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Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Action of Plant Polyphenols Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Action of Plant Polyphenols • Christophe Hano Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Action of Plant Polyphenols Edited by Christophe Hano Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Medicines www.mdpi.com/journal/medicines Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Action of Plant Polyphenols Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Action of Plant Polyphenols Special Issue Editor Christophe Hano MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Special Issue Editor Christophe Hano University of Orleans France Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Medicines (ISSN 2305-6320) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/medicines/special issues/plant polyphenols). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03936-507-4 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-508-1 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Preface to ”Antioxidant and Anti-aging Action of Plant Polyphenols” ............... ix Christophe Hano and Duangjai Tungmunnithum Plant Polyphenols, More than Just Simple Natural Antioxidants: Oxidative Stress, Aging and Age-Related Diseases Reprinted from: Medicines 2020, 7, 26, doi:10.3390/medicines7050026 ................ 1 Duangjai Tungmunnithum, Areeya Thongboonyou, Apinan Pholboon and Aujana Yangsabai Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds from Medicinal Plants for Pharmaceutical and Medical Aspects: An Overview Reprinted from: Medicines 2018, 5, 93, doi:10.3390/medicines5030093 ................ 11 Aicha Hennia, Maria Gra¸ca Miguel and Said Nemmiche Antioxidant Activity of Myrtus communis L. and Myrtus nivellei Batt. & Trab. Extracts: A Brief Review Reprinted from: Medicines 2018, 5, 89, doi:10.3390/medicines5030089 ................ 27 Duangjai Tungmunnithum, Darawan Pinthong and Christophe Hano Flavonoids from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., a Medicinal Plant: Uses in Traditional Medicine, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities Reprinted from: Medicines 2018, 5, 127, doi:10.3390/medicines5040127 ............... 95 No´emiKoczka, Eva´ Stefanovits-B´anyaiand Attila Omb´odi Total Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Rosehips of Some Rosa Species Reprinted from: Medicines 2018, 5, 84, doi:10.3390/medicines5030084 ................109 Lucky Legbosi Nwidu, Philip Cheriose Nzien Alikwe, Ekramy Elmorsy and Wayne Grant Carter An Investigation of Potential Sources of Nutraceuticals from the Niger Delta Areas, Nigeria for Attenuating Oxidative Stress Reprinted from: Medicines 2019, 6, 15, doi:10.3390/medicines6010015 ................119 Moussa COMPAORE, Sahabi BAKASSO, Roland Nˆag Tiero MEDA and Odile Germaine NACOULMA Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Fractions from Bidens engleri O.E. Schulz (Asteraceae) and Boerhavia erecta L. (Nyctaginaceae) Reprinted from: Medicines 2018, 5, 53, doi:10.3390/medicines5020053 ................135 Masaaki Minami, Toru Konishi and Toshiaki Makino Effect of Hochuekkito (Buzhongyiqitang) on Nasal Cavity Colonization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Murine Model Reprinted from: Medicines 2018, 5, 83, doi:10.3390/medicines5030083 ................143 Anh V. Le, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen and Paul D. Roach Optimisation of the Microwave-Assisted Ethanol Extraction of Saponins from Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds Reprinted from: Medicines 2018, 5, 70, doi:10.3390/medicines5030070 ................155 v About the Special Issue Editor Christophe Hano, who completed his Ph.D. in 2005 in Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, is now an Assistant Professor at the University of Orleans at Research INRAE Lab LBLGC USC1328 and a member of the Cosm’ACTIFS Research Group (CNRS GDR3711). His research career has focused on applied plant metabolism and plant biotechnology. He has written more than 100 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters in internationally renowned journals, and edited a variety of journal topical issues on plant secondary metabolism, including polyphenols. He is the Assistant Editor and an Editorial Board Member of several renowned Q1 Journals in Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Currently, he is developing research projects aimed at studying plant secondary metabolism to lead to the development of natural products with interests in pharmacology or cosmetics. His research focuses on the elucidation of biosynthetic mechanisms of plant natural products and their exploitation by metabolic engineering approaches. He conducts research projects in cooperation with industrial companies and he coordinates the European Le StudiumR Consortium Action on the bioproduction of bioactive extracts for cosmetic applications through plant cell in vitro cultures. In this context, he is exploring the potential of the Loire Valley Flora Area for cosmetic applications. vii Preface to ”Antioxidant and Anti-aging Action of Plant Polyphenols” Polyphenols are plant non-nutrient natural products, or the plant secondary metabolites, found in fruits, vegetables, and seeds that we consume daily. Their intakes from fruit, vegetables, seeds, and nuts are associated with lower risks of chronic and age-related degenerative diseases. Aging is a dynamic and complex biological process involving multiple actors and is subject to a number of genetic and/or environmental influences. A variety of theories have been suggested to explain the aging process, including the famous free radical theory of aging proposed by Prof. Harman in 1956. According to this hypothesis, free radicals lead to oxidative damage, causing cellular dysfunctions and physiological decline, being responsible for aging, with the appearance of degenerative diseases and eventually death. From this hypothesis, antioxidant molecules are capable of slowing the aging process through the successful scavenging of radical oxygen and nitrogen species. Polyphenols have been shown to prolong the lifespan of different model species operating through a well-conserved antioxidant mechanism. This collection of research and review articles, “Antioxidant and Antiaging Action of Plant Polyphenols”, covers the most recent advances in the use of plant polyphenols ranging from their biological properties and possible functions as medicines; the importance of traditional medicines as a source of inspiration; the rationalization of new uses of plant extracts, which has led to applications in modern medicine; the status of modern green-chemistry extraction methods; and some reflections on future prospects. Christophe Hano Special Issue Editor ix medicines Editorial Plant Polyphenols, More than Just Simple Natural Antioxidants: Oxidative Stress, Aging and Age-Related Diseases Christophe Hano 1,2,* and Duangjai Tungmunnithum 1,2,3 1 Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; [email protected] 2 Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-237-309-753; Fax: +33-237-910-863 Received: 6 May 2020; Accepted: 9 May 2020; Published: 9 May 2020 Abstract: The present editorial serves as an introduction to the Special Issue “Antioxidant and Anti-aging Action of Plant Polyphenols”. It also provides a summary of the polyphenols, their biological properties and possible functions as medicines, the importance of traditional medicines as a source of inspiration, the rationalization of new uses of plant extracts which lead to applications in modern medicine, the status of modern green-chemistry extraction methods, and some reflections on future prospects. Here, the articles from this Special Issue, and the main aspects of the antioxidant and anti-aging effects of plant polyphenols are discussed in the form of seven questions. Keywords: aging; age-related diseases; antioxidant; coumarins; flavonoids; lignans; phenolic acids; polyphenols; stilbenes 1. What Are These Polyphenols? Polyphenols are plant non-nutrient natural products or the so-called plant secondary metabolites found in fruits, vegetables and seeds that we consume daily. Polyphenols are a large family of compounds derived from secondary metabolism that are widespread in the plant kingdom. Most of these are derived from l-phenylalanine through the phenylpropanoid pathway. Sensu stricto, polyphenols are characterized by the presence of at least two phenolic groups associated in more or less complex structures, generally of high molecular weight, but simple phenolics (aka phenolic acids), that could be polyphenol precursors, are also considered to belong to this group. The most commonly used definition is: “The
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