Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 1 of 16

Supplementary Materials: Prenatal Exposure to Ambient and Preterm Birth and Term Low Birthweight in Agricultural Regions of California

Chenxiao Ling, Zeyan Liew, Ondine S. von Ehrenstein, Julia E. Heck, Andrew S. Park, Xin Cui, Myles Cockburn, Jun Wu and Beate Ritz

Table S1. Individual pesticides included in chemical classes.

Chemical Codea Common Name Use Type Dithiocarbamates/N-Methyl (n = 24) 369 Maneb 616 Metam-Sodium Fumigant, , Fungicide, Microbiocide, Algaecide 589 Thiram Fungicide 970 Potassium N-Methyldithiocarbamate Fumigant, Fungicide, Microbiocide, Algaecide, 288 Ferbam Fungicide 417 Nabam Fungicide, Herbicide 548 Sodium Dimethyl Dithio Fungicide 211 Mancozeb Fungicide 629 Ziram Fungicide, Microbiocide, Dog and Cat Repellent 627 Zineb Fungicide 493 Metiram Fungicide 383 105 Insecticide, Plant Growth Regulator, Nematicide 375 Insecticide, Molluscicide 1910 Insecticide, Nematicide 575 Insecticide, Nematicide 111 Hydrochloride Insecticide 106 Insecticide, Nematicide 2202 Thiodicarb Molluscicide, Insecticide 1924 Insecticide 62 Insecticide 623 Mexacarbate Insecticide 1875 Insecticide

Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 2 of 16

2201 Butoxycarboxim Insecticide (n = 50) 253 Insecticide, Nematicide 1685 Insecticide 367 Insecticide 198 Insecticide 216 Insecticide 1626 Plant Growth Regulator 418 Insecticide 335 Insecticide 70 Herbicide 382 Oxydemeton-Methyl Insecticide 1689 Insecticide 314 Azinphos-Methyl Insecticide 394 Methyl Insecticide, Nematicide 230 Insecticide, Nematicide 90394 Methyl Parathion, Other Related Insecticide, Nematicide 92739 Nonanoic Acid, Other Related Insecticide, Nematicide 1857 Insecticide, Nematicide 1697 Insecticide, Breakdown product 478 Insecticide, Nematicide 558 Insecticide 404 Ethoprop Insecticide, Nematicide 254 Insecticide 190 S,S,S-Tributyl Phosphorotrithioate Defoliant, Plant Growth Regulator 459 Parathion Insecticide 90480 , Other Related Insecticide 480 Mevinphos Insecticide 2042 Insecticide 165 Insecticide 90459 Parathion, Other Related Insecticide, Nematicide 187 Ddvp Insecticide, Breakdown product, Impurity Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 3 of 16

90187 Ddvp, Other Related Insecticide 90482 , Other Related Insecticide 482 Phosphamidon Insecticide 88 Trichlorfon Insecticide 566 Insecticide, Nematicide 268 Insecticide 110 Insecticide 305 Insecticide 192 Insecticide 90192 Dioxathion, Other Related Insecticide 479 Insecticide 1523 Phosacetin 263 Epn Insecticide 72 Insecticide 90293 Merphos, Other Related Defoliant, Plant Growth Regulator 293 Merphos Defoliant, Plant Growth Regulator 2006 Sulprofos Insecticide 577 Tepp Insecticide 90577 Tepp, Other Related Insecticide 517 Ronnel Insecticide (n = 29) 2300 Insecticide 2008 Insecticide 2321 Insecticide 2195 Tau-Fluvalinate Insecticide 2223 Insecticide 2297 Lambda- Insecticide 2234 Insecticide 3866 (S)- Insecticide 3010 Insecticide 2171 Cypermethrin Insecticide 3956 Beta-Cyfluthrin Insecticide Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 4 of 16

5877 Gamma-Cyhalothrin Insecticide 2119 Insecticide 2329 Insecticide 92119 Resmethrin, Other Related Insecticide 5327 Insecticide 4038 D-Trans Allethrin Insecticide 2093 Insecticide 12 Allethrin Insecticide 1963 Insecticide 1695 Insecticide 92093 Phenothrin, Other Related Insecticide 90012 Allethrin, Other Related Insecticide 92008 Permethrin, Other Related Insecticide 2293 D-Allethrin Insecticide 3985 Insecticide 92293 D-Allethrin, Other Related Insecticide 91695 Tetramethrin, Other Related Insecticide 4039 S- Insecticide

aAssigned by California Department of Regulation.

Table S2. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for trimester exposure to individual pesticides (ever never exposed) and preterm birth, stratified by infant sex.

First trimester Second trimester Pesticide Preterm Birth* Term Birth* OR1 OR2 Preterm Birth* Term Birth* OR1 OR2 Males Fungicide 3968 35111 0.97 0.97 4072 35700 0.99 0.99 Myclobutanil (21.3%) (21.8%) (0.94, 1.01) (0.93, 1.01) (21.9%) (22.1%) (0.95, 1.02) (0.95, 1.02) 4147 35912 1.00 0.99 4231 35845 1.03 1.02 Chlorothalonil (22.3%) (22.3%) (0.97, 1.04) (0.95, 1.03) (22.7%) (22.2%) (0.99, 1.07) (0.99, 1.06) 2702 24012 0.97 0.96 2735 24217 0.98 0.97 Mancozeb (14.5%) (14.9%) (0.93, 1.01) (0.92, 1.00) (14.7%) (15.0%) (0.93, 1.02) (0.93, 1.01) Herbicide 11006 93459 1.05 1.04 11018 93553 1.05 1.04 compounds (59.2%) (57.9%) (1.02, 1.09) (1.01, 1.07) (59.2%) (58.0%) (1.02, 1.09) (1.01, 1.07) Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 5 of 16

2964 23751 1.10 1.06 2954 23577 1.10 1.07 dichloride (15.9%) (14.7%) (1.05, 1.14) (1.01, 1.10) (15.9%) (14.6%) (1.06, 1.15) (1.02, 1.11) 2093 17086 1.07 1.06 2075 16938 1.07 1.07 (11.2%) (10.6%) (1.02, 1.12) (1.01, 1.12) (11.2%) (10.5%) (1.02, 1.12) (1.02, 1.13) Insecticide 6496 54491 1.05 1.02 6432 54201 1.04 1.01 Chlorpyrifos (34.9%) (33.8%) (1.02, 1.08) (0.98, 1.05) (34.6%) (33.6%) (1.01, 1.08) (0.98, 1.05) 5812 50314 1.00 0.99 5911 50950 1.01 0.99 Abamectin (31.2%) (31.2%) (0.97, 1.04) (0.95, 1.02) (31.8%) (31.6%) (0.98, 1.04) (0.96, 1.03) 4431 37826 1.02 1.00 4410 37965 1.01 0.99 Malathion (23.8%) (23.4%) (0.99, 1.06) (0.96, 1.04) (23.7%) (23.5%) (0.97, 1.05) (0.96, 1.03) 4608 38937 1.04 1.03 4632 39660 1.02 1.01 (24.8%) (24.1%) (1.00, 1.07) (0.99, 1.06) (24.9%) (24.6%) (0.98, 1.06) (0.97, 1.05) 3949 34395 0.99 0.97 3910 33315 1.02 0.99 Diazinon (21.2%) (21.3%) (0.96, 1.03) (0.93, 1.00) (21.0%) (20.6%) (0.98, 1.06) (0.96, 1.03) 3479 29333 1.03 1.02 3415 29546 1.00 0.98 Permethrin (18.7%) (18.2%) (0.99, 1.07) (0.98, 1.06) (18.4%) (18.3%) (0.96, 1.04) (0.94, 1.02) 2432 20514 1.03 1.01 2430 20431 1.03 1.01 Dimethoate (13.1%) (12.7%) (0.99, 1.08) (0.96, 1.06) (13.1%) (12.7%) (0.99, 1.08) (0.96, 1.05) 1876 15659 1.04 1.04 1786 15162 1.02 1.00 Methyl bromide (10.1%) (9.7%) (0.99, (0.98, (9.6%) (9.4%) (0.97, 1.08) (0.95, 1.06) 1.10) 1.09) 1753 14966 1.02 1.01 1651 14846 0.96 0.95 Carbaryl (9.4%) (9.3%) (0.97,1.07) (0.95, 1.06) (8.9%) (9.2%) (0.91, 1.01) (0.90, 1.00) 863 7197 1.04 1.01 840 7200 1.01 0.98 Phosmet (4.6%) (4.5%) (0.97, 1.12) (0.94, 1.09) (4.5%) (4.5%) (0.94, 1.09) (0.91, 1.06) 331 2688 1.06 1.02 301 2717 0.95 0.91 Methyl parathion (1.8%) (1.7%) (0.95, 1.19) (0.90, 1.15) (1.6%) (1.7%) (0.84, 1.07) (0.80, 1.03) Females Fungicide 1388 12718 1.07 1.08 1381 12811 1.05 1.06 Myclobutanil (22.7%) (21.5%) (1.00, 1.14) (1.01, 1.15) (22.6%) (21.6%) (0.99, 1.12) (1.00, 1.14) 1431 13193 1.06 1.06 1440 13157 1.07 1.06 Chlorothalonil (23.4%) (22.3%) (1.00, 1.13) (0.99, 1.13) (23.5%) (22.2%) (1.01, 1.14) (1.00, 1.14) 938 8763 1.03 1.01 918 8827 1.00 0.98 Mancozeb (15.3%) (14.8%) (0.96, 1.11) (0.93, 1.09) (15.0%) (14.9%) (0.93, 1.08) (0.91, 1.06) Herbicide 3646 34175 1.08 1.07 3613 34122 1.06 1.05 Glyphosate compounds (59.6%) (57.7%) (1.03, 1.14) (1.01, 1.13) (59.0%) (57.6%) (1.01, 1.12) (0.99, 1.10) Paraquat dichloride 975 8477 1.13 1.09 963 8509 1.11 1.05 Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 6 of 16

(15.9%) (14.3%) (1.05, 1.22) (1.01, 1.17) (15.7%) (14.4%) (1.03, 1.20) (0.98, 1.14) 630 6228 0.97 0.96 676 6103 1.07 1.05 Simazine (10.3%) (10.5%) (0.89, 1.06) (0.88, 1.05) (11.0%) (10.3%) (0.98, 1.16) (0.96, 1.15) Insecticide 2175 19902 1.08 1.05 2134 19807 1.06 1.02 Chlorpyrifos (35.5%) (33.6%) (1.02, 1.14) (0.99, 1.11) (34.9%) (33.4%) (1.00, 1.12) (0.96, 1.08) 2002 18436 1.07 1.06 1975 18624 1.04 1.02 Abamectin (32.7%) (31.1%) (1.02, 1.14) (1.00, 1.12) (32.3%) (31.4%) (0.98, 1.10) (0.96, 1.08) 1424 13746 1.00 0.99 1442 13638 1.03 1.01 Malathion (23.3%) (23.2%) (0.94, 1.06) (0.93, 1.05) (23.6%) (23.0%) (0.97, 1.09) (0.95, 1.08) 1581 14184 1.11 1.11 1590 14641 1.07 1.07 Imidacloprid (25.8%) (23.9%) (1.05, 1.18) (1.04, 1.18) (26.0%) (24.7%) (1.01, 1.14) (1.01, 1.14) 1402 12313 1.12 1.10 1344 12132 1.08 1.05 Diazinon (22.9%) (20.8%) (1.05, 1.19) (1.03, 1.17) (21.9%) (20.5%) (1.01, 1.15) (0.98, 1.12) 1186 10846 1.07 1.05 1139 10892 1.01 0.99 Permethrin (19.4%) (18.3%) (1.00, 1.14) (0.98, 1.13) (18.6%) (18.4%) (0.95, 1.08) (0.93, 1.07) Dimethoate 834 7433 1.09 1.08 832 7447 1.08 1.06 (13.6%) (12.5%) (1.01, 1.18) (1.00, 1.17) (13.6%) (12.6%) (1.00, 1.17) (0.98, 1.15) Methyl bromide 623 5727 1.05 1.06 596 5617 1.02 1.02 (10.2%) (9.7%) (0.96, 1.14) (0.97, 1.16) (9.7%) (9.5%) (0.93, 1.11) (0.93, 1.12) Carbaryl 557 5383 0.99 1.00 545 5360 0.97 0.98 (9.1%) (9.1%) (0.90, 1.08) (0.91, 1.10) (8.9%) (9.0%) (0.89, 1.07) (0.90, 1.08) Phosmet 302 2720 1.07 1.01 281 2653 1.01 0.96 (4.9%) (4.6%) (0.95, 1.21) (0.89, 1.15) (4.6%) (4.5%) (0.89, 1.15) (0.84, 1.09) Methyl parathion 119 976 1.17 1.09 105 995 1.01 0.91 (1.9%) (1.6%) (0.96, 1.41) (0.90, 1.33) (1.7%) (1.7%) (0.82, 1.23) (0.73, 1.12) 1 Adjusted for year of birth. 2 Adjusted for year of birth, maternal age, maternal education, maternal race/ethnicity, parity, prenatal care in first trimester, payment type of prenatal care, maternal birthplace, and neighborhood SES. * Numbers of exposed cases/controls and the percentages in the parenthesis; numbers used in each model may vary depending on missing values.

Table S3. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for trimester exposure to individual pesticides (ever vs never exposed) and preterm birth, stratified by season of conception.

First trimester Second trimester Pesticide Preterm Birth* Term Birth* OR1 OR2 Preterm Birth* Term Birth* OR1 OR2 Winter (Jan-Mar) Fungicide 1533 13798 1.04 1.03 1541 14130 1.01 1.02 Myclobutanil (26.3%) (25.5%) (0.98, 1.10) (0.96, 1.10) (26.4%) (26.1%) (0.95, 1.08) (0.95, 1.08) Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 7 of 16

1456 13363 1.01 1.00 1213 11253 1.00 1.01 Chlorothalonil (24.9%) (24.7%) (0.95, 1.08) (0.94, 1.07) (20.8%) (20.8%) (0.93, 1.07) (0.94, 1.08) 1072 9782 1.02 1.00 863 8084 0.99 0.99 Mancozeb (18.4%) (18.1%) (0.95, 1.10) (0.93, 1.08) (14.8%) (14.9%) (0.92, 1.07) (0.91, 1.07) Herbicide 3698 33953 1.03 1.01 3423 31421 1.02 1.01 Glyphosate compounds (63.4%) (62.8%) (0.97, 1.09) (0.95, 1.07) (58.7%) (58.1%) (0.97, 1.08) (0.95, 1.07) 969 8738 1.03 1.00 778 7075 1.02 0.98 Paraquat dichloride (16.6%) (16.2%) (0.96, 1.11) (0.92, 1.07) (13.3%) (13.1%) (0.94, 1.11) (0.90, 1.07) 772 6939 1.03 1.02 305 2519 1.13 1.07 Simazine (13.2%) (12.8%) (0.95, 1.12) (0.94, 1.10) (5.2%) (4.7%) (1.00, 1.27) (0.94, 1.22) Insecticide 1992 17604 1.07 1.04 2158 19469 1.04 1.01 Chlorpyrifos (34.1%) (32.5%) (1.01, 1.13) (0.98, 1.11) (37.0%) (36.0%) (0.98, 1.10) (0.95, 1.07) 2045 18437 1.04 1.02 2267 20613 1.03 1.01 Abamectin (35.1%) (34.1%) (0.98, 1.10) (0.96, 1.08) (38.8%) (38.1%) (0.98, 1.09) (0.95, 1.07) 1412 13379 0.97 0.94 1521 14003 1.01 0.98 Malathion (24.2%) (24.7%) (0.91, 1.03) (0.88, 1.01) (26.1%) (25.9%) (0.95, 1.07) (0.92, 1.05) 1411 12672 1.04 1.04 1784 16136 1.04 1.03 Imidacloprid (24.2%) (23.4%) (0.98, 1.11) (0.97, 1.11) (30.6%) (29.8%) (0.98, 1.10) (0.97, 1.09) 1272 11689 1.01 0.98 1239 11145 1.04 1.02 Diazinon (21.8%) (21.6%) (0.94, 1.08) (0.92, 1.05) (21.2%) (20.6%) (0.97, 1.11) (0.95, 1.09) 1059 9726 1.01 0.99 1237 11416 1.01 0.98 Permethrin (18.2%) (18.0%) (0.94, 1.09) (0.92, 1.06) (21.2%) (21.1%) (0.94, 1.07) (0.92, 1.05) 708 6529 1.00 0.99 1033 9206 1.05 1.03 Dimethoate (12.1%) (12.1%) (0.92, 1.09) (0.91, 1.08) (17.7%) (17.0%) (0.97, 1.12) (0.96, 1.11) 316 3055 0.96 0.97 605 5614 1.00 1.00 Methyl bromide (5.4%) (5.6%) (0.85, 1.08) (0.86, 1.10) (10.4%) (10.4%) (0.91, 1.09) (0.91, 1.10) 532 5048 0.97 0.96 634 6100 0.96 0.96 Carbaryl (9.1%) (9.3%) (0.89, 1.07) (0.87, 1.06) (10.9%) (11.3%) (0.88, 1.05) (0.88, 1.05) 316 3083 0.95 0.91 477 4380 1.01 0.97 Phosmet (5.4%) (5.7%) (0.84, 1.07) (0.80, 1.03) (8.2%) (8.1%) (0.91, 1.11) (0.88, 1.08) 90 863 0.95 0.90 191 1945 0.90 0.83 Methyl parathion (1.5%) (1.6%) (0.77, 1.19) (0.71, 1.13) (3.3%) (3.6%) (0.77, 1.05) (0.71, 0.98) Spring (Apr-Jun) Fungicide 1618 14129 1.04 1.05 1118 9910 1.02 1.03 Myclobutanil (27.6%) (26.7%) (0.98, 1.11) (0.99, 1.12) (19.1%) (18.7%) (0.95, 1.09) (0.96, 1.10) 1299 11184 1.06 1.05 1286 11219 1.04 1.03 Chlorothalonil (22.2%) (21.1%) (0.99, 1.13) (0.98, 1.12) (21.9%) (21.2%) (0.97, 1.11) (0.96, 1.10) Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 8 of 16

894 8089 0.99 0.98 745 6719 1.00 0.98 Mancozeb (15.2%) (15.3%) (0.92, 1.07) (0.91, 1.06) (12.7%) (12.7%) (0.92, 1.08) (0.91, 1.07) Herbicide 3588 31115 1.10 1.09 3207 28071 1.07 1.05 Glyphosate compounds (61.2%) (58.8%) (1.04, 1.17) (1.03, 1.15) (54.7%) (53.1%) (1.01, 1.13) (0.99, 1.11) 847 6861 1.13 1.09 834 6638 1.16 1.11 Paraquat dichloride (14.4%) (13.0%) (1.05, 1.23) (1.01, 1.18) (14.2%) (12.5%) (1.07, 1.25) (1.02, 1.20) 329 2647 1.12 1.11 524 4332 1.10 1.08 Simazine (5.6%) (5.0%) (1.00, 1.26) (0.98, 1.26) (8.9%) (8.2%) (1.00, 1.21) (0.98, 1.19) Insecticide 2279 19731 1.07 1.03 2162 19042 1.04 1.01 Chlorpyrifos (38.9%) (37.3%) (1.01, 1.13) (0.98, 1.10) (36.9%) (36.0%) (0.98, 1.10) (0.95, 1.07) 2321 20118 1.07 1.05 1786 15309 1.08 1.06 Abamectin (39.6%) (38.0%) (1.01, 1.13) (0.99, 1.11) (30.5%) (28.9%) (1.01, 1.14) (1.00, 1.12) 1587 14264 1.00 1.00 1403 12449 1.02 1.01 Malathion (27.1%) (27.0%) (0.94, 1.06) (0.94, 1.06) (23.9%) (23.5%) (0.96, 1.09) (0.94, 1.07) 1852 15613 1.10 1.10 1614 13970 1.06 1.05 Imidacloprid (31.6%) (29.5%) (1.04, 1.17) (1.03, 1.17) (27.5%) (26.4%) (1.00, 1.13) (0.99, 1.12) 1383 11967 1.05 1.04 1156 10336 1.01 1.00 Diazinon (23.6%) (22.6%) (0.98, 1.12) (0.97, 1.11) (19.7%) (19.5%) (0.94, 1.08) (0.93, 1.07) 1291 11403 1.03 1.00 1113 10167 0.99 0.97 Permethrin (22.0%) (21.6%) (0.96, 1.10) (0.93, 1.07) (19.0%) (19.2%) (0.92, 1.06) (0.90, 1.04) 1074 9434 1.03 1.00 849 7199 1.07 1.04 Dimethoate (18.3%) (17.8%) (0.96, 1.10) (0.93, 1.08) (14.5%) (13.6%) (0.99, 1.16) (0.96, 1.12) 720 6101 1.07 1.08 921 7947 1.05 1.04 Methyl bromide (12.3%) (11.5%) (0.99, 1.17) (0.99, 1.18) (15.7%) (15.0%) (0.97, 1.13) (0.96, 1.12) 718 6474 1.00 1.00 584 5211 1.01 1.00 Carbaryl (12.3%) (12.2%) (0.92, 1.08) (0.91, 1.08) (10.0%) (9.9%) (0.92, 1.10) (0.91, 1.10) 567 4480 1.16 1.13 231 1781 1.17 1.13 Phosmet (9.7%) (8.5%) (1.06, 1.27) (1.03, 1.24) (3.9%) (3.4%) (1.02, 1.35) (0.98, 1.31) 241 1958 1.11 1.05 103 838 1.11 1.01 Methyl parathion (4.1%) (3.7%) (0.96, 1.27) (0.92, 1.21) (1.8%) (1.6%) (0.90, 1.36) (0.82, 1.26) Summer (Jul-Sep) Fungicide 1137 10129 1.00 1.01 1066 8842 1.08 1.10 Myclobutanil (18.6%) (18.6%) (0.93, 1.07) (0.94, 1.09) (17.5%) (16.3%) (1.01, 1.16) (1.02, 1.18) 1277 11513 0.98 0.98 1392 11913 1.05 1.03 Chlorothalonil (21.0%) (21.2%) (0.92, 1.05) (0.91, 1.04) (22.8%) (21.9%) (0.99, 1.12) (0.97, 1.10) 788 6815 1.03 1.01 838 7409 1.00 0.98 Mancozeb (12.9%) (12.5%) (0.95, 1.11) (0.93, 1.10) (13.8%) (13.6%) (0.93, 1.08) (0.91, 1.06) Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 9 of 16

Herbicide 3348 28488 1.11 1.08 3591 30903 1.09 1.07 Glyphosate compounds (54.9%) (52.4%) (1.05, 1.17) (1.02, 1.14) (58.9%) (56.8%) (1.03, 1.15) (1.01, 1.13) 887 6810 1.19 1.14 1122 8805 1.17 1.12 Paraquat dichloride (14.6%) (12.5%) (1.10, 1.28) (1.05, 1.23) (18.4%) (16.2%) (1.09, 1.25) (1.04, 1.20) 518 4466 1.03 1.00 1012 8416 1.08 1.06 Simazine (8.5%) (8.2%) (0.93, 1.13) (0.90, 1.10) (16.6%) (15.5%) (1.00, 1.16) (0.99, 1.14) Insecticide 2348 19375 1.13 1.08 1917 15985 1.10 1.05 Chlorpyrifos (38.5%) (35.6%) (1.07, 1.19) (1.02, 1.14) (31.4%) (29.4%) (1.04, 1.16) (0.99, 1.12) 1805 15720 1.04 1.02 1496 13166 1.02 1.00 Abamectin (29.6%) (28.9%) (0.98, 1.10) (0.96, 1.08) (24.5%) (24.2%) (0.96, 1.08) (0.94, 1.07) 1487 12808 1.05 1.01 1205 10249 1.06 1.03 Malathion (24.4%) (23.6%) (0.98, 1.11) (0.95, 1.08) (19.8%) (18.8%) (0.99, 1.14) (0.97, 1.11) 1702 13993 1.12 1.10 1205 9865 1.11 1.11 Imidacloprid (27.9%) (25.7%) (1.06, 1.19) (1.03, 1.16) (19.8%) (18.1%) (1.04, 1.19) (1.03, 1.19) 1239 10569 1.04 1.00 1376 11248 1.10 1.05 Diazinon (20.3%) (19.4%) (0.97, 1.11) (0.93, 1.07) (22.6%) (20.7%) (1.03, 1.18) (0.99, 1.13) 1227 10145 1.10 1.08 984 8215 1.08 1.05 Permethrin (20.1%) (18.7%) (1.03, 1.17) (1.01, 1.16) (16.1%) (15.1%) (1.00, 1.16) (0.97, 1.13) 942 7349 1.16 1.15 528 4165 1.14 1.12 Dimethoate (15.4%) (13.5%) (1.08, 1.25) (1.06, 1.24) (8.7%) (7.7%) (1.03, 1.25) (1.01, 1.23) 935 8041 1.03 1.03 467 3977 1.04 1.02 Methyl bromide (15.3%) (14.8%) (0.96, 1.11) (0.96, 1.12) (7.7%) (7.3%) (0.94, 1.15) (0.92, 1.13) 646 5337 1.08 1.09 363 3173 1.02 1.02 Carbaryl (10.6%) (9.8%) (0.99, 1.18) (0.99, 1.19) (6.0%) (5.8%) (0.91, 1.14) (0.91, 1.15) 221 1847 1.06 1.00 56 483 1.01 0.97 Phosmet (3.6%) (3.4%) (0.92, 1.23) (0.86, 1.15) (0.9%) (0.9%) (0.76, 1.34) (0.73, 1.29) 109 785 1.23 1.18 6 76 0.74 0.74 Methyl parathion (1.8%) (1.4%) (1.00, 1.51) (0.96, 1.45) (0.1%) (0.1%) (0.33, 1.66) (0.33, 1.66) Fall (Oct-Dec) Fungicide 1018 9698 0.97 0.98 1641 15455 0.99 0.99 Myclobutanil (16.0%) (16.3%) (0.91, 1.04) (0.91, 1.06) (25.7%) (26.0%) (0.93, 1.05) (0.94, 1.06) 1479 13123 1.06 1.06 1694 14685 1.10 1.09 Chlorothalonil (23.2%) (22.0%) (1.00, 1.13) (0.99, 1.12) (26.6%) (24.7%) (1.04, 1.17) (1.03, 1.16) 846 8094 0.96 0.95 1141 10826 0.98 0.97 Mancozeb (13.3%) (13.6%) (0.89, 1.04) (0.88, 1.03) (17.9%) (18.2%) (0.91, 1.04) (0.90, 1.04) Herbicide Glyphosate compounds 3712 34148 1.04 1.04 4075 37277 1.06 1.05 Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 10 of 16

(58.2%) (57.4%) (0.98, 1.09) (0.98, 1.10) (63.9%) (62.6%) (1.00, 1.11) (0.99, 1.11) 1147 9664 1.13 1.09 1088 9492 1.09 1.03 Paraquat dichloride (18.0%) (16.2%) (1.06, 1.21) (1.02, 1.17) (17.1%) (15.9%) (1.01, 1.16) (0.96, 1.11) 993 9258 1.00 1.02 842 7711 1.02 1.03 Simazine (15.6%) (15.6%) (0.93, 1.07) (0.95, 1.10) (13.2%) (13.0%) (0.95, 1.10) (0.96, 1.12) Insecticide 1893 17704 0.99 0.97 2153 19540 1.04 1.01 Chlorpyrifos (29.7%) (29.7%) (0.94, 1.05) (0.91, 1.03) (33.8%) (32.8%) (0.98, 1.10) (0.95, 1.07) 1543 14545 0.98 0.99 2188 20518 0.99 0.99 Abamectin (24.2%) (24.4%) (0.93, 1.04) (0.93, 1.05) (34.3%) (34.5%) (0.94, 1.05) (0.94, 1.05) 1210 11078 1.02 1.02 1585 14727 1.00 1.00 Malathion (19.0%) (18.6%) (0.96, 1.09) (0.95, 1.09) (24.8%) (24.7%) (0.94, 1.06) (0.94, 1.06) 1142 10827 0.98 0.99 1536 14473 0.99 1.00 Imidacloprid (17.9%) (18.2%) (0.92, 1.05) (0.92, 1.06) (24.1%) (24.3%) (0.93, 1.05) (0.94, 1.06) 1425 12289 1.09 1.07 1413 12701 1.04 1.01 Diazinon (22.3%) (20.6%) (1.03, 1.17) (1.00, 1.14) (22.2%) (21.3%) (0.97, 1.10) (0.95, 1.08) 1019 9026 1.06 1.07 1131 10736 0.98 0.97 Permethrin (16.0%) (15.2%) (0.99, 1.14) (1.00, 1.15) (17.7%) (18.0%) (0.91, 1.05) (0.91, 1.04) 499 4593 1.01 0.99 807 7303 1.03 0.99 Dimethoate (7.8%) (7.7%) (0.92, 1.11) (0.90, 1.10) (12.6%) (12.3%) (0.95, 1.11) (0.92, 1.08) 477 4201 1.05 1.03 344 3313 0.96 0.95 Methyl bromide (7.5%) (7.1%) (0.95, 1.16) (0.93, 1.14) (5.4%) (5.6%) (0.85, 1.07) (0.84, 1.06) 345 3426 0.92 0.93 569 5675 0.92 0.92 Carbaryl (5.4%) (5.8%) (0.82, 1.04) (0.83, 1.05) (8.9%) (9.5%) (0.84, 1.01) (0.84, 1.01) 50 585 0.78 0.75 336 3231 0.95 0.93 Phosmet (0.8%) (1.0%) (0.58, 1.04) (0.56, 1.00) (5.3%) (5.4%) (0.85, 1.07) (0.82, 1.04) 8 55 1.35 1.39 101 857 1.09 1.07 Methyl parathion (0.1%) (0.1%) (0.64, 2.82) (0.66, 2.94) (1.6%) (1.4%) (0.88, 1.34) (0.87, 1.32) 1 Adjusted for year of birth. 2 Adjusted for year of birth, maternal age, maternal education, maternal race/ethnicity, parity, prenatal care in first trimester, payment type of prenatal care, maternal birthplace, and neighborhood SES. * Numbers of exposed cases/controls and the percentages in the parenthesis; numbers used in each model may vary depending on missing values.

Table S4. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for trimester exposure to chemical classes and preterm birth, stratified by maternal race/ethnicity.

First trimester Second trimester Chemical Class Preterm Term Preterm 1 2 Term Birth* 1 2 Birth* Birth* OR OR Birth* OR OR Whites No. of carbamates ever exposed to 0 (ref.) 3871 43919 3854 43848 Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 11 of 16

(66.0%) (66.9%) (65.7%) (66.8%) 1042 11555 1.02 1.01 1081 11720 1.05 1.02 1 (17.8%) (17.6%) (0.95, 1.10) (0.94, 1.09) (18.4%) (17.9%) (0.98, 1.12) (0.95, 1.10) 952 10173 1.06 1.00 929 10078 1.04 1.00 2+ (16.2%) (15.5%) (0.98, 1.14) (0.93, 1.08) (15.8%) (15.4%) (0.97, 1.13) (0.92, 1.08) No. of organophosphates ever exposed to 2591 29817 2628 29916 0 (ref.) (44.2%) (45.4%) (44.8%) (45.6%) 1173 12932 1.04 1.04 1188 13221 1.02 1.01 1 (20.0%) (19.7%) (0.97, 1.12) (0.96, 1.12) (20.3%) (20.1%) (0.95, 1.10) (0.94, 1.09) 2100 22897 1.05 1.04 2049 22510 1.03 1.00 2+ (35.8%) (34.9%) (0.99, 1.11) (0.98, 1.10) (34.9%) (34.3%) (0.97, 1.09) (0.94, 1.07) No. of pyrethroids ever exposed to 3164 36432 3214 36350 0 (ref.) (54.0%) (55.5%) (54.8%) (55.4%) 1140 12607 1.04 1.03 1131 12502 1.02 1.02 1 (19.4%) (19.2%) (0.97, 1.12) (0.96, 1.11) (19.3%) (19.0%) (0.95, 1.10) (0.95, 1.09) 1560 16608 1.08 1.07 1519 16795 1.02 1.00 2+ (26.6%) (25.3%) (1.01, 1.15) (1.00, 1.14) (25.9%) (25.6%) (0.96, 1.09) (0.94, 1.07) US-born Hispanics No. of carbamates ever exposed to 3354 28286 3345 28205 0 (ref.) (61.7%) (63.6%) (61.5%) (63.4%) 1024 8154 1.05 1.03 1053 8143 1.09 1.07 1 (18.8%) (18.3%) (0.98, 1.13) (0.95, 1.11) (19.4%) (18.3%) (1.01, 1.17) (0.99, 1.15) 1057 8016 1.11 1.07 1038 8109 1.07 1.04 2+ (19.5%) (18.0%) (1.03, 1.19) (0.99, 1.15) (19.1%) (18.2%) (1.00, 1.16) (0.96, 1.12) No. of organophosphates ever exposed to 2010 16590 2006 16693 0 (ref.) (37.0%) (37.3%) (36.9%) (37.5%) 1233 9856 1.03 1.03 1264 9760 1.07 1.08 1 (22.7%) (22.2%) (0.96, 1.11) (0.95, 1.11) (23.3%) (22.0%) (1.00, 1.16) (1.00, 1.16) 2193 18011 1.00 0.97 2166 18004 0.99 0.97 2+ (40.3%) (40.5%) (0.93, 1.06) (0.91, 1.04) (39.8%) (40.5%) (0.93, 1.06) (0.91, 1.04) No. of pyrethroids ever exposed to 2543 21748 2543 21581 0 (ref.) (46.8%) (48.9%) (46.8%) (48.5%) 1192 9362 1.09 1.08 1194 9349 1.08 1.10 1 (21.9%) (21.1%) (1.01, 1.17) (1.00, 1.16) (22.0%) (21.0%) (1.01, 1.16) (1.02, 1.18) Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 12 of 16

1701 13347 1.09 1.07 1699 13526 1.07 1.05 2+ (31.3%) (30.0%) (1.02, 1.16) (1.00, 1.14) (31.2%) (30.4%) (1.00, 1.14) (0.98, 1.12) Non-US-born Hispanics No. of carbamates ever exposed to 4818 44109 4787 44163 0 (ref.) (60.5%) (61.4%) (60.1%) (61.4%) 1501 13571 1.01 1.02 1500 13421 1.03 1.04 1 (18.8%) (18.9%) (0.95, 1.07) (0.96, 1.09) (18.8%) (18.7%) (0.96, 1.09) (0.97, 1.10) 1649 14192 1.06 1.05 1681 14287 1.08 1.06 2+ (20.7%) (19.7%) (1.00, 1.12) (0.98, 1.11) (21.1%) (19.9%) (1.02, 1.15) (1.00, 1.13) No. of organophosphates ever exposed to 2705 25441 2674 25491 0 (ref.) (33.9%) (35.4%) (33.6%) (35.5%) 1682 15476 1.02 1.00 1748 15523 1.07 1.07 1 (21.1%) (21.5%) (0.96, 1.09) (0.94, 1.07) (21.9%) (21.6%) (1.01, 1.14) (1.00, 1.14) 3582 30953 1.08 1.05 3546 30858 1.09 1.05 2+ (45.0%) (43.1%) (1.03, 1.14) (0.99, 1.11) (44.5%) (42.9%) (1.03, 1.15) (1.00, 1.11) No. of pyrethroids ever exposed to 3579 33219 3537 33010 0 (ref.) (44.9%) (46.2%) (44.4%) (45.9%) 1667 15094 1.02 1.01 1650 14976 1.02 1.01 1 (20.9%) (21.0%) (0.96, 1.09) (0.94, 1.07) (20.7%) (20.8%) (0.96, 1.09) (0.95, 1.07) 2723 23558 1.07 1.06 2781 23885 1.09 1.07 2+ (34.2%) (32.8%) (1.02, 1.13) (1.00, 1.12) (34.9%) (33.2%) (1.03, 1.14) (1.02, 1.13) 1 Adjusted for year of birth, infant sex. 2 Adjusted for year of birth, infant sex, maternal age, maternal education, parity, prenatal care in first trimester, payment type of prenatal care, and neighborhood SES. * Numbers of exposed cases/controls and the percentages in the parenthesis; numbers used in each model may vary depending on missing values.

Table S5. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for trimester exposure to individual pesticides (ever vs never) and term low birthweight.

First trimester Second trimester Third trimester Term Term Pesticide Term Low Term Low Term Low Term Normal Normal 1 2 Normal 1 2 1 2 Birthweight* OR OR Birthweight* OR OR Birthweight* Birthweight* OR OR Birthweight* Birthweight* 1019 42545 1.01 1.03 1093 43089 1.08 1.11 1106 43578 1.09 1.11 Myclobutanil (21.7%) (21.6%) (0.94, 1.08) (0.96, 1.11) (23.2%) (21.8%) (1.01, 1.16) (1.03, 1.19) (23.5%) (22.1%) (1.01, 1.16) (1.04, 1.20) Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 13 of 16

1054 43972 1.01 1.00 1089 43838 1.06 1.06 1058 43593 1.03 1.02 Chlorothalonil (22.4%) (22.3%) (0.94, 1.08) (0.93, 1.08) (23.2%) (22.2%) (0.99, 1.13) (0.98, 1.13) (22.5%) (22.1%) (0.96, 1.10) (0.95, 1.09) 698 29225 1.01 0.99 661 29420 0.93 0.93 675 29243 0.97 0.95 Mancozeb (14.8%) (14.8%) (0.93, 1.09) (0.91, 1.08) (14.1%) (14.9%) (0.86, 1.02) (0.85, 1.01) (14.4%) (14.8%) (0.89, 1.05) (0.88, 1.04) Glyphosate 2685 114047 0.97 0.98 2701 114105 0.98 1.00 2683 114236 0.97 0.98 compounds (57.1%) (57.8%) (0.91, 1.03) (0.92, 1.04) (57.4%) (57.8%) (0.93, 1.04) (0.94, 1.06) (57.0%) (57.9%) (0.91, 1.02) (0.93, 1.05) Paraquat 665 28421 0.98 1.00 680 28358 1.01 1.03 687 28126 1.03 1.07 dichloride (14.1%) (14.4%) (0.90, 1.06) (0.92, 1.09) (14.5%) (14.4%) (0.93, 1.09) (0.95, 1.13) (14.6%) (14.3%) (0.95, 1.12) (0.98, 1.17) 479 20661 0.97 1.01 453 20332 0.93 0.96 467 19897 0.98 1.04 Simazine (10.2%) (10.5%) (0.88, 1.07) (0.91, 1.11) (9.6%) (10.3%) (0.84, 1.02) (0.87, 1.07) (9.9%) (10.1%) (0.89, 1.08) (0.94, 1.15) 1550 66359 0.97 0.98 1486 65983 0.92 0.93 1488 66319 0.91 0.92 Chlorpyrifos (32.9%) (33.6%) (0.91, 1.03) (0.92, 1.05) (31.6%) (33.4%) (0.86, 0.98) (0.87, 0.99) (31.6%) (33.6%) (0.86, 0.97) (0.87, 0.99) 1497 61500 1.03 1.02 1457 62299 0.97 0.96 1452 62605 0.96 0.96 Abamectin (31.8%) (31.2%) (0.97, 1.10) (0.96, 1.09) (31.0%) (31.6%) (0.91, 1.04) (0.90, 1.02) (30.9%) (31.7%) (0.90, 1.02) (0.90, 1.02) 1080 46146 0.98 0.97 1087 45963 0.99 0.98 1106 46551 1.00 1.00 Malathion (23.0%) (23.4%) (0.91, 1.05) (0.90, 1.04) (23.1%) (23.3%) (0.93, 1.06) (0.91, 1.05) (23.5%) (23.6%) (0.93, 1.07) (0.93, 1.07) 1128 47471 1.00 1.02 1146 48701 0.98 1.01 1131 49673 0.94 0.94 Imidacloprid (24.0%) (24.1%) (0.93, 1.07) (0.95, 1.09) (24.4%) (24.7%) (0.92, 1.05) (0.94, 1.08) (24.1%) (25.2%) (0.88, 1.01) (0.88, 1.01) 1011 41379 1.04 1.03 974 40383 1.02 1.03 892 39846 0.93 0.92 Diazinon (21.5%) (21.0%) (0.97, 1.12) (0.96, 1.11) (20.7%) (20.5%) (0.95, 1.10) (0.95, 1.11) (19.0%) (20.2%) (0.86, 1.00) (0.85, 0.99) 890 35906 1.05 1.07 878 36100 1.02 1.04 850 36228 0.98 0.99 Permethrin (18.9%) (18.2%) (0.97, 1.13) (0.99, 1.15) (18.7%) (18.3%) (0.95, 1.10) (0.96, 1.12) (18.1%) (18.4%) (0.91, 1.05) (0.92, 1.07) 608 24722 1.04 1.06 585 24747 0.99 1.00 545 24803 0.91 0.91 Dimethoate (12.9%) (12.5%) (0.95, 1.13) (0.97, 1.16) (12.4%) (12.5%) (0.91, 1.08) (0.92, 1.10) (11.6%) (12.6%) (0.83, 1.00) (0.83, 1.00) Methyl 444 18934 0.98 1.01 450 18423 1.03 1.05 465 18349 1.07 1.07 bromide (9.4%) (9.6%) (0.89, 1.08) (0.91, 1.12) (9.6%) (9.3%) (0.93, 1.14) (0.95, 1.17) (9.9%) (9.3%) (0.97, 1.18) (0.96, 1.18) 441 17919 1.04 1.07 421 17871 0.99 0.99 403 17936 0.94 0.97 Carbaryl (9.4%) (9.1%) (0.94, 1.15) (0.96, 1.18) (8.9%) (9.1%) (0.89, 1.10) (0.89, 1.11) (8.6%) (9.1%) (0.85, 1.04) (0.87, 1.08) 216 8863 1.02 1.04 205 8721 0.99 1.01 214 8980 1.00 1.07 Phosmet (4.6%) (4.5%) (0.89, 1.18) (0.90, 1.20) (4.4%) (4.4%) (0.86, 1.14) (0.87, 1.17) (4.6%) (4.6%) (0.87, 1.15) (0.93, 1.23) Methyl 71 3239 0.92 0.89 70 3279 0.90 0.86 62 3297 0.79 0.74 parathion (1.5%) (1.6%) (0.73, 1.17) (0.70, 1.14) (1.5%) (1.7%) (0.71, 1.14) (0.67, 1.11) (1.3%) (1.7%) (0.62, 1.02) (0.57, 0.97) 1 Adjusted for year of birth, infant sex. 2 Adjusted for year of birth, infant sex, maternal age, maternal education, maternal race/ethnicity, paternal race, parity, prenatal care in first trimester, payment type of prenatal care, maternal birthplace, and neighborhood SES. * Numbers of exposed cases/controls and the percentages in the parenthesis; numbers used in each model may vary depending on missing values.

Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 14 of 16

Table S6. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for trimester exposure to chemical classes and term low birthweight.

First trimester Second trimester Third trimester Term Chemical Term Low Term Low Term Normal Term Low Term Normal Normal Class 1 2 1 2 Birthweigh 1 2 Birthweight* Birthweight* OR OR Birthweight* Birthweight* OR OR Birthwe OR OR t* ight* No. of carbamates ever exposed to 3073 128830 3083 128657 3129 128964 0 (ref.) (65.3%) (65.3%) (65.6%) (65.2%) (66.5%) (65.4%) 863 35943 1.01 1.00 861 36045 1.00 0.99 819 35834 0.94 0.93 1 (18.3%) (18.2%) (0.93, 1.09) (0.93, 1.09) (18.3%) (18.3%) (0.92, 1.08) (0.91, 1.07) (17.4%) (18.2%) (0.87, 1.02) (0.86, 1.01) 768 32547 0.99 1.01 759 32618 0.97 0.99 755 32523 0.96 0.98 2+ (16.3%) (16.5%) (0.91, 1.07) (0.93, 1.09) (16.1%) (16.5%) (0.90, 1.05) (0.91, 1.07) (16.1%) (16.5%) (0.89, 1.04) (0.90, 1.07) No. of organophosphates ever exposed to 1931 80625 1948 81166 1985 81408 0 (ref.) (41.1%) (40.9%) (41.4%) (41.1%) (42.2%) (41.3%) 972 41534 0.98 0.98 962 41543 0.97 0.96 933 41134 0.93 0.93 1 (20.7%) (21.0%) (0.91, 1.06) (0.90, 1.06) (20.5%) (21.1%) (0.89, 1.05) (0.88, 1.04) (19.8%) (20.8%) (0.86, 1.01) (0.86, 1.01) 1800 75160 1.00 0.99 1793 74612 1.00 1.00 1785 74778 0.98 0.98 2+ (38.3%) (38.1%) (0.94, 1.07) (0.93, 1.06) (38.1%) (37.8%) (0.94, 1.07) (0.93, 1.07) (38.0%) (37.9%) (0.92, 1.05) (0.91, 1.05) No. of pyrethroids ever exposed to 2354 100915 2356 100575 2402 100240 0 (ref.) (50.1%) (51.1%) (50.1%) (51.0%) (51.1%) (50.8%) 951 39843 1.02 1.00 922 39417 1.00 0.98 913 39210 0.97 0.97 1 (20.2%) (20.2%) (0.95, 1.10) (0.92, 1.08) (19.6%) (20.0%) (0.92, 1.08) (0.91, 1.06) (19.4%) (19.9%) (0.90, 1.05) (0.89, 1.05) 1398 56563 1.06 1.05 1425 57328 1.06 1.06 1388 57869 1.00 1.00 2+ (29.7%) (28.7%) (0.99, 1.13) (0.98, 1.13) (30.3%) (29.1%) (0.99, 1.13) (0.99, 1.13) (29.5%) (29.3%) (0.94, 1.07) (0.93, 1.07) 1 Adjusted for year of birth, infant sex. 2 Adjusted for year of birth, infant sex, maternal age, maternal education, maternal race/ethnicity, paternal race, parity, prenatal care in first trimester, payment type of prenatal care, maternal birthplace, and neighborhood SES. * Numbers of exposed cases/controls and the percentages in the parenthesis; numbers used in each model may vary depending on missing values.

Table S7. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for trimester exposure to chemical classes and spontaneous preterm birth.

First trimester Second trimester Chemical Class Preterm Term 1 2 3 Preterm Term 1 2 3 Birth* Birth* OR OR OR Birth* Birth* OR OR OR No. of carbamates ever exposed to 0 8470 143956 8421 143806 Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 15 of 16

(ref.) (63.2%) (65.2%) (62.8%) (65.1%) 2513 40328 1.05 1.03 1.02 2571 40390 1.07 1.05 1.04 1 (18.7%) (18.3%) (1.00, 1.10) (0.99, 1.08) (0.97, 1.07) (19.2%) (18.3%) (1.03, 1.12) (1.00, 1.10) (0.98, 1.09) 2420 36613 1.10 1.05 1.02 2409 36702 1.10 1.06 1.04 2+ (18.1%) (16.6%) (1.05, 1.16) (1.00, 1.11) (0.96, 1.09) (18.0%) (16.6%) (1.05, 1.16) (1.01, 1.11) (0.98, 1.11) No. of organophosphates ever exposed to 0 5238 90246 5171 90715

(ref.) (39.1%) (40.9%) (38.6%) (41.1%) 2818 46306 1.04 1.01 0.98 2911 46494 1.09 1.06 1.04 1 (21.0%) (21.0%) (0.99, 1.09) (0.96, 1.06) (0.93, 1.03) (21.7%) (21.0%) (1.04, 1.14) (1.01, 1.11) (0.99, 1.09) 5346 84346 1.07 1.02 0.95 5320 83688 1.09 1.03 0.98 2+ (39.9%) (38.2%) (1.03, 1.11) (0.98, 1.06) (0.90, 1.01) (39.7%) (37.9%) (1.05, 1.13) (0.99, 1.08) (0.93, 1.03) No. of pyrethroids ever exposed to 0 6543 112936 6537 112617

(ref.) (48.8%) (51.1%) (48.8%) (51.0%) 2773 44681 1.07 1.05 1.06 2808 44247 1.09 1.07 1.06 1 (20.7%) (20.2%) (1.02, 1.12) (1.00, 1.10) (1.00, 1.11) (21.0%) (20.0%) (1.04, 1.14) (1.02, 1.12) (1.01, 1.11) 4086 63281 1.12 1.08 1.10 4058 64034 1.09 1.06 1.05 2+ (30.5%) (28.6%) (1.07, 1.16) (1.03, 1.13) (1.04, 1.16) (30.3%) (29.0%) (1.05, 1.14) (1.02, 1.11) (0.99, 1.11) 1 Adjusted for year of birth, infant sex. 2 Adjusted for year of birth, infant sex, maternal age, maternal education, maternal race/ethnicity, paternal race, parity, prenatal care in first trimester, payment type of prenatal care, maternal birthplace, and neighborhood SES. 3 Adjusted for year of birth, infant sex, maternal age, maternal education, maternal race/ethnicity, paternal race, parity, prenatal care in first trimester, payment type of prenatal care, maternal birthplace, neighborhood SES, and co-exposures to other two chemical classes. * Numbers of exposed cases/controls and the percentages in the parenthesis; numbers used in each model may vary depending on missing values. Toxics 2018, 6, doi:10.3390/toxics6030041 16 of 16

Figure S1. Study subjects in agricultural and non-agricultural regions.