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Spectroscopic Evidence for an Engineered, Catalytically Active Trp Radical That Creates the Unique Reactivity of Lignin Peroxidase

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Spectroscopic Evidence for an Engineered, Catalytically Active Trp Radical That Creates the Unique Reactivity of Lignin Peroxidase Spectroscopic evidence for an engineered, catalytically active Trp radical that creates the unique reactivity of lignin peroxidase Andrew T. Smitha,1, Wendy A. Doylea, Pierre Dorletb, and Anabella Ivancichb,1 bCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite´de Recherche Associe´e 2096 and Commissariat a`l’Energie Atomique, Institut de Biologie et des Technologies Saclay, Laboratoire des Hyperfréquences, Metalloprotéines et Sytèmes de Spin, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and aDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom Edited by Harry B. Gray, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, and approved August 12, 2009 (received for review April 27, 2009) The surface oxidation site (Trp-171) in lignin peroxidase (LiP) required cycle is responsible for the degradation of the complex polymer for the reaction with veratryl alcohol a high-redox-potential (1.4 V) lignin, a key structural component of plant cell walls, whose substrate, was engineered into Coprinus cinereus peroxidase (CiP) by degradation is rate limiting in the natural carbon cycle. The introducing a Trp residue into a heme peroxidase that has similar polymer is insoluble and too large to directly access the very protein fold but lacks this activity. To create the catalytic activity occluded heme active site in LiP (4), where small substrates have toward veratryl alcohol in CiP, it was necessary to reproduce the Trp been shown to interact (3). Accordingly, it has been proposed site and its negatively charged microenvironment by means of a triple that veratryl alcohol (3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol, VA), a sec- mutation. The resulting D179W؉R258E؉R272D variant was charac- ondary metabolite also produced by the fungus during the terized by multifrequency EPR spectroscopy. The spectra unequivo- ligninolytic cycle, could have the role of a diffusible mediator in the reaction with lignin and other large substrates, once oxidized ؍ gy ,(5)2.0035 ؍ cally showed that a new Trp radical [g values of gx ؉• was formed after the [Fe(IV)¢O Por ] by LiP to the radical form (5). The same mechanism of a [(1)2.0022 ؍ and gz ,(5)2.0027 intermediate, as a result of intramolecular electron transfer between diffusible mediator has been proposed for the oxidation of lignin Trp-179 and the porphyrin. Also, the EPR characterization crucially by MnP, except that in this enzyme, a loosely bound Mn2ϩ ion showed that [Fe(IV)¢O Trp-179•] was the reactive intermediate with having a binding site close to the heme site is the species reacting veratryl alcohol. Accordingly, our work shows that it is necessary to with lignin, once oxidized to Mn3ϩ by MnP. Interestingly, an take into account the physicochemical properties of the radical, engineering strategy similar to the one described in this work was fine-tuned by the microenvironment, as well as those of the preced- applied to design MnP activity into a cytochrome c peroxidase .(ing [Fe(IV)¢O Por•؉] intermediate to engineer a catalytically compe- (CcP) protein scaffold (6–8 tent Trp site for a given substrate. Manipulation of the microenvi- LiP readily oxidizes substrates of redox potentials Ͼ1.4 V, ronment of the Trp-171 site in LiP allowed the detection by EPR possibly requiring VA as mediator (9). Based on structural data spectroscopy of the Trp-171•, for which direct evidence has been (4, 10), and site-directed mutagenesis studies (11), a surface Trp missing so far. Our work also highlights the role of Trp residues as residue (Trp-171) removed from the heme site (Fig. 1), and tunable redox-active cofactors for enzyme catalysis in the context of surrounded by negatively charged residues, was proposed as the peroxidases with a unique reactivity toward recalcitrant substrates oxidation site for VA. The acidic microenvironment of Trp-171 that require oxidation potentials not realized at the heme site. provided by Asp-264, Asp-165, Glu-168, and Glu-250 (the latter being also in H-bonding distance to the indole nitrogen; Fig. 1) heme peroxidase ͉ high-field EPR spectroscopy ͉ protein engineering ͉ could enhance the oxidation potential of the Trp• intermediate, tryptophan radical ͉ electron transfer allowing the reaction with VA (1.4 V). However, no direct evidence for the formation of the Trp-171• species or its he catalytic potential of enzymes is often extended by the reactivity with VA has been reported to date, a fact tentatively Tpresence of key transition metals in the active site, specifi- explained by the short-lived nature of the radical (12). Coprinus cally involved in redox reactions. In some cases, amino acid cinereus peroxidase (CiP) has similar protein fold to LiP, but residues can also have a crucial role as redox-active cofactors, in lacks the VA oxidation activity. We have successfully induced in concert with the metal ions (1). The formation of protein-based CiP the capability to oxidize VA by engineering a Trp site that radicals resulting from the well-controlled oxidation of specific mimics the naturally occurring Trp-171 in LiP (13). In the Trp or Tyr residues and the associated intramolecular electron present work, we have applied EPR spectroscopy as a unique transfer (ET) processes allows the catalytic reaction with sub- tool to unequivocally characterize the electronic nature of the strates having affinity for binding sites removed from the metal intermediates formed in the CiP triple variant ϩ ϩ active site (2). The oxidation potential of these protein-based (D179W R258E R272D), containing the engineered Trp site. • radical intermediates could be fine-tuned by the influence of the A new Trp intermediate was detected in the engineered CiP, protein microenvironment without modifications of the usually and was shown to be the sole reactive species with VA. An highly conserved metal active sites (1). engineered MnP is the only previously reported case (14), in The active site of heme peroxidases consists of a penta- which a Trp had been introduced into a homologous position to coordinated Fe(III) iron-protoporphyrin IX prosthetic group (Fig. 1), which is capable of one-electron oxidation of sub- Author contributions: A.T.S. and A.I. designed research; A.I. performed research; W.A.D. strate(s) binding close to the heme edge. Thus, high valence contributed new reagents/analytic tools; P.D. and A.I. analyzed data; and A.I. and A.T.S. heme-iron intermediates are responsible for substrate oxidation wrote the paper. (3). Fungal peroxidases have been the focus of significant The authors declare no conflict of interest. interest due to their possible industrial and environmental This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. applications. Lignin peroxidase (LiP) is one of the fungal 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] or enzymes having a key role in the ligninolytic cycle (3); these [email protected]. include manganese peroxidase (MnP), versatile peroxidase This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/ (VP), laccase, and H2O2-producing enzymes. The ligninolytic 0904535106/DCSupplemental. 16084–16089 ͉ PNAS ͉ September 22, 2009 ͉ vol. 106 ͉ no. 38 www.pnas.org͞cgi͞doi͞10.1073͞pnas.0904535106 Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 Fig. 2. The 9-GHz EPR spectra of the D179WϩR258EϩR272D variant of CiP in Fig. 1. Crystallographic structure of LiP highlighting the site (residues in the resting state (gray trace) and on reaction with hydrogen peroxide (green and ϩ yellow) of the catalytically active Trp radical (Trp-171) and its acidic microen- red traces). The yield of the very broad and axial spectrum of the [Fe(IV)¢O Por• ] vironment (Glu-250, Glu-168, and Asp-264). The residues at homologous intermediate was 5 times higher at pH 4.0. The yield of the narrow [Fe(IV)¢O Trp•] positions in WT CiP are shown in gray. The Asp-179 (in CiP) completely overlaps species contributing at g Ϸ 2 was similar at both pHs, indicating a higher conver- with Trp-171 (in LiP); thus, only the oxygen from the carboxylic group is visible. sion to the EPR-silent [Fe(IV)¢O] species. Experimental conditions: 4 K; modulation The figure was prepared by using the coordinates deposited in the Protein amplitude, 2 G; modulation frequency, 100 kHz. CHEMISTRY Data Bank (accession nos. 1B82 for LiP and 1LYC for CiP). at positions 258 and 272 to provide the H-bond partner to the that of the LiP oxidation site (Trp-171). However, none of the indole nitrogen, the acidic environment around the Trp, and to three relevant negatively charged residues that provide the make sufficient space to accomodate the new Trp (Fig. 1). This Trp-171 acidic environment (Asp-264, Asp-165, and Glu-250), CiP triple variant (D179WϩR258EϩR272D) was capable of and which are not conserved in MnP, were included. A low oxidizing VA with a similar pH dependence to LiP (i.e., a catalytic efficiency for VA oxidation was reported, but no direct maximum at pH 3.5 and drastic drop at pH 6). The kcat was evidence for the Trp• formation or its reactivity with VA was measured to be 12% of the WT LiP enzyme (13). Consequently, given (14). the open questions were whether a radical was formed at the In the present work, we have used an engineering-based engineered Trp-179 site in CiP, and whether this radical was the approach that also involved the design and characterization of intermediate reacting with VA. Multifrequency EPR spectros- LiP variants (E250Q, E250QϩE168Q, and E168Q), in which the copy was chosen as a unique tool to determine and discriminate microenvironment of Trp-171 was modified. The Trp• interme- the electronic structures and yields of the metal-radical inter- diate was readily stabilized in the E250Q single and double mediates formed in the reaction of the CiP variant with hydrogen mutations as shown by the EPR Trp• signal, but remained peroxide, and to identify the intermediate that selectively re- undetected in WT LiP and the E168Q variant.
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