně milý člověk, ten znamenitý Einstein! Pokroky matematiky, fyziky a astronomie, Vol. 60 (2015), No. 3, 239–254 Persistent URL: http://dml.cz/dmlcz/144418 Terms of use: © Jednota českých matematiků a fyziků, 2015 Institute of Mathematics of the Czech Academy of Sciences provides access to digitized documents strictly for personal use. Each copy of any part of this document must contain these Terms of use. This document has been digitized, optimized for electronic delivery and stamped with digital signature within the project DML-CZ: The Czech Digital Mathematics Library http://dml.cz Je to neobyˇcejnˇemil´yˇclovˇek,ten znamenit´y Einstein! Emilie Tˇeˇs´ınsk´a,Praha Reflexe Viktora Trkala ze studijn´ıhopobytu na univerzitˇev Leidenu v letech 1919–1920 1. Uvod´ Profesn´ıkari´eraAlberta Einsteina a jeho cesta ke koneˇcn´epodobˇeobecn´eteorie rela- tivity mˇelytak´esvou kr´atkou, nicm´enˇed˚uleˇzitou praˇzskou“ etapu. Povol´an´ıA. Ein- ” steina na tehdejˇs´ıc. k. nˇemeckou Karlo–Ferdinandovu univerzitu v Praze a jeho praˇz- sk´emu pobytu, inspirac´ıma reflex´ımbylo vˇenov´anojiˇzhodnˇepozornosti ze strany historik˚uvˇedyi fyzik˚ua matematik˚u,ˇcesk´ych i zahraniˇcn´ıch. V tomto ˇcl´ankuse pˇripoj´ımek pˇripomenut´ıst´ehov´yroˇc´ıobecn´eteorie relativity citac´ıa struˇcn´ymko- ment´aˇremdosud nepublikovan´edobov´ereflexe obecn´eteorie relativity (pˇresnˇejiˇreˇceno ovˇeˇren´ıjej´ıch teoretick´ych pˇredpovˇed´ı)a osobnosti Alberta Einsteina, kter´azaznˇela v osobn´ıkorespondenci mlad´ehoˇcesk´ehofyzika Viktora Trkala z jeho studijn´ıhopo- bytu na univerzitˇev Leidenu v letech 1919–1920.1 2. Viktor Trkal, vˇedeck´akari´erapˇreruˇsen´aprvn´ısvˇetovou v´alkou Fyzik Viktor Trkal (1888–1956) je ˇcesk´emu ˇcten´aˇrivˇetˇsinoudobˇrezn´ama k pˇri- pomenut´ıjeho profesn´ıhocurricula se proto omez´ımejen na nˇekolik kontextu´aln´ıch pozn´amek.V letech 1906–1910 studoval matematiku a fyziku na ˇcesk´euniverzitˇe v Praze (kter´apodobnˇejako v´yˇsezm´ınˇen´a,v Praze paralelnˇeexistuj´ıc´ınˇemeck´auni- verzita nesla tehdy ofici´aln´ı n´azevc. k. ˇcesk´aKarlo–Ferdinandova univerzita). Dne 15. prosince 1910 dos´ahlzp˚usobilostipro v´yukumatematiky a fyziky na stˇredn´ıch ˇskol´ach a od 1. ´unora1911 nastoupil jako stˇredoˇskolsk´yprofesor (ve zkuˇsebn´ımroce) na ˇceskou st´atn´ıre´alkuv Praze VII. Bˇehemp˚ulroˇcn´ıhop˚usoben´ına stˇredn´ıˇskole do- konˇcildoktorskou disertaci s n´azvem O probl´emuDirichletovˇea Neumannovˇes hlediska 1Technick´apozn´amka. V citac´ıch dopis˚uzachov´av´amedobov´ypravopis, pˇr´ıpadn´ezkratky uˇzit´e v dopisech jsou rozeps´any. Vynechan´eˇc´astiv citac´ıch (pro dan´ykontext nepodstatn´e)jsou vyznaˇceny teˇckami v hranat´ych z´avork´ach. Vysvˇetlivkya koment´aˇrek dopis˚umjsou uvedeny v pozn´amk´ach pod ˇcaroua omezuj´ı se vˇetˇsinou na upˇresnˇen´ı jmen a postaven´ı osob zmiˇnovan´ych v dopisech, s pˇr´ıpadn´ymdoplnˇen´ımjejich vazby k ˇcesk´ymzem´ım.Pro podrobnˇejˇs´ıhistorick´yv´yklado teore- tick´ych pˇredpovˇed´ıch a ovˇeˇren´ıobecn´eteorie relativity odkazujeme k jiˇzpublikovan´eliteratuˇre(viz napˇr.[6], [9], [17]). K novˇejˇs´ımu stavu obecn´eteorie relativity viz napˇr.[40]. Mgr. Emilie Teˇˇs´ınska´, Ustav´ pro soudob´e dˇejiny AV CR,ˇ v. v. i., Puˇskinovo n´am. 9, 160 00 Praha 6, e-mail: [email protected] Pokroky matematiky, fyziky a astronomie, roˇcn´ık 60 (2015), ˇc.3 239 rovnic integr´aln´ıch a po sloˇzen´ırigor´ozn´ıch zkouˇsekbyl na univerzitˇe22. ˇcervna 1911 promov´andoktorem filozofie (titul PhDr., studium pˇr´ırodovˇedn´ych obor˚ubylo tehdy na univerzitˇejeˇstˇevˇclenˇenodo r´amcefilozofick´ych fakult). Od 1. ˇr´ıjna1911 pak na- stoupil jako jednoroˇcn´ıdobrovoln´ıkk v´ykonu vojensk´eprezenˇcn´ısluˇzby. Po n´avratu, ve ˇsk.letech 1912/13 a 1913/14, uˇcil(jako supluj´ıc´ıuˇcitel)na Ceskoslovansk´eobchodn´ıˇ akademii v Praze. P˚usoben´ıA. Einsteina v Praze, kter´espad´ado doby od kvˇetna1911 do ˇcervence 1912, se v Trkalovˇeprofesn´ımcurriculu nijak neodr´aˇz´ı. K 1. ˇcervenci 1914 byl Trkal (ofici´alnˇe)ustanoven asistentem Ustavu´ pro teore- tickou fyziku na ˇcesk´euniverzitˇev Praze (jako n´astupce F. Z´aviˇsky, kter´ybyl po smrti profesora F. Kol´aˇcka jmenov´anpˇrednostou´ustavu a mimoˇr´adn´ymprofesorem); Trkal nicm´enˇem´ısto zast´aval (neofici´alnˇe)jiˇzod kvˇetnat. r. Po vypuknut´ı prvn´ı svˇetov´ev´alky, hned 1. srpna 1914 byl Trkal mobilizov´ana n´aslednˇeodvelen na rusko- -rakouskou frontu, kde v bˇreznu 1915 upadl do rusk´ehozajet´ı.Na pˇr´ımluvurusk´eho fyzika Oresta D. Chvolsona (k n´ıˇzdoˇslozat´ım ne zcela objasnˇen´ymicestami) byl v ´unoru1917 pˇridˇelenjako asistent na univerzitu v Permu, kde se v listopadu 1918 ha- bilitoval v´ıcem´enˇepˇr´ıleˇzitostnouprac´ıo teplotˇekontaktn´ıhoodporu. Pod lektorsk´ym posudkem t´etopr´ace,kter´yv z´avˇeruocenil Trkal˚uvd˚uvtippˇriformulaci probl´emu a jeho schopnost vyuˇz´ıtanalytick´emetody povaˇzovan´ev t´edobˇeza nejobt´ıˇznˇejˇs´ı(ˇslo o ˇreˇsen´ıintegr´aln´ıch rovnic pomoc´ıBesselov´ych funkc´ı),byl spolupodeps´anrusk´yfyzik (a Trkal˚uvvrstevn´ık)Alexander A. Fridman (1888–1925, do latinky transkribov´ano t´eˇzFriedmann). Jde o t´ehoˇzfyzika, kter´yo nˇekolik let pozdˇeji,v ˇcl´ankuz roku 1922, dospˇelna z´akladˇerovnic Einsteinovy obecn´eteorie relativity (a na rozd´ılod Einsteina) k z´avˇeruo rozp´ınaj´ıc´ımse vesm´ıru (viz [35], [39]). 3. N´avratdo vlasti a odjezd na studijn´ıpobyt k P. Ehrenfestovi na univer- zitu v Leidenu Nˇekdyna pˇrelomu let 1918/19 se Trkal vr´atildo vlasti (jiˇzsamostatn´ehoˇceskoslo- vensk´ehost´atu) a k 1. ´unoru 1919 se hl´asilk opˇetovn´emu n´astupu asistentsk´esluˇzby na univerzitˇe.M´ıstoasistenta v Ustavu´ pro teoretickou fyziku na univerzitˇezast´aval od 1. ˇr´ıjna1916 o tˇriroky mladˇs´ıPhDr. Karel Teige; ustanoven byl p˚uvodnˇejako n´ahradn´ıkza Trkala (pot´e,co do Prahy dorazila zpr´ava o Trkalovˇezajet´ı)do jeho n´avratuz v´aleˇcn´evojensk´esluˇzby, avˇsaknejd´eledo 30. z´aˇr´ı1918. Nejasnosti kolem obsazen´ı asistentury i touha dohnat roky ztracen´ev profesn´ı kari´eˇrev´alkou vedly Trkala k tomu, ˇzehned ve ˇskoln´ımroce 1919/20 odjel na zahraniˇcn´ıstudijn´ıpobyt. Zam´ıˇrildo Nizozemska k P. Ehrenfestovi na univerzitu v Leidenu; v ˇz´adostio cestovn´ı stipendium formuloval nicm´enˇec´ılsv´ehostudijn´ıhopobytu obecnˇejijako studium na holandsk´ych univerzit´ach, zvl´aˇstˇev Leidenu (viz [27]). Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933) patˇrilk pˇredn´ımteoretick´ymfyzik˚umt´edoby. Narodil se ve V´ıdni.Studoval na univerzitˇea technice ve V´ıdnia na univerzitˇev G¨ottingen, doktorskou disertaci obh´ajilu Ludwiga Boltzmanna. V letech 1907–1912 p˚usobilse svou manˇzelkou, ruskou matematiˇckou Tat’janou roz. Afanasjevovou, v Petrohradˇe v Rusku; k osobnostem petrohradsk´euniverzity, s nimiˇzbyl tehdy v ´uzk´emkontaktu, patˇriltak´eA. A. Fridman. Kdyˇzpak v roce 1912 Ehrenfest hledal pevnˇejˇs´ıpostaven´ına nˇekter´ez evropsk´ych nˇemeckojazyˇcn´ych univerzit, uch´azelse i o profesuru teoretick´e fyziky po A. Einsteinovi na nˇemeck´euniverzitˇev Praze. V trojici kandid´at˚ubyl tenkr´at 240 Pokroky matematiky, fyziky a astronomie, roˇcn´ık 60 (2015), ˇc.3 Obr. 1. V. Trkal (1888–1956), pasov´afotografie z r. 1919. [N´arodn´ıarchiv, Praha, viz [27].] navrˇzenna druh´emm´ıstˇe,po rakousk´emfyzikovi Philippu Frankovi. V n´avrhu dato- van´em23. kvˇetna1912, pod n´ımˇzbyli podeps´aniA. Einstein (jako referent), A. Lampa a G. Pick, byl Ehrenfest charakterizov´anjako fyzik jasn´ehoa kritick´eho ´usudku, s mimoˇr´adnouschopnost´ıvystihnout j´adrofyzik´aln´ıch teori´ı,ve sv´ych n´azorech na modern´ı fyzik´aln´ı teorie nez´avisl´y,schopn´yvyloˇzitobt´ıˇznoul´atkujasnˇea poutavˇe (viz [22]). Ehrenfest vˇsaknakonec pˇrijalnab´ıdkuprofesury po H. A. Lorentzovi na univerzitˇev Leidenu, pˇrestoˇzebyla v´az´anana v´yukuv nizozemˇstinˇe(viz [34]). Ve sv´ych vˇedeck´ych prac´ıch se tehdy zab´yval hlavnˇekinetickou teori´ıtepla a statistickou teori´ız´aˇren´ı.K precizov´an´ıpojm˚uteorie relativity pˇrispˇelnapˇr.myˇslenkovou ´uvahou zformulovanou v roce 1909, tzv. Ehrenfest˚uvparadox (viz [14], [21], [38]). Zahraniˇcn´ıst´aˇzu Ehrenfesta si Trkal dojednal ´udajnˇes´am.Z´aleˇzitostvˇsak nutnˇe konzultoval se sv´ymˇs´efem,profesorem Z´aviˇskou (kter´emu ostatnˇezahraniˇcn´ı st´aˇz u J. J. Thomsona v Cavendishovˇelaboratoˇriv Cambridgi v Anglii v letech 1906–1907 tak´epomohla pˇreklenoutnejist´eobdob´ı v poˇc´ateˇcn´ı akademick´ekari´eˇre).K pˇrijet´ı Ehrenfestem napomohly Trkalovi, jak s´amposl´eze vzpom´ınal, kontakty nav´azan´e v Rusku (viz [38]). Mohla tu ovˇsempˇr´ıznivˇezap˚usobiti Ehrenfestova reminiscence na Pokroky matematiky, fyziky a astronomie, roˇcn´ık 60 (2015), ˇc.3 241 Obr. 2. P. Ehrenfest a A. Einstein (s Ehrenfestov´ymsynem Pawlikem), Leiden ˇcerven 1920. Fotografie z p´ısemn´epoz˚ustalostiF. Z´aviˇskys pˇripsan´ymvˇenov´an´ımod P. Ehrenfesta: Zur freundl. Erinnerung an einen f¨urmich sehr frohen Tag. 23. V. 1921. [Masaryk˚uv´ustav a Archiv AV CR,ˇ fond F. Z´aviˇska, i. ˇc.26, k. 1.] Prahu. Svou roli pˇriv´ybˇerua dojedn´an´ıTrkalova studijn´ıhopobytu sehr´alynejsp´ıˇs i pˇr´ım´ekulturn´ıa vˇedeck´ekontakty (v pˇr´ırodovˇedn´ych i humanitn´ıch oborech) mezi ˇcesk´ymizemˇemia Nizozemskem. Ostatnˇena univerzitˇev Leidenu u H. A. Lorentze, byl na st´aˇzijiˇzv letech 1908–1909 ˇcesk´yfyzik Julius Such´y(1879–1920), od roku 1913 docent a od roku 1919 profesor fyziky na ˇcesk´etechnice v Praze; mimochodem, pˇrijet´ı jeho habilitace na ˇcesk´etechnice v Praze v roce 1912 kladn´ymposudkem ´udajnˇe podpoˇrilpr´avˇeA. Einstein (viz [33]). Pro uveden´ıdo svˇetamodern´ıfyziky byla st´aˇzu P. Ehrenfesta mimoˇr´adnˇeˇst’astnou volbou. V semin´aˇr´ıch poˇr´adan´ych Ehrenfestem na univerzitˇev Leidenu se sch´azela a hostovala ˇradavynikaj´ıc´ıch osobnost´ı tehdejˇs´ı fyziky, patˇrilk nim i A. Einstein. Ziv´ediskuseˇ ´uˇcastn´ık˚usemin´aˇr˚use staly inspirac´ı a prub´ıˇrsk´ymkamenem mnoha fyzik´aln´ıch hypot´ez(viz napˇr.[19]). Leiden a dalˇs´ıvˇedeck´acentra v Nizozemsku hr´aly v tehdejˇs´ıvˇedˇe(nejen fyzice) d˚uleˇzitouroli; svˇedˇc´ıo tom i udˇelen´eNobelovy ceny (1902 H.
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