DOCSLIB.ORG

Pipe Dreams, and Other Such Structures

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pipe Dreams, and Other Such Structures Pipe Dreams, and Other Such Structures: Technology, Space, and Power in Utopian Urbanism from 1888 to 2018 Nicholas A. Rhodes Growth & Structure of Cities Bryn Mawr College Senior Thesis December 2018 Rhodes 1 Abstract Alphabet Inc.’s Sidewalk Toronto, a ‘smart city’ project under development in the Quayside district of Toronto, is touted as a utopian panacea, promising to use ubiquitous Internet-connected sensors to redefine urban life. However, the ways in which this plan imagines controlling civic data and invisibly restructuring systems of power has provoked public outcry. This thesis positions Sidewalk Toronto within the chronology of technological utopian literature as a means to examine how historical visionaries have conceptualized models of citizenship in changing technological landscapes, and consequently to ask what contemporary visionaries can learn from these implications. In paralleling utopian spatial and societal form with changing modes of telecommunication technologies, I find that the ways in which flows of urban information are controlled have the power to create or destroy publics, and establish or erase notions of democracy. From these perspectives, this thesis aims to warn of the dangers of the ‘smart city’ typology if a more interdisciplinary mode of thought isn’t established — for as visions of the utopian city veer towards images of technocratic control, so too will our realities. Rhodes 2 Acknowledgements Despite the endless hours I spent in isolation this semester writing, this thesis truly was a team effort. I am deeply grateful to so many people for their love, generosity, support, and guidance throughout the whole course of this project and my time at Haverford, which I have cherished so dearly. Mom, for instilling within me the passion of the artist; Dad, the curiosity of the storyteller; Kate, your drive and energy. Hannah, for holding me together throughout this all. Steve, Austin, Katya, and the rest of my friends in the Bi-Co for your unwavering support, for our expansive conversations, and ultimately for making this project one of great joy for me. Thomas Morton, Liv Raddatz, Jeff Cohen, and the other Cities professors who have broadened my understanding of the world and myself. Lauren Restrepo, Min Lee, and Laura Surtees, for offering invaluable advice, guidance, and pushback throughout the semester. And of course Gary McDonogh, for providing such close mentorship over the past four years, for nurturing and interconnecting my many threads of interests, and for having faith in me and my ideas. Rhodes 3 Contents Figures 4 Introduction: The Smart City as a Troubled Utopia 5 Communication Technologies and Society 7 The Importance of Visionary Plans 10 Reading Utopian Urbanism 13 Chapter 1: E-Space, E-Communication, E-Power 16 Centralization 18 Linearization 20 Distribution 23 Despatialization 27 Dataspace Constructed 29 Space and Control 32 Images 33 Chapter 2: Utopia and Publics 41 Defining a Public 42 Narrating a Spatialized Public 46 Distributed Communication Systems as Despatialized Publics 48 A Backwards Look at Technological Capacity 50 Technological Control and the Inhibition of the Public Sphere 52 Computational Anarchy 55 Hyper-Media and the Implosion of the Public Sphere 57 Power and Publics 60 Images 61 Chapter 3: Discourse or Data? 67 Sidewalk Toronto — the Physical Realm... 68 ...and the Digital Realm 69 Virtual Space 70 Virtual Power 72 Inhibition of the Virtual Public Sphere 75 Google as Government 77 From Utopia to Reality 79 Images 80 Conclusion: Do You Accept The Terms and Conditions? 84 Bibliography 87 Rhodes 4 Figures 1.1 — Elevation, section and plan of Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon penitentiary. 1.2 — Concentric plan of a typical Garden City, depicting spatial and social hierarchy. 1.3 — Garden Cities interconnected with spatially-bound communication technologies. 1.4 — View of Roadtown as a spatial metaphor for bi-directionality. 1.5 — Broadacre City’s distributed and interconnected personal-cities. 1.6 — Progressional diagrams towards a distributed network, depicting increased resiliency. 1.7 — Hollein’s aspatial Mobile Office; reconceptualizing work as life. 1.8 — Winnebiko II; the city as people without space. 2.1 — A private castle embedded within a semi-public park in Marly, France. 2.2 — Cover of Archigram Issue 4; overstimulation of hyper-media communications. 2.3 — Living City exhibition at the ICA, London; visualization of computerized media. 2.4 — Plug-in City; metaphor of the city as a computer. 2.5 — Spatial anarchism of Archigram’s Walking City. 3.1 — Idyllic human-focused imagery of Sidewalk Toronto. 3.2 — Deconstructed map of Sidewalk Toronto, showing the physical and digital layers. 3.3 — Diagram of Sidewalk Toronto’s digital layer, from sensing to engaging. 3.4 — Diagrammatic example of Sidewalk Labs’ controlled flow of data. 3.5 — Alphabet Inc. as a municipal government, yet composed of unelected officers. Rhodes 5 Introduction: The Smart City as a Troubled Utopia On October 17th, 2017, Waterfront Toronto announced the creation of the Sidewalk Toronto project to develop the Quayside District in Toronto’s Eastern Waterfront, with a mission to “use technology to redefine urban life in the 21st century.”1 Sidewalk Toronto, a joint venture between Toronto’s tri-governmental waterfront development organization and Alphabet Inc.’s Sidewalk Labs (a Google sibling-company), aims at solving myriad contemporary urban problems of mobility, sustainability, affordability, and economic opportunity through a full embrace of Google’s advanced urban technologies. The high-end renderings produced by Sidewalk Labs present us with a world of self-driving cars, underground recycling robots, and wooden Passive House high rises.2 At the core of the plan lies a “digital layer” wrapped intangibly around the physical city of Toronto — a system of ubiquitous Internet-connected sensors that track and interpret environmental, social, and infrastructural data. The vision of Quayside is a neighborhood that is truly “built from the Internet up.”3 Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau hailed Sidewalk Labs in an introductory press conference as an “extremely promising partner” that “will help us build smarter, greener, more inclusive cities, which we hope to see scaled across Toronto’s eastern waterfront, and eventually in other parts of Canada and around the world.”4 Eric Schmidt, the Executive Chairman and CEO of Google, claimed that Sidewalk Toronto “will be a global draw for new ideas, for economic growth and development.”5 The project has been lauded locally as a means to make Toronto “the envy of cities around the world.”6 1 Sidewalk Labs, “Vision Sections of RFP Submission,” October 27, 2017. 1 2 Sidewalk Labs, “Vision.” 47, 29, 84 3 Sidewalk Labs, “Vision.” 15 4 Sidewalk Labs, Announcing Sidewalk Toronto: Press Conference Live Stream, 2017. 15:22-15:47 5 Sidewalk Toronto, Introducing Sidewalk Toronto, Youtube Video, 2017. 2:29-2:34 6 Mike Filey, “The Way We Were: Sidewalk Toronto May Be the Envy of Cities around the World,” Toronto Sun, October 21, 2017. Rhodes 6 Public opinion, however, is far less optimistic. A summary report released by Sidewalk Labs shortly after the public announcement of the project found that, while there was enthusiasm for innovative embedded technologies, “many residents expressed significant concerns related to privacy, information management and storage, and the commercial sale of data.”7 Experts warn of the risks of becoming a “Google City”, in which Sidewalk Labs’ motives are to “benefit their own interests as a private company, as one of the most profitable, most wealthy companies in the world.”8 Skepticism of how and why Sidewalk would use data it collects from its ubiquitous sensors have surrounded the project with criticism, fear, confusion, and anger. Former BlackBerry CEO Jim Balsillie eloquently bashed the development as “a colonizing experiment in surveillance capitalism attempting to bulldoze important urban, civic and political issues.”9 These same concerns have also been expressed from within the organization. Less than a year into the project, Saadia Muzaffar stepped down from her position with the Digital Strategy Advisory Panel due to concerns that Sidewalk Toronto evaded questions about privacy and showed “apathy and a lack of leadership regarding shaky public trust.”10 A few weeks later, privacy expert Dr. Ann Cavoukian resigned from her role as Privacy Advisor after learning that Sidewalk Labs had plans to allow third parties to access personally identifiable information gathered in the district. In her resignation letter, she wrote that she “imagined us creating a Smart City of Privacy, as opposed to a Smart City of Surveillance.”11 Clearly, embedded deeply within this plan are struggles of power and control. Without extremely careful considerations, Sidewalk’s proposed technological utopia — one that promises freedom, efficiency, and transparency — could very easily devolve into dystopia. 7 Sidewalk Labs, “Summary Report: Roundtable 01” (Sidewalk Labs, March 20, 2018). 7 8 David Rider, “The Risks of Becoming a Google City,” The Star, March 5, 2018. 9 Balsillie, “Sidewalk Toronto Has Only One Beneficiary, and It Is Not Toronto.” 10 Tara Deschamps, “Sidewalk Labs Advisory Panel Member Saadia Muzaffar Quits, Citing ‘Deep Dismay,’” Financial Post, October 5, 2018, sec. Tech Desk. 11 Gabrielle Canon, “City of Surveillance: Privacy Expert Quits Toronto’s Smart-City Project,” The Guardian, October 23, 2018, sec. World news. Rhodes 7 While Sidewalk Labs may be offering unprecedented technological advancements, the notion of using technology as a panacea for urban problems is nothing new. Technological utopianism runs deep, and themes of physical, functional, and moral improvements can be traced throughout the history of technology. The Sidewalk Toronto project shares with the vast corpus of technological utopian literature a desire to use technology not as an end, but rather as a means to enact a new social order, to redefine citizenship, and to establish a new understanding of public. Urban planning is inherently an act of power, and in a utopian vision pushed by a singular agent, this power becomes heightened and concentrated.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • American Political Thought: Readings and Materials Keith E. Whittington
    American Political Thought: Readings and Materials Keith E. Whittington Index of Materials for Companion Website 2. The Colonial Era, Before 1776 II. Democracy and Liberty John Adams, Letter to James Sullivan (1776) John Cotton, The Bloudy Tenent Washed and Made White (1647) John Cotton, Letter to Lord Say and Seal (1636) Jacob Duche, The Duty of Standing Fast in Our Spiritual and Temporal Liberties (1775) Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641) James Otis, Rights of the British Colony Asserted and Proved (1764) Elisha Williams, The Essential Rights and Liberties of Protestants (1744) Roger Williams, The Bloudy Tenent Yet More Bloudy (1652) John Winthrop, Arbitrary Government Described (1644) John Winthrop, A Defense of an Order of Court (1637) John Winthrop, Defense of the Negative Vote (1643) III. Citizenship and Community Agreement among the Settlers of Exeter, New Hampshire (1639) Combination of the Inhabitants of the Piscataqua River for Government (1641) Robert Cushman, The Sin and Danger of Self-Love (1621) Fundamental Agreement, or Original Constitution of the Colony of New Haven (1639) Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) Patrick Henry, Give Me Liberty Speech (1775) William Livingston, “The Vanity of Birth and Titles” (1753) Oath of a Freeman in Massachusetts Bay (1632) Thomas Tryon, The Planter’s Speech to His Neighbors and Countrymen (1684) IV. Equality and Status Address of the Mechanics of New York City (1776) Jonathan Boucher, Sermon on the Peace (1763) Charles Inglis, The True Interest of America (1776) William Knox, Three Tracts Respecting the Conversion (1768) William Byrd, Letter to Lord Egmont (1736) Samuel Sewall, The Selling of Joseph (1700) John Saffin, A Brief and Candid Answer (1701) John Woolman Some Considerations on Keeping Negroes (1762) V.
    [Show full text]
  • The Salon of Mabel Dodge
    DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA, CALIFORNIA 91125 THE SALON OF MABEL DODGE Robert A. Rosenstone To be published in Peter Quennell, ed., Salon (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980). HUMANITIES WORKING PAPER 24 January 1979 THE SALON OF ~WillEL DODGE Robert A. Rosenstone Mabel Dodge's salon ••• burst upon New York like a rocket. Margaret Sanger It was the only successful salon I have ever seen in America. Lincoln Steffens Many famous salons have been established by women of wit or beauty; Mabel's was the only one ever established by pure will power. And it was no second-rate salon; everybody in the ferment of ideas could be found there. Max Eastman 2 It is indeed the happy woman who has no history, for by happy we mean the loving and beloved, and by history we designate all those relatable occurences on earth caused by the human energies seeking other outlets than the biological one. • . That I have so many pages to write signifies, solely, that I was unlucky in love. Most of the pages are about what I did instead •. Mabel Dodge 1 Mabel Dodge was rich and attractive and more than a little lucky. For two years -- from 1912 to 1914 -- she played hostess to the most famous and no doubt the most interesting salon in American history. This success was no accident, but the result of a subtle interplay between her individual needs and ambitions and the historical moment. It was a very special period in the cultural life of the United States, one when expatriate Irish painter John Butler Yeats cocked an ear and heard "the fiddles • tuning as it were allover America.
    [Show full text]
  • Markets Not Capitalism Explores the Gap Between Radically Freed Markets and the Capitalist-Controlled Markets That Prevail Today
    individualist anarchism against bosses, inequality, corporate power, and structural poverty Edited by Gary Chartier & Charles W. Johnson Individualist anarchists believe in mutual exchange, not economic privilege. They believe in freed markets, not capitalism. They defend a distinctive response to the challenges of ending global capitalism and achieving social justice: eliminate the political privileges that prop up capitalists. Massive concentrations of wealth, rigid economic hierarchies, and unsustainable modes of production are not the results of the market form, but of markets deformed and rigged by a network of state-secured controls and privileges to the business class. Markets Not Capitalism explores the gap between radically freed markets and the capitalist-controlled markets that prevail today. It explains how liberating market exchange from state capitalist privilege can abolish structural poverty, help working people take control over the conditions of their labor, and redistribute wealth and social power. Featuring discussions of socialism, capitalism, markets, ownership, labor struggle, grassroots privatization, intellectual property, health care, racism, sexism, and environmental issues, this unique collection brings together classic essays by Cleyre, and such contemporary innovators as Kevin Carson and Roderick Long. It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism. “We on the left need a good shake to get us thinking, and these arguments for market anarchism do the job in lively and thoughtful fashion.” – Alexander Cockburn, editor and publisher, Counterpunch “Anarchy is not chaos; nor is it violence. This rich and provocative gathering of essays by anarchists past and present imagines society unburdened by state, markets un-warped by capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • NOTHING to HIDE: Tools for Talking (And Listening) About Data Privacy for Integrated Data Systems
    NOTHING TO HIDE: Tools for Talking (and Listening) About Data Privacy for Integrated Data Systems OCTOBER 2018 Acknowledgements: We extend our thanks to the AISP Network and Learning Community, whose members provided their support and input throughout the development of this toolkit. Special thanks to Whitney Leboeuf, Sue Gallagher, and Tiffany Davenport for sharing their experiences and insights about IDS privacy and engagement, and to FPF Policy Analyst Amy Oliver and FPF Policy Intern Robert Martin for their contributions to this report. We would also like to thank our partners at Third Sector Capital Partners and the Annie E. Casey Foundation for their support. This material is based upon work supported by the Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS). Opinions or points of view expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of, or a position that is endorsed by, CNCS or the Social Innovation Fund. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Why engage and communicate about privacy? ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Using this toolkit to establish social license to integrate data .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Designing Privacy for You a Practical Approach for User-Centric Privacy
    Designing Privacy for You A Practical Approach for User-Centric Privacy Awanthika Senarath1, Nalin A.G. Arachchilage2, and Jill Slay3 1 Australian Centre for Cyber Security University of New South Wales - Canberra Australian Defence force Academy, Australia Email: [email protected] 2 Email: [email protected] 3 Email: [email protected] Abstract. Privacy directly concerns the user as the data owner (data- subject) and hence privacy in systems should be implemented in a man- ner which concerns the user (user-centered). There are many concepts and guidelines that support development of privacy and embedding pri- vacy into systems. However, none of them approaches privacy in a user- centered manner. Through this research we propose a framework that would enable developers and designers to grasp privacy in a user-centered manner and implement it along with the software development life cycle. 1 Introduction Donald Trump’s presidential campaign was seriously damaged, when a personal conversation he had with a friend ten years ago (in 2005) was recorded and re- leased to the public during his run in the elections in 2016 in the USA. The recording had been done without the knowledge of the two people engaged in the conversation and was released at a very critical moment in the presidential campaign [1]. This is not much different to the situation users face on a daily basis when using on-line applications to network, communicate, shopping and banking on-line, and for many other personal tasks [9]. Due to the pervasiveness of Information and Communication Technology on-line applications have be- come an integral part of users [7].
    [Show full text]
  • American Periodicals: Politics (Opportunities for Research in the Watkinson Library)
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Watkinson Library (Rare books & Special Watkinson Publications Collections) 2016 American Periodicals: Politics (Opportunities for Research in the Watkinson Library) Leonard Banco Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/exhibitions Part of the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Banco, Leonard, "American Periodicals: Politics (Opportunities for Research in the Watkinson Library)" (2016). Watkinson Publications. 23. https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/exhibitions/23 Series Introduction A traditional focus ofcollecting in the Watkinson since we opened on August 28, 1866, has been American periodicals, and we have quite a good representation of them from the late 18th to the early 20th centuries. However, in terms of "discoverability" (to use the current term), it is not enough to represent each of the 600-plus titles in the online catalog. We hope that our students, faculty, and other researchers will appreciate this series of annotated guides to our periodicals, broken down into basic themes (politics, music, science and medicine, children, education, women, etc.), all of which have been compiled by Watkinson Trustee and volunteer Dr. Leonard Banco. We extend our deep thanks to Len for the hundreds of hours he has devoted to this project since the spring of 2014. His breadth of knowledge about the period and his inquisitive nature have made it possible for us to promote a unique resource through this work, which has POLITICS already been of great use to visiting scholars and Trinity classes. Students and faculty keen for projects will take note Introduction of the possibilities! The Watkinson holds 2819th-century American magazines with primarily political content, 11 of which are complete Richard J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Internet of Audio Things: State-Of-The-Art, Vision, and Challenges Carlo Fischione, Luca Turchet, György Fazekas, Mathieu Lagrange, Hossein Ghadikolaei
    The Internet of Audio Things: state-of-the-art, vision, and challenges Carlo Fischione, Luca Turchet, György Fazekas, Mathieu Lagrange, Hossein Ghadikolaei To cite this version: Carlo Fischione, Luca Turchet, György Fazekas, Mathieu Lagrange, Hossein Ghadikolaei. The Internet of Audio Things: state-of-the-art, vision, and challenges. IEEE internet of things journal, IEEE, 2020, 7 (10), pp.10233-10249. 10.1109/JIOT.2020.2997047. hal-02930053v2 HAL Id: hal-02930053 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02930053v2 Submitted on 8 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. XX, NO. X, NOVEMBER 2020 1 The Internet of Audio Things: state-of-the-art, vision, and challenges Luca Turchet, Gyorgy¨ Fazekas, Mathieu Lagrange, Hossein S. Ghadikolaei, and Carlo Fischione, Senior Member, IEEE, Abstract—The Internet of Audio Things (IoAuT) is an emerg- the emerging field of the Internet of Musical Things (IoMusT) ing research field positioned at the intersection of the Internet [7], where a number of devices for music production and of Things, sound and music computing, artificial intelligence, consumption are connected within ecosystems that multiply and human-computer interaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Roundtable-1-Presentation-March-20-2018.Pdf
    welcome! Thanks for coming! We will give tonight’s presentation and invite questions twice (6 pm and 7:30 pm). Please be sure to also join a small group roundtable discussion at the other end of the hall. hello! Hi, I’m Meg Davis, + I’m Rit Aggarwala 3 Thank you! For joining us to roll up your sleeves and tackle some tough questions with us 4 Town Hall What we heard you care about Well-being and community health People-centred planning Public transit and personal mobility Sustainable, resilient, climate-positive development Diversity and inclusion Housing quality and affordability Data-informed decision-making Privacy and data governance Green space, recreation and leisure Engaged communities Entrepreneurship and innovation 5 5 Since Last Time Built and organized our joint Sidewalk Toronto team and opened a TO office Developed a robust public engagement plan with firm dates Forming 6 advisory groups (80+ local leaders) to guide us in our work Met with key stakeholders, including representatives of all levels of government Exploring a series of pilots and prototypes to launch in Toronto Focused our core research questions to develop work plans and hypotheses 6 Tonight Describe what this project is all about Explain what we’re working on and where we need your input Open the floor to your questions and address some of your concerns Discuss key questions in a roundtable conversation 7 7 Who We Are Transforming the waterfront for the use and enjoyment of the people and visitors of Toronto, Ontario and Canada, to foster economic growth and to redefine how the city, province and country are perceived by the world — a project of national significance.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing Our Trust: Consumers and the Internet of Things (2017 Review)
    Testing our trust: consumers and the Internet of Things 2017 review Contents 1. Connected by default: why the internet of things is important for consumers 1 2. Review of the consumer internet of things market 3 Steady growth 3 New opportunities 6 3. Consumer attitudes to the Internet of Things 7 Privacy and security remain big concerns for consumers 7 Safety fears 7 Low trust in technology 8 4. Challenges that persist for consumers in the Internet of Things 8 Consumers are not informed 8 Security vulnerabilities cause global internet disruption 9 Privacy violations 10 Remote enforcement of contract terms 10 Buying a brick 11 Companies not equipped for proper aftercare 11 5. Responses to consumer challenges and concerns 12 National governments and inter-governmental bodies 12 Industry, civil society and coalition responses 16 6. Conclusions and next steps 18 Demand side power? 18 The role of the consumer movement 19 2 2017 review: testing our trust Coming together for change 1. Connected by default: With 5G predicted to arrive in some countries early next year2, we can expect faster speeds, improved response why the Internet of time, and the bandwidth needed for billions of Internet of Things devices to communicate with each other. 5G Things is important could also mean a reduction in energy usage. These improvements are predicted to not only improve user for consumers experience but also pave the way for further innovations. Consumer applications in the Internet of Things The way that we currently experience the internet can bring many benefits to people around the world involves, to some extent, a choice about how and when to including: more responsive services; shorter feedback engage.
    [Show full text]
  • Ivan's Final Dissertation
    Copyright by Ivan Angus Wolfe 2009 The Dissertation Committee for Ivan Angus Wolfe certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Arguing In Utopia: Edward Bellamy, Nineteenth Century Utopian Fiction, and American Rhetorical Culture Committee: Jeffrey Walker, Supervisor Mark Longaker Martin Kevorkian Trish Roberts-Miller Janet Davis Gregory Clark Arguing In Utopia: Edward Bellamy, Nineteenth Century Utopian Fiction, and American Rhetorical Culture by Ivan Angus Wolfe, A.A.S.; B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of English The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2009 Dedication To Alexandra Acknowledgements I would like to thank my entire dissertation committee for their invaluable feedback during every step of my writing process. Jeffrey Walker was an invaluable director, always making time for my questions and responding with feedback to my chapters in a timely manner. Martin Kevorkian, Mark Longaker, Janet Davis, and Trish Roberts-Miller all also gave excellent advice and made themselves available whenever I needed them. Gregory Clark not only provided the initial impetus for my interest in this area, but graciously joined the committee despite his numerous commitments. Most graduate students would feel blessed to have such a conscientious and careful committee. I would also like to thank my wife, Alexandra, for her help. She has likely read this dissertation more times than anyone but me. Elizabeth Cullingford also deserves special thanks for being an excellent English department chair and making me feel welcome my first semester at UT as her Teaching Assistant for E316K.
    [Show full text]
  • Thoughts on Edward Bellamy As City Planner: the Ordered Art of Geometry John R
    University of Massachusetts - Amherst From the SelectedWorks of John R. Mullin Summer August, 1997 Thoughts on Edward Bellamy as City Planner: The Ordered Art of Geometry John R. Mullin Kenneth Payne Available at: http://works.bepress.com/john_mullin/41/ Thoughts on Edward Bellamy as City Planner: The Ordered Art of Geometry John R. Mullin and Kenneth Payne Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward was one of the most influential books in the evolution of city planning as a profession and field of scholarly inquiry. And yet, upon the hundredth year of his death, this classic is rarely used when examining the roots of the profession. The paper begins by summarizing the book itself: on one level it is a simple novel of the Gilded Age; on another, it provided a vision of the future that indirectly has helped to guide the evolution of the American community. The paper examines the factors that are fundamental in planning and how Bellamy responded to them. His views on the environment, economic development, urban design, recreation, housing, and the urban community are explained and analyzed. Finally, his importance to the profession is assessed. There are few books in the history of American Utopian thought that have been as widely hailed and popularly received as Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward . Written in 1888 and describing utopian Boston in the year 2000, this book sold hundreds of thousands of copies, led to the creation of utopian societies and had a profound influence on political thought in the first half of the 20 th century, both in the United States and in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Privacy by Design
    JANUARY 2018 Privacy by Design Privacy by Design is a methodology for proactively embedding privacy into information technology, business practices, and networked infrastructures. The Privacy by Design measures are designed to anticipate and prevent privacy invasive events before they occur. SEVEN FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES The Privacy by Design framework is based on seven foundational principles: 1. Proactive not Reactive; Preventative not Remedial Anticipate, identify and prevent privacy invasive events before they occur. 2. Privacy as the Default Setting Build in the maximum degree of privacy into the default settings for any system or business practice. Doing so will keep a user’s privacy intact, even if they choose to do nothing. 3. Privacy Embedded into Design Embed privacy settings into the design and architecture of information technology systems and business practices instead of implementing them after the fact as an add-on. 4. Full Functionality — Positive-Sum, not Zero-Sum Accommodate all legitimate interests and objectives in a positive-sum manner to create a balance between privacy and security because it is possible to have both. 5. End-to-End Security — Full Lifecycle Protection Embed strong security measures to the complete lifecycle of data to ensure secure management of the information from beginning to end. 6. Visibility and Transparency — Keep it Open Assure stakeholders that privacy standards are open, transparent and subject to independent verification. 7. Respect for User Privacy — Keep it User-Centric Protect the interests of users by offering strong privacy defaults, appropriate notice, and empowering user-friendly options. PRIVACY TECHNOLOGYBY DESIGN FACT SHEET: PROTECTING AGAINST RANSOMWARE 2 2 .
    [Show full text]