The Yiddish Speaking Community in New York City by Itzek Gottesman For the jews of America, the Yiddish language represents the most tangible connection to an Eastern European heritage, a legacy ltzek Gottesman is a doctoral student in which some have retained and enhanced, many have forgotten, and Folklore and Folklife at the University ofPenn ­ others are reclaiming. With the mass immigration ofjews from sylvania in Philadelphia. He is a Fellow ofthe Max Weinreich Center for jewish Research at Poland, Russia, Rumania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia that began the Y7VO Institute in New York where he sen,ed in the 1880s and continued into the 1920s, the Yiddish language as an archivist for five y ears and is an active member o}Yugntruf- Youth for Yiddish. His took root in the United States as the vernacular for millions ofjews. current fieldwork is with jewish folk performers In addition to these older settlers, a new wave ofYiddish-speakers in Eastern European and New World contexts. immigrated in the 1940s and '50s, Holocaust survivors of the Second World War. Most of these immigrants first settled in the large urban centers of the United States-NewYork City, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia. Nearly all adult jews in America have had first-hand contact with Yiddish: through a parent, grandparent, neighbor, or storekeeper. In the past hundred years Yiddish language and culture have permeated mainstream American culture. Examples include words like nosh and shlep; foods such as bagels and lox, hot pastrami, and knishes; musicals and films such as Fiddler on the Roofand Yent4· humorists like the Marx Brothers and Woody Allen; and translations of literary works such as those of Nobel prize-winning author Isaac Bashevis Singer. New York City has the largest concentration ofYiddish speakers in the country; more than half a million claimed Yiddish as their mother tongue according to the 1970 U.S. Census. But it is difficult to speak ofNewYork's Yiddish speakers as one unified community. In fact, several dynamic communities ofYiddish speakers are there today. In the Orthodox Hasidic neighborhoods of Borough Park and Williamsburg in Brooklyn, Yiddish is spoken in homes, shops, streets, and in special separate schools for boys and girls. Shop signs are in Yiddish and two weekly newspapers, Der algemeiner zhurnal and Der yid, have large readerships. The production of Yiddish textbooks, children's literature, and recordings is rapidly expand­ ing. On the joyous holiday Purim, Hasidim perform Yiddish folk plays, a tradition that goes back hundreds of years. Although Brooklyn's Hasidic neighborhoods constitute the fast­ est growing population ofYiddish speakers, the Hasidim have little contact with the secular cultural community of creative artists and kultur-tuers, Yiddish cultural activists. One of the mainstays of secular Yiddish life is Derforverts / The jewish Forward, a weekly newspaper that celebrates its 90th anniversary this year. A progressive weekly, Morgn freiheit, has been

37 The New Westside Yiddish School. Photo by Vivian Fenster Ehrlich

publishing since the 1920s. Radio station WEVD (the call letters are the initials of labor leader Eugene Victor Debs) is owned by The jewish Forward and broadcasts Yiddish song and music, commen­ taries on the Talmud, and provides a forum for groups like the Jewish Labor Bund, a Socialist-Yiddishist organization. Several hundred Landsmanshaften,Jewish Mutual Aid societies, are active in New York, sponsoring theater benefits and cultural evenings. Yiddish literature written on American soil has a rich and unique history among immigrant literatures. In addition to the newspapers mentioned above, a monthly literary journal Di zukunftpublishes works by many contemporary New York Yiddish writers. These writers of poetry and prose are an active community that organizes frequent literary gatherings. Yugntruf-Youth for Yiddish, ana­ tional student group-has founded a Yiddish Writers' Circle that meets monthly. Another cultural institution with a longstanding history is the Yiddish Theater that produced three major produc­ tions this season. New York City is a major center for Yiddish higher education and scholarly research. The Yidisher visnshaftlekher institut (known in English as the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research), the world's leading Yiddish research facility, was originally based in pre-War Poland with collections on the language, history, and folklore of Eastern European Jews. Although most of its irreplaceable archives were destroyed by the Nazis, YIVO, now in Manhattan, flourishes as a resource for researchers. Columbia University offers a doctorate in Yiddish through its Linguistics Department and has trained Yiddish teachers across the country. Furthermore, hundreds of students have studied Yiddish at Columbia, YIVO, YMHAs and YMWAs (Young Men's/Women's Hebrew Associations), and other locations throughout New York City. Many students had no knowledge of Yiddish before attending classes: they were motivated by a need to find their "roots" and reclaim their heritage. Many Jewish immigrants of the early decades, although non­ observant by the Orthodox religious standards, strongly identified themselves as Jews. Yiddish language and culture were central to this identification. Dozens of yidishe folkshuln 0 ewish folk schools)

38 Masqueraders during Purim, a holiday when were established for their children to attend after regular school children portray characters and incidents from the Megillah, in the Hassidic community of hours. These schools served as an alternative to established Hebrew Williamsburg, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, schools. Much of the neighborhood's Yiddish cultural life revolved New York Photo by Irving I. Herzberg around the folkshul Kosher ice cream parlor in the Hassidic com­ A vivid sense of how the Yiddish language fits into community munity of Williamsburg, a neighborhood in life can be gained by considering one example-perhaps not Brooklyn, New York Photo by Irving I. Herzberg typical, but illustrative. It is the neighborhood where I grew up, a community in the northern Bronx known to its residents as Bainbridgivke, after the main street of Bainbridge Avenue. Bainbridgivke residents include Tsunye Rymer from the Ukraine, who once owned a neighborhood dry-cleaning store but is known to the community as a reciter of Sholem Aleichem stories. joshua Fishman, a noted sociolinguist, and his wife Gella Fishman, a Yiddish pedagogue, were both born in America. My parents come from the Bukovina, an area now divided between the U.S.S.R. and Romania. My mother Beyle is a Yiddish poet who also sings at social functions. My father Yoyne, a medical doctor, provides health services in Yiddish to many community residents. Moyshe Nussbaum was a fiddler in his Polish town, but made his living as a barber in New York until his retirement. Dr. Mordkhe Schaechter, a professor in Columbia University's Yiddish program, is preparing a compendium ofYiddish plant names that will include more than 6,000 entries. On the corner is the Sholem Aleichem Folk Shul21, once part of a school system named for the great Yiddish writer. Classes began in the '30s and continued through the '70s. During these years generations of students were exposed to Yiddish language and

39 Board members in front of the Sholem Aleichem Cultural Center. Photo by ltzek Gottesman

Suggested reading Fishman, Gelle. "Bainbridgivke." Yugntruf A Yiddish Student Quarterly 53 (December 1982):8-12. [In Yiddish] Fishman,]oshuaA, ed. Never ayDie:A Thousand Years ofYiddish in jewish Life and Letters. Contributions to the Sociology of Lan­ guage, no. 30. The Hague: Mouton, 1981. ------· Yiddish in America: Sociolinguistic Description and Analysis. literature,]ewish history and traditions. The Shul was widely known Bloomington: Indiana University Center for and respected. Some families, my own included, moved to this Anthropology, Folklore and linguistics, 1965. community so that their children could attend the Shul and grow up Poll, Solomon. 1be Hasidic Community of WiUiamsburg. New York: The Free Press, 1962. speaking Yiddish. Now those children have grown up and moved Rischin, Moses. 1be Promised City: New York 's away but still speak Yiddish to each other and their own children. jews, 1870-1914. Cambridge: Harvard Univer­ sity Press, 1962. The Shul has been turned into the Sholem Aleichem Kultur­ Tsenter, a cultural center for adults whose members meet for weekly leyenkrayzn (reading circles), host a monthly lecture series, show Yiddish films, and use the Tsenter's lending library. Members meet informally at each other's homes for coffee, cake, and singing. Around the corner from the Tsenter is one of the four Orthodox synagogues in the area. Young congregants include several doctors from nearby Montefiore and North Central Hospitals who speak Yiddish with many of their Jewish patients. Down the road is the "Amalgamated," a cooperative housing project bl::l:i:k-by the Amalga­ mated Garment Workers of America. Many Yiddish writers and cultural leaders live here and meet in their own Tsenter. Their children attend a Yiddish school sponsored by the Workman's Circle, a fraternal organization that runs the largest secular Yiddish school system in the nation. Recently, I was walking down Bainbridge Avenue and ran into a young man I had met once at YNO. A painter in his thirties, he is the child of Holocaust survivors and speaks fluent Yiddish. He had recently acted in a Yiddish theater production. While we stood talking, a Yiddish actor in his sixties, himself a performer in another of this season's productions, walked by. I introduced them. The older actor had been looking for young talent for his troupe's future productions. Soon, phone numbers were exchanged, and another intergenerationallink was made in New York's Yiddish community on a street corner in the north Bronx.

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