DOCSLIB.ORG

State Papers Confidential

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
State Papers Confidential Gale Primary Sources Start at the source. State Papers Confidential Professor Jeremy Black University of Exeter Various source media, State Papers Online EMPOWER™ RESEARCH The provision of information by diplomats was but part useful.[5] In 1730, State Papers Prussia (SP 90) contains of the process by which the British government intercepts of the secret correspondence of the Prussian acquired knowledge about the capability and intentions minister, General Grumbkow, and Benjamin of foreign powers. Much of this process did not involve Reichenbach, the Prussian Resident in London[6]. Sir diplomats. Indeed, a key aspect of the application of Charles Hotham, envoy for George II, was instructed to science in diplomacy was the development of secure the disgrace of the former and the recall of the codebreaking in so-called Black Chambers. Although latter on the grounds that they were attempting to the use of cryptography was longstanding, the rise of thwart a reconciliation between Britain and Prussia. the Black Chambers was basically an eighteenth- Foreign diplomats were well aware that the post was century phenomenon, being introduced for example in opened and the crucial element was not this the United Provinces in 1707, in part in response to interception, but, rather, the deciphering. This was a events in the War of the Spanish Succession and to skill the British possessed in abundance, especially changes and tensions in inter-allied [1] after the appointment of the Reverend Edward Willes, relationships. Such activity was encouraged by the later a conscientious Bishop of Bath and Wells, as extent to which formal diplomatic processes were Decipherer in 1716, a post he held until his death in encouraged by secret diplomacies: differing networks 1773. Earlier, in an important link with the world of of command and control that arose from the personal science, the post had been held in 1701-3 by John role of the Crown and from ministerial struggles, as Wallis, an eminent mathematician. From Willes' with the Secret de Roi in France and the private appointment the decipherer's office was continually correspondence with Austrian envoys of ministers, [2] staffed by members of his family until its abolition in notably Prince Eugene, the War Minister. 1844, and from 1762 onwards the entire office were In Britain, the important role of the Post Office in the members of the family. From 1701, when the office was interception of foreign diplomatic correspondence[3] is placed on a regular basis, until 1722, the salaries were reflected in State Papers 107, but the series is paid at the Exchequer, thereafter by the Secretary of incomplete. Much was clearly due to inadvertent the Post Office, out of the Secret Service money, until destruction: 'they were thrown in a closet as papers of 1782, when the office was placed under the authority of no consequence, and … an immense quantity the newly-created Foreign Office.[7] perished'[4] The uneven nature of the series is readily The success of the office can be gauged from SP 107, apparent. For example, eleven volumes of intercepts State Papers Foreign, Confidential. Its contents proves survive for 1733, but no letters for 1735, and there are the office's ability to decipher the codes of most none for the period October 1745 to October 1751. European states, including Austria, Bavaria, Denmark, However, there are also intercepts in other series in the France, Hesse-Cassel, Modena, Naples, the Palatinate, National Archives, although the absence of a catalogue Parma, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Sardinia, Saxony, creates serious problems for searchers. Intercepts Spain, Sweden, Tuscany, the United Provinces (Dutch) could be sent to envoys who it was felt would find them and Venice.[8] Although the office was frequently tested by new cipher keys, evidence of a failure to decipher is had been Foreign Secretary of the Post Office since rare, whether of intercepts that were incompletely 1752, referred to the problems facing the decipherers, deciphered or not deciphered at all, or references to he noted that three Russian ciphers as well as the the problem in correspondence. Swedish cipher had been broken.[14] Much of the strength of the British information system Interceptions were useful for a number of reasons, derived from allied co-operation, and the efforts made including the political one of strengthening the ministry by ministers and diplomats in sustaining that co- by discrediting its opponents. They also threw much operation began before the accession of George I or light on the foreign perception of British politics. example, William III was supplied with correspondence Horace Walpole recorded an event that allegedly between Paris, Copenhagen and Stockholm intercepted occurred soon after the death of Queen Caroline in at the Hanoverian post office in Celle.[9] The quality of 1737: 'the King reading with Sir Robert [Walpole, the Hanoverian interception remained high throughout the Prime Minister] some intercepted letters from century. In 1750, Frederick II of Prussia informed the Germany, which, said that, now the Queen was gone, Sir French envoy that the Hanoverians had broken his Robert would have no protection.'[15] cipher.[10] It was possible to gain information from intercepts on In addition, particularly in the early decades of the the impression created by parliamentary debates, and eighteenth century, the Dutch maintained the tradition on the extent to which foreign envoys were influenced of assistance developed during William III's reign, as in by domestic British politics. Evidence of intrigues 1730 when they provided copies of the correspondence between diplomats and the opposition was more of Count Degenfeld, the new Prussian envoy in serious. Thanks to intercepts, the ministry was well London.[11] Degenfeld intercepts can be found in SP aware of the hostile intrigues of the Austrians 107.[12] Starhemberg (1725), Palm (1726-7), Kinsky (1728-30) and Strickland (1734-5), the French Broglie (1730-1) The diminution in the quantity of surviving intercepts [16] and Chavigny (1732-6), the Prussian Reichenbach from the mid-1740s makes it harder to gauge success [17] (1726-30), the Spaniards Monteléon (1718), Pozobueno after the 1730s. Indeed, the naturally-cantankerous (1726) and Montijo (1733-5), and the Swedes Gyllenborg George II complained about the poor quality of postal [18] (1716-17) and Sparre (mid-1730s). As a result, interception in 1752.[13] However, as a valuable context attempts were made to have envoys recalled (Broglie) for SP 107, there are indications of an important or expelled (Palm, Strickland, Gyllenborg). In 1736, an continued capability. Surviving intercepts reveal the intercept revealed a Prussian effort to develop links French plan for an invasion of Britain in 1759, while in with the Prince of Wales, who hosted opposition the mid-1760s and early 1770s, French diplomatic [19] politicians. correspondence with Sweden was regularly deciphered, and in the late 1760s French and Prussian The monarchs took a close interest in the intercepts, codes were broken. When, in 1773, Anthony Todd, who and appear to have read them regularly. Intercepts were sent from London to Hanover when the king went supportive stance over the Polish succession was there. In addition, royal instructions were sought on the noted,[24] but other envoys saw British policy to be pro- best way in which to make use of their intelligence.[20] Russian. Baron Sparre, the Swedish envoy, reported being informed by Harrington of the Russian invasion of Intercepts were also of value in understanding the Poland, which was aimed at thwarting the election of foreign policies and domestic politics of other powers. the French candidate, Stanislaus Leszczynski: The surviving intercepts, for which the best evidence and source is SP 107, suggest that the British were able 'I could sufficiently observe by his discourse, that to benefit from a mass of information and opinion in seeing King Stanislaus' election could not be hindered assessing these policies, although their value was otherwise, those advices were not unacceptable to the limited by measures taken to avoid interception such as Court here; for he absolutely took the part of the the use of couriers. The use of couriers restricted Russians, saying … that by a treaty of 1717, Russia as potential interception of messages to their points of guarantor was obliged to maintain the Liberty of departure or arrival, rather than en route. In 1735, the Poland, against all force and oppression, nor to permit British successfully recruited François de Bussy, a King Stanislaus to be chosen …. From this discourse of senior member of the French Foreign Ministry, the Secretary of State as well as from diverse others of although they subsequently failed in an effort to recruit his before, as also from other intelligence I have here Germain Louis Chauvelin, the French Foreign at Court, I am certain that the Court is now more in the Minister.[21] In 1738, an Englishman detained in Calais Russian interest, than I ever suspected they would be. I and interrogated by the French claimed that George will not accuse them that they are so of inclination; but Robinson, a former MP, who had fled Britain in 1732 the alliance with the Emperor [Charles VI, ruler of when his frauds had been discovered, had been able, Austria] and the safety of the King's German dominions for a period of about three years,to gain copies of [Hanover] upon the foot of his present system, may be French diplomatic correspondence in Paris and to send the true motives thereto.'[25] them to London.[22] Sparre followed up by reporting that, although A close reading of SP 107 provides a valuable Harrington had disclaimed to him any pro-Russian supplement to the regular diplomatic correspondence tendencies, 'this Court believes they find their account in State Papers Foreign.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PRESS RELEASE from the FRICK COLLECTION
    ARCHIVED PRESS RELEASE from THE FRICK COLLECTION 1 EAST 70TH STREET • NEW YORK • NEW YORK 10021 • TELEPHONE (212) 288-0700 • FAX (212) 628-4417 First Special Presentation on Frick Porcelain in Fifteen Years Rococo Exotic: French Mounted Porcelains and the Allure of the East March 6 through June 10, 2007 In 1915 Henry Clay Frick acquired a magnificent group of eighteenth- century objets d’art to complete the décor of his new home at 1 East 70th Street. Among these was a striking pair of large mounted porcelains, the subject of an upcoming decorative arts focus presentation on view in the Cabinet gallery, the museum’s first ceramics exhibition in fifteen years. Visually splendid, delightfully inventive, and quintessentially French, the jars fuse eighteenth-century French Pair of Deep Blue Chinese Porcelain Jars with French Gilt-Bronze Mounts; porcelain, China, 1st half of the collectors’ love of rare Asian porcelains eighteenth century; gilt-bronze mounts, France, 1745–49; 17 7/8 x 18 5/8 x 10 11/16 in. (45.4 x 47.3 x 27.1 cm) and 18 7/16 x 18 5/8 x 10 5/8 in. (47 x 47.3 x 27 cm); The with their enthusiasm for natural exotica. Frick Collection, New York; photo: Michael Bodycomb Assembled in Paris shortly before 1750, the Frick jars are a hybrid of imported Chinese porcelain and French gilt-bronze mounts in the shape of bulrushes (curling along the handles) and shells, sea fans, corals, and pearls (on the lids). Displayed alongside these objects are French drawings and prints as well as actual seashells and corals, all from New York collections.
    [Show full text]
  • Life in the Colonies
    CHAPTER 4 Life in the Colonies 4.1 Introduction n 1723, a tired teenager stepped off a boat onto Philadelphia’s Market Street wharf. He was an odd-looking sight. Not having luggage, he had I stuffed his pockets with extra clothes. The young man followed a group of “clean dressed people” into a Quaker meeting house, where he soon fell asleep. The sleeping teenager with the lumpy clothes was Benjamin Franklin. Recently, he had run away from his brother James’s print shop in Boston. When he was 12, Franklin had signed a contract to work for his brother for nine years. But after enduring James’s nasty temper for five years, Franklin packed his pockets and left. In Philadelphia, Franklin quickly found work as a printer’s assistant. Within a few years, he had saved enough money to open his own print shop. His first success was a newspaper called the Pennsylvania Gazette. In 1732, readers of the Gazette saw an advertisement for Poor Richard’s Almanac. An almanac is a book, published annually, that contains information about weather predictions, the times of sunrises and sunsets, planting advice for farmers, and other useful subjects. According to the advertisement, Poor Richard’s Almanac was written by “Richard Saunders” and printed by “B. Franklin.” Nobody knew then that the author and printer were actually the same person. In addition to the usual information contained in almanacs, Franklin mixed in some proverbs, or wise sayings. Several of them are still remembered today. Here are three of the best- known: “A penny saved is a penny earned.” “Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.” “Fish and visitors smell in three days.” Poor Richard’s Almanac sold so well that Franklin was able to retire at age 42.
    [Show full text]
  • Plough Deep While Sluggards Sleep; and You Shall Have Corn to Sell and to Keep: an Analysis of Plow Ownership in Eighteenth Century York County Virginia
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2013 Plough Deep While Sluggards Sleep; and You Shall have Corn to Sell and to Keep: An Analysis of Plow Ownership in Eighteenth Century York County Virginia Zachary John Waske College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Agricultural Economics Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Waske, Zachary John, "Plough Deep While Sluggards Sleep; and You Shall have Corn to Sell and to Keep: An Analysis of Plow Ownership in Eighteenth Century York County Virginia" (2013). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626717. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-qjjz-1m71 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Plough Deep While Sluggards Sleep; And You Shall Have Corn To Sell And To Keep: An Analysis Of Plow Ownership In Eighteenth Century York County Virginia Zachary John Waske Wyandotte, Michigan Bachelor of Arts, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 2007 A Thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary August 2013 APPROVAL PAGE This Thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Zgcnary John Waske Approved by the CommitteerAugust 2013 Corahrrlnee Chair Research ProfessonDr.
    [Show full text]
  • EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY German Immigration to Mainland
    The Flow and the Composition of German Immigration to Philadelphia, 1727-177 5 IGHTEENTH-CENTURY German immigration to mainland British America was the only large influx of free white political E aliens unfamiliar with the English language.1 The German settlers arrived relatively late in the colonial period, long after the diversity of seventeenth-century mainland settlements had coalesced into British dominance. Despite its singularity, German migration has remained a relatively unexplored topic, and the sources for such inquiry have not been adequately surveyed and analyzed. Like other pre-Revolutionary migrations, German immigration af- fected some colonies more than others. Settlement projects in New England and Nova Scotia created clusters of Germans in these places, as did the residue of early though unfortunate German settlement in New York. Many Germans went directly or indirectly to the Carolinas. While backcountry counties of Maryland and Virginia acquired sub- stantial German populations in the colonial era, most of these people had entered through Pennsylvania and then moved south.2 Clearly 1 'German' is used here synonymously with German-speaking and 'Germany' refers primar- ily to that part of southwestern Germany from which most pre-Revolutionary German-speaking immigrants came—Cologne to the Swiss Cantons south of Basel 2 The literature on German immigration to the American colonies is neither well defined nor easily accessible, rather, pertinent materials have to be culled from a large number of often obscure publications
    [Show full text]
  • 1730S 1845 1860 1870S 1882 1920S Late 1920S 1970S 1980
    Welcome to the Deserted Village of Feltville/Glenside Park is site is listed on the New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places due to its development in 1845 as Feltville, a self-sucient manufacturing town. While its most signicant history relates to Feltville, the site has had multiple uses, beginning in the early 18th century as Peter’s Hill, an outlying Elizabethtown farmstead, to its present use as a historic site within the Union County Park System. 1730s 1870s Late 1920s Colonial Settlement of Peter’s Hill An Abandoned Village A Park System for All ough there are many inaccuracies in this mid-20th century rendering of Feltville, its artist Peter and Sarah Willcocks and members of the Badgley All activities cease at the former community, e newly formed Union County Park captured the charm of the pre-Civil War village. Interpretive panels placed throughout the site should help visitors envision the community during several periods of occupation. Together, family settle a remote hillside in the Watchung and the site becomes known as the Deserted Commission, envisioning the future need for the art and the remains of the village will continue to evoke an enchanting, special place. Mountains. ough the family built mills on the Blue Village, oen attracting tourists and potential public parks and open spaces, hires the renowned Brook, a 1770s gravestone is the only remaining visible residents, including omas Moran, a famous Olmsted Brothers rm of Boston to design a park evidence of the Willcocks occupation. American landscape painter. system, and purchases extensive land, including the former Feltville, to create the Watchung Your Visit: Reservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Gunn-Vernon Cover Sheet Escholarship.Indd
    UC Berkeley GAIA Books Title The Peculiarities of Liberal Modernity in Imperial Britain Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6wj6r222 Journal GAIA Books, 21 ISBN 9780984590957 Authors Gunn, Simon Vernon, James Publication Date 2011-03-15 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Peculiarities of Liberal Modernity in Imperial Britain Edited by Simon Gunn and James Vernon Published in association with the University of California Press “A remarkable achievement. This ambitious and challenging collection of tightly interwoven essays will find an eager au- dience among students and faculty in British and imperial history, as well as those interested in liberalism and moder- nity in other parts of the world.” Jordanna BaILkIn, author of The Culture of Property: The Crisis of Liberalism in Modern Britain “This volume investigates no less than the relationship of liberalism to Britain’s rise as an empire and the first modern nation. In its global scope and with its broad historical perspective, it makes a strong case for why British history still matters. It will be central for anyone interested in understanding how modernity came about.” Frank TrenTMann, author of Free Trade Nation: Consumption, Commerce, and Civil Society in Modern Britain In this wide-ranging volume, leading scholars across several disciplines—history, literature, sociology, and cultural studies—investigate the nature of liberalism and modernity in imperial Britain since the eighteenth century. They show how Britain’s liberal version of modernity (of capitalism, democracy, and imperialism) was the product of a peculiar set of historical cir- cumstances that continues to haunt our neoliberal present.
    [Show full text]
  • Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth Century Slave Trade To
    BRISTOL RECORD SOCIETY'S PUBLICATIONS General Editor: JOSEPH BE1TEY, M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A. Assistant Editor: MISS ELIZABETH RALPH, M.A., F.S.A. VOL. XLII BRISTOL, AFRICA AND THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SLAVE TRADE TO AMERICA VOL. 3 THE YEARS OF DECLINE 1746-1769 BRISTOL, AFRICA AND THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SLAVE TRADE TO AMERICA VOL. 3 THE YEARS OF DECLINE 1746-1769 EDITED BY DAYID RICHARDSON Printed for the BRISTOL RECORD SOCIETY 1991 ISBN 0 901538 12 4 ISSN 0305 8730 © David Richardson Bristol Record Society wishes to express its gratitude to the Marc Fitch Fund and to the University of Bristol Publications Fund for generous grants in support of this volume. Produced for the Society by Alan Sutton Publishing Limited, Stroud, Glos. Printed in Great Britain CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements vi Introduction . vii Note on transcription xxxii List of abbreviations xxxiii ·Text 1 Index 235 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the process of ·compiling and editing the information on Bristol voyages to Africa contained in this volume I have received assistance and advice from various individuals and organisations. The task of collecting the material was made much easier from the outset by the generous help and advice I received from the staff at the Public Record Office, the Bristol Record Office, the Bristol Central Library and the Bristol Society of Merchant Venturers. I am grateful to the Society of Merchant Venturers for permission to consult its records and to cite material from them. I am also indebted to the British Academy for its generosity in awarding me a grant in order to allow me to complete my research on Bristol voyages to Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • GRADE 5 Social Studies Classroom Assessment Task Colonial
    GRADE 5 Social Studies Classroom Assessment Task Colonial Regionalism This sample task contains a set of primary and authentic sources about the development of regions in the Thirteen Colonies. Alignment The questions in this task align to the following social studies grade-level expectations. 5.3.2 Describe cooperation and conflict among Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans 5.3.4 Compare and contrast religious groups that settled colonial America and examine the role of religion in colonial communities 5.3.6 Explain and give examples of how Native Americans, Europeans, and free and enslaved Africans adapted to living in the New England colonies, the Middle colonies, and the Southern colonies 5.5.1 Describe ways in which location and environment influenced the settlements and land use in colonial America 5.9.1 Describe trade between the Americas, Western Europe, and Western Africa during the colonial period 5.9.2 Analyze the differences in the economies of the New England colonies, Middle colonies, and the Southern colonies Contents This sample task contains the following sections: • Primary and Authentic Sources • Assessment Items • Extended-Response Task • Scoring Rubric • Scoring Notes • Printable Student Version Task Directions • Teachers may choose to use or modify this sample as part of an instructional lesson or as a formative or summative assessment. • Teachers should provide students access to the printable student version of the task items, which excludes GLE alignment, answer keys, and scoring information. • Students should then read or review the sources and answer the questions. • For additional specifications about the task, please see the Assessment Guidance for grade 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Brandy Nan and Farmer George
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2014 Brandy Nan and Farmer George: Public Perceptions of Royal Health and the Demystification of English Monarchy During the Long Eighteenth Century Steven Catania Loyola University Chicago Recommended Citation Catania, Steven, "Brandy Nan and Farmer George: Public Perceptions of Royal Health and the Demystification of English Monarchy During the Long Eighteenth Century" (2014). Dissertations. Paper 1255. http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1255 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2014 Steven Catania LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO BRANDY NAN AND FARMER GEORGE: PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF ROYAL HEALTH AND THE DEMYSTIFICATION OF ENGLISH MONARCHY DURING THE LONG EIGHTEENTH CENTURY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN HISTORY BY STEVEN J. CATANIA CHICAGO, IL DECEMBER 2014 Copyright by Steven J. Catania, 2014 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During the three and a half years that this project has been underway, I have incurred a number of debts to those who have helped me along the path toward completion. This support began at Loyola University Chicago, where both the History Department and The Graduate School provided me with financial support, not only for an extended research trip to the United Kingdom, but also conferences where I have presented parts of this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Noble Conceptions of Politics in Eighteenth-Century Sweden (Ca 1740–1790)
    charlotta wolff Noble conceptions of politics in eighteenth-century Sweden (ca 1740–1790) Studia Fennica Historica The Finnish Literature Society (SKS) was founded in 1831 and has, from the very beginning, engaged in publishing operations. It nowadays publishes literature in the fields of ethnology and folkloristics, linguistics, literary research and cultural history. The first volume of the Studia Fennica series appeared in 1933. Since 1992, the series has been divided into three thematic subseries: Ethnologica, Folkloristica and Linguistica. Two additional subseries were formed in 2002, Historica and Litteraria. The subseries Anthropologica was formed in 2007. In addition to its publishing activities, the Finnish Literature Society maintains research activities and infrastructures, an archive containing folklore and literary collections, a research library and promotes Finnish literature abroad. Studia fennica editorial board Anna-Leena Siikala Markku Haakana Timo Kaartinen Pauli Kettunen Leena Kirstinä Teppo Korhonen Kati Lampela Editorial Office SKS P.O. Box 259 FI-00171 Helsinki www.finlit.fi Charlotta Wolff Noble conceptions of politics in eighteenth-century Sweden (ca 1740–1790) Finnish Literature Society • Helsinki Studia Fennica Historica 15 The publication has undergone a peer review. The open access publication of this volume has received part funding via Helsinki University Library. © 2016 Charlotta Wolff and SKS License CC-BY-NC-ND A digital edition of a printed book first published in 2008 by the Finnish Literature Society. Cover Design: Timo Numminen EPUB Conversion: eLibris Media Oy ISBN 978-952-222-092-9 (Print) ISBN 978-952-222-782-9 (PDF) ISBN 978-952-222-781-2 (EPUB) ISSN 0085-6835 (Studia Fennica) ISSN 1458-526X (Studia Fennica Historica) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/sfh.15 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND license.
    [Show full text]
  • Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth Century Slave Trade to America, Vol 1
    BRISTOL RECORD SOCIETY'S PUBLICATIONS General Editor: PROFESSOR PATRICK MCGRATH, M.A. Assistant General Editor: MISS ELIZABETH RALPH, M.A., F.S.A. VOL. XXXVIII BRISTOL, AFRICA AND THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SLAVE TRADE TO AMERICA VOL. 1 THE YEARS OF EXPANSION 1698--1729 BRISTOL, AFRICA AND THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SLAVE TRADE TO AMERICA VOL. 1 THE YEARS OF EXPANSION 1698-1729 EDITED BY DAVID RICHARDSON Printed for the BRISTOL RECORD SOCIETY 1986 ISBN 0 901583 00 00 ISSN 0305 8730 © David Richardson Produced for the Society by Alan Sutton Publishing Limited, Gloucester Printed in Great Britain CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements vi Introduction vii Note on transcription xxix List of Abbreviations xxix Text 1 Index 193 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the process of compiling and editing the information on Bristol trading voyages to Africa contained in this volume I have been fortunate to receive assistance and encouragement from a number of groups and individuals. The task of collecting the material was made much easier from the outset by the generous help and advice given to me by the staffs of the Public Record Office, the Bristol Record Office, the Bristol Central Library and the Bristol Society of Mer­ chant Venturers. I am grateful to the Society of Merchant Venturers for permission to consult its records and to use material from them. My thanks are due also to the British Academy for its generosity in providing me with a grant in order to allow me to complete my research on Bristol voyages to Africa. Finally I am indebted to Miss Mary Williams, the City Archivist in Bristol, and Professor Patrick McGrath, the General Editor of the Bristol Record Society, for their warm response to my initial proposal for this volume and for their guidance and help in bringing it to fruition.
    [Show full text]
  • 14 Lc 37 1730S
    14 LC 37 1730S The Senate Health and Human Services Committee offered the following substitute to SB 350: A BILL TO BE ENTITLED AN ACT 1 To amend Chapter 2 of Title 49 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated, relating to the 2 Department of Human Services, so as to provide for the bidding out of child welfare services 3 state wide through contracts with community based providers; to provide for definitions; to 4 provide for qualifications for contractors; to provide for contract standards; to provide for a 5 review; to provide for procedures; to provide for related matters; to provide for a contingent 6 effective date; to provide for an effective date; to repeal conflicting laws; and for other 7 purposes. 8 BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF GEORGIA: 9 SECTION 1. 10 Chapter 2 of Title 49 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated, relating to the Department 11 of Human Services, is amended by adding a new article to read as follows: 12 "ARTICLE 3 13 49-2-30. 14 (a) As used in this article, the term: 15 (1) 'Applicant' means a faith based or community based organization that seeks to 16 provide child welfare services under this article. 17 (2) 'Child welfare services' means adoption, family preservation, independent living, 18 emergency shelter, residential group care, foster care, therapeutic foster care, intensive 19 residential treatment, foster care supervision, case management, post-placement 20 supervision, permanent foster care, and family reunification. 21 (3) 'Division' means the Division of Family and Children Services. 22 (4) 'Lead agency' means a faith based or community based agency selected under this 23 article to manage and provide child welfare services.
    [Show full text]