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BAMS State of the Climate in 2020, Chapter 4 the Tropics

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BAMS State of the Climate in 2020, Chapter 4 the Tropics STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2020 THE TROPICS H. J. Diamond and C. J. Schreck, Eds. Special Online Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol.102, No. 8, August, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0080.1 Corresponding author: Howard J. Diamond / [email protected] ©2021 American Meteorological Society For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy. AUGUST 2021 | State of the Climate in 2020 4. THE TROPICS S199 STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2020 THE TROPICS Editors Jessica Blunden Tim Boyer Chapter Editors Freya Aldred Peter Bissolli Howard J. Diamond Matthew L. Druckenmiller Robert J. H. Dunn Catherine Ganter Nadine Gobron Gregory C. Johnson Tim Li Rick Lumpkin Ademe Mekonnen John B. Miller Twila A. Moon Ahira Sánchez-Lugo Ted A. Scambos Carl J. Schreck III Sharon Stammerjohn Richard L. Thoman Kate M. Willett Technical Editor Andrea Andersen BAMS Special Editor for Climate Michael A. Alexander American Meteorological Society AUGUST 2021 | State of the Climate in 2020 4. THE TROPICS S200 Cover credit: Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies along the equatorial Pacific in November 2020 compared to the long-term 30-year average from 1981–2010; the blue colors across the equatorial Pacific Ocean indicate below-normal SSTs that are a key and canonical feature associated with the La Niña conditions in place at the time. The Tropics is one chapter from the State of the Climate in 2020 annual report and is available from https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0080.1. Compiled by NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate in 2020 is based on contributions from scientists from around the world. It provides a detailed update on global climate indicators, notable weather events, and other data collected by environmental monitoring stations and instruments located on land, water, ice, and in space. The full report is available from https://doi.org/10.1175/2021BAMSStateoftheClimate.1. How to cite this document: Citing the complete report: Blunden, J. and T. Boyer, Eds., 2021: “State of the Climate in 2020”. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 102 (8), Si–S475, https://doi.org/10.1175/2021BAMSStateoftheClimate.1. Citing this chapter: Diamond, H.J. and C. J. Schreck, Eds., 2021: The Tropics [in “State of the Climate in 2020”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 102 (8), S199–S261, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0080.1. Citing a section (example): Domingues, R., G. J. Goni, J. A. Knaff, I-I Lin, and F. Bringas, 2021: Tropical cyclone heat potential [in “State of the Climate in 2020”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 102 (8), S252–S255, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0080.1. AUGUST 2021 | State of the Climate in 2020 4. THE TROPICS S201 Editor and Author Affiliations (alphabetical by name) Becker, Emily, J., University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine & Landsea, Chris W., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida Lin, I.-I., National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Bell, Gerald D., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland Lorrey, Andrew M., National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Blake, Eric S., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand Bond, Stephanie, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Perth, Australia Luo, Jing-Jia, Institute for Climate and Application Research (ICAR)/KLME/ Bringas, Francis G., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological ILCEC/CIC-FEMD, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Laboratory, Miami, Florida Nanjing, China Camargo, Suzana J., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, MacRitchie, Kyle, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Palisades, New York Maryland Chen, Lin, Institute for Climate and Application Research (ICAR)/KLME/ILCEC/ Magee, Andrew D., Centre for Water, Climate and Land, School of CIC-FEMD, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Nanjing, China Australia Coelho, Caio A. S., CPTEC/INPE Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Noll, Ben, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd., Studies, National Institute for Space Research, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil Auckland, New Zealand Diamond, Howard J., NOAA/OAR Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, Pasch, Richard J., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida Maryland Pezza, Alexandre B., Greater Wellington Regional Council, Wellington, New Domingues, Ricardo, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Zealand Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida Rosencrans, Matthew, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Goldenberg, Stanley B., NOAA/OAR/AOML Hurricane Research Division, Maryland Miami, Florida Schreck III, Carl J., North Carolina State University, Cooperative Institute for Goni, Gustavo, NOAA/OAR/AOML Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida Climate and Satellites–North Carolina (CICS-NC), Asheville, North Carolina Fauchereau, Nicolas, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Tippet, Michael K., Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand Columbia University, New York, New York Halpert, Michael S., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Trewin, Blair C., Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Maryland Australia He, Qiong, Earth System Modeling Center, Nanjing University of Information Truchelut, Ryan E., “WeatherTiger,” Tallahassee, Florida Science and Technology, Nanjing, China Wang, Bin, Department of Atmospheric Science and IPRC, University of Hawaii, Klotzbach, Philip J., Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State Honolulu, Hawaii University, Fort Collins, Colorado Wang, Hui, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland Knaff, John A., NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Wood, Kimberly M., Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Mississippi State, Mississippi L'Heureux, Michelle, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Woolley, John-Mark, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Maryland Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand Young, Steven, H., Independent Researcher, Long Beach, California Editoral and Production Team Allen, Jessicca, Graphics Support, Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth Misch, Deborah J., Graphics Support, Innovative Consulting and Management System Studies, North Carolina State University, Asheville, North Carolina Services, LLC, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Andersen, Andrea, Technical Editor, Innovative Consulting and Management Information, Asheville, North Carolina Services, LLC, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Riddle, Deborah B., Graphics Support, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Information, Asheville, North Carolina Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Hammer, Gregory, Content Team Lead, Communications and Outreach, Veasey, Sara W., Visual Communications Team Lead, Communications and NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, Outreach, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, North Carolina Asheville, North Carolina Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Lead Graphics Production, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina AUGUST 2021 | State of the Climate in 2020 4. THE TROPICS S202 4. Table of Contents List of authors and affiliations ..............................................................................................S202 a. Overview ............................................................................................................................S204 b. ENSO and the tropical Pacific ............................................................................................S205 1. Oceanic conditions ......................................................................................................S205 2. Atmospheric circulation and precipitation anomalies from December–February 2019/20 to June–August 2020 .................................................. S207 3. Atmospheric circulation, and precipitation anomalies during La Niña (September–November 2020) ..................................................................................... S208 c. Tropical intraseasonal activity ............................................................................................ S210 d. Intertropical convergence zones ........................................................................................ S213 1. Pacific ............................................................................................................................ S213 2. Atlantic ......................................................................................................................... S215 e. Global monsoon summary .................................................................................................. S217 f. Indian Ocean dipole and unique Indian Ocean basin warming in 2020 .......................... S220 g. Tropical cyclones .................................................................................................................. S222 1. Overview ...................................................................................................................... S222 2. Atlantic basin ..............................................................................................................
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