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Pteropods in the World Atlas of Marine Plankton Functional Types

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Pteropods in the World Atlas of Marine Plankton Functional Types UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES PTEROPODS IN THE WORLD ATLAS OF MARINE PLANKTON FUNCTIONAL TYPES DIPLOMA THESIS Jasna MOŽINA Supervisor: dr. Nina Bednaršek Nova Gorica, 2013 DECLARATION The work presented in this bachelor thesis is the result of the original research work of the author. The results in this thesis, either obtained in collaboration with other researches or contributed by the researches (experts) themselves are marked explicitly and cited accordingly. IZJAVA Izjavljam, da je diplomsko delo rezultat lastnega raziskovalnega dela. Rezultati, ki so nastali v okviru skupnega raziskovanja z drugimi raziskovalci, ali so jih prispevali drugi raziskovalci (strokovnjaki), so eksplicitno prikazani oziroma navedeni (citirani) v diplomskem delu. Jasna Možina II Acknowledgements Many thanks go to my mentor and supervisor Dr. Nina Bednaršek for all the help, assistance and guidance during the research and writing of this diploma thesis. Sincere thanks also to my parents and my friends who supported me and stood by my side during my studies. Zahvala Zahvaljujem se svoji mentorici, Dr. Nini Bednaršek, za vso pomoč, usmerjanje in vodenje pri raziskovalnem delu in pisanju diplomskega dela. Resnično velik hvala tudi mojim staršem in mojim prijateljem, ki so me podpirali in mi stali ob strani ves čas mojega študija. III Summary Pteropods are marine holoplanktonic molluscs that are widely distributed across world oceans and are recently in the spotlight of research due to their vulnerability to global ocean changes, such as ocean acidification, warming and deoxygenation. They play an important ecological and biochemical role in marine ecosystems, this making them one of several important plankton functional types. Based on their functionality, they are to be included into models of marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles, which requires sufficient amount of data to be collected prior incorporating a group into the model. With the aim of becoming a valuable model validation tool, the first global database of pteropod carbon biomass was thus created under the MARine Ecosystem Data (MAREDAT) initiative - a collective effort of scientists to create a global marine atlas of important plankton functional types. Data analysis provided an overview of the pteropod distribution on the temporal and spatial (latitudinal and vertical) scale. Biomass concentration of pteropods was the highest at the poles and generally decreased towards equator, while vertical distribution peaked at the surface 0-10 m and gradually decreased with depth. The global calculated mean and median biomass concentrations were 4.6 mg C m-3 (std= 62.5) and 0.015 mg C m-3, respectively with annual carbon production of 444-505 Tg C yr-1. Mean global carbonate biomass of -3 thecosomes was 23.17 mg CaCO3 m with annual aragonite production of 829-943 Tg -1 CaCO3 yr . Key Words: pteropods, carbon biomass, aragonite shell, ocean acidification, biogeochemical models Povzetek Pteropodi so majhni morski holoplanktonski mehkužci razširjeni v svetovnih oceanih. Zakisljevanje, segrevanje in deoksigenacija morja, kot posledice globalnih klimatskih sprememb, naj bi bistveno vplivale na pteropode, ki so zato postali fokus raziskav. Ker lahko v morskih ekosistemih igrajo pomembno ekološko in biogeokemijsko vlogo, so bili prepoznani kot ena izmed funkcionalnih planktonskih skupin, ki jih je pomembno vključevati v modele, ki simulirajo funkcioniranje morskih ekosistemov in biogeokemijske cikle. Pogoj za slednje je zadostna količina podatkov o pteropodih. Z namenom uporabe podatkov za sestavo in preverjanje modelov, je bila ustvarjena prva baza s podatki o globalni ogljikovi biomasi pteropodov, kot del mednarodne iniciative MARine Ecosystem DATa (MAREDAT). Namen slednje je ustvariti svetovni atlas pomembnih planktonskih funkcionalnih tipov. Rezultati analize podatkov o biomasi pteropodov so prikazali porazdelitev zbiranja podatkov biomase v časovnem in prostorskem okviru ter globalno geografsko, vertikalno in sezonsko razširjenost biomase pteropodov. Biomasa pteropodov je bila najvišja na polih in je splošno padala proti ekvatorju, vertikalno pa so bile najvišje biomase izmerjene med 0-10 m in so padale z globino. Povprečna izračunana globalna ogljikova biomasa pteropodov je bila 6 mg C m-3 (std= 62,5), z mediano 0,015 mg C m-3 in letno globalno produkcijo ogljika 444-505 Tg C leto-1. Globalna karbonatna biomasa pteropodov z aragonitnimi lupinami -3 -1 je bila 23,17 mg CaCO3 m , letna produkcija karbonata pa 829-943 Tg CaCO3 leto . Ključne besede: pteropodi, ogljikova biomasa, aragonitna lupina, zakisljevanje morja, biogeokemijski modeli IV Obsežnejši povzetek v slovenščini Pteropodi v svetovnem atlasu morskih planktonskih funkcionalnih tipov Diplomsko delo 1 UVOD 1.1 Splošni uvod Posledica človekovih dejavnosti, pri katerih se v ozračje sproščajo velike količine ogljikovega dioksida (CO2), so klimatske spremembe ter globalno segrevanje planeta (Sabine C.L. in sod., 2004; IPCC, 2007; Gruber N., 2011). V svetovnih oceanih se skladišči velik delež odvečne toplote, poleg tega pa oceani absorbirajo tudi CO2 iz ozračja, kar skupaj zaustavlja hitrost klimatskih sprememb (Sabine C.L. in sod., 2004; IPCC, 2007; Sabine C.L. in Feely R.A., 2007). Zaradi konstantnega zviševanja koncentracije CO2 v ozračju prihaja do sprememb v kemiji morskega okolja - nižanja pH-ja, višanja parcialnega tlaka CO2 ter posledično nižanja koncentracije karbonatnih ionov v vodi (Feely R.A. in sod., 2004; Orr in sod., 2005; Fabry V.J. in sod., 2008; Widdicombe S. in Spicer J.I., 2008). Te spremembe bodo po pričakovanjih imele velik (negativen) učinek na morske organizme, posebno na planktonske organizme, ki tvorijo karbonatne lupine ali skelete - pteropode, foraminifere, kokolitoforide (Fabry V.J. e tal., 2008; Doney S.C. in sod., 2009). Ti organizmi so del biološke karbonatne črpalke v oceanih, s pomočjo katere se ogljik iz ozračja skladišči v globinah oceanov (Fabry V.J., 1989; Fabry in sod., 2008; Doney S.C. in sod., 2009). Napovedovanje vpliva hkratnega delovanja treh glavnih okoljskih dejavnikov, ki so posledica klimatskih sprememb – segrevanja, zakisljevanja in deoksigenacije oceanov, je izjemno kompleksno. Čeprav znanstvena stroka družno napoveduje spremembe v morskem okolju, si ni edina v tem, kolikšne in kakšne spremembe v biodiverziteti in delovanju morskih ekosistemov ter biogeokemijskih ciklov, kot je na primer črpalka ogljika, lahko pričakujemo (Pörtner H.-O. 2008, 2010; Hoffman G.E. in Todgham A.E., 2010; Byrne M., 2011; Gruber N., 2011; Pinsonneault A.J. in sod., 2012). Za učinkovito napovedovanje posledic klimatskih sprememb so uporabno orodje modeli, ki simulirajo delovanje morskih ekosistemov in biogeokemijskih procesov (Le Quéré C. in sod. 2005, 2009; Hood R.R. in sod., 2006). Nova generacija biogeokemijskih modelov, imenovanih Dinamični Zeleni Oceanski Modeli (Dynamic Green Ocean Models), vključuje tudi delovanje planktonskih funkcionalnih skupin, ki igrajo pomembne vloge v biogeokemijskih ciklih v morskem okolju (Le Quéré C. in sod., 2005, 2009; Hood R.R. in sod., 2006). Pogoj za reprezentativno prikazovanje vloge funkcionalnih planktonskih skupin v modelih je prvenstveno zadostna količina podatkov o organizmih, ki sestavljajo posamezno skupino. V nasprotnem primeru se zanesljivost modelov, z vnosom dodatnih faktorjev, le manjša (Hood R.R. in sod., 2006). Dostopnost eksperimentalnih podatkov in podatkov opazovalnih študij za funkcionalne planktonske skupine, ki predstavljajo del črpalke ogljika iz površja oceanov v globine, kot so npr. pteropodi, trenutno predstavlja oviro za njihovo vključevanje v modele (Hood R.R. in sod., 2006). V 1.2 Namen in cilji Splošni namen tega diplomskega dela se ujema s cilji mednarodne iniciative MERADAT, pod okriljem projekta MAREMIP (Marine Ecosystem Model Inter- comparison Project). MAREMIP promovira razvoj modelov, ki vključujejo planktonske funkcionalne skupine. Projekt stremi k vzpostavitvi svetovnega atlasa morskih funkcionalnih tipov MARineEcosystem DATa-base (MAREDAT), ki naj bi vsebovala trenutno dosegljive podatke o gostoti in biomasi pomembnih funkcionalnih planktonskih tipov. Eden izmed teh tipov so tudi pteropodi. Cilj raziskovalnega dela diplomske naloge je bil ustvariti podatkovno bazo o globalni biomasi pteoropodov, ki bi bila uporabna kot orodje za sestavljanje in preverjanje modelov, ki simulirajo delovanje morskih ekosistemov in biogeokemijskih procesov v oceanih. Poleg tega je bil namen s pomočjo statistične analize zbranih podatkov meritev gostote/biomase pteropodov, pridobiti rezultate o globalni biomasi, razporeditvi biomase pteropodov v svetovnih oceanih in podatke o doprinosu pteropodov k svetovni produkciji ogljika ter karbonata. Glavni cilj je bil predstaviti rezultate analiz v obliki strokovne publikacije v znanstveni reviji Earth System Science Data (ESSD). Dodaten cilj tega diplomskega dela je bil tudi pregled znanih podatkov o fiziologiji pteropodov, ki so zelo raznolika skupina živali, kar posledično pomeni raznolike fizične lastnosti, prilagoditve, omejitve in torej tudi odzive na okoljske dejavnike. Poznavanje slednjega je pomembno pri napovedovanju posledic zakisljevanja, deoksigenacije in segrevanja oceanov za pteropode. Namen je bil zbrati tudi podatke o biologiji pteropodov v obliki podatkovne baze, ki predstavlja pomemben vir informacij, uporabnih za modeliranje. 2 TEORETIČNE OSNOVE 2.1 Opis pteropodov Pteropodi so skupina morskih planktonskih polžkov zaškrgarjev, ki jo sestavljajo polžki brez lupine
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