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Index Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures Abereiddy Bay, 92 Amphigraptus, 36, 202 Abiesgraptus, 107, 227, 228 Amplexograptus, 11, 191, 195 cladia, 239 growth, 67 Abrograptidae, 114, 154, 160, 161 diagenesis, 85 fusellum reduction, 159, 209 proximal development, 194, 195 Abrograptus, 161 range, 105 absolute ages, 103 survivorship, 58, 61 Acanthastida, 263 anastomosis, 141, 142 Acanthograptidae, 114, 135, 136 ancestor‐descendant relationships, Acanthograptus, 58, 72, 135, 136, 5, 116 Plate 3 ancora (four‐pronged), 210 acetic acid, 249 Ancoragraptus, 147, 150, Plate 4 acme zone, 100, 101 ancora sleeve, 48, 208–210, 208, 213 Acoelothecia, 23 ancora umbrella, 48, 208–210, 210, 216 acorn worms, 17 meshes, 211, 214 Acrograptus, 154 Anisograptidae, 114, 118, 147, 154 adhesive disc, 27, 28 Anisograptus, 104, 146, 159 Adelograptus, 104, 143, 145, Plate 4 Anomalograptus, 162, 163 Aellograptus, 28 anoxia, 56, 59, 79 Aeronian, 102, 138, 228, 229 Anticostia, 73 Agetograptus, 205, 224 antivirgellar spine, 191, 195 Akidograptus, 103, 223, 223 Aorangi Mine, 263 algae, 137, 137, Plate 1 Aorograptus, 151, 151 Allograptus, 162 Apiograptus, 183 Alum Shale Formation, 81, 109 Appalachian Basin, 62 Ambulacraria, 17, 18 COPYRIGHTEDAppendispinograptus MATERIAL, 197–198, 197, 198 American Tickle Formation, 80 appendix, 67, 218 ammonium chloride, 251, 252, Plate 3 Araneograptus, 141 coating, 80, 83, 174, 247 Archaeolafoea, 129 Graptolite Paleobiology, First Edition. Jörg Maletz. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 0003053118.indd 311 2/4/2017 10:47:50 AM Archiclimacograptus, 2, 80, 196, 252, Bendigo goldfield, 6, 107 Plate 10 Bendigonian, 262 coalification, 87 Benson, William Noel, 263 epibiont 73 benthic, 51, 124 nematularium, 46, 68 bentonite, 78, 103 reconstruction, 146, 189 Bergstroemograptus, 177, 179 ventral virgella, 113, 187 biofacies, 10, 57, 64 Archiretiolitinae, 195, 209 biogeography, 62 Arienigraptus historical, 64 biostratigraphy, 104, 172, 173 biostratigraphy, 95–98, 260 deformation, 89, 90, 246, 247 Australia, 262 manubrium, 171, 172, 174 bioturbation, 79 pressure shadow, 92 biozonation, 98 arm, 16, 17 biozone, 98, 104 Aspidograptus, Plate 3 duration, 104 assemblage zone, 100, 101 biradiate, 148, 148 astogeny, 24, 43, 44, 45, 175 biserial, 37, 173, 181, 184 Atavograptus, 121, 222, 229 bithecae, 38, 40, 145, 146, Plate 4 thecal style, 225, 228 cleaning individuals, 268 Atlantic Faunal Province, 60 loss of, 156, 157 attachment, 51, 125, 128, 130, 143 sicular, 146, 146, 152, Plate 4 Atubaria, 27, 28–29 Bithecocamara, 130 autotheca, 38 black shales, 51, 56, 59, 79, 83 see also graptolite Avitograptus, 223, 223 shales axis, 182, 184 weathering, 87, 92 Axonophora 114, 118, 173, 182–183 bleaching, 250, Plate 10 biostratigraphy, 184 Bohemograptus, 75, 74, 238 cladictics, 116 Boiophyton, 135 diversity, 193 brachiopod, 9 evolution 193 branching, 35, 148 Azygograptus, Plate 5 Brevigraptus 67, 191, 195 transgression, 61, 61, 81 Bryozoa, 16, 22, 69, 125, 140–141, 265, 267 preservation, 92 bud, 27 convergent evolution, 121, 155, 222 budding, 24 Bulmanicrusta, 128, 130 Balanoglossus, 18, 20 Burgess Shale, 18, 91, 140 Baltica, 62, 97, 125, 127, 202, 261 burial, 82 Baltic Basin, 108 burial history, 86 Baltograptus, 7, Plate 8 biostratigraphy, 7 CAI see colour alteration index (CAI) coalification, 87, 88 Callograptus, 133, 142 latex cast, 157 Calyxdendrum, 134, 135 paleogeography, 10 camara, 130 proximal development 168, 169 Camaroidea, 128, 263 weathering, 92 Cambrian biostratigraphy, 126 bandage, 33, 211 camera lucida, 250 see also drawing mirror Bardo Mountains, 79 Campograptus, Plate 15 Barrande, Joachim, 257 Cape Phillips Formation, 84 bedding‐plane assemblage, 58 carbonate nodules, 84 312 INDEX 0003053118.indd 312 2/4/2017 10:47:50 AM Carboniferous, 136 Cochlograptus, 85, 121, 227, Plate 15 Essex Fauna, 18 coenecium, 32 graptolites 8, 134–137, 140–141 coiling (Monograptidae), 226–227, 233–234 Cardiograptus, 74, 171 ventral, 226, 227 cast, 248 dorsal, 226, 227 Castlemaine goldfield, 107 collar, 16, 17 Castlemainian Stage, 171 collection, 245 cauda, 43, 44, 143, 186 permit, 245 cephalic shield, 32, 52, 55 coloniality, 22–24 Cephalodiscida, 21, 26, 114 Colonograptus, 186, 237 Cephalodiscidae, 14 Colonus Shale, 236 Cephalodiscus, 3, 17, 23, 27, 71, Plate 1 fuselli, colonies (Barrande), 98 Plate 2 colony tubarium shape, 28, Plate 2 shape, 9 zooids, Plate 2 design, 155 chemical composition, 86 development, 141 Chengjiang biota, 22, 140 growth, 42 chert, 84 colour alteration index (CAI), 86, 109 Chigraptus, 150, 150 common canal, 38, 39 Chitinozoa, 9, 109 communality, 22–23 chlorite, 89, 91 competition, 69, 141 Chondrites, 79 concretions see also nodules chronostratigraphy, 102 limestone 58, 84, 236, 236 ciliary currents, 70 siderite, 18 clade, 115 siliceous, 85 cladial branching, 35, 36 concurrent range zone, 100, 101 cladium, cladia, 35–36, 201 conodonts, 9 Cyrtograptus, 36 constrained optimization (CONOP), 107 Nemagraptus, 201 contact metamorphosis, 88 Pterograptus, 170, 171 conus, 43, 143, 186 cladistics, 112, 115 convergent evolution, 121 clathrium, 208, 211 Copepods, 71 cleaning individuals, 147 Coronograptus, 227, 228, 229 Climacograptidae, 114, 196, 197 cortex, 32–33, 33, 211, 212 cortical bandages range 193 Corymbograptus, 167, 168 Climacograptus, Plate 10 Corynites, 67, 68, 179, 179 Devonian, 75 Corynoides, 59, 67, 179, 179 membrane, 197, 197 Cow Head Group, 86 nema, 184, 185 crossing canal, 143, 157–158, 167, 189 thecal shape, 41 Crustoidea, 128 clingfilm preservation, 79, 80 Cryptograptus, 176–178, 177, 178, 179, Plate 9 Clistrocystis, 72 Cucullograptinae, 120, 237 clonal, 42 cupula, cupulae, 41, 231, 232 Clonograptus, 146 current orientation, 56, 81, 82, 246 dichotomous branching, 35, 35, 104, 165 Cyclograptidae, 114, 129, 131 funicle, 54, 258 Cymatograptus, 85, 93, Plate 8 size, 35 Cyrtograptidae, 228, 235 coalification, 86, 87 evolution, 234–235 coating, 80, 251, Plate 3 origin 235 INDEX 313 0003053118.indd 313 2/4/2017 10:47:50 AM Cyrtograptus, 11, 222, 260, Plate 16 Dichograptina, 114, 154, 164 cladia, 36, 36, 227, 228, 235 Dichograptus, 163 phylogeny, 233 dichotomous branching, 35, 165 membrane, 47 Dicranograptidae, 114, 198, 199 mobility, 55 range 193 Cysticamaridae, 114, 128, 130 Dicranograptinae, 114 Cystograptus, 46, 67 Dicranograptus, 2, 11, 104, 199 astogeny, 45 Daniels Harbour Conglomerate, 96 torsion, 200 Dapingian, 101–104, 103, 121, 154, 261 Dictyonema, 52, 69, 128, 133, 136 biostratigraphy, 173 colony shape, 141, 142 paleogeography, 64 dissepiments, 37, 134 Darriwilian, 95–96, 103, 105, 155, 183 nematophorous, 135, 135 Dayangcha, 145 Dictyonema Shale, 109 DDO‐fauna, 193, 199, 203 Didymograptellus, 168–170, 170 death assemblage, 81 didymograptid biofacies, 61, 62 decay, 59, 81 Didymograptidae, 114, 168 declined, 38 Didymograptus, 61, 104, 168 decomposition, 77 deformation, 90 deflexed, 38 latex cast, 248 deformation 89, 92 pressure shadow, 89 tectonic, 89, 90 proximal development, 23, 169 Demirastrites, 106, 230, 231, 256 proximal membrane, 47 deformation, 91, 256 diet, 71 evolution 102, 120, 229 Dimorphograptidae, 114, 223, 223 Dendrograptidae 114, 132, 134 origin, 223 Dendrograptus, 35, 58, 132, Plate 3 Dimorphograptoides, 205 sicula, 143 Dimorphograptus, 223, 224 stem, 128 Dinemagraptus, 160, 161 thecae, 134 Diplacanthograptus, 33, 197 ultrastructure, 34 dipleural, 37, 38, 182–183 Dendroidea, 114, 131 Diplograptidae, 114, 194, 194 Dendrotubus, 131, 143, 143 range 193 depth distribution, 57, 62 Diplograptina, 114, 191, 192 Desmograpus, 34, 133, 141 proximal end, 192, 193 Deuterostomia, 17, 18 Diplograptinae, 114, 195 Devonian, 64, 98 Diplograptus, 191, 194 Climacograptus, 75 Diplospirograptus, 137, 138 diversity, 98, 106, 119, 243 Diprion, 259 extinction, 242–243 Discograptus, 131 graptolite zones, 99 discophorous 143 GSSP (Klonk), 103 disparity, 147 diad budding, 128 dissepiment, 37, 141 diagenesis, 83, 85 loss of, 149 dicalycal theca, 39, 40, 148, 148, 172 distortion, 85, 91, 109, 249, Plate 16 Dicaulograptus, 74, 74, 199, 251 distribution, 60 Dicellograptus, 104, 198, 199, Plate 10, Plate 11 spatial, 60, 62 torsion, 200, 200 depth, 60 Dichograptidae, 114, 154, 165 Dithecodendridae, 114, 130 314 INDEX 0003053118.indd 314 2/4/2017 10:47:50 AM diversity, 118, 147, 155, 168, 193, 228 FAD see first appearance datum (FAD) Diversograptus, 228 faunal provincialism, 62–64 Dob’s Linn, (GSSP), 100 faunal succession, 97 dome, 42–43, 43, 143 feeding 69, 70 dorsal fold see prothecal fold feeding efficiency, 55 drawing, 250, 251, 258 Fenestella, 141 drawing mirror (camera lucida), 250 Fezouata Biota, 70, 150, Plate 4 Dycoryne, 28 fibrils, 33 first appearance datum (FAD), 99, 100 ecology, 6, 17, 51 float, 145 see also nematularium ecosystem, 69 Floian 63, 103, 261 ectocortex, 33, 34 biogeography, 10 Egregiograptus, 238, 238 biostratigraphy, 7, 64 Eiseligraptus, 214, 215 GSSP, 64, 103 Eldonia, 140 folding (thecae), 42, 42 Elnes Formation, 58 food chain, 68 Emsian, 98, 99 fool’s gold see pyrite encrusting, 125 free‐floating, 53 endemic, 62, 104, 164 Fucoides, 255, 255 endocortex, 33, 34 fungus growth, 249 endoparasites, 71 funicle, 54 Englewood Formation, 136 fusellum, 32, 85, 249, 267 Enteropneusta, 17, 17, 18, 114 attenuation, 177–178, 211 see also reduction deep‐sea, 21 maturation (coalification), 86, 87 Eocephalodiscus, 28 preservation, 79 Eoglyptograptus, 188, 190 reflectance, 108 epibiont, 72, 73 replacement, 88 Epigraptus, 143, 143 Retiolitidae, 208–210 epipelagic, 53, 54, 57, 61,
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  • Early Silurian Graptolites from Southeastern Alaska and Their Correlation with Graptolitic Sequences in North America and the Arctic

    Early Silurian Graptolites from Southeastern Alaska and Their Correlation with Graptolitic Sequences in North America and the Arctic

    Early Silurian Graptolites From Southeastern Alaska and Their Correlation With Graptolitic Sequences in North America and the Arctic GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 653 Early Silurian Graptolites From Southeastern Alaska and Their Correlation With Graptolitic Sequences in North America and the Arctic By MICHAEL CHURKIN, JR., and CLAIRE CARTER GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 653 Descriptions and illustrations of $9 species of Graptoloidea and correlation of the assemblages with other graptolitic successions in North America, the Soviet Arctic, and Great Britain UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director Library of Congress Catalog-card No. 78-605140 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1 (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Page Abstract-_ _________________________________________ 1 Standard graptolite zones for the Lower Silurian___-_._- 6 Introduction-______________________________________ 1 Lower Silurian graptolites in western North America-___ 6 Acknowledgments. ____ __--_-_________-____-__-______ 1 Systematic descriptions._____________________________ 13 Graptolites of the Descon Formation, southeastern Alaska__ _____________________________________ 2 Class Graptolithina.____________________________ 13 Description of the Descon Formation.________..___ 2 Order Graptoloidea_-___________---___-__-_- 13 Graywacke sandstone and banded