THE FRIENDS of EXETER CATHEDRAL ANNUAL REPORT 2020 Pages 27–31 ‘1917 and ALL THAT’ by Jonathan Walker
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The Original BAOR Divisions Closed Down
The Original British Army of the Rhine Richard A. Rinaldi © 2006 The first British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) was created in March 1919 to control troops in the British occupation zone along the Rhine. The Armistice that went into effect on 11 November 1918 provided for British, French and American troops to occupy bridgeheads across the Rhine River. The new army had five corps, each of two divisions, and a cavalry division. Regular units (other than cavalry) were largely withdrawn from BAOR divisions as they formed, with few remaining even to May 1919. While some New Armies and TF battalions survived as part of BAOR, the divisions were reinforced or continued with a large number of former training battalions. See Note 1 at the end for a discussion of the sources and conventions adopted for this material. It is quite likely that details of artillery in particular are incomplete. Where a division retained its former brigade numbers, it may be presumed that the wartime battalions were gone in or before March 1919, and they appear only where they remained at least to April 1919. See Note 2 for a discussion of the ‘50-series’ battalions. BAOR began organized as follows: II Corps Light Division (formed from 2nd Division) Southern Division (formed from 29th Division) IV Corps Lowland Division (formed from 9th Division) Highland Division (formed from 62nd Division) VI Corps Northern Division (formed from 3rd Division) London Division (formed from 41st Division) IX Corps Western Division (formed from 1st Division) Midland Division (formed from 6th Division) X Corps Lancashire Division (formed from 32nd Division) Eastern Division (formed from 34th Division) Cavalry Division (formed from 1st Cavalry Division) This force began to contract only five months later, with four divisions (Highland, Western, Midland and Eastern) and three corps (IV, VI and IX) closing down by the end of August. -
THE LONDON GAZETTE, APEIL 16, 1901. No. 27305. E
THE LONDON GAZETTE, APEIL 16, 1901. 2628 MILITIA. 1st Lanarkshire, Major A. McL Shaw is granted ROYAL ENGINEERS (MILITIA). the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Submaiine Miners. Dated 17th April, 1901. The Milford Haven Division, Lieutenant and 1st Lancashire, John Preston Reynolds, Gent., Instructor of Musketry R. J. C. Oakes. to be Second Lieutenant. Dated 17th April, INFANTRY. -1901. 3rd Battalion, the East Surrey Regiment , Lieu- 1st Suffolk and Harwich, Lieutenant B. A. Posford tenant F. G. Watson. is borne as Supernumerary whilst serving with 4;tk Battalion, the East Surrey Regiment, Lieu- the Royal Eastern Reserve Regiment. Dated tenant E. H. Thirkell-White. 17th April, 1901. Brd Battalion, the Essex Regiment, Lieutenant Second Lieutenant "W. McLearon to be Lieu- H. G. Vaux. tenant. Dated 17th April, 1901. Battalion, the King's Own (Yorkshire Light ROYAL ENGINEERS (VOLUNTEERS). Infantry), Lieutenant A. C. Benson. 1st Bedfordshire, Major G. J. R. Gliinicke to be Lieutenant-Colonel on increase of Establishment 5 th Battalion, Princess Victoria's (Royal Irish and to command under paragraph 55A Volunteer ' Fusiliers), Lieutenant C. St. G. French. Regulations. Dated 17th April, 1901. 2nd Cheshire (Railway), Lieutenant E. Davenport MEMORANDUM. is borne as Supernumerary whilst serving with The undermentioned Officers are seconded the Volunteer Section in South Africa. Dated for service with Line Battalions in South 10th April, 1901. Africa : — MILITIA. 1st Hampshire, Second Lieutenant J. Homan to INFANTRY. be Lieutenant. Dated 17th April, 1901. 4th Battalion, the Norfolk Regiment, Second 1st Lanarkshire, William Hamilton Campbell Lieutenant J. H. Can day. Dated 12th March, Kids ton, Gent., to be Second Lieutenant. -
45 Infantry Division (1939)]
1 May 2019 [45 INFANTRY DIVISION (1939)] th 45 Infantry Division (1) Headquarters, 45th Infantry Division & Employment Platoon th 134 Infantry Brigade (2) Headquarters, 134th Infantry Brigade & Signal Section 4th Bn. The Devonshire Regiment (The 1st Rifle Volunteers) 6th Bn. The Devonshire Regiment 8th Bn. The Devonshire Regiment th 135 Infantry Brigade (3) Headquarters, 135th Infantry Brigade & Signal Section 5th Bn. The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert’s) 6th Bn. The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert’s) 7th Bn. The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert’s) th 136 Infantry Brigade (4) Headquarters, 136th Infantry Brigade & Signal Section 9th Bn. The Devonshire Regiment 4th Bn. The Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry 5th Bn. The Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry Divisional Troops Headquarters, 45th Infantry Divisional Royal Artillery th 55 (Wessex) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (5) (H.Q., 373rd (West Somerset Yeomanry) & 374th (West Somerset Yeomanry) Field Batteries, Royal Artillery) th 96 (Royal Devonshire Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (6) (H.Q., 381st (Thorverton) & 382nd (Totnes) Field Batteries, Royal Artillery) nd 142 Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (7) (H.Q., 383rd (Torrington) & 384th (South Molton) Field Batteries, Royal Artillery) th 69 Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery (8) (H.Q., 273, 274th, 275th & 276th Anti-Tank Batteries, Royal Artillery) © w w w . BritishMilitaryH istory.co.uk Page 1 1 May 2019 [45 INFANTRY DIVISION (1939)] Headquarters, 45th Infantry Divisional Royal Engineers th 205 (Wessex) -
Royal Norfolk. & Suffolk
NOVEMBER, 1964 THE JOURNAL OF THE P EAST ANGLIAN REGIMENT (ROYAL NORFOLK. & SUFFOLK) “The Britannia and Castle” JOURNAL OF THE 1st EAST ANGLIAN REGIMENT (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk) ❖ All Editorial Contributions to be forwarded to The Editor, The Britannia and Castle Journal, Britannia Barracks, Norwich. JOHN COPPING JEWELLERS 67 LONDON STREET • NORWICH X H Silversmiths to the 1st 8ast cAttglian 'Regiment SILVER FOR PRESENTATION Enamel, Gold & Watches by Gem Set Regimental and Patelt Philippe; International; Sporting Brooches Girard-Perregara; Zenith JOHN COPPING, NORWICH . at the top of London Street 1 Minden Day Parade in Aden The salute was taken by Major-General J. H. Cubbon. CB, CBE. 1st EAST ANGLIAN REGIMENT (Royal Norfolk & Suffolk) [9 and 12] Britannia superimposed upon the Castle and Key. The Castle and Key superscribed “ Gibraltar, 1779-83 ” and with the motto " Montis Insignia Calpe ” underneath. Dettlngen — Minden — Belleisle — Havannah — Martinique, 1794 — Seringapatam — India — Rolica — Vimiera — Corunna — Busaco — Salamanca — Vittoria — St. Sebastian — Nive — Peninsula — ( abool, 1842 — Moodkee — Ferozeshah — Sobraon — South Africa, 1851-3 — Sevastopol — New Zealand — Afghanistan, 1878-80 — Kabul, 1879 — Paardeberg — South Africa, 1899-1902. The Great War — 43 Battalions — Mons — Le Cateau — Retreat from Mons — Marne, 1914 — Aisne, 1914 — La Bassee, 1914 — Givenchy, 1914 — Ypres, 1914, ’15, ’17, ’18 — Neuve Chapelle — Gravenstafel — St. Julien — Prezenberg — Bellewaarde — Aubers — Hooge, 1915 — Loos — Somme, 1916, ’18 — Albert, 1916, '18 — Bazentin — Delville Wood — Pozieres — Guillemont — Flers Courcelette — Morval — Thiepval — Le Transloy — Ancre Heights — Ancre, 1916, ’18 — Arras, 1917, ’18 — Vlmy, 1917 — Scarpe, 1917, '18 — Arleux — Oppy — Filckem — Langemarck, 1917 — Menin Road — Polygon Wood — Broodseinde — poelcappelle — Passchendaele — Cambrai, 1917, '18 — St. -
Supplement to the London Gazette, Ist July 1980
9374 SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, IST JULY 1980 Major Barrie John FAIRMAN (483900), Royal Regiment Lieutenant-Colonel John Charles Horatio Sprague of Artillery. BYRNE (443689), The Green Howards (Alexandra, Prin- Captain Andrew Foxcroft FRENCH (492940), The Royal cess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment). Aqglian Regiment. Lieutenant (Acting Captain) David Cmpp (500344), Major Patrick Hector GULLAN, M.C. (483921), The Corps of Royal Engineers. Parachute Regiment. Lieutenant (Acting Captain) William James CLARK Major Anne Lindsay Campbell MASSBY (484364), (507237), Royal Corps of Signals. Women's Royal Army Corps. Major David Frederick CLEMENTS (475121), Corps of Major John MILLS (449012), Royal Corps of Signals. Royal Engineers. Lieutenant Colonel John Alexander TANNER (397700), 24386771 Private David Raymond CROMIE, Ulster Royal Army Veterinary Corps. Defence Regiment. 24169040 Corporal Ernest Clive Gwynn DAVIES, The Royal Welch Fusiliers. CENTRAL CHANCERY OF 23863139 Warrant Officer Class 2 Norman DONALD, THE ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD B.E.M., The Gordon Highlanders. Captain Jonathan Michael Peter DURCAN (494553), St. James's Palace, London S.W.I. The Royal Green Jackets. 1st July 1980 24204737 Jonathan Lionel Austin EAREY, Royal Army The QUEEN has been graciously pleased to approve the Ordnance Corps. award of The Queen's Gallantry Medal in recognition of Major Michael John Brooks EDGAR (473939), The service in Northern Ireland during the period 1st November Royal Regiment of Fusiliers. Lieutenant-Colonel George Brian HOPKINSON (433571), 1979 to 31st January 1980. Royal Army Ordnance Corps. 24310037 Lance Corporal (Acting Corporal) George Captain Graeme Richard KALBRAIER (494506), Royal Richard BURROWS, Royal Corps of Signals. Regiment of Artillery. 24262662 Bombardier (Acting Sergeant) Michael Ray- 24362571 Sapper Leslie MANN, Corps of Royal mond GLAZER, Royal Regiment of Artillery. -
Redcoats Review March 2021
The Society of Friends of the March 2021 Rifles, Berkshire and Wiltshire Volume 5 Issue 2 Museum Redcoats Review Celebrating the 136th Anniver- sary of the Battle of Tofrek Recently I was having to carry out some cleansing of the mail distribution list for the RGBW Regimental Association lists and received a response from a gentleman by the name of David Thomas, son of Captain Jack Thomas a member of the 5th (Hackney) Battalion The Royal Berkshire Regiment. David has been working on his father’s collection of photo- graph albums relating to the 5th Battalion’s time during World War 2 and is gradually passing digital copies to the Museum. Those of you familiar with the layout of the display cases in the Museum may realise that the 5th Battalion are graphically illustrated in the large diorama depicting the D-Day Landing on Juno Beach. With Allison and Malcolm Letherbarrow hav- ing retired and the restaurant changing its name to The Ri- fleman's’ Table, your editorial team felt this would be an ap- INSIDE THIS ISSUE propriate time to reflect on the 5th Battalion’s short but Editor’s Introduction…………...1 nevertheless important role on that auspicious piece of mili- 5th Battalion Royal Berkshire tary history. Regiment—Normandy……....2-8 Wiltshires in Korea 1951…..9-16 As a result of an enquiry made initially to the assistant sec- Berkshires in Korea.…... .17-18 retary The Rifles in Yorkshire the Museum made contact Volunteers in Lockdown………19 with a group of re-enactors who replicate the Grenadier Company of the 49th (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot. -
THE LONDON GAZETTE, 12 JANUAEY, 1915. William George Stewart Grant
390 THE LONDON GAZETTE, 12 JANUAEY, 1915. William George Stewart Grant. Gazette. Herbert Stewart Wilson, 3rd Battalion, 8th December, 1914. Somerset Light Infantry. Harold Cbldstream Hicks. Gazette, 29th Helenus Macaulay Robertson, 3rd Bat- December, 1914. talion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers. The undermentioned to be temporary George Alexander Heath, Gloucester Regi- Quartermasters, with the honorary rank of ment (Supplementary List). Henry Groom-Johnson, 5th Battalion, Lieutenant: — Worcester Regiment. ROYAL REGIMENT OF ARTILLEBY. Eric Lewis Lazarus, 6th Battalion, Wor- Temporary Quartermaster and Honorary cester Regiment. Lieutenant Arthur Hatcher, from 9th John William Gates Adlard, 6th Batta- Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment. lion, Worcester Regiment. Frederick Shepherd. Edward Vere Birch-Reynardson, 3rd Bat- William Catherwood. talion, East Surrey Regiment. Dated 4th Dated 13th January, 1915. January, 1915. Maurice Alfred Thompson, 3rd Battalion,. INFANTBY. Royal Sussex Regiment. William Alan Burton. Dated 3rd Robert Stewart Blucke, 3rd Battalion, November, 1914. Dorset Regiment. Dated 9th January, 1915. William Poole. Dated 3rd December, Wilfred Brian Compton Hall, 3rd Batta- 1914.. lion, Royal West Kent Regiment. John Bear. Dated 5th January, 1915. Arthur Maurice Warlow, 3rd Battalion,. George Ballantine. Dated 9th January, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry. 1915. Robert Murray Clarkson, 4th Battalion,. Temporary Quartermaster and Honorary Highland Light Infantry. Lieutenant Lewis Robertson relinquishes John Maxwell Myles Laing, 4th Batta- his commission. Dated 9th January, 1915. lion, Highland Light Infantry. John George Wood, 3rd Battalion, Sea- forth Highlanders. Andrew St. Clair Jameson, 3rd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders. SPECIAL RESERVE OF OFFICERS. Joseph William Edmund Dickson, 3rd' CAVALBY. Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders. South Irish Horse, The undermentioned to be Ian Charles McPherson, 3rd Battalion,. -
XXX Corps Operation MARKET-GARDEN 17 September 1944
British XXX Corps Operation MARKET-GARDEN 17 September 1944 XXX Corps DUTCH-BELGIUM BORDER 17 September 1944 ANNEX A: Task Organization to Operation GARDEN XXX Corps LtGen Brian G. HORROCKS Guards Armoured Division Brig Allan H. S. ADAIR 43rd Wessex Division MajGen G. I. THOMAS 50th Northumberland Division MajGen D. A. H. GRAHAM 8th Armoured Brigade Brig Erroll G. PRIOR-PALMER Princess Irene (Royal Netherlands) BrigadeCol Albert “Steve” de Ruyter von STEVENICK Royal Artillery 64th Medium Regiment R.A. 73rd AT Regiment R.A. 27th LAA Regiment R.A. 11th Hussars Sherman tanks of British XXX Corps advance across the bridge at Nijmegen during MARKET-GARDEN. 1 Guards Armoured Division Operation MARKET-GARDEN 17 September 1944 Guards Armoured Division DUTCH-BELGIUM BORDER 17 September 1944 ANNEX A: Task Organization to Operation GARDEN Guards Armoured Division Brig Allan H. S. ADAIR Promoted MajGen ADAIR on 21 Sep 1944 5th Guards Armoured Brigade 2nd Bn, Grenadier Guards (Armor) 1st Bn, Grenadier Guards (Mot) LtCol Edward H. GOULBURN 2nd Bn, Irish Guards (Armor) LtCol Giles VANDELEUR + 3rd Bn, Irish Guards, 32nd Guards Brigade (Mot) LtCol J. O. E. “Joe” VANDELEUR 32nd Guards Infantry Brigade Brig G. F. JOHNSON + 1st Bn, Coldstream Guards, 5th Guards Brigade (Armor) 5th Bn, Coldstream Guards (Mot) 2nd Bn, Welsh Guards (Armor) 1st Bn, Welsh Guards (Mot) Royal Artillery 55th Field Regiment RA 153rd Field Regiment RA 21st AT Regiment RA 94th LAA Regiment + 1st Independent MG Company Royal Engineers 14th Field Squadron 615th Field Squadron 148th Field Park Squadron + 2nd Household Cavalry Regiment RAC XXX Corps Commander, LtGen Horrocks, ordered the Guards Armoured Division to form tank-infantry Battle Groups by pairing each Tank Battalion with an Infantry Battalion. -
A Social and Military History of the 1/8Th Battalion, The
A SOCIAL AND MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 1/8TH BATTALION, THE ROYAL WARWICKSHIRE REGIMENT, IN THE GREAT WAR by ROBERT DAVID WILLIAMS B.A. (HONS) A thesis submitted to the School of Historical Studies of The University of Birmingham for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Modern History School of Historical Studies The University of Birmingham November 1999 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Contents List of Tables Introduction 1 PART ONE - Development Chapter One “To The Sound of the Rolling Drum” 22 Chapter Two “Warwickshire’s Butchers”: The Battalion in Action from March 1915 to 1 July 1916 44 Live and Let Live 48 Sniping 50 Patrolling and Intelligence Gathering 55 Raiding 59 Battle 63 Chapter Three Orders is Orders 71 PART TWO - Watershed Chapter Four In Pursuit of the Barrage: The Battalion in Action From The Somme to The Piave 93 Drafts 93 Training and Working Parties 96 Patrolling and Raiding 100 Battle 102 Chapter Five “For Conspicuous Gallantry...” 114 Chapter Six A Very Young Army? 133 PART THREE - Fulfilment Chapter Seven “A Very Satisfactory Day”: The Battalion in Action in the Hundred Days 147 Failed Attacks 150 Unopposed Success 152 Limited Gains 153 Opposed Success 154 Chapter Eight At a High Price 165 Conclusion 177 Bibliography List of Tables Table Page 1. -
The London Gazette, March 25, 1884
1410 THE LONDON GAZETTE, MARCH 25, 1884, Name. Rank. Regiment. Amount. £ «. d. Doyle, John ... Sergeant Royal Artillery 34 12 9 Doyle, Thomas ... Private 2nd Battalion South Yorkshire Regt. 330 Duffy, Patrick ... Gunner Royal Artillery 0 16 10 Edgar, John ... Corporal 1st Battalion Wilts Regiment 078 Hayes, Martin ... .. Private 1st Battalion Leinster Regiment 4 11 4 Howell, George William.. Lance-Corporal .. 4th Dragoon Guards ... tl 2 11 James, Robert ... Private Connaught Rangers ... ... .. 3 1 9 Johnson, Henry Private 1st Battalion Lincoln Regiment .. 27 6 4 King, Thomas Private 1st Battalion Cameron Highlanders .. 16 0 4 King, Thomas Private 2nd Battalion Gloucestershire Regiment 6 12 4 Lambert, Frederick • . Gunner ... ... 19 9 0 Lavan, Martin Private 0.. ... 2nd Battalion Cheshire Regiment 12 16 7 Leonards, Frank... .. Corporal 2nd Battalion Royal Sussex Regiment... 160 Lynch, John ... ... Private ... 1st Battalion Royal Highlanders ... 8 16 9 Matthews, Howard ... Gunner Royal Horse Artillery ... 12 2 1 Montgomery, Robert Private ... ... 1st Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers 028 Murray, Patrick ... ... Private ... ... 1st Battalion Devonshire Regiment ... 20 7 4 McMahon, William Corporal ... ... 2nd Battalion Berkshire Regiment ... 083 Pendergast, James ... Drummer... ... 1st Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers ... 9 14 0 Scarrett, H Private 1st Battalion Lincolnshire Regiment ... 3 0 11 Shaw, Michael T. Lance-Corporal ... 1st Battalion Royal Sussex Regiment ... 18 6 2 Sherwood, Thomas Lance-Sergeant ... 1st Battalion Northumberland Fusiliers 5 18 0 Singh, Mabn ... ... Private Uhina Gun Lascars 6 15 3 Skinner, John ... ... Private ... ... 1st West India Regiment 4 11 11 Smith. William ... ... •Jhoein^-Smith ... 26 15 10 Smith, Nathaniel • ... Private 2nd West India Regiment 1 10 2 Stahton, — ... ... Private ... ... 1st Battalion Royal Irish Rifles 243 Thompson, William .. -
Page 1 of 31
Date Name Awards Address Comments RN Lt; married Mary Christine Willis (daughter of Admiral Algernon and Olive http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/friday- 01 May 1942 John Desmond Davey (inscription to Olive Christine Willis) Willis) on 2 Nov 1942 in Simon's Town, people-shaun-davey-29834708.html South Africa. Lt Cdr 18 Jul 1948. VRD 21 Oct 1950. PAGE HEADED GLENCRAGG, GLENCAIRN, SIMONSTOWN, SOUTH AFRICA 34 Thirlemere Avenue, Standish, Wigan, 24 May 1942 Pilot Officer Frederick George Bamber (121134) KIA 22 Aug 1942 Lancashire The Willows, Lakeside Path, Canvey Island, 24 May 1942 Pilot Officer Peter Robert Griffin (116787) Essex Son of Eric E Billington and brother of Frances Margaret, 26 May 1942 Lieut Robert Edward Billington RNVR DSC Wyke End, West Kirby, Wirral, Cheshire who married The Rev Evan Whidden in Hamilton, Ontario on 28 June 1941 26 May 1942 Harold Mervyn Temple Richards RM The Common, Lechlade, Gloucestershire 19 June 1942 Sydney Mons Stock RN 47 Queens Park Parade, Northampton Kinsdale, Hazledean Road, East Croydon, 28 April 1942 Rear-Admiral Peter George La Niece CB, CBE Surrey [HMS Emerald] St Mary's, Dark [Street] 02 July 1942 Lieut [later Commander] Anthony Gerald William Bellars MBE, MID Lane, Plymton, Nr Plymouth [HMS Express] Langdon Green, Parkland No date Lieutenant (E) John James Tayler Grove, Ashford, Middlesex No date John Desmond Davey VRD, RN Pier House, Cultra, Belfast, Northern Ireland 26 June 1942 Paymaster Commander Harold Stanley Parsons Watch OBE 29 Vectis Road, Alverstoke, Hampshire Bluehayes, Gerrards Cross, June-July 1942 Paymaster Lieutenant William Nevill Dashwood Lang RNVR Buckinghamshire Durnton, Dundas Avenue, North Berwick, http://www.chad.co.uk/news/local/tributes-paid-to-surgeon- No date Surgeon Lieutenant Alexander McEwen-Smith MB, ChB, RNVR Scotland 89-1-694569 Bedford House, Farnborough Road, No date Instructor Lieutenant [later Instructor Commander] Henry Festubert Pearce BSc, RN Farnborough, Hampshire OBE (Malaya). -
Then with the Civilian Administration up Until Britain Lence And
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF MichaelA.Earl-Taylor for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in History, Anthropology and English presented on May 30, 1989. Title:British Policies Towards Palestine 1917-1922. q. Abstract approved: ?A Ku Phi This study traces British government policies with regard to Palestine from the time the British Expedition- ary Forces under General Allenbyinvested Jerusalem in December 1917 to the imposition of the Mandatewith Britain as the Mandatory power, which came into effect on July 22,1922. The first chapter provides an historical introduction and examines the sequence of events leading to the Balfour Declaration of November 1917. The subsequent chapters deal with British policies during the MilitaryAdministration,which lasted from 1917-1920, and then with the Civilian Administration up until Britain formally assumed the Mandate of the Covenant ofthe League of Nations. Perhaps no policies ever pursued by successive British governments have been more fraught with ambiva- lence and contradiction than those of the Palestine mandate.British interests were defined not only by moral concerns with regard to the position of the Jewish people, but strategic considerations of Palestine and its geo- graphic location as a buffer zone to the lifeline of the empire--the Suez Canal.In this respect, the government of India, the source of the British military power in the Near East exerted as much, and sometimes more, influence over British Middle East policy as theForeign Office, and later, the Colonial Office combined. The inclusion of the Balfour Declaration in the Man- date placed the British government in an extraordinary and difficultposition.