DOCSLIB.ORG

Lower-Class Violence in the Late Antique West

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

LOWER-CLASS VIOLENCE IN THE LATE ANTIQUE WEST MICHAEL HARVEY BURROWS SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS SCHOOL OF HISTORY JANUARY 2017 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Michael Harvey Burrows to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2016 The University of Leeds and Michael Harvey Burrows 2 Acknowledgements The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the support and assistance of many friends, family and colleagues. A few of these have made such a contribution that it would be disrespectful not to recognise them in particular. It has been a privilege to be a part of the cadre of students that came together under the supervision – directly or indirectly – of Ian Wood. I am grateful to Mark Tizzoni, Ricky Broome, Jason Berg, Tim Barnwell, Michael Kelly, Tommaso Leso, N. Kıvılcım Yavuz, Ioannis Papadopoulos, Hope Williard, Lia Sternizki and associate and fellow Yorkshireman Paul Gorton for their advice and debate. Ian, in particular, must be praised for his guidance, mastery of the comical anecdote and for bringing this group together. We all owe him a debt. Among this esteemed company I must recognise Glenn McDorman, Cătălin Țăranu and especially Otávio Luiz Vieira Pinto for their companionship. Glenn is the only historian I know who approaches a search for imaginary ghost-Romans in a Scottish blizzard with such enthusiasm. Cătălin remains a Dacian beyond compare. And I am hugely indebted to my comrade Otávio, whose friendship and hospitality were without limit. I must also recognise the contribution of fellow medievalists, Iason Tzouriadis and Hervin Fernández-Acevez. I do not hold their later-medieval interests against them. Beyond the confines of the University of Leeds, I must also attribute special thanks to Brent Shaw for his comments of the varied fields of bandit studies, and football. Thanks must also be given to my friends and teammates from ‘back home’. Their company was always a welcome distraction (and on a related note, I and many others remain in debt to the National Health Service, which has diligently treated all football and non-football related injuries that I have sustained). My mother has been endlessly patient and optimistic, my grandma a bastion of support, my father a fountain of wit and insight, and my big sister, Kay Burrows, a constant friend. They know how important they all are. Finally, I must devote special thanks to my partner, Carla Harwood, who I adore. 3 Abstract Historical sources from Late Antiquity are not primarily concerned with what might be called ‘social history’. More often they are interested in matters of faith, war and politics, or the biographies of great men and women. Archaeology has allowed us great insight into the material culture of ordinary people during the period, but we still rely on history to inform us about the agency of the lower classes. Unfortunately the preoccupations of extant written sources make it difficult to understand how common people in Late Antiquity perceived their lives, and how they tried to influence their position in society. It is hoped that an investigation of lower-class violence will provide a way for us to gain some insight into these issues. Violence, as an extreme and relatively rare form of social interaction, cannot necessarily tell us about everyday concerns, but the implicit danger of violence means that it provides a good indicator of what issues and grievances were taken very seriously by common people in Late Antiquity. Moreover violence, especially as performed by lower-class people whose social role was non-violent, was one of the ways in which ordinary people in Late Antiquity caught the eye of contemporary writers. Consequently, though the evidence for lower-class violence in Late Antiquity is patchy and pejorative, it does actually exist, and occasionally in some detail. Therefore, violence will form the thematic thread of this investigation into the lives of lower-class people in Late Antiquity. It cannot hope to be an exhaustive analysis of their lives in general, but will hopefully provide some insight into their wants and needs, their experience of change and their relationships with authority. 4 Abbreviations Primary Sources CJ = Corpus Juris Civilis, Volumes I-III, ed. by P. Krueger and T. Mommsen (Berlin: Weidmann, 1900-4). CTh = Codex Theodosianus, in The Theodosian Code and Novels and the Sirmondian Constitutions, ed. and trans. by Clyde Pharr (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952). Dig. = Digesta: The Digest of Justinian, ed. by T. Mommsen and P. Krueger with English trans. by A. Watson (Philadelphia, P.A.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985). LH = Libri Historiarum X, ed. by B. Krusch and W. Levison, MGH SRM, 1 (Hanover: Impenis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1951). Quotes in English, with page numbers, from: The History of the Franks, trans. by Lewis Thorpe (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974). N.Val = Valentinian, ‘Novels’, in The Theodosian Code and Novels and the Sirmondian Constitutions, ed. and trans. by Clyde Pharr (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952). SHA = Scriptores Historiae Augustae, trans. by David Magie (London: Heinemann, 1922-1932). Collections CSEL = Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum. MGH = Monumenta Germaniae Historica. AA = Auctores Antiquissimi, 19 vols (Berlin: Weidmann, 1877 – 1919). SRM = Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum, ed. B Krusch and W. Levison, 7 vols (Hanover, 1885 – 1920). 5 Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………….3 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………...4 Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………..5 Contents ………………………………………………………………………………..6 Introduction: Lower-class violence in the late antique West. ………………………….9 i. Why lower-class violence? …………………………………………….9 ii. Terminology: class, legitimacy and violence. …………………………14 iii. What will be in this study, and why? …………………………………21 1. Chapter One: Endemic Banditry. ………………………………………………...27 1.1. Endemic banditry: banditry, society and lower-class violence. ……………..32 1.2. Bandit social relations within uplands. ……………………………………...35 1.3. Techniques of banditry and anti-banditry. …………………………………..50 1.4. Bandit social relations beyond the uplands. …………………………………62 1.5. Interim conclusion. …………………………………………………………..69 2. Chapter Two: Epidemic Banditry in the late antique West. ……………………...74 2.1. Epidemic bandits: fugitives, deserters and veterans. ………………………...75 2.2. The context of epidemic banditry in Late Antiquity. ………………………102 2.3. The social and political implications of epidemic banditry in the late antique West. ………………………………………………………………………..124 3. Chapter 3: The Bacaudae: history, historiography and banditry. ………………..128 3.1. Context for ‘bacaudic’ rebellion: historiography and history. ………………132 3.2. Evidence for the third-century Bacaudae. …………………………………..152 3.3. Evidence for the fifth-century Bacaudae. …………………………………...163 6 3.4. Bacaudae as latrones? Understanding the Bacaudae as brigands in socio- political context. …………………………………………………………….179 3.5. Interim conclusion: Bacaudae, scamarae, vargi and barbari: changing conceptions of banditry in in the late antique West. …………………………190 4. Chapter Four: Retainers: lower-class people in legitimated violent roles. ……….196 4.1. When are violent roles legitimate? …………………………………………199 4.2. Retainers and the late Roman aristocracy. …………………………………..200 4.3. Legitimated lower-class violence in the post-Roman West. ………………..213 4.4. Lower-class violence and the Church. ………………………………………223 4.5. Interim conclusion: legitimated violence, social mobility and agency. ……..232 5. Chapter Five: Riots: community, transgression and lower-class urban violence in Late Antiquity. …………………………………………………………………..236 5.1. Who rioted? ………………………………………………………………...239 5.2. Motivations for rioting in the late antique West. …………………………..251 5.2.1. Secular riots. ………………………………………………………...254 5.2.1.1. Commodity shortage and Moral Economy. …………………256 5.2.1.2. Riot and relations with authority. …………………………...259 5.2.1.3. Secular riots and the ‘Outsider’. …………………………….273 5.2.2. Religious riots. ………………………………………………………280 5.2.2.1. Riots against spiritually transgressive ‘Outsiders’. …………281 5.2.2.2. Religious violence within the community. ………………….287 5.2.2.3. Outsiders, insiders and shifting perceptions of transgression..292 5.3. Interim Conclusion: rioting and lower-class agency in Late Antiquity. ……295 Conclusion. ………………………………………………………………………….298 i. Who was violent, and how? ……………………………………………..299 ii. Lower-class violence and authority. …………………………………….300 iii. Lower-class violence and the community. ……………………………...301 iv. Lower-class violence and its impact on the End of the Western Roman Empire. ………………………………………………………………….303 7 v. The End of the Western Roman Empire and its effect on Lower-class violence: violence and quality of life during the transformation of the Roman World. …………………………………………………………...304 Bibliography. ………………………………………………………………………..310 Ancient Sources. …………………………………………………………………….310 Modern Sources. …………………………………………………………………….320 8 Introduction: Lower-Class Violence in the late antique West. This project was born out a desire
Recommended publications
  • The Story of the Byzantine Empire

    The Story of the Byzantine Empire

    THE STO RY O F T HE NATIO NS L LU T T E E R VO L . I z M o I S A . P , R D , T H E E AR L I E R VO L UM E S A R E f I N E F R E E B P o AS A . SO T H STO R Y O G E C . y r . I . HARR R F R E B TH U ILM A N T HE STO Y O O M . y A R R G EW B P f A K O S E R F T HE S . o S . M T HE ST O Y O J y r . J . H R B Z N R O F DE . A R A coz I T HE ST O Y C HA L A . y . — R F E R N . B S B ING O U L THE ST O Y O G MA Y y . AR G D F N W B P f H B YE S E N o . H . O T HE ST O R Y O O R A Y . y r N E n E B . E . a d S SA H T HE ST O R Y O F SP A I . y U N AL N B P R of. A . VAM B Y T HE STO R Y O F H U GA R Y . y r E ST R O F E B P of L E TH E O Y C A RT H A G .
  • Nil Sorsky: the Authentic Writings Early 18Th Century Miniature of Nil Sorsky and His Skete (State Historical Museum Moscow, Uvarov Collection, No

    Nil Sorsky: the Authentic Writings Early 18Th Century Miniature of Nil Sorsky and His Skete (State Historical Museum Moscow, Uvarov Collection, No

    CISTER C IAN STUDIES SERIES : N UMBER T WO HUNDRED T WENTY -ONE David M. Goldfrank Nil Sorsky: The Authentic Writings Early 18th century miniature of Nil Sorsky and his skete (State Historical Museum Moscow, Uvarov Collection, No. 107. B 1?). CISTER C IAN STUDIES SERIES : N UMBER T WO H UNDRED TWENTY -ONE Nil Sorsky: The Authentic Writings translated, edited, and introduced by David M. Goldfrank Cistercian Publications Kalamazoo, Michigan © Translation and Introduction, David M. Goldfrank, 2008 The work of Cistercian Publications is made possible in part by support from Western Michigan University to The Institute of Cistercian Studies Nil Sorsky, 1433/1434-1508 Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Nil, Sorskii, Saint, ca. 1433–1508. [Works. English. 2008] Nil Sorsky : the authentic writings / translated, edited, and introduced by David M. Goldfrank. p. cm.—(Cistercian studies series ; no. 221) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and indexes. ISBN 978-0-87907-321-3 (pbk.) 1. Spiritual life—Russkaia pravoslavnaia tserkov‚. 2. Monasticism and religious orders, Orthodox Eastern—Russia—Rules. 3. Nil, Sorskii, Saint, ca. 1433–1508—Correspondence. I. Goldfrank, David M. II. Title. III. Title: Authentic writings. BX597.N52A2 2008 248.4'819—dc22 2008008410 Printed in the United States of America ∆ Estivn ejn hJmi'n nohto;~ povlemo~ tou' aijsqhtou' calepwvtero~. ¿st; mysla rat;, vnas= samäx, h[v;stv÷nyã l[täi¡wi. — Philotheus the Sinaite — Within our very selves is a war of the mind fiercer than of the senses. Fk 2: 274; Eparkh. 344: 343v Table of Contents Author’s Preface xi Table of Bibliographic Abbreviations xvii Transliteration from Cyrillic Letters xx Technical Abbreviations in the Footnotes xxi Part I: Toward a Study of Nil Sorsky I.
  • GLIMPSES INTO the KNOWLEDGE, ROLE, and USE of CHURCH FATHERS in RUS' and RUSSIAN MONASTICISM, LATE 11T H to EARLY 16 T H CENTURIES

    GLIMPSES INTO the KNOWLEDGE, ROLE, and USE of CHURCH FATHERS in RUS' and RUSSIAN MONASTICISM, LATE 11T H to EARLY 16 T H CENTURIES

    ROUND UP THE USUALS AND A FEW OTHERS: GLIMPSES INTO THE KNOWLEDGE, ROLE, AND USE OF CHURCH FATHERS IN RUS' AND RUSSIAN MONASTICISM, LATE 11t h TO EARLY 16 t h CENTURIES David M. Goldfrank This essay originated at the time that ASEC was in its early stages and in response to a requestthat I write something aboutthe church Fathers in medieval Rus'. I already knew finding the patrology concerning just the original Greek and Syriac texts is nothing short of a researcher’s black hole. Given all the complexities in­ volved in the manuscript traditions associated with such superstar names as Basil of Caesarea, Ephrem the Syrian, John Chrysostom, and Macarius of wherever (no kidding), to name a few1 and all of The author would like to thank the staffs of the Hilandar Research Library at The Ohio State University and, of course, the monks of Hilandar Monastery for encouraging the microfilming of the Hilandar Slavic manuscripts by Ohio State. I thank the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection; and Georgetown University’s Woodstock Theological Library as well as its Lauinger Library Reference Room for their kind help. Georgetown University’s Office of the Provost and Center for Eurasian, East European and Russian Studies provided summer research support. Thanks also to Jennifer Spock and Donald Ostrowski for their wise suggestions. 1 An excellent example of this is Plested, Macarian Legacy. For the spe­ cific problem of Pseudo-Macarius/Pseudo-Pseudo-Macarius as it relates to this essay, see NSAW, 78-79. Tapestry of Russian Christianity: Studies in History and Culture.
  • Profile of a Plant: the Olive in Early Medieval Italy, 400-900 CE By

    Profile of a Plant: the Olive in Early Medieval Italy, 400-900 CE By

    Profile of a Plant: The Olive in Early Medieval Italy, 400-900 CE by Benjamin Jon Graham A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Professor Paolo Squatriti, Chair Associate Professor Diane Owen Hughes Professor Richard P. Tucker Professor Raymond H. Van Dam © Benjamin J. Graham, 2014 Acknowledgements Planting an olive tree is an act of faith. A cultivator must patiently protect, water, and till the soil around the plant for fifteen years before it begins to bear fruit. Though this dissertation is not nearly as useful or palatable as the olive’s pressed fruits, its slow growth to completion resembles the tree in as much as it was the patient and diligent kindness of my friends, mentors, and family that enabled me to finish the project. Mercifully it took fewer than fifteen years. My deepest thanks go to Paolo Squatriti, who provoked and inspired me to write an unconventional dissertation. I am unable to articulate the ways he has influenced my scholarship, teaching, and life. Ray Van Dam’s clarity of thought helped to shape and rein in my run-away ideas. Diane Hughes unfailingly saw the big picture—how the story of the olive connected to different strands of history. These three people in particular made graduate school a humane and deeply edifying experience. Joining them for the dissertation defense was Richard Tucker, whose capacious understanding of the history of the environment improved this work immensely. In addition to these, I would like to thank David Akin, Hussein Fancy, Tom Green, Alison Cornish, Kathleen King, Lorna Alstetter, Diana Denney, Terre Fisher, Liz Kamali, Jon Farr, Yanay Israeli, and Noah Blan, all at the University of Michigan, for their benevolence.
  • Roman-Barbarian Marriages in the Late Empire R.C

    Roman-Barbarian Marriages in the Late Empire R.C

    ROMAN-BARBARIAN MARRIAGES IN THE LATE EMPIRE R.C. Blockley In 1964 Rosario Soraci published a study of conubia between Romans and Germans from the fourth to the sixth century A.D.1 Although the title of the work might suggest that its concern was to be with such marriages through- out the period, in fact its aim was much more restricted. Beginning with a law issued by Valentinian I in 370 or 373 to the magister equitum Theodosius (C.Th. 3.14.1), which banned on pain of death all marriages between Roman pro- vincials and barbarae or gentiles, Soraci, after assessing the context and intent of the law, proceeded to discuss its influence upon the practices of the Germanic kingdoms which succeeded the Roman Empire in the West. The text of the law reads: Nulli provineialium, cuiuscumque ordinis aut loci fuerit, cum bar- bara sit uxore coniugium, nec ulli gentilium provinciales femina copuletur. Quod si quae inter provinciales atque gentiles adfinitates ex huiusmodi nuptiis extiterit, quod in his suspectum vel noxium detegitur, capitaliter expietur. This was regarded by Soraci not as a general banning law but rather as a lim- ited attempt, in the context of current hostilities with the Alamanni, to keep those barbarians serving the Empire (gentiles)isolated from the general Roman 2 populace. The German lawmakers, however, exemplified by Alaric in his 63 64 interpretatio,3 took it as a general banning law and applied it in this spir- it, so that it became the basis for the prohibition under the Germanic king- doms of intermarriage between Romans and Germans.
  • The Rhetoric of Corruption in Late Antiquity

    The Rhetoric of Corruption in Late Antiquity

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE The Rhetoric of Corruption in Late Antiquity A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics by Tim W. Watson June 2010 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Michele R. Salzman, Chairperson Dr. Harold A. Drake Dr. Thomas N. Sizgorich Copyright by Tim W. Watson 2010 The Dissertation of Tim W. Watson is approved: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In accordance with that filial piety so central to the epistolary persona of Q. Aurelius Symmachus, I would like to thank first and foremost my parents, Lee and Virginia Watson, without whom there would be quite literally nothing, followed closely by my grandmother, Virginia Galbraith, whose support both emotionally and financially has been invaluable. Within the academy, my greatest debt is naturally to my advisor, Michele Salzman, a doctissima patrona of infinite patience and firm guidance, to whom I came with the mind of a child and departed with the intellect of an adult. Hal Drake I owe for his kind words, his critical eye, and his welcome humor. In Tom Sizgorich I found a friend and colleague whose friendship did not diminish even after he assumed his additional role as mentor. Outside the field, I owe a special debt to Dale Kent, who ushered me through my beginning quarter of graduate school with great encouragement and first stirred my fascination with patronage. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to the two organizations who have funded the years of my study, the Department of History at the University of California, Riverside and the Department of Classics at the University of California, Irvine.
  • 6255 Kelly and Van Waarden Part 1.Indd

    6255 Kelly and Van Waarden Part 1.Indd

    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344523990 “Sidonius’ People" Chapter · October 2020 CITATIONS READS 0 58 1 author: Ralph Mathisen University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 77 PUBLICATIONS 382 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Romans, Barbarians, and the End of the Western Roman Empire: Emperors, Tyrants, Generals, Potentates, and Kings View project All content following this page was uploaded by Ralph Mathisen on 07 October 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. 2 SIDONIUS’ P EOPLE Ralph Mathisen 1 Introduction N THE LATE fi fth century, in his ‘Sermon on the saintly martyr Vincent’, bishop Faustus of IRiez (c. 460-90 CE) gave his opinion on the value of being named in a saint’s life: ‘What present-day realm, what transmarine province, however far the Roman Empire or the Christian religion extends, does not rejoice to celebrate the birth of Vincentius? Who today, however, has ever heard even the name of [the praeses] Datianus, unless he has read the passion of Vincent?’1 As far as Faustus was concerned, Datianus’ appearance in a saint’s life would be his only chance for remembrance.2 The same can be said for nearly all of the people who appear in the works of Sidonius Apollinaris. Late antique Gaul was a busy place.3 A lot was happening: the rise of the Christian church as the most signifi cant social and cultural institution; the creation of barbarian kingdoms cou- pled with the fi nal precipitous decline and end of Roman authority; and a social world that was very much in fl ux, as previously unprivileged social groups gained greater opportunities and means of self-expression.4 The 24 poems, and in particular the 147 letters, of Sidonius offer an unparalleled window on the world of late antique Gaul, and provide readers with a wealth of material about the people who populated it.5 Sidonius was well positioned to gather this kind of information.
  • The Ideology of Monastic and Aristocratic Community in Late Román Gaul

    The Ideology of Monastic and Aristocratic Community in Late Román Gaul

    roUS. Revista de ideas y formas políticas de la Antigüedad Clásica 6, 1994, pp. 203-220. THE IDEOLOGY OF MONASTIC AND ARISTOCRATIC COMMUNITY IN LATE ROMÁN GAUL Ralph W. Mathisen University of South Carolina The fifth century was a time of great change in the Mediterranean world. The classical, pagan world was being replaced by a new Christian one. And, in the west, there was a new barbarían presence to be dealt with as well. The élite classes around the empire dealt with these changes in different ways. In Gaul, aristocratic society carne under siege during the fifth century. The barbarían settlement in particular caused a crísis for Gallic aristocrats. The barbaríans competed with Gauls for social status, economic influence, and political office. Another problem for the Gauls was that there just were not very many of them. They were scattered far and wide, each focused on his own local interests. If Gallic aristocrats were to survive as a class, they were going to 203 have to devise ways to maintain aristocratic solidarity'. This study will argüe that, unlike other áreas of the empire, where aristocrats often contributed to their own decline by their competition with each other, Gallic aristocrats made common cause^. Few in number they may have been, but they compensated by finding novel means of creating unity from diversity and a new sense of aristocratic community. The Christian church played a significant part in the way that Gallo-Roman aristocrats redefined their roles. One does not normally think of Christianity as advocating an elitist ideal during this period, but the Gauls managed to find aspects of Christian beliefs and practices that were consistent with their own ideologies.
  • Georgios Kalafikis Ammianus Marcellinus on the Military Strategy

    Georgios Kalafikis Ammianus Marcellinus on the Military Strategy

    Georgios Kalafikis Ammianus Marcellinus on the Military Strategy of the emperor Valentinian I (364-375 AD): General Principles and Implementation* The purpose of this article is to focus on aspects of Late Roman strategy during the 4th century AD and more particularly in the reign of the emperor Flavius Valentinianus (364-375 AD). In attempting this, modern science will afford the theoretical background, since the pro- cessing and the consequent interpretation of the relevant evidence are based on the science of strategic studies. Only a balanced blending of Late Antiquity sources and contemporary science can lead us to correct conclusions in the best possible or feasible way; the first provide us with the “raw material”, while the latter offers to us a “key to understanding”. The strategy performed by Roman emperors of the 3rd and the 4th centu- ries AD is an enticing question, which I have already dealt in detail while preparing my doctoral thesis on the organization of the Late Ro- man Army1. This paper relies on additional evidence gathered about the strategy of the 4th century AD. I aspire to publish in due time all the rel- * This article partially rests on a paper presented in Greek at the 34th Pan-Hellenic History Conference held at Thessaloniki (May 31 – June 2, 2013) under the title “Στρα- τηγικός σχεδιασμός των αυτοκρατόρων Βαλεντινιανού Α΄ και Βάλη (364-378 μ.Χ.): σχετικές μαρτυρίες των πηγών [Strategic Planning of the Emperors Valentinian I and Valens (364-378 AD): Evidence on relevant Sources]”. I wish to express my gratitude to both Mrs.
  • Grade 6 State Goal 14

    Grade 6 State Goal 14

    Grade 6 State Goal 14 State Goal 14: Understand political systems, with an emphasis on the United States. 1 ILLINOIS LEARNING STANDARDS: STATE GOAL 14: GRADE 6 LEARNING STANDARD/OUTCOME SAMPLE ASSESSMENT CONNECTIONS Critical to Understand and Master at Choose two countries that have Language Arts: In small groups, Grade 6: political systems that are different from discuss the pros and cons of different 6.14.01 the political systems of the United political systems. Support your Compare information you already States. Make a Venn diagram viewpoint with reasons and examples. know about political systems of the comparing and contrasting the different United States to political systems of political systems. other countries. (14A) 6.14.02 Working in pairs, debate whether Technology: Use the Internet or library Explain the importance of governments national, state, or local governments resources to research images of other having written constitutions. (14A) could exist without written constitutions government constitutions and charters. or charters. Establish pro and con Create a display that shows how other arguments, and present your debate to countries’ governments operate and your classmates. govern. Share your display with classmates. 6.14.03 Use the Internet or library resources to Math: Use the Internet or library Describe how social classes were research America during the resources to research population data generally formed and how they Jacksonian era. Write a paragraph to from different years in United States influenced public policy in their nations. describe how voting laws changed history. Use this data to make pie (14D) during that time and how those graphs, showing how the population changes affected the social classes was divided into different social and government of United States.
  • ABSTRACT the Apostolic Tradition in the Ecclesiastical Histories Of

    ABSTRACT the Apostolic Tradition in the Ecclesiastical Histories Of

    ABSTRACT The Apostolic Tradition in the Ecclesiastical Histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret Scott A. Rushing, Ph.D. Mentor: Daniel H. Williams, Ph.D. This dissertation analyzes the transposition of the apostolic tradition in the fifth-century ecclesiastical histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret. In the early patristic era, the apostolic tradition was defined as the transmission of the apostles’ teachings through the forms of Scripture, the rule of faith, and episcopal succession. Early Christians, e.g., Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Origen, believed that these channels preserved the original apostolic doctrines, and that the Church had faithfully handed them to successive generations. The Greek historians located the quintessence of the apostolic tradition through these traditional channels. However, the content of the tradition became transposed as a result of three historical movements during the fourth century: (1) Constantine inaugurated an era of Christian emperors, (2) the Council of Nicaea promulgated a creed in 325 A.D., and (3) monasticism emerged as a counter-cultural movement. Due to the confluence of these sweeping historical developments, the historians assumed the Nicene creed, the monastics, and Christian emperors into their taxonomy of the apostolic tradition. For reasons that crystallize long after Nicaea, the historians concluded that pro-Nicene theology epitomized the apostolic message. They accepted the introduction of new vocabulary, e.g. homoousios, as the standard of orthodoxy. In addition, the historians commended the pro- Nicene monastics and emperors as orthodox exemplars responsible for defending the apostolic tradition against the attacks of heretical enemies. The second chapter of this dissertation surveys the development of the apostolic tradition.
  • Imperial Spheres and the Adriatic

    Imperial Spheres and the Adriatic

    Review Copy Only - Not for Redistribution Sauro Gelichi - Universita Ca' Foscari Venice - 10/26/2017 Imperial Spheres and the Adriatic Although often mentioned in textbooks about the Carolingian and Byzantine empires, the Treaty of Aachen has not received much close attention. This volume attempts not just to fill the gap, but to view the episode through both micro- and macro-lenses. Introductory chapters review the state of relations between Byzan- tium and the Frankish realm in the eighth and early ninth centuries, crises facing Byzantine emperors much closer to home, and the relevance of the Bulgarian problem to affairs on the Adriatic. Dalmatia’s coastal towns and the populations of the interior receive extensive attention, including the region’s ecclesiastical history and cultural affiliations. So do the local politics of Dalmatia, Venice and the Carolingian marches, and their interaction with the Byzantino-Frankish con- frontation. The dynamics of the Franks’ relations with the Avars are analysed and, here too, the three-way play among the two empires and ‘in-between’ parties is a theme. Archaeological indications of the Franks’ presence are collated with what the literary sources reveal about local elites’ aspirations. The economic dimen- sion to the Byzantino-Frankish competition for Venice is fully explored, a special feature of the volume being archaeological evidence for a resurgence of trade between the Upper Adriatic and the Eastern Mediterranean from the second half of the eighth century onwards. Mladen Ančić is Professor of History at the Universities of Zadar and Zagreb. He has published on the Hungarian-Croatian kingdom and Bosnia in the fourteenth century, the medieval city of Jajce, and historiography and nationalism.