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The Architecture of Scotland, 1660–1750

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The Architecture of Scotland, 1660–1750 Aonghus MacKechnie John Lowrey and ‘With the publication of The Architecture of Scotland 1660–1750, the longstanding and Louisa Humm, artificial cultural barrier between pre-1707 and post-1707 Scottish architecture has finally Edited by come crashing down, vividly highlighting the overpowering continuities within Scottish building and landscape design of the early modern era, and re-emphasising its strong links to contemporary continental Europe.’ Miles Glendinning, Scottish Centre for Conservation Studies A richly illustrated, revisionist overview of Scotland’s early Classical architecture This volume tells the story of Scotland’s unique and influential contribution to the Age The Architecture of of Classicism during a period of major political and architectural change. Interposed between Scotland, 1660–1750 the decline of the Scottish castle and its revival as Scotch Baronial architecture, proto- Enlightenment Scotland straddled the age of ‘Glorious Revolution’ and union with England. This beautifully illustrated book documents the architectural needs and developments of a transformational period in Scottish history as the country emerged from a decade of military occupation. It draws on a wealth of primary sources, including family, institutional and national archives in Scotland, England and France, to evidence the architectural ambitions of Scotland’s new elites in the ages of the last Stuart kings and of the new monarchies. It also analyses some of Scotland’s best-known architectural sites, as well as reference points from further afield including Parisian apartment blocks, Roman precedents and English parallels. Broad in scope, The Architecture of Scotland, 1660–1750 covers private and public/civic architecture, as well as the architecture and design of both the urban scene and country estate in the era before Edinburgh New Town. Key Features • Highlights and contextualises the work of Scotland’s first well-documented major architects, including Sir William Bruce, Mr James Smith, Colen Campbell, James Gibbs and the Adam dynasty • Provides a fresh resource for architectural, documentary, cultural and Enlightenment historians • Showcases Scotland’s early Classical architecture as a distinct yet significant strand of The Architecture of Europe’s broad mainstream • Beautifully illustrated with 300 drawings, maps, photographs and paintings Scotland, 1660–1750 Cover image: Edited by Louisa Humm, Arniston House entrance hall. Photography by kind permission of Althea Dundas-Bekker. Image © Nick Haynes, 2019. John Lowrey and Aonghus MacKechnie Cover design: Bekah Dey and Stuart Dalziel The Architecture of Scotland, 1660–1750 Sir William Bruce by John Michael Wright, c. 1664. National Galleries of Scotland, PG 894. Purchased 1919. The Architecture of Scotland, 1660–1750 Edited by Louisa Humm, John Lowrey and Aonghus MacKechnie Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © editorial matter and organisation Louisa Humm, John Lowrey and Aonghus MacKechnie, 2020 © the chapters their several authors, 2020 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in Miller Text by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire and printed and bound in Malta at Melita Press A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 5526 8 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 5528 2 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 5529 9 (epub) The right of the contributors to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Contents List of Abbreviations ix List of Contributors xi Acknowledgements xiv List of Figures xvi List of Tables xxix I Setting the Scene Introduction 3 Aonghus MacKechnie 1 Political Economy and the Shaping of Early Modern Scotland 15 Allan I. Macinnes II Classicism and the Castle 2 The Paired Columned Entrance of Holyroodhouse as a Solomonic Signifier 39 Ian Campbell 3 Exiting Europe? The Royal Works in the Age of 1689 Revolution and 1707 Union 51 Aonghus MacKechnie 4 Sir William Bruce: Classicism and the Castle 72 John Lowrey vi Contents 5 A Classic Looks at the Gothic: Sir John Clerk, Ruins and Romance 98 Iain Gordon Brown III The Business of Building, Trades, Materials and Pattern Books 6 Scottish Ironwork, 1670–1730 121 Ali Davey and Aonghus MacKechnie 7 Thomas Albourn, William Bruce’s Plasterer: ‘An Englishman and the Best Plaisterer that was ever yet in Scotland’ 141 William Napier 8 The Roof Structure of George Heriot’s Hospital Chapel and Roof Design in Scotland During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 156 Anna Serafini and Cristina González-Longo 9 Colen Campbell, James Gibbs and Sir John Vanbrugh: Rethinking the Origins of the British Architectural Plate Book 170 James Legard IV The Country House 10 The Architectural Innovations of Mr James Smith of Whitehill (c. 1645–1731) within the European Context 191 Cristina González-Longo 11 From England to Scotland in 1701: the Duchess of Buccleuch returns to Dalkeith Palace 213 Sally Jeffery 12 Women Patrons and Designers in Early Eighteenth- century Scotland: Lady Panmure and Lady Nairne 233 Clarisse Godard Desmarest 13 Architectural Works by Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun 253 Rory Lamb 14 Mannerism in the Work of John Douglas in Eighteenth- century Scotland 269 Dimitris Theodossopoulos Contents vii V Gardens 15 ‘The Inexpressible Need of Inclosing and Planting’: Country House Policies in Scotland, 1660–1750 293 Christopher Dingwall 16 The Terraced Garden in Scotland in the Seventeenth Century 308 Marilyn Brown 17 Alexander Edward’s European Tour, 1701–2 322 John Lowrey 18 William Adam and Formal Landscape Design in Scotland, 1720–45 346 Louisa Humm 19 William Adam and Antiquity: an Arcadian retreat at Arniston? 379 Nick Haynes VI Urban Architecture 20 Town Housing and Planning: Alexander McGill, James Gibbs and Allan Dreghorn in Early Georgian Glasgow 407 Anthony Lewis 21 Interpretation of European Classicism: Three Eighteenth-century University Libraries 429 Deborah Mays 22 Edinburgh and Venice: Comparing the Evolution in Communal Living in Geographically Challenged Mercantile Communities 442 Giovanna Guidicini 23 Living Horizontally: the Origin of the Tenement in Paris and Edinburgh 455 Clarisse Godard Desmarest 24 William Adam’s Public Buildings 483 David W. Walker viii Contents VII Conclusion 25 Was Scotland a ‘Narrow Place’? 517 Ranald MacInnes Notes 530 Index 613 Abbreviations BL British Library BOEC The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club (Edinburgh: The Old Edinburgh Club) BoS: Borders Cruft, K., Dunbar, J. and Fawcett, R. The Buildings of Scotland: Borders (New Haven, CT and London: Yale, 2006) BoS: D&G Gifford, J. The Buildings of Scotland: Dumfries and Galloway (London: Penguin, 1996) BoS: Dundee Gifford, J. The Buildings of Scotland: Dundee and Angus (New Haven, CT and London: Yale, 2012) BoS: Edinburgh Gifford, J., McWilliam, C. and Walker, D. The Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984) BoS: Fife Gifford, J. The Buildings of Scotland: Fife (London: Penguin, 1988) BoS: P&K Gifford, J. The Buildings of Scotland: Perth and Kinross (New Haven, CT: Yale, 2007) Colvin, Dictionary Colvin, H., A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600–1840 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 3rd edition, 1995; 4th edition, 2008) CUP Cambridge University Press x Abbreviations DSA Dictionary of Scottish Architects, www. scottisharchitects.org.uk (all refs accessed May 2019) EUP Edinburgh University Press GTCM Glasgow Town Council Minutes, Glasgow City Archives GUA Glasgow University Archives HES Historic Environment Scotland MUP Manchester University Press Mylne, Master Masons Mylne, R. S., The Master Masons to the Crown of Scotland and their works (Edinburgh, 1893) NLS National Library of Scotland NRAS The National Register of Archives for Scotland NRHE National Record of the Historic Environment NRS National Records of Scotland ODNB Matthew, H. C. G., et al. (eds) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: from the earliest times to the year 2000, 62 vols (Oxford: OUP, 2004) OUP Oxford University Press PSAS Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland RCAHMS Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland RPC Burton, J. H. et al. (eds) The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland (Edinburgh: Register House, 1877–1970) SAS Society of Antiquaries of Scotland SBRS Scottish Burgh Records Society SCA Scottish Catholic Archives SHR Scottish Historical Review SHS Scottish History Society Contributors Louisa Humm has been employed by Historic Environment Scotland since 2002, first in their listing team and more recently as a Senior Casework Officer, responsible for listed building consent casework in Glasgow and other parts of south-west Scotland. Her job involves researching and protecting buildings of all types and dates. This is her first publication. John Lowrey is an Edinburgh University academic who specialises in Scottish architectural history. He has published widely on urban architecture and urban design, the country house and on landscape history and theory in relation to both the city and
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