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Comparison of Beach Changes Induced by Two Hurricanes Along the Coast of West-Central Florida Ruoshu Zhao University of South Florida, [email protected]

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Comparison of Beach Changes Induced by Two Hurricanes Along the Coast of West-Central Florida Ruoshu Zhao University of South Florida, Ruoshu@Mail.Usf.Edu University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School June 2018 Comparison of Beach Changes Induced by Two Hurricanes along the Coast of West-Central Florida Ruoshu Zhao University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Zhao, Ruoshu, "Comparison of Beach Changes Induced by Two Hurricanes along the Coast of West-Central Florida" (2018). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7388 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Comparison of Beach Changes Induced by Two Hurricanes along the Coast of West-Central Florida by Ruoshu Zhao A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science School of Geosciences College of Art and Science University of South Florida Major Professor: Ping Wang, Ph.D. Ruiliang Pu, Ph.D. Philip Van Beynen, Ph.D. Jun Cheng, Ph.D. Date of Approval: June 26, 2018 Keywords: Beach erosion, hurricane, sediment transport, beach profile changes Copyright © 2018, Ruoshu Zhao DEDICATION To my eternally supportive parents, Jiayong and Shuo, my grandparents, Fuhan and Shichen, my aunts and the friends who have been by my side through every challenge and triumph ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my major professor Dr. Ping Wang for his advice during the entire process. He guided me to complete this thesis. During the last two years, he has given me a lot of encouragements in my course and thesis work. He has always been there whenever I needed advice and suggestions. I also want to thank Dr. Jun Cheng. He has given me a lot of ideas to explore during my thesis research. I would like to thank my committee members Dr. Philip Van Beynen and Dr. Ruiliang Pu for their insightful and helpful suggestions. I would also like to thank my lab members Zachary Westfall, Denise Davis and Mathieu Vallée who have been my supportive colleagues and friends. They have collected the field data, which I have used in this thesis. And last, I would like to especially thank my parents for their love and support. I would never be who I am without their hard work and 24 years of education they provided for me. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1 1.1 Literature Review ...........................................................................................................3 2.1 Overall Research Objectives ........................................................................................14 Chapter 2: STUDY AREA .............................................................................................................15 2.1 Oceanographic and Morphologic Characteristics ........................................................15 2.2 Meteorologic and Oceanographic Characteristics of Hurricanes Hermine and Irma ........................................................................................................................24 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................38 3.1 Field Data Collections ..................................................................................................38 3.2 Beach-Profile Data Analysis ........................................................................................41 Chapter 4: RESULT .......................................................................................................................44 4.1 Beach Profile Volume and Contour Change during Hurricane Hermine .....................45 4.2 Beach Profile Volume and Contour Change during Hurricane Irma ...........................54 Chapter 5: DISCUSSION ..............................................................................................................64 5.1 Influence of Storm Surge on Beach Profile Changes ..................................................64 5.2 Influence of Background Erosion Rate and Shoreline-Orientation Change ................68 5.3 Morphodynamics of Sand Bar during the Storm Impacts ...........................................71 Chapter 6: CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................................................73 i REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................75 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Terms used to describe a beach profile (modified from Komar, 1998) .........................3 Figure 2. Study area location and adjacent inlets of Sand Key (modified from Roberts and Wang, 2012). ...................................................................................................17 Figure 3. Wind rose composed from measurements at NOAA station (#8726724) at Clearwater Beach, approximately 5 km north of the study area. ...........................18 Figure 4. Wave rose composed from computed wave conditions by the WAVEWATCHIII (http://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/waves/index2.shtml) at approximately 7 km from the shoreline. ..........................................................................................................19 Figure 5. Measured tides from July 23, 2008 to August 5, 2008 at approximately 3 km offshore John’s Pass, illustrating a mixed tide regime. ..........................................20 Figure 6. Wave conditions measured at ~400 m offshore Upham Beach at 4 m water depth. The measurements were conducted from November 25, 2003 to February 26, 2005 with some gaps in time due to equipment maintenance. A total of 4,181 measurements were obtained representing roughly 261 days. Upper panel: significant wave height. Lower panel: peak wave period (modified From Wang and Beck, 2012). ....................................................22 Figure 7. Idealized northerly approaching waves modeled in CMS-Wave for the study area (modified from Roberts and Wang, 2012). ...........................................23 iii Figure 8. Idealized southerly approaching waves modeled in CMS-Wave for the study area (modified from Roberts and Wang, 2012). ...........................................24 Figure 9. Hurricane Hermine track by Robbie Berg (modified from Visin and Moore) ............25 Figure 10. Wind direction during Hermine measured at Station 42036, about 200 km WNW of Tampa. ....................................................................................................28 Figure 11. Wave direction during Hermine measured at Station 42036, about 200 km WNW of Tampa. ....................................................................................................28 Figure 12. Wind speed during Hermine measured at Station 42036, about 200 km WNW of Tampa. ...............................................................................................................29 Figure 13. Wave height during Hermine at Station 42036, about 200 km WNW of Tampa. ........29 Figure 14. Dominant wave period during Hermine measured at Station 42036, about 200 km WNW of Tampa. ..............................................................................................30 Figure 15. Tidal water level measured at NOAA Clearwater Beach Station (8726724), about 5 km north of the Sand Key study area. Elevation referred to MLLW, which is 0.45 m below mean sea level at this location. ............................31 Figure 16. Hurricane Irma track by John P. Cangialosi et al. ........................................................32 Figure 17. Wind direction during Irma at Station 42036, about 200 km WNW of Tampa. ...........34 Figure 18. Wave direction during Irma at Station 42036, about 200 km WNW of Tampa. ..........34 Figure 19. Wind speed during Irma at Station 42036, about 200 km WNW of Tampa. ................35 iv Figure 20. Wave height during Irma at Station 42036, about 200 km WNW of Tampa. ...............35 Figure 21. Dominant wave period during Irma at Station 42036, about 200 km WNW of Tampa. ...............................................................................................................36 Figure 22. Tidal water level during Irma .......................................................................................37 Figure 23. Seven profiles on Sand Key from R61 at the north end to R109 at the south end. .........................................................................................................................40 Figure 24. Survey procedures include the use of an electronic level-and-transit total station and a 4-m survey rod (modified From Cheng et al., 2016b). .....................40 Figure 25. The area of sand bar height. .........................................................................................43 Figure 26. Beach profile change at survey line R61 due to Hermine. ...........................................47 Figure 27. Beach profile change at survey line R64 due to Hermine. ...........................................48 Figure 28. Beach profile change at survey line R75 due to Hermine. ...........................................49
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