IAEA-TECDOC-1431 Determination of human pathogen profiles in food by quality assured microbial assays Proceedings of a final Research Coordination Meeting held in Mexico City, Mexico, 22–26 July 2002 January 2005 IAEA-TECDOC-1431 Determination of human pathogen profiles in food by quality assured microbial assays Proceedings of a final Research Coordination Meeting held in Mexico City, Mexico, 22–26 July 2002 January 2005 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Food and Environmental Protection Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria DETERMINATION OF HUMAN PATHOGEN PROFILES IN FOOD BY QUALITY ASSURED MICROBIAL ASSAYS IAEA, VIENNA, 2005 IAEA-TECDOC-1431 ISBN 92–0–115704–5 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2005 Printed by the IAEA in Austria January 2005 FOREWORD International trade in agricultural products and commodities has been expanding greatly during the last decade with a value estimated at US $583 billion, which represents 42,5% of the world exports of primary products (WTO, 2002). A substantial proportion of international food trade originates in developing countries. The increase in the international market has also enlarged the possibility of introducing new food borne pathogens into the importing countries (e.g. novel Salmonella spp. strains) or of spreading pathogens across boundaries from endemic to low incidence areas (e.g. Vibrio cholerae). As a result of this, some countries have imposed food safety-based technical barriers to trade including, for instance, restrictions due to scientifically insupportable low tolerance levels for Salmonella, Listeria and other pathogens. Such barriers can effectively limit or block international trade in food and can result in substantial economic loss to the exporting country. This situation has generated an urgent need to identify the major food microbial contaminants and their levels in the main foods exported in the international food market, as well as the need to produce specific data to conduct better risk assessments on food in importing and exporting countries. In August 1997, an FAO/IAEA Consultants Meeting on Microbiological Contamination of Food was held in Vienna with the objectives to 1) evaluate the importance of microbiological contamination of foods in relation to international trade and identify major food borne microbiological contaminants of relevance to international trade, 2) examine the impact of national, regional and international agreements, standards, guidelines/legislation and requirements concerning microbiological contaminants in food traded internationally, 3) advise on areas in food safety microbiology which the FAO/IAEA Training and Reference Centre for Food and Pesticide Control should cover, and 4) prepare a plan of activities for the FAO/IAEA Training and Reference Centre in Food Safety Microbiology for the short and medium terms. As a result of the discussions at the consultants meeting, a plan for four types of activities was approved: i) training of regulators and processors in HACCP-based food production, ii) enhancement of laboratory activities for specific purposes, iii) compilation of microbiological methods, and iv) research elements. In conjunction with the research elements it was recommended that a Coordinated Research Project (CRP) on Determination of Human Pathogens Profiles in Food by Quality Assured Microbial Assays be held. The Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture initiated the CRP in 1998 with 12 research contract holders and three research contract agreements. The first meeting of this CRP was hosted by the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, (2–6 November 1998). The second meeting was hosted by the Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Institute Petanian, Bogar, Indonesia (16–20 October 2000) and the final meeting was held in Mexico DF, Mexico (22–26 July 2002) at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Mexico. This publication presents the research results obtained during the period 1998–2002. The IAEA officers responsible for this CRP and publication were P. Loaharanu and during the last phase T. Rubio of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. The latter was responsible for organizing the final research coordination meeting and finalizing the preparation of its proceeding for publication with the assistance of K. Newton who compiled the first draft of the manuscript. EDITORIAL NOTE This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the authors. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. CONTENTS Summary of the coordinated research project............................................................................ 1 Compilation of microbiological testing results for human pathogens and indicators bacteria in foods imported by Australia during recent years............................................... 13 K. Newton Studies on methods for detection of Salmonella sp. in meat with regard to equivalency and compatibility................................................................................................................. 19 P. Paulsen, F.J.M. Smulders, Z. Girma, R. Farghaly Presence of Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in raw meat, in São Paulo City, Brazil, and evaluation of low temperature (refrigeration and freezing) resistance of these bacteria............................................................................ 35 M. Jakabi, D.S. Gelli, C.A. Ristori, A.M.R. De Paula, H. Sakuma, G.I.S. Lopez, S.A. Fernandes, R.B. Luchesi Determination of bacterial pathogen in foods for export and their raw material..................... 43 E. Marambio, A.M.Cordano, M. Insunza, M. Fernandez, J. Astorgac Microbiological quality of some major fishery products exported from India........................ 51 J.R.M. Bandekar, S. Karani, R. Jadhav, A. Shashidhar, S. Kakatkar, K Pingulkar, N Ghadge, S.B.R. Warrier, V. Venugopal, K. Panda, A. Bhat, A. S. Kamat Determination of contamination profiles of human bacterial pathogens in shrimp obtained from Java, Indonesia............................................................................................. 63 R. Dewanti-Hariyadi, Suliantari, L. Nuraida, S. Fardiaz Development of a rapid detection method for pathogenic E. coli group by multiplex PCR and determination of profiles of food pathogens from imported seafood in the Republic of Korea......................................................................... 71 ChangMin Kim, GunJo Woo, DongHa Lee, SunHee Park, HyoSun Kwak, YunSook Kang, JongSuk Park, SoonHo Lee Detection of Salmonella sp., Shigella (flexneri and sonnei) and Vibrio cholerae O1 by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in exported shrimp from the Mexican northeast coast............................................................. 83 L. Perez, F. Nunez, M. Rubio, M. Nicoli Determination of profiles of human bacteria pathogens in Nigerian fish and seafood for export................................................................................................................ 97 A.A. Falana Human bacterial pathogens in exported and imported foods and evaluation of methods of analysis ..................................................................................... 105 A. Lustre, J. Ramos, R. Elano, C. Co, Z. Manalastas Determination of profiles of Salmonella and pathogenic Vibrio spp. in black tiger shrimp for export by introduction of quality assured microbiological assays ............................................................................. 121 N. Wongchinda, S. Sirimanuyutt, R. Piromrak, S. Rachniyom List of Participants ................................................................................................................. 131 SUMMARY OF THE COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT 1. INTRODUCTION In the year 2002, agricultural commodities represented 9,3% (US $583 billion) of world merchandise trade and 42,5% of world exports of primary products (WTO, 2002). During recent years, the exportation of agricultural commodities has increased an average of 8% which has increased the possibility of introducing new pests and/or pathogens or of spreading pests or pathogens across boundaries from endemic to low incidence areas. Some countries have imposed food safety-based technical barriers to trade such as unsupportable low tolerance levels for some microbial pathogens which has produced unnecessary restrictions in the international trade. At present, international trade is governed by the World Trade Organization (WTO), which was established in 1995 as a successor of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO is