Facilitating Greater Reuse and Recycling of Structural Steel in the Construction and Demolition Process

FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE

FACILITATING GREATER REUSE AND RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION PROCESS

FINAL REPORT 20 March 2006

Project Team Dr Mark Gorgolewski Prof. Vera Straka Jordan Edmonds Carmela Sergio

Action Plan 2000 Canadian Institute of Steel Construction

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Project advisory group The project steering committee provided much useful guidance and assistance throughout the project The members of the steering committee were as follows: David MacKinnon – Canadian Institute for Steel Construction Sylvie Boulanger – Canadian Institute for Steel Construction Susan Wuycik – Spec-Sec Fabricators Matt Humphries – Halsall Engineering Tony De Fina – Russel Metals Ken De Souza – Dofasco Steel Ryan Priestly – Priestly Demolition Vera Straka, – Ryerson University, Architectural Science Jordan Edmonds – Ryerson University, Architectural Science Mark Gorgolewski – Ryerson University, Architectural Science

The project was carried out by the Department of Architectural Science at Ryerson University with assistance from the Canadian Institute for Steel Construction. The work was funded by the Enhanced Recycling Component of the Government of Canada Action Plan 2000 on Climate Change, Minerals and Metals Program (managed by the Minerals and Metals Sector, Natural Resources Canada), and by the Canadian Institute for Steel Construction (CISC).

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Executive Summary The aim of this project is to develop a greater understanding of the materials flows in the steel construction industry and using this knowledge to provide tools that will facilitate greater reuse and recycling of steel components. The project involved three inter-related activities: Industry survey Initial work focused on investigating the materials flows and mechanisms within the steel construction sector to understand the opportunities for steel component reuse. A variety of organisations were contacted and surveyed, including steel service centres, demolition contractors, salvage yards, designers, and steel fabricators. The aim was to better understand the processes, and if possible the numbers, linked to construction, recycling and reuse of steel. The results of this stage are reported in chapter 2 of this report. The diagram below indicates the main steel flows that were identified.

In summary, the conclusions of this work suggest that reuse of steel components does occur but much of in an informal way, often for secondary uses. The shoring industry is a major user of larger reused sections, as they can adapt their requirements to suit availability. For other building uses, matching demand for particular sections with what is available at any time is a problem. Also, procedural issues can prevent much reuse. Pre-engineered, mainly industrial and storage, buildings regularly are deconstructed for reuse. Other major factors that affect steel reuse are the value of scrap steel, health and safety legislation, and construction economic activity. The recent high value of scrap steel on world markets has discouraged

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steel component reuse. The value of reused steel components is linked to the cost of new steel. Demolition contractors and salvage yards can get a high price for scrap steel that goes to steel mills for recycling and so they are not willing to make the additional effort and incur extra costs to extract the components in such a way that they can be reused. Health and safety legislation is sometimes perceived to add cost due to the more careful processes of deconstruction that are necessary for steel components to be removed undamaged for reuse. Others dispute this, although it is accepted that additional time is often required. When demolition contractors are busy they will tend to choose the quickest option which does not usually involve the care required for component reuse. Also, demolition is often on the critical path of a new build project and the client wants this done as quickly as possible. Deconstruction adds time to the process. Accurate figures for the amount of recycling and reuse of steel from demolition were difficult to obtain. However, from discussions with the industry it was estimated that approximately 90% of steel arising from demolition goes back to the steel mills for recycling, about 10% goes to some form of component reuse, and only a minimal amount, perhaps less than 1% goes to landfill as it is difficult to extract from the waste stream. However, in addition a considerable number of steel structures are not completely demolished. Rather they undergo major adaptive reuse where the steel structure is reused in the same location but for a new use. This is a very beneficial form of steel reuse. It has been estimated that reductions in greenhouse gas emissions of between 3,000 and 4,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually results from current construction steel reuse. Further annual reductions of 300 to 350 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions each year (200 tonnes from adaptive building reuse and 100 to 150 tonnes from component reuse) may be possible as a consequence of increased awareness resulting from greater environmental concern in the industry and the information supplied by this project. Assuming such a rate of growth, over 5 years, total savings resulting from steel reuse may be between 19,500 and 24,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide and over 10 years may be between 46,500 and 59,250 tonnes of carbon dioxide. Web site The second part of the project involved establishing a web site to inform the industry about opportunities for reusing steel in environmentally responsible ways and to facilitate the exchange of steel construction components. A reuse-steel.org web site has been established with information for designers, case studies, resources, news items, and the opportunity for posting ‘available’ items of used construction steel components that are offered for sale and ‘wanted’ postings from those looking for steel components. Case studies and information papers For the third component of the project, eight case studies about relevant building projects that feature some steel reuse were prepared, each one focusing on a particular building and aspects of steel reuse, how it affected the design and construction process, and what lessons can be learned. The case studies are aimed at architects and structural engineers. In addition, 4 information papers were prepared. Rather than looking at a specific building, these focus on a particular issue, and provide designers with guidance on how to address issues that will aid in component reuse. Each case study and information paper will be published individually and made available to view and download through the reuse-steel.org web site. Finally, a dissemination plan has been proposed to ensure that the work carried out is presented to a wide audience of relevant groups, and recommendations have been made about future work that may increase the level of component reuse.

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Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION 7

1.1 BACKGROUND 7 1.2 RECYCLING AND REUSE AND CLIMATE CHANGE 9 1.2.1 THE WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY 9 1.2.2 ADVANTAGES OF REUSE AND RECYCLING 10 1.2.3 FORMS OF REUSE AND RECYCLING 10 1.2.4 STEEL REUSE 11 1.2.5 LEEDTM 12 1.3 THE SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT 13

2 SURVEY AND REVIEW OF STEEL SALVAGE INDUSTRY 14

2.1 ORGANISATIONS CONTACTED 14 2.1.1 STEEL SERVICE CENTRES (SSCS) 14 2.1.2 DEMOLITION CONTRACTORS 19 2.1.3 SCRAP STEEL DEALERS/SALVAGE YARDS 22 2.1.4 STEEL FABRICATORS & ERECTORS 25 2.1.5 DESIGNERS 29 2.1.6 SHORING INDUSTRY 31 2.2 STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY 33 2.3 SUMMARY OF SURVEYS 33

3 REUSE-STEEL.ORG WEB SITE 36

3.1 MATERIALS EXCHANGE WEB SITES 36 3.1.1 REVIEW OF EXISTING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS EXCHANGE WEB SITES 37 3.1.2 PROPOSAL FOR EXCHANGE FACILITATION 37 3.2 PROPOSED STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF REUSE-STEEL.ORG WEB SITE 38 3.2.1 STRUCTURE OF THE WEB SITE 39 3.2.2 WEB SITE EFFECTIVENESS 41

4 CASE STUDIES 42

4.1 LIST OF IDENTIFIED PROJECTS 42 4.2 SUMMARIES OF CASE STUDIES 45 4.2.1 UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO SCARBOROUGH CAMPUS STUDENT CENTRE 45 4.2.2 MOUNTAIN EQUIPMENT CO-OP OTTAWA, ONTARIO 46 4.2.3 PARKWOOD RESIDENCES 47 4.2.4 REUSE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AT BEDZED 48 4.2.5 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANGUS TECHNÔPOLE 49 4.2.6 THE DECONSTRUCTION AND REBUILDING OF 740 RUE BEL-AIR, MONTRÉAL 50 4.2.7 BMW SALES AND SERVICE CENTRE, DOWNTOWN TORONTO 51 4.2.8 ROY STIBBS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, COQUITLAM, BRITISH COLUMBIA 52

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5 INFORMATION PAPERS 53

5.1 SUMMARIES OF INFORMATION PAPERS 53 5.1.1 DESIGN FOR ADAPTABILITY IN STEEL 53 5.1.2 STEEL COMPONENT DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION 54 5.1.3 EARNING LEEDTM CREDITS THROUGH REUSE OF STEEL 55 5.1.4 REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF STRUCTURAL STEEL STANDARDS 56

6 DISSEMINATION STRATEGY 57

7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 59

7.1 CONCLUSIONS FROM SURVEYS 59 7.2 OUTCOMES OF THE PROJECT 61 7.2.1 CONCERNS AND LIABILITY ISSUES 63 7.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 64

APPENDIX A - REVIEW OF EXISTING MATERIALS EXCHANGE WEB SITES 66

APPENDIX B: CASE STUDIES 79

APPENDIX C: INFORMATION PAPERS 80

APPENDIX D: SUMMARY OF CANADIAN FABRICATORS SURVEY 81

APPENDIX E: SOURCES OF RECYCLED STEEL 83

APPENDIX F: GLOSSARY 85

APPENDIX G: RELEVANT WEB SITE LINKS 88

APPENDIX H: SUMMARY OF DEMOLITION CONTRACTOR SURVEYS 89

APPENDIX I: SUMMARY OF SALVAGE YARD/SCRAP DEALER SURVEYS 99

REFERENCES 112

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1 Introduction The work described in this report was funded by the Enhanced Recycling Component of the Government of Canada Action Plan 2000 on Climate Change, Minerals and Metals Program (managed by the Minerals and Metals Sector, Natural Resources Canada), and by the Canadian Institute for Steel Construction (CISC). The project was carried out by the Department of Architectural Science at Ryerson University with assistance from the Canadian Institute for Steel Construction. The goal for this project was to develop a greater understanding of the materials flows in the steel construction sector and using this knowledge to provide tools that will facilitate greater reuse and recycling of steel construction components. In particular, the aim was to provide information on patterns of steel reuse in the construction industry, to establish a web site which informs the construction industry about the opportunities and the environmental benefits of reusing steel, and to publish a series of case studies/information papers on issues related to reuse of steel. This final report consists of: • A review of the information that was collected about steel reused from the industry. • Details of the new www.reuse-steel.org web site. • The case studies that have been prepared for publication. • Information papers that have been prepared for publication. • Conclusions and recommendations. • Background information

1.1 Background The consumption of non-renewable resources and the creation of wastes have been identified as among the key issues that our society must address in order not to prejudice the opportunities for future generations. The construction industry, in common with many others, is being encouraged to improve the efficiency with which it uses materials. In Canada, both Federal and Provincial government initiatives are leading to a change in the attitude of industry to material use by encouraging new processes that conserve primary resources and minimise waste, often leading to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. These include increasing the rates of recycling of materials, reuse of buildings and components, and the use of waste materials from construction, demolition and other industries. The construction industry represents 12% of Canadian Gross Domestic Product1 and has a tremendous impact on our environment. Much of this is associated with the use of resources and creation of emissions and waste2. Approximately 30% of total energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions result from operating buildings. Furthermore, it is estimated that anything from 10% to 30% of greenhouse gas emissions are generated indirectly by the production and transport of building materials and construction and demolition waste3.

Canada’s GHG production in 2003 was 740 million tonnes (Mt) of CO2 equivalent per year, rising 3% over the previous year4 and 24% over 1990 levels of 596 Mt. The country’s Kyoto commitment is to reduce emissions to 6% below 1990 levels, which equates to about 571 Mt/year, by between 2008 and 2012. If

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nothing is done, Canada's emissions in 2010 are predicted to be over 800 Mt, fuelled by an expected increase in GDP of about 30%. This would exceed the Kyoto commitment by about 30%. In addition to global warming, other concerns involve the rapidly depleting reserves of mineral resources, and creation of waste that needs disposal. At the same time land filling is becoming more expensive and Canada has set targets for reductions of materials to landfill. The construction industry is the dominant user of most non-energy minerals. As a result of ever-expanding economies and populations, the world's demand for materials is creating enormous pressure on natural resources. As the continually escalating costs of oil demonstrate, scarcity of resources can cause incredible increases in costs for commodities that were once taken for granted. This shift to resource scarcity in the future will make recycling and reusing existing resources particularly important. Canada also ranks second only to the USA in per capita generation of solid waste per year. Currently construction and demolition waste (C&D) equal about 27% of the total waste stream in Canada, representing 3.4 Mt in weight5 (Figure 1). In addition approximately 40% of the annual national resource expenditure is consumed by the construction industry. In today’s global economic climate, competitive advantage realised through efficient resource use is likely to generate increasing strategic benefits. In Europe, C&D waste has been identified as a primary waste stream and targeted for reduction. Both Sweden and Germany have programs to reduce C&D waste by 50% in 10 years, and other European countries are following, partly driven by new European Union directives.

% of total waste CRD 10

t e l le ing one wal etal f bb phal t cret u other wood s m roo r A dry ick/s con Br Materials

Figure 1 Canadian construction and demolition waste (total 11.187 m tonnes)6 It is recognised that the use of recycled materials and reuse of components in buildings can lead to lower environmental impacts. As a result, there is a greater interest in reuse and recycling in construction, and designers are increasingly looking to incorporate reused and recycled components into construction projects, driven by the LEEDTM green rating system (see Section 1.2.4) and increased awareness of environmental issues.

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However, the practical, environmental and economic aspects of using these materials are often not properly understood within the construction industry. There are many reasons why construction professionals do not embrace the wider use of recycled materials and reused components. These can be issues of current building codes and standards, economics, technical considerations, or perception, but they are often exacerbated by prejudice and the lack of information and clear guidance.

1.2 Recycling and reuse and climate change The US Environmental Protection Agency has developed a way to quantify the energy benefits of improved materials management and found that recycling and source reduction conserve large amounts of energy leading to significant savings in greenhouse gas emissions. The EPA undertook a study to calculate the energy benefits of improved material management throughout a material’s life-cycle using data from an existing GHG life-cycle analysis. The study developed net energy factors for a selection of materials analyzed for four waste management options: source reduction, recycling, combustion, and land-filling. Energy impacts were calculated per ton of material. The study shows that energy savings are generated for all the materials studied when they are recycled These are driven largely by the difference between manufacturing the material using virgin inputs and manufacturing the material using recycled inputs. The study demonstrates that recycling is not the only material management practice that saves energy. Waste reduction efforts that result from reuse can result in significant energy savings, and in nearly every case exceeding the energy benefits of recycling7. A similar, Canadian study with similar conclusions has recently been completed by IFC Limited funded by Action Plan 2000 on Climate Change and Environment Canada looking at Canadian GHG emission factors8.

1.2.1 The waste management hierarchy The waste management hierarchy is a generally adopted strategy for prioritising approaches to resource use. The hierarchy indicates priorities for dealing with waste and sets out the following actions in order of importance9: • Reduce the volume of materials used and the generation of waste. • Reuse existing buildings in their current form. • Refurbish existing buildings for a new use. • Dismantle buildings to reclaim components for reuse. • Extract and recycle materials from the construction waste stream. • Generation of energy from waste where possible. • Dispose of the material using the best practicable environmental option. Reducing the amount of materials used and the waste and pollution created is regarded as the most important action. If this is not possible the reuse or refurbishment of whole buildings is desirable. Next the reuse of components should be attempted. It is generally assumed that the recycling of materials involves a number of processes including disassembly, material separation, transportation, storage and processing, all of which are associated with additional environmental impacts, which makes recycling less desirable than reuse.

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1.2.2 Advantages of reuse and recycling Recycling and reuse are intuitively seen as good environmental practice for four independent reasons: • They can reduce the amount of primary resources required per unit product. • They can reduce the amount of waste per unit of product that requires ultimate disposal back to earth. • They can lead to reductions in the total non-renewable energy used per unit product. • They can lead to reduced greenhouse gas (and other) emissions. These benefits will only be realised if the recycling processes do not use more natural resources and energy or generate more waste than the production processes of similar products using virgin resources. Furthermore, at present the cost implications of choosing recycled or reused materials are often unclear. Waste should be seen as a resource and a business opportunity as the economic benefits from recycling and reuse can be significant. A process that adds value to recycled materials can lead to significant financial benefits.

1.2.3 Forms of reuse and recycling The diagrams below illustrate the generic types of recycling and reuse and suggest construction materials to which they apply.

Virgin production e.g. Primary aluminium, PVC sheet, brick, cement, etc. (T = transport stages)

Resource extraction T Material production T Use in building T Waste

Mixed production e.g. Steel via the primary Basic Oxygen Furnace route, reconstituted stone. (T = transport stages)

Waste Resource extraction T Material production – T Use in building mixed primary and T recycled raw materials T

T Recovery and re-processing

Pure recycling

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e.g. Steel via the secondary Electric Arc Furnace route, recycled aluminium (T = transport stages).

Waste T Material production T Use in building

Recovery and re-processing

Component Reuse e.g. steel beams extracted from one building used in another (T = transport stages).

Material production T Component T Use in building Waste fabrication

T T

Cleaning and storage

Building Reuse e.g. Reuse of a whole building structure either at the same site or moved to an alternative site (T = transport stages).

Material production Reuse in building T Component T Waste fabrication through renovation and adaptability

Building reuse Figure 2 Reuse and recycling diagrams

1.2.4 Steel reuse Recycling and reuse of steel generates reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by saving on primary steel production, as well as reducing use of primary resources, generating less waste, and using less energy. However, there is little information in Canada about reuse and recycling rates for structural steel, and, although some designers are willing to redesign their projects to make use of available reused structural steel components it is often difficult to identify suitable materials in the local area at the appropriate time in a project life. A limiting factor for greater adoption of reuse of steel component is the lack of a well

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established mechanism for exchange of these components. Demolition companies usually sell the steel components from demolition to scrap merchants and this usually feeds back into the steel manufacturing loop. This is driven by the high value of scrap steel. There is a lack of a mechanism to make available steel components easily accessible to designers, construction companies, and others who may wish to use such components in new construction projects.

Metals Recycling Industry Structure Canada's metals recycling sector is both mature and extensive. According to NRCan, it comprises of over 2800 firms geographically distributed across every province and territory10. The individual firms comprising the Canadian metals recycling industry vary widely in size, scope and level of sophistication.

1.2.5 LEEDTM In North America, over the last few years the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED™)11 green building rating system has provided a framework to help building design and construction decisions to be made and building projects to be evaluated for their sustainability. For better or worse, LEED™ has rapidly become a design tool embraced by designers and owners interested in addressing sustainability issues and bringing additional value to their projects. The LEED™ system was developed to provide a standard for what constitutes a "sustainable building” and to transform existing building markets so that sustainable design, construction and operation become mainstream practices. The approach taken was to create a “voluntary, consensus based, market-driven building rating system based on proven technology”12. LEED™ aims to improve occupant well-being, environmental performance and economic returns from buildings, using both established and innovative practices, standards and technologies. It is also hoped that it will prevent exaggerated or false claims of sustainability, and to provide a common standard of measurement. LEED™ Canada NC version 1.0 includes a maximum of 70 possible points (69 in the USA). To be LEED™ certified, all the prerequisites must be met, and a minimum number of points scored. A building is classified as Certified (26 to 32 points), Silver (33 to 38 points), Gold (39 to 51 points) or Platinum (52 or more points) depending upon the total number of points achieved. One of the categories within LEED™, which includes 14 points, deals with Materials and Resources. This includes: provision of storage and collection for recyclables during the operation of the building, building reuse, construction waste management, resource reuse, recycled content, and local/regional materials as appropriate strategies. It is possible to score LEED™ points through the use of reused steel components either through the Building Reuse credits (“Materials & Resources”, credit 1), if whole structures are reused, or the Resource Reuse credits (“Materials & Resources”, credit 3), for reused components. Recycled steel can gain points through the Recycled Content credit (“Materials & Resources”, credit 4). Thus, LEED™ provides a stimulus for change in the industry and an indication of the importance that is placed on conservation of materials and resources. Section 5.2.3 and Appendix c present an Information Paper that discusses the potential benefits that steel reuse can generate for LEED™ ratings.

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1.3 The scope of this project The overall aims of this project were to address two issues of steel reuse: 1. The more immediate issue was how to increase reuse of reclaimed steel components that are now being extracted from the demolition of buildings which have reached the end of their useful life. This requires that both supply and demand issues are addressed, including: • Generating a greater ready supply of reclaimed steel by ensuring that during the demolition process all useful steel components are extracted undamaged. • Developing a greater demand for reclaimed steel components by increasing designer and client knowledge about the opportunities for such reuse and creating a greater “comfort level” about such reuse. • Facilitating an easier exchange of available steel by creating easier links between supply from demolition and scrap dealers and demand from designers/contractors and clients, thus creating more effective markets for reclaimed steel. 2. The longer term benefits may be achieved if designers consider: • How buildings can be readily deconstructed at the end of their life so that materials can be easily extracted for reuse. This may involve consideration of the deconstruction process in a similar way to the construction process. • How buildings can be more easily adapted so that longer lasting components such as the structure can be altered and made to suite a variety of situations over a long period of time while components with shorter lifetimes such as services can be easily updated or replaced. This would result in the reuse of the structure in place without deconstruction. Thus, the objectives of the project were three fold: • To investigate the materials flow processes for steel construction components. The aim was to survey the Canadian demolition and steel supply industry to better understand the processes, and if possible the numbers, linked to production, construction, recycling and reuse of steel. This will help to provide an understanding of the processes that occur from demolition to the movement of scrap and the opportunities for reuse. • To establish a web site to inform the industry about opportunities for using and reusing steel in an environmentally responsible ways. The main purpose is to facilitate and encourage the reuse of steel construction components. The intention is that the web site will provide designers with a greater understanding of the issues they need to address when reusing steel, and to make the process of identifying sources of reclaimed steel more easy to achieve. • To prepare eight case studies and four information papers of buildings/construction projects, which focus on reuse or recycling. These are aimed at architects and structural engineers. Each case study is available individually through the web site, and is to be published in Advantage Steel.

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2 Survey and review of steel salvage industry The initial phase of the project involved an investigation of the materials flow processes for steel construction components. The UK has estimated that construction steel is 10% reused and the remainder nearly all recycled. No figures are currently available for Canada. The aim of this stage of the project was to understand the steel flows in the Canadian industry, the relationships between various organisations and to attempt to better understand the numbers linked to construction, recycling and reuse. This provides an understanding of the movement of scrap and the opportunities for reuse.

2.1 Organisations contacted Below is a list of groups that have been identified as potentially having some involvement or influence on the reuse of construction steel: • Steel service centres • Demolition contractors • Scrap steel dealers/salvage yards • Steel fabricators & erectors • Designers • Shoring industry • Materials exchange web sites For each of the above groups, a list of questions was prepared and the key organisations were identified and contacted. Information was collected either by face to face meetings where appropriate or by telephone conversations. For some groups, email surveys were also used. Below is a summary of the information collected from each group.

2.1.1 Steel service centres (SSCs) Metal service centers are businesses that inventory and distribute metals for industrial customers and perform first-stage processing. They act as intermediaries between the steel mills that manufacture the steel and the fabricators, shoring companies, and other end users that require steel. There are many steel service centres supplying steel in Canada but not all supply to the construction sector. Most of the steel in the construction sector in Canada is supplied through steel service centres. Overall, from data collected it is estimated that about 80 to 90% of construction steel is supplied through steel service centres with the remainder coming directly from steel mills to fabricators. Structural sections are purchased principally from mills in North America but also from mills all over the world including: Luxemburg, Germany, Spain, South Africa, Poland, Japan, Russia, Brazil, China. The Metal Service Centre Institute (MSCI) is a trade association that represents the interests of metal service centres and also others in the metals value chain including steel. The MSCI representative for Canada was contacted and the MSCI member list was used to identify relevant steel service centres to be surveyed. In addition, the Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC) membership includes seven steel service centres. These were also surveyed. Finally, additional searches through the internet and other sources revealed several other relevant organisations.

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Figure 3 Images of steel stored at a service centre

Sources for contact information • The Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC) - The directory of the CISC members includes 7 service centres. Member Directory - http://www.cisc-icca.ca/sc.html • Metal Service Centre Institute (MSCI) - A trade association that represents the interests of metal service centres and also others in the metals value chain including steel. Canadian Division - http://www.ssci.org/Canada.aspx

Steel service center list of questions The following list of questions was used as a basis for discussion with SSC: 1. Do you deal with reclaimed steel components? 2. Sources of reclaimed steel? 3. What problems have you encountered when dealing with reclaimed steel? 4. How do you establish the structural qualities of reclaimed steel? 5. Who are your clients who are purchasing reclaimed steel? 6. Do you encounter problems selling reclaimed steel? How does the pricing compare to new steel? 7. What type of reclaimed metal components do you deal with? 8. What are the limiting factors for reuse of steel? 9. How much steel do you deal with per year (tonnes)? 10. Do you know of any projects which featured reuse of steel components?

Summary of Steel Service Centre responses The following is a summary of information collected from meetings and telephone conversations with representatives from the steel service centre companies. Six companies were identified as the major suppliers of structural steel components for the Canadian construction Industry: Acier Leroux, Acier Pacifique, Dymin Steel, Kimco Steel, Russel Metals, and Salit Steel.

How much steel is dealt with per year in the construction industry?

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• Overall, from data supplied it is estimated that the Canadian market for construction steel is about 500,000 tonnes per year and that about 80 to 90% is supplied through steel service centres with the remainder coming directly from steel mills, mostly from the USA. • The largest SSC supplies about 60,000 to 70,000 tonnes of structural steel per year in Ontario, two others supply about 40,000 tonnes per year each. Some companies were unwilling to provide information on volume of steel supplied. • The SSCs themselves estimate that 80% to 90% of structural steel is sold through service centers in Canada (but only 55% of structural steel is sold through service centers in the United States). • For some companies, only a small percentage of sales was to the construction industry, and they could not identify the amount of steel supplied to the construction industry. • In many cases the clients of the SSCs are large fabricators who do not identify the intended use of the steel. Purchase could be for a range of end uses. This distance from the end product makes it difficult to establish final use.

Where does the steel come from? • Since no wide flange sections are manufactured in Canada and these form approximately 30% to 40% of the construction market most of these come from the USA. Hollow sections, flat plate and cold formed sections come principally from Canadian steel mills. • In addition, some companies purchases metal from mills all over the world: Luxemburg, Germany, Spain, South Africa, Poland, Japan, Russia, Brazil, China, etc, depending on economic conditions, availability, and reliability of source.

How is scrap dealt with? • Most if not all companies are recycling scrap by sending it to the steel mills for reprocessing. Large scrap steel dealers are sometimes used. • Estimates for scrap arising from service centres suggest that 2% to 3% of the steel they purchase goes to scrap.

Companies that deal with reclaimed steel components? • A few small SSC were identified that also dealt with significant volumes of reclaimed steel components. These organisations often combined the work of salvage yard and steel centre. The proportion of their business that was reclaimed steel varied considerably from 5% to 50%. • Other SSCs acknowledged that they had previously dealt in reused steel components but with the high price of scrap and the added expense of processing for reuse, they felt that this activity was not currently viable. • A majority of the SSCs did not think it appropriate for them to sell reused steel components. • A few SSCs believed that reuse is completely impractical. Two companies believed reuse of steel to be illegal.

Knowledge of reused steel components in the construction industry? • Most of the SSCs had no knowledge of reuse of steel in the construction industry.

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• Some SSCs were aware of steel reuse in the shoring industry, as they also supply shoring contractors when reclaimed steel is not available for shoring. Some claim that even shoring contractors are starting to want more traceability. • Occasionally, SSCs reuse steel component for internal needs: cranes and crane runway. (Cranes from Milton were shortened and rebuilt for use on a York-Ennis runway. A crane runway in Cambridge was reused from docks in Oshawa). • A few SSCs identified potential case study buildings where a customer reused old steel.

Types of reclaimed steel components that clients are purchasing? • Clients come looking for used steel, but usually they are one-offs. Often they are small builders, or others requiring only individual pieces. • When reused steel is available, the price is usually in the range 50% to 75% of new steel depending on various factors including condition and size and type of component. Generally, larger items mostly go quickly to shoring. Smaller (12-14 inch) wide flange beams and channels go quickly, pipe is mostly reused for fencing, and cladding is used for barns/sheds. Stair cases are a good seller. Clients include: o Shoring contractors (can use large members even if slightly damaged). o Farmers, (not always known where steel is going). o Small builders. o One-off industrial building projects. • Some SSC uses a few internet trading sites: steelboss.com, metalboss.com, (see Section 3.1), but mostly reclaimed steel goes to local clientele.

Sources of reclaimed steel? • Fabricators, scrap yards, demolition contractors, and old industrial installations being dismantled (mines, auto plants). • Some SSCs get involved in dismantling pre-engineered industrial “Butler” type buildings, and selling them whole for rebuilding on a new site.

Opportunities identified in dealing with reclaimed steel construction components? • One company sees environmental benefits (but still does not see it as practical). • One SSC responded that: “All steel buildings are technically reusable, simply unbolt and move”.

Improving the availability of reclaimed construction steel components? • Some companies felt that a web-based steel trading system could be helpful (they seemed unaware that such sites already exist). They felt that such a site would need to report quantity, length and grade and need to be regional. • Some SSC suggested that a form of identifying mark/bar code/number stamped onto each steel component could be used to identify the characteristics of each steel component and provide data in the future relevant to their reuse. This already exists to some limited extent with mills marking

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steel and some fabricators coding each component. Currently, these are related to drawing codes and junction details. • AISC standards could be stamped into components, including: heat number and mill name, and the mill would have to keep heat numbers.

Problems with using reclaimed steel components for new construction? • Liability was the biggest concern – Many SSCs felt that engineers will not support use of material with unknown characteristics. • People want traceability in their products. • Unknown specifications: quality, tolerances, sweep, camber. • Many thought that the structural standard of older steel is lower than present standards. Over- sizing of members would be needed. • Many SSCs thought reuse was not economical as each piece of steel would have to be tested resulting in too high a cost. • Cost of deconstruction to salvage material may be prohibitive. • A couple of companies thought there would be a lack of steady supply, inventory and accessibility. Difficult to find space for storage until resale. More could be sold if it were available. • Small structural components are very hard to come by and are more often damaged in the demolition process. • Some SSCs felt that the high price in scrap steel made reusing components less worthwhile. • Some SSCs felt that aesthetic concerns would put clients off reuse. • Some SSCs felt that labour costs are too high to collect, identify and organize reclaimed steel. • One SSC company felt safety issues of salvaging older steel components would be a problem.

How are the structural properties of reclaimed steel established? • Several SSCs had experience of using testing organisations such as Bodycote to carry out structural performance tests and figures of $200 per test were mentioned. • There was some concern about whether testing is practical and realistic?

Other comments • Most SSCs were not aware of the LEEDTM green building rating system and its potential implications, but a few had recently heard of it. • Some SSCs suggested that reuse is a wonderful academic exercise, but totally unpractical. • One SSC raised concerns about traceability. They run a stringent traceability program due to liability issues and this would not be possible with reclaimed steel. • Mills in other countries use metric measurements but US is still using imperial. This could cause problems with identification.

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2.1.2 Demolition contractors Demolition companies are responsible for the removal of buildings that are no longer required. Larger demolition companies can do 100 to 200 demolitions a year and salvage up to 15,000 tons or more of steel annually. Currently, removal of a building predominantly means a process of destructive demolition, where limited materials sorting and recycling occurs. In this process, steel components can easily become damaged and unsuitable for reuse. However, due to its high scrap value and relatively easy extraction process, steel is nearly all removed from the waste stream and sorted for recycling (returned to the steel mills to act as a feedstock for the manufacture of new steel). Larger structural sections are often sold to shoring companies. Some progressive demolition companies make more effort to deconstruct parts of old buildings to maximise the reuse value of the components. In such cases, steel components are often removed and are suitable for reuse.

Figure 4 Images of reclaimed materials stored at demolition sites The National Demolition Association (NDA) is a non-profit trade organization representing more than 900 U.S. and Canadian companies which offer standard demolition services, as well as a full range of demolition-related services and products. NDA members in Canada were contacted. In addition, other companies identified from the internet and yellow pages were also contacted. The size of demolition companies differs greatly so the responses varied considerably. Some of the large demolition companies were very helpful and knowledgeable about the issues of steel reuse and indeed claim to encourage such reuse; others were not interested in the idea or would not bother to respond.

Sources for contact information • National Demolition Association - The National Demolition Association (NDA) is a non-profit trade organization representing more than 900 U.S. and Canadian companies which offer standard demolition services, as well as a full range of demolition-related services and products. Members - http://www.demolitionassociation.com

Demolition contractors list of questions The following is a list of questions used as a basis for discussion with demolition contractors: 1. What numbers of steel buildings do you demolished? 2. How much steel is recovered by your company per year? 3. Where does the steel you recover go? – recycling, reuse, landfill, other? 4. How do you sell steel reclaimed for reuse? 5. What happens with steel for recycling? Who do you sell it to?

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6. Are there problems with extracting steel from demolition for reuse? 7. Dismantling versus demolition, what are the issues? Is there an extra cost? 8. What type of reclaimed metal components do you deal with? 9. Do you know of any projects which featured reuse of steel components?

Summary of demolition company responses Generally, the smaller companies seemed more willing to discuss their practices. The larger companies were not as amenable to dealing with non-business related concerns. Some individuals, particularly in the Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan provinces were hostile to the idea of reuse.

How much steel is recovered? • Larger demolition companies can do 100 to 200 demolitions a year and salvage up to 15,000 tons/yr and more of steel. • Reuse of steel from demolition sites varies. Estimates from companies suggest the following: o 85-90% goes to recycling back to the steel mills (structural 50%, bailing 10%, shredding 30% and non-ferrous 10%) o About 10% goes to reuse. o Only a minimal amount, perhaps less than 1% goes to landfill as it is difficult to extract from the waste stream. These are mainly small components and fittings. • Scrap metal differs from reusable metals because it is usually damaged when it is removed from a building and therefore generally not useable for major construction or cannot be guaranteed for safety and strength any longer. • A few demolition contractors reported that they dismantle 1 or 2 buildings per year, sometimes more. One contractor reported a major deconstruction leading to 500 tonnes of steel for reuse. There have been less steel buildings to deconstruct lately. This is only a small percentage of annual work.

Where does the steel you recover go? • Metals seem to go to the following locations with some frequency. o Shoring companies take many larger steel sections for use in shoring projects. o Salvage and scrap yards take general steel for sorting. Most of this ends up going to recycling but the scrap yard may extract useful or valuable components for reuse. This process is affected by the value of scrap steel. o Some larger demolition companies have direct arrangements with steel mills for their scrap steel to be sold for recycling. o Smaller demolition companies deal directly with metal brokers who collect, batch and bale the steel for selling on to the steel mills for recycling o Some metal brokers will also buy scrap steel for recycling overseas, particularly in China and India.

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o Some steel is used by the demolition contractors for their own activities, as temporary supports or in their yards. o Occasionally, a demolition company will have an arrangement with a specific client to recover certain types of steel for reuse. • There is a significant market for larger structural steel members, (wide flange over 12”) in the shoring and foundation industries. The shoring contractors require significant amounts of such steel and have established relationships with the demolition companies. They are able to take most, if not all the larger structural sections. • Reuse of steel for smaller structural uses is less common. Much of the reuse here is small scale, mainly residential, farmers, smaller industries, etc. Many demolition companies do not feel that this market is worthwhile and with the recent high value of scrap steel they are happy to batch up the steel for recycling by the mills. • The market for steel is a major determining factor in the eventual destination for steel. Demolition contractors view scrap steel as a commodity, and with recent price fluctuations they may store scrap waiting for better markets. The price differential between scrap steel offered by the mills and the price of new steel dictates to a great extent the likelihood that they will be willing to take more time to reclaim it for reuse.

How do you sell steel reclaimed for reuse? • Demolition sites offer a variety of materials that can be recycled/reused depending on need and appropriateness. • Larger demolition contractors have marketing personnel that will look for markets for materials extracted from the demolition process, particularly steel components. They try to sell directly from the demolition site to avoid multiple handling and storage, and may even look for buyers before demolition begins. If necessary some more valuable components are stored at their yards until a buyer can be found. • Several demolition companies list items for sale on their web sites, and some have established agreements with salvage yards to offer certain components for sale.

What happens with steel for recycling? Who do you sell it to? • Steel is generally cleaned and sometimes cut down to smaller lengths/size for transport. • Scrap metal is often shredded. This involves “ripping” apart steel into smaller components for eventual transport. • Sorting is the separating of metals into their respective types. This can be done by condition, size, and metal type. Most companies will separate all metals into categories for transport to their destination. • Demolition companies may sell directly back to steel mills if they have sufficient volume. Several companies deal directly with places like Dofasco or mini-mills like Gerdau Ameristeel. • More often they will sell to intermediary metal broker/scrap dealer who can then get better prices from the mills due to volume, regular supply, and appropriate sorting.

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Are there problems with extracting steel from demolition for reuse? • Some factors discouraging companies from more careful demolition to allow more steel reuse include: o The price of scrap steel has recently been high, it is far more economical to simply sell it back to the mills or to scrap steel dealers. o Overseas markets are taking a great deal of steel and paying quite a high price for it. Places like China are buying great quantities of scrap steel and this presents a major source of revenue. o To demolish a building carefully takes too much time and money. Most demolitions are on the critical path of a new construction project and time critical. o Careful demolitions can lead to Health and Safety issues. Insurance and salaries for workers are extremely high. Insurance costs alone greatly prohibit lengthy and more “hands-on” demolition. o Certification and quality control of steel reclaimed from demolition is difficult. o It is not permissible to use reclaimed steel in some constructions situations? Certification cannot be done on site or by demolition companies – nor salvage yards. o Most often a lot of the metals from a demolition site are rusted, damaged or bent which prevents them from being reused. • There is some consensus that in the past, companies would reuse a lot more of their salvaged components from a demolition, but that current regulations, labour costs, insurance and scrap value dissuade demolition companies from pursuing this activity. • The process of extracting steel varies considerably. Even bolted structures are rarely unbolted. It is more economical to cut either with scissor shears which damages several feet of the beam close to the cut, or by torch cutting which is less damaging. The beams are often then dropped to the ground, which can lead to further damage. • Some demolition contractors believe that most steel can be deconstructed for reuse if the time is taken. However, the demolition market in some areas is very active so it is difficult to spend more time on a project instead of quickly ripping the building down and moving on to the next.

2.1.3 Scrap steel dealers/salvage yards

Figure 5 Images from salvage yards

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Steel that emerges from the demolition process is often sold to scrap steel dealers or salvage yards that will cut, grade, batch and sell the steel back to steel mills for recycling. These organisations will also often buy scrap steel that arises during fabrication and from other sources. A few salvage yards will extract steel components when they recognise potential for reuse. However, this now seems to happen less than in the past due to the recent high value of scrap, the increased work involved in reuse, and concerns about Health & Safety issues. Mostly, the steel is directly batched for recycling.

Sources for contact information • Recycling Markets.net - provides access to North America's most comprehensive searchable database of more than 17,000 companies involved in the recycling process throughout the USA and Canada. http://www.recyclingmarkets.net/ • Steel Recycling Institute - Provides information on steel recycling. http://www.recycle-steel.org Salvage yards and scrap dealers were identified through the internet, yellow pages and from conversations with demolition companies and fabricators. RecyclingMarkets.net, which provides access a searchable database of companies involved in the recycling in Canada, was also used to identify relevant companies.

Salvage yards / scrap steel dealers list of questions The following is a list of questions used as a basis for discussion with salvage yards and scrap steel dealers: 1. Does the company deal with salvaged steel from construction? 2. How much waste steel from construction sites does the company deal with? (tonnes), What are the other sources? 3. How do you get steel to your yard? 4. How much steel goes to: recycling, reuse, waste/ landfill 5. Where does the steel for recycling go? 6. Where does the steel for reuse go? 7. What type of reclaimed steel components do you deal with? 8. Do you discuss your requirements for steel for reuse with the demolition contractor? 9. Are there problems with extracting steel from demolition for reuse? 10. What are the problems with selling reclaimed construction steel for reuse? 11. How can more construction steel be reuse – what are the issues?

Summary of salvage yards and scrap steel dealer responses It was the smaller companies that yielded the most useful results. The information gathered was much more even from the provinces with a good deal from each.

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How is steel dealt with? • Salvage yards make a profit by selling the various types of materials to various enterprises. • A larger yard will have a means of sorting, grading and easily selling reusable components such as beams, plates, etc. • A smaller company is limited in its options.

Sources of materials? • Metal can arrive from industry, commercial demolition or renovation projects and residential demolitions. The demolition process ruins much of the structural steel. Local variations are relevant. In the central provinces as much as 60% of scrap can come from old farm equipment. In northern Ontario old mining equipment forms a significant source of material. • In addition many companies deal with non-construction sources. • Industrial sources usually produce the bulk of scrap metals; shavings, turnings, old forms/dies, cut sheets, etc. • Commercial demolition provides the larger members and structural components, as well as items such as water heaters, boilers, stairs, doors, piping, appliances, railings, etc. anything that can be kept and sold. • Residential demolition provides appliances, piping, etc. Most salvagers consider residential demolition materials to be largely waste – with some exceptions. • Scrap metal can be acquired by any random person who chooses to deal in this commodity; these people are referred to as peddlers.

Where does the steel for recycling go? • In most cases, smaller yards will sell their scrap and metals to larger yards or to metal brokers. • A metal broker is a company that facilitates transfer or scrap from smaller yards with minor quantities. Mills will not accept small quantities of scrap. A broker will purchase the scrap from the yard for a lower price and in turn sell larger quantities at higher prices to the mills. • Many brokers do not maintain yards of their own, but simply act as “middle-men” and transfer agents, basically doing the business and arranging shipment. • Small firms can also sell to larger yards that may do the same thing as a broker. • Yards are limited by the product they receive. If the steel is damaged, it will generally not go for reuse, but be recycled. • Occasionally, scrap steel is offered for sale through international exchange web sites. • Generally, the scrap steel goes to local mills. Thus, in the central provinces of Canada most steel goes to IPSCO in Regina. IPSCO owns one of the scrap yards in Alberta and uses them for scrap recovery.

What are the problems with selling reclaimed construction steel for reuse?

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• The common consensus among most salvage yards is that almost all steel will go back to the mills for melting given the condition it is in and given the high price they can get. • Some smaller yards operate solely to ship scrap back to the mills 100%. • Some yards sell directly to China or do so through brokers. The market price for scrap has recently been high and therefore, this is becoming more common. • Some companies – usually the larger ones – will generally not accept metal from the public or individuals. • Metals that are from contaminated areas must be cleaned and brought to certain specifications before they can be sold, or they have to be disposed of. There are legal requirements for dealing with such materials. It can be sold back to the mills but only after it has been certified cleaned. • Structural members are often difficult to reuse since they are cut apart during demolition and often become damaged. • Larger items such as beams that are sent back to the mills are generally cut to 4’ lengths for ease of transport (this seems to be the standard size). • Metals and other materials in more remote areas are purchased by farmers and industry.

2.1.4 Steel Fabricators & Erectors Steel fabricators purchase steel from steel service centres or directly from steel mills (larger orders) and fabricate the individual components that are needed to assemble a building. Some fabricators also have their own erection crews to assemble the components at the building site. Others subcontract the erection to independent organisations. Fabricators send any waste and off-cuts back to mills for recycling. Some fabricators will occasionally dismantle steel structures and re-fabricate reclaimed steel for new uses. A minority may have a small stock of steel that has been reclaimed waiting for appropriate new uses. This is often from temporary structures that they have fabricated.

Figure 6 Images of a fabricator workshop

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Sources for contact information • The Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC) - The directory of the CISC members includes a large list of Canadian fabricators and erectors. Member Directory - http://www.cisc-icca.ca/sc.html

Steel fabricators and erectors list of questions Steel fabricators were surveyed to assess any resistance to reuse of steel components, to identify any problems they could foresee and to identify projects where reclaimed steel had been reused. All Canadian Institute of Steel Construction members nationally were emailed a surveyed by using the membership database. The following questions were asked: 1. How much steel do you deal with per year for the construction industry? 2. Does your company ever use reclaimed steel components in new construction? 3. What are the sources of reclaimed steel? 4. Do you know of any projects which featured reclaimed steel components? 5. Are you aware of readily available sources of reclaimed steel components? 6. What opportunity do you see in dealing with reclaimed steel construction components? 7. How could availability of reclaimed construction steel components be improved? 8. Are you aware of any problems with using reclaimed steel components for new construction? 9. How would you establish the structural properties of reclaimed steel? 10. How does the pricing of reclaimed steel components compare to new steel? 11. Does your company ever dismantle old steel buildings? 12. Are you aware of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green building rating scheme? 13. Have you done work on LEEDTM rated project? If yes, please give details. 14. Any other comments:

Summary of steel fabricator and erector surveys This section summarizes the responses to the above questions. Fifteen companies responded to the emailed questionnaire. These represent between 10% and 15% of the industry in both numbers of companies and volume of steel. In addition, a few fabricators were interviewed. The answers are summarized below.

How much steel do you deal with per year for the construction industry? • In total the 15 companies dealt with almost 60,000 tonnes of steel per year. This is approximately, 12% of the total construction steel use in Canada. • Of the respondents, several of the larger companies used about 5,000 to 8,500 tonnes per year, while the smaller companies use less than 1,000 tonnes per year.

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Does your company ever use reclaimed steel components in new construction? • Most companies (10) have not reused steel in new construction but 4 companies have. • Two of these were one-off small amounts for individual projects. • Two respondents regularly dismantle steel buildings or source steel from demolished buildings and extract larger sections. These are marketed to the renovation sector. One of these companies deals with 1 to 2 buildings a year, the other uses 30 to 50 tonnes/yr of reclaimed steel.

Do you know of any projects which featured reclaimed steel components? • Two thirds (10/15) of the companies were not aware of projects which reuse steel. • Three companies knew of such projects and provided information on these, which were investigated further.

Are you aware of readily available sources of reclaimed steel components? • Nine of the companies were not aware of readily available sources of reclaimed steel. • Those who were aware listed these possibilities: metal brokers, demolition companies, or scrap yards.

What opportunity do you see in dealing with reclaimed steel construction components? • Some of the responses identified possible opportunities, however most of the feedback was doubtful and many were not aware of possible opportunities. There was concern with traceability, liability and regular supply. • New opportunities have developed because of the LEEDTM green building rating system which offers credits for material reuse and recycling. • Some small commercial, agricultural projects can reuse existing structures that are being demolished. • Some fabricators feel there is no benefit from reuse, except perhaps reduced costs for the owner if the material is purchased directly.

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• Enforce recording of a proper heat number and mill certificate traceability. • The viability of reuse is linked to the economics and competitive feasibility of collecting, processing and distributing reclaimed steel. There are numerous technical and legal issues to overcome.

Are you aware of any problems with using reclaimed steel components for new construction? Most responses suggested problems that would hinder reuse of steel in new construction. However, many of the concerns appear to lack proper insight into existing methods that have been used successfully. Concerns were raised about: • Structural integrity and obtaining the engineers approval (liability). • What was it used for before. Most if not all specifications ask for new steel! • Steel grades have changed, some reclaimed steel could only have strength 2/3 the strength of steel currently being used. Material sources and mechanical properties of materials have to be provided to the owner. • Improper distribution of used steel coupled with proper heat number and mill certificate traceability and the extra work involved with handling, cleaning and reworking steel with existing holes and gusset plates. • Availability of sufficient quantities in the sizes required.

How would you establish the structural properties of reclaimed steel? • Most responses had some sense of what would be required. Most suggested physical/mechanical and chemical laboratory testing of coupons. Some fabricators were familiar with this process and have use laboratory testing in the past. There was concern that this would make reuse not economically viable. • Some fabricators showed awareness that knowledge of the age of the steel and availability of old technical documents would make steel identification more realistic. But some expressed concern that without a mill test there will be doubt about the grade and origin of the steel? • Some fabricators felt engineers must accept reclaimed steel by using lower strength or by knowing the source and approximate age of the steel to determine strength. • Some fabricators felt that the seller would have to provide technical information, just as they do with new material. Is this practical?

How does the pricing of reclaimed steel components compare to new steel? • Just over half (8) of the responses declared that they did not know the value of reclaimed steel. • Of those that did express knowledge of the value of reclaimed steel, estimations of the values varied considerably. Some felt that reused components could be purchased at the same value as scrap steel for recycling, others felt there was little difference to the cost of new steel. The lowest estimate was 15% of new steel! • Some felt there will be a higher labour cost of cleaning reclaimed steel of connections, gussets, etc. This would lead overall to a cost at 50% of new.

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Does your company ever dismantle old steel buildings? • The majority (11) of fabricators do not dismantle old buildings. • Four fabricators dismantle a few buildings a year. Generally they are contracted by general contractors for new construction or owners to remove old buildings. In general, they deal with between 20 and 200 tonnes/yr. They try to recover wide flange beams and steel columns open web steel joists. They report that there is not much potential for further recovery due to damage of the remaining components on removal. The recovered steel is marketed mainly for secondary uses such as house beams, lintels, door frames, and smaller girts, and often informally as there are no specifications.

Are you aware of the LEEDTM green building rating scheme? • Nine fabricators of the 15 were aware of LEEDTM. • Four fabricators were aware that they had worked on LEEDTM projects.

Other comments: There was some concern that many steel components are designed and fabricated for specific requirements of particular projects. Unless the requirements of new projects were identical it would not be suitable to reuse components. This seemed a particular concern for open web steel joists. One manufacturer used to keep a graveyard of rejected or revised joists but found that after many years they had used up maybe only 10%. Estimates for fabricators suggest that about 7% of steel purchased goes to recycling as scrap off-cuts, etc. In some areas of Canada, particularly in newer and growing cities such as Calgary, fabricators report that very few steel buildings are demolished. Hence, little used material is suitable for structures. Freight becomes and issue if reclaimed steel is imported from other cities.

2.1.5 Designers Designers have a major role to play if the construction industry is to increase steel reuse. Firstly, the ease with which components can be recovered from a building is greatly affected by how the building was put together in the first place. Thought is needed at the design stage about final obsolescence, and how the environmental and financial value of a building can be maximised at the end of its useful life. Ease of deconstruction is affected by the building systems and technologies used, as well as availability of appropriate documentation and information. Secondly, designers are used to working with a standard inventory of steel components with well established characteristics and ready supply. To establish regular reuse of steel components in new building structures designers need to be more flexible and adapt their designs to whatever suitable reclaimed steel is available at the time. Architects and Engineers were surveyed to identify existing projects where reclaimed steel has been reused. The aim was both to locate potential case study projects and to identify designers that have experience of using reclaimed steel so that lessons from their experience could be shared with others. In addition, it was felt that the future potential for the reuse of steel is dependent on the design of current buildings focussing on how they should be deconstructed readily at the end of their life so that their components can be easily reused. For this to occur architects and engineers approaches to design are crucial.

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To contact engineers the Canadian Institute of Steel Construction designer membership database was used. CISC designer members were emailed asking for information about relevant projects. In addition, interviews were carried out with several larger engineering practices. The architectural associations of all the provinces were approached with a request to email their members asking for information on relevant projects. The Ontario Association of Architects, the Architectural Institute of British Columbia, and the Alberta Association of Architects all circulated information about the project and asked for responses about relevant projects in their regular email newsletter to their members. The Toronto Society of Architects included information in their web site and Canadian Architect journal included information in one edition of the journal and on their web site. The response from designers was low. Seven responses were received with information about projects, most of which were known to the project team. The following summary includes feedback from discussions with designers of the case study projects investigated.

Sources for contact information • Royal Architectural Institute of Canada - www.raic.org/ • Ontario Association of Architects - www.oaa.on.ca/ • Architectural Institute of British Columbia - www.aibc.ca/ • Alberta Association of Architects - www.aaa.ab.ca/ • Toronto Society of Architects - www.torontosocietyofarchitects.ca/ • Canadian Architect journal - www.cdnarchitect.com/ • The Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC) - The directory of the CISC members includes many engineering practices. Member Directory - http://www.cisc-icca.ca/sc.html

Summary of feedback from designers • Owner’s motivation is critical. Also, all design team must be motivated and coordinated. • Programming may be difficult, as steel selections need to be made early in the design process often before a contractor is appointed. This is logistically difficult. The programming of deconstruction and salvage of components to provide steel for the fabrication and construction process can be challenging. • Flexibility in design makes reuse more realistic. The designer needs to be willing to adapt the design to suit available steel. One strategy that was suggested was to provide a generous structural zone which can accommodate various steel depths depending on availability. • Specifications need to be clear so the demands on the fabricator and demolition contractor are clear. More information on drawings including the specific grade of steel would help for future reference. • Specifications for old buildings are often not available and this makes it more difficult to obtain the necessary information about the reclaimed steel for reuse.

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• Steel that is available for reuse needs to be stockpiled, and readily available. At present no organisations are doing this. The steel industry needs to create more readily accessible inventory of reclaimed steel to make the possibilities for reuse much easier and more popular. • As more projects start to reuse steel, costs will most likely go down and availability will go up. • Quality control during deconstruction of steel is important to secure as much of the available steel as possible. Steel could be useless if damaged in the deconstruction process. • A central information source identifying demolitions projects with potential for deconstruction and salvage of steel components for reuse would be a useful way for designers and contractors to identify sources of reclaimed steel. • An accurate description with images of the salvaged steel would improve the bidding accuracy by the fabrication contractors. A better and cheaper price could be then quoted. • The role of NRCan to offer increased savings through some form of program would help opportunities. Possibly a program connected with emissions savings, or tax incentives?

2.1.6 Shoring industry Discussions with demolition companies and others revealed that significant amounts of larger structural steel components that are extracted from demolition are used by the shoring industry. Thus, larger shoring contractors were approached with the following questions:

Shoring contractors and designers list of questions 1. Do you use "old" (reclaimed from previous uses) steel on your projects? 2. Where do you source “old” steel? If you can, please give the names of companies you are dealing with. 3. What is the total weight of steel you use per year? 4. Typically, what proportion would be “old” steel from reclaimed sources? 5. What is the weight of new steel you purchase per year? What sources do you use? 6. Who fabricates your steel? 7. Do you salvage any steel from your projects? 8. What range of steel sizes do you typically use? 9. Other comments related to reuse of steel.

Summary of feedback from Shoring contractors and designers The reuse of structural steel to provide temporary support for excavation, i.e. shoring, has been practiced for long time. It has been accepted by the designers as well as the building officials. The main reason for the acceptance is the temporary nature of shoring and the fact that the movement of soldier piles which support the soil pressure on lagging is monitored. Standard practice is to leave shoring in place once the construction is complete, cutting off the top 1.2 m of soldier piles. A typical shoring project renders very little extra steel, but whatever is left is recycled or whenever possible, reused.

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Shoring contractors buy steel from demolition contractors and stockpile it. The ratio of new to reused steel varies depending on the project and on availability of reused steel. Caisson wall shoring uses new steel only. The temporary exaction support using sheet piling can be removed and reused provided concrete is not cast against it. More reused steel could be used in shoring if it were available. Recently, all Toronto shoring companies experienced shortages of steel for reuse and there have been projects where the entire shoring system used new steel. Consultants who design shoring work closely with shoring contractors to adapt designs to whatever reclaimed steel is available. Generally, the properties of steel are known if the source is known. If in doubt, coupon tests are carried out. Also, visual inspection is carried out to identify physical damage. Shoring designers have not experienced problems with the reused steel.

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2.2 Structure of the industry From the above surveys and feedback the following network diagram (Figure 7) was developed to help understand the relationships between the various organisations in the steel construction chain. An interactive version of this will be available on the www.reuse-steel.org web site. This will provide information about each box on the diagram.

Figure 7 Network diagram of steel streams in construction

2.3 Summary of surveys

Steel service centres The majority of service centres do not sell reused steel components, however a few service centres stock both new and used steel. For information on these see the Appendix E. Most steel reused through service centres are usually small amounts for small projects. Clients are often small builders, or others requiring only individual pieces. Some service centres use internet trading sites but most deal only with local clientele. Sources of reclaimed steel include fabricators, scrap yards demolition contractors and old industrial installations being dismantled (mines, auto plants).

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Steel service centers recycle scrap by sending it to steel mills in North America or further for reprocessing. Large scrap steel dealers are sometimes used as intermediaries. Estimates for scrap arising from service centres suggest that typically 2% to 3% of the steel they purchase goes back to the steel mills as scrap.

Demolition companies Demolition processes vary. Currently there is a perception that demolition processes to extract steel more carefully from buildings for reuse lead to additional problems and costs. It is often regarded as cost effective only for larger components. This can change if demand for reclaimed components increases. Even when steel uses bolted connections these are often cut using scissor shears and this damages the beam for a few feet within the cut. Torch cutting is less damaging. Demolition is often time critical as new construction will follow on the site. Thus, many jobs are urgent and do not allow time to plan for dismantling and salvage of materials. Demolition companies are a crucial link in the steel reuse chain as they extract the reclaimed steel components from old buildings, and this needs to be achieved in such a way as to minimise damage. In Ontario, demolition of projects over 2,000 m2 must conform to the Ontario 3Rs Regulation 102/94 which requires a waste audit and the development and implementation of a waste reduction plan. Demolition companies are sometimes involved in the renovation and adaptive reuse of buildings and structural steel. A demolition contractor will strip the building of its interior and/or exterior layers preserving the structural steel layer for adaptive reuse in a new building. The flexibility and durability of structural steel creates a high potential for adaptive reuse in the renovation of buildings. There is some consensus that in the past, companies would reuse a lot more of their salvaged components from a demolition, but that current regulations, labour costs, insurance and scrap value dissuade demolition companies from pursuing this activity.

Scrap dealers and salvage yards The recent high value of scrap steel, driven by demand in the far-east discourages reuse as demolition contractors and salvage yards feel that they can get a good return on the scrap steel without the problems of more careful extraction. There may be opportunities for steel dealers to consult directly with demolition companies and market steel for reuse in advance of a building’s demolition. Scrap dealers sell the vast majority of their steel back to the mills for recycling. This forms an essential feedstock for the manufacture of new steel.

Fabricators Fabricators can use salvaged steel in place of new steel when appropriate sizes are available. With salvaged steel there is often extra work to clean and prepare the steel for fabrication, but these efforts are generally less costly than buying new steel. With proper knowledge of the steels characteristics there should be little difficulty, if any at all, in fabrication of reclaimed steel. On-site the reused steel is treated exactly as new steel and no special treatment is required. Estimates from fabricators suggest that about 7% of steel purchased goes to scrap.

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Designers The indications from designers were that they are able to consider more reused components if their clients are amenable to the implications of design and construction process, and the possible implications on risk. Designers were concerned with issues of scheduling and programming, availability of a good selection of reclaimed steel inventory and the implications of codes.

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3 Reuse-steel.org web site One of the aims of this project is to establish better links between available reclaimed steel and those wishing to reuse steel. Exchange on the internet is now an established method of exchanging materials and is already being widely used for trading in scrap steel for recycling. In order to develop a better market for reused steel components, a web site has been established to inform the industry about opportunities for using steel in an environmentally responsible ways. The main purpose is to provide information that will help break down barriers to more steel reuse, and to facilitate a web- based exchange of reusable steel construction components. This section will set out the details of the new web site.

3.1 Materials exchange web sites There are an increasing number of materials exchange web sites that facilitate the exchange of various materials on the internet. Many exchanges actively promote reduction of waste, energy and pollution, and offer great potential for reducing use of virgin resources. Exchanges that focus on used goods stop useful materials going to landfill, while increasing profitability. Such sites provide organizations and individuals with the opportunity to list materials and components that they no longer require. These are then available for others to acquire. Some web exchanges allow only free exchange of goods with no payment allowed. Most, however, allow one organization’s surplus resources or waste to be made available at a price for purchase by another. This can encompass a wide range of materials; often these were previously regarded as wastes that may not have recognized markets, brokers or dealers. Benefits to those who use web based exchanges include reduced disposal costs, lower purchase costs, and a positive image resulting from creating benefit to society and the environment through reuse of resources and materials and a reduction of waste. The term materials exchange is often used in preference to waste exchange - emphasising that the substances transferred do have value. Technically they are not ‘exchanges’ as only one material passes from one company to another - there is not an exchange, although money may change hands. But a larger chain may open up for distribution or reuse of the material. Materials exchanges are well established in North America and in Europe. Most work on a local basis, targeting a small geographic area so that the transport costs are minimized. However, for more valuable materials such as many salvaged metals there is an international trade and exchange sites operate worldwide. Although in the past exchanges used a variety of different communication techniques - magazines, phone, internet, advertising, workshops, telephone marketing, etc, most now focus on the internet as a means for fast communication. Some post all listings on a web site for visitors to view while others will email all interested registered parties about each new posting. Exchanges often provide further services: they may arrange visits by producers for re-use/recycling opportunities, or be linked to other state agencies, such as waste reduction teams, or university technical assistance centres. Ideally, they create new partnerships that promote sustainable environmental and economic practice.

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3.1.1 Review of existing construction materials exchange web sites A review was carried out of existing materials exchange web sites that may be used for the exchange of reclaimed steel in Canada. The following have been identified as the main existing materials exchange web sites in Canada that are relevant to this project. In addition, a few relevant international sites have also been listed. A detailed review of these web sites is included in the Appendix A.

Canada BC Industrial Materials Exchange - www.bcimex.ca British Columbia Reuses - www.britishcolumbia.reuses.com Calgary Materials Exchange - www.cmex.ca Nova Scotia Materials Exchange - www.nsmaterials.com Ontario Waste Materials Exchange (OWME) - www.owe.org RCBC Materials Exchange - www.rcbc.bc.ca RecycleXchange - www.recyclexchange.com

International steel or building materials exchanges RecycleNet Corporation - www.recyclenet.com Recyclers World - www.recycle.net Metalworld - www.metalworld.com Used Building Materials Exchange - http://build.recycle.net Steelchange - www.steelchange.com Salvo, including SalvoWeb and SalvoMIE - http://www.salvo.co.uk http://www.salvomie.com

USA NAPAMAX Materials Exchange - www.napamax.org Freecycle - www.freecycle.org 2 Good 2 Toss - www.2good2toss.com Salvage Sale Incorporated - www.salvagesale.com

3.1.2 Proposal for exchange facilitation For the purposes of this project three options to facilitate greater exchange of reclaimed steel were considered: 1. As part of the new reuse-steel.org web site, to establish a materials exchange facility where postings are possible directly on the web site. 2. To establish links to a variety of web sources for reclaimed steel, including existing materials web exchanges.

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3. To work with one (or several) materials web exchanges to ensure that their sites meet our requirements. The comprehensive review of each of the exchange web sites in Appendix A indicates that none of the sites entirely meet the requirements of this project. Those that focus on steel are not regionally based and utilise an international database that is not ideally suitable for construction projects in Canada. The regional exchange web sites are very broad in the range of materials covered and may not be sufficiently specialised. In addition, they currently feature very few construction materials, and so are unlikely to attract designers and contractors looking for reused steel. The following have been identified as the desirable specifications for the reclaimed construction steel exchange: Postings for both materials that are available, and for wanted materials, so both those supplying and those looking for steel can make postings. Postings for both components and whole building structures such as pre-engineered buildings The postings must be regionally focussed (by province). Details of age, sizes and other steel characteristics need to be specified. Ability to post images and drawings. Thus, it was decided that the reuse-steel.org web site will have a facility to make simple postings using a pdf form that is emailed to CISC. This is described in more detail in section 3.2.

3.2 Proposed structure and content of reuse-steel.org web site A new web site for construction steel reuse with a web address of www.reuse-steel.org has been established. The objectives of this site are to inform the industry about opportunities for using and reusing steel in environmentally responsible ways. This is achieved by providing case studies, information papers, and news about the opportunities for steel reuse, and by facilitating the exchange of reclaimed steel. The site includes the following: • Background information about the steel industries and the benefits of reuse. • The 8 case studies drafted for this project in html format for viewing and pdf format for downloading. • The 4 information papers drafted for this project in html format for viewing and pdf format for downloading. • Sources of reused steel – this includes: o Links to other sites where reclaimed steel may be available including the various exchange web sites listed above, demolition companies, etc. o An simple option to post a wanted or available idem onto the “News” section of this web site allowing anybody with reclaimed steel for sale or looking for steel to post a notice (see below for more details).

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3.2.1 Structure of the web site

Home page - intro text About Contacts Site map - navigation Interactive flash movie this site News - flash movie logo - combined with other - news items links and documents?

Linked from all pages

Background on Resources for Case studies Sources of Reused Reuse Designers - list all the studies Steel Paragraph of intro and - 4 image layout that - intro text -list of links section A-E listed links to pages for each -appropriate logo or with annotations Reclaimed steel linked into the pages subject image for each study for sale and below (dynamic wanted news postings

Subject page Information General resources Eight individual Papers for - approximately 500 and links Case studies Designers words -approximately 1500 words - free form html - free form html

Figure 8 Structure of the reuse-steel.org web site The sections contain the following:

Home page: • Introductory text. • Navigation. • Link to flash movie which is an interactive diagram showing the relationships within the steel construction sector and the roles of the various organisations. • Selected news items project area for highlighting case studies.

Interactive Flash movie This is based on the diagram in Figure 7. As the curser is moved over different parts of the diagram boxes open up providing information about the relevant organisations.

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Background on reuse This section provides several pages of general background information on the steel construction industry and the benefits of reuse, including: background, reasons to reuse steel, benefits of reusing steel, demolition/dismantling, and definitions of words used.

Resources for designers This section is divided into two types of information: • Four Information papers (see chapter 5) are available to read as html text or to download as pdfs. These include: 1. Design for dismantling – how to design for future dismantling for reuse of components 2. Design for adaptability – design guidance for structures that can be easily adapted or reused whole 3. LEED – credits available through steel reuse 4. Steel codes and standards– identifying structural characteristics of old steel. • General resources – links to other relevant documents, codes and resources.

Case studies This section consists of 8 case studies (see section 4). Each is available in html format to read on the screen, or as a pdf to download and print. The case studies are: 1. University of Toronto Scarborough Campus Student Centre 2. Mountain Equipment CO-OP, Ottawa 3. Parkwood Residences, Oshawa 4. Bedzed – UK 5. Angus Technopol, Montreal 6. 740 Rue Bel Air, Montreal 7. BMW Showcase Room, Toronto, ON 8. Roy Stibbs Elementary School, Coquitlam, BC

Sources of reused steel This section is divided into two: • A list of potential sources of reclaimed steel for reuse arranged by province with a short description and web link for each. These include: o Materials exchange web sites o Demolition contractors o Salvage yards • A list of ‘News’ postings of reclaimed steel wanted or available for sale. Any user is able to fill out an interactive pdf form to provide information about steel available or wanted. This is emailed to the

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CISC who check for content and post the item as a special ‘News’ item on the site. Such ‘News’ items are treated separately from other news and are posted in the ‘Sources of reused steel’ and in the ‘News’ sections of the web site. The latest postings will also appear on the ‘Home’ page. Information necessary for a posting includes: o Contact name o Contact details – email, telephone number o Date of posting o Province and location o Description of steel available or wanted o Price

3.2.2 Web site effectiveness It will be possible to measure the effectiveness of the web site from the following: o The number of visits to the web site o The number of downloads of case study and information paper documents. o The number of postings of reclaimed steel for reuse. The dissemination strategy to inform the industry about the web site is discussed in chapter 6.

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4 Case studies One objective of the project was to collect information on buildings that feature some reused steel, and to publish eight case studies that provide some background on the issues addressed in these projects. The objective of the case studies is for each to focus on a particular project where steel components from an old building or structure are reused in a new building reducing environmental impact. The aim is to illustrate how the designers of the project identified opportunities to reuse steel, how suitable steel components were found, where the steel components came from, how they were integrated into the design, and any consequent issues that had to be addressed. The case studies are aimed principally at the architects and structural engineers. Each case study will be published individually in ‘Advantage Steel’ and is made available to download through the reuse-steel.org web site (see the dissemination strategy in chapter 6).

4.1 List of identified projects As part of the survey process described in section 2 all organisations contacted were asked for information about projects where reclaimed steel was used. These were then investigated as potential case studies. The following is a list of identified projects. The first 8 projects have been developed into full case studies. Short summaries of each case study are presented in section 4.2, and the full formatted case studies are in Appendix B. Table 1 Potential case studies identified Building Location Brief details

Case study projects

1. University of Toronto: Toronto, ON 18 tonnes of steel from the demolition of part of the Royal Ontario Museum was Scarborough Campus used in part on new building at UfT. This was part of a green strategy to Student Centre achieve a LEEDTM green building rating of silver.

2. Mountain Equipment Ottawa, ON This building featured the deconstruction of an existing building on site and the CO-OP reuse of much of the steel in the new building. Also other salvaged materials were used echoing the client’s interest in a green approach.

3. Parkwood Oshawa, ON An old steel framed office building was stripped back to the steel frame and Residences rebuilt, including removal of some bays and addition of 2 storeys to create a new residential building, acting as a regenerator to an area of downtown Oshawa.

4. BEDZED London, UK A major exemplar sustainable housing project which uses reclaimed steel beams from a local factory demolition.

5. Angus Technopole Montreal, QC A large heritage industrial building was converted to a modern technical innovations centre utilizing the inherent flexibility of the old riveted steel structure.

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Building Location Brief details

6. 740 rue Bel-Air Montreal, QC An old industrial site was deconstructed to maximize the useful materials that could be extracted. Steel and other materials from the old building were reused in a new government building on the same site. Other materials from the deconstruction were reused elsewhere or recycled.

7. BMW Showcase Toronto, ON An old soap factory building was stripped down to the steel frame and Room reinforced to current seismic code. Portions of the flooring were removed to create double-height, clear-span car showroom space.

8. Roy Stibbs Coquitlam A steel frame school building was dismantled in northern British Columbia and Elementary School, Vancouver BC rebuilt 1,000 km south, in Coquitlam 75% of the steel was reused.

Other buildings featuring reused steel

9. National Building Ontario An pre-engineered industrial building was deconstructed and moved to a new Supplies building location and rebuilt as a building supplies store.

10. Tohu Chapiteau des Montreal, QB Beams from the old Angus building were reused in a part of this new circus Arts, Cite des arts du building. Engineers only needed a chemical test to verify the weldability of the cirque, steel, relying on a lower allowable yield stress for unidentified steel as permitted in the steel construction standard.

11. La Cite Baie-Saint- Saint-Paul, QC An existing building was gutted, leaving its steel frame and trusses to form the Paul City Hall structural frame for the new building. The sloped roof was removed, but the existing steel trusses remained, thus enabling a new flat roof to be designed.

12. Le Complexe les Ailes Montreal, QC An old Eaton's store was stripped to the bones to create a new shopping centre. The old steel was tested for yield strength and carbon content. It was

shown that the steel was from the 20's - 50's. Most was reused while some was removed to make an interior atrium.

13. Priestly Demolition Aurora, ON An old pre-engineered industrial building was deconstructed and moved to a main offices new location to become the headquarters of a demolition company.

14. Cinespace Toronto, ON Fourty foot sections from Gardiner Expressway were re-worked and re-used as Studios/Horizon main roof members at Cinespace Studios

15. Dofasco EAF Hamilton,ON Industrial building reuse. industrial building

16. St Mary Catholic High Brockville, ON Reuse of steel in roof structure of a school. School

17. Mountain Equipment Montreal Reclaimed steel elements integrated into the structure. CO-OP

18. Mountain Equipment Winnipeg Almost everything structural in the new building is reclaimed materials – brick CO-OP and wood floor, joists, exterior masonry, and cast iron columns and steel beams. The project reused 3 existing 1900's buildings on the site, including 5 cast iron columns and a series of steel beams found & reclaimed during deconstruction.

19. Warehouse Scarborough, A steel frame warehouse building is being stripped back and converted into conversion Toronto, ON office units.

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Building Location Brief details

20. Beach Road Steel Hamilton Open web steel joists reclaimed and used in a new structure.

21. Shopost Iron Works Winnipeg, Cast Iron columns and handrail for modification of an existing powerhouse to Manitoba commercial building,

22. Keiswetter Building Heilderburg, Design & build using some reclaimed steel ON

23. Viking Tool, Cambridge, ON Design & build using some reclaimed steel

24. Traugott Construction Ontario New office, design & build using some reclaimed steel

25. ACL Steel office Kitchener, ON Reused joists in a design & build job.

26. Marmen plant Trois-Rivières, Dismantled the DB buildings in Lachine and moved it to construct fa new QB windmill manufacturing facility

27. Shoring companies Various Shoring companies will use reclaimed steel wherever possible to reduce costs. This occurs on many projects depending on the availability of reclaimed steel of appropriate sizes.

28. Vancouver Vancouver, BC Access walkways are being removed and reused during renovation process. International Airport

29. Beaver Stadium Penn Pennsylvania, Removal and rebuilding of a stadium stand on a university campus. State University USA

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4.2 Summaries of case studies Below are the summaries of the eight case studies as identified in Table 1. The complete, case studies are in Appendix B.

4.2.1 University of Toronto Scarborough Campus Student Centre Reuse-Steel Case Study No.1

Figure 9 University of Toronto Scarborough Campus Student Centre

Project summary Owner/client University of Toronto Scarborough Campus Student Centre Architects Stantec Architects Limiited (formerly Dunlop Architects) Structural engineers Halsall Associates Limited Contractor Walter Construction Corporation Mechanical engineers Stantec (formerly Keen Engineering) Steel fabricators Mirage Steel Limited Total project cost $14 Cdn million The University of Toronto Scarborough Campus (UTSC) Student Centre is a new, three-storey, 4,700 m2 facility located along the entrance to the main campus. Completed in October 2004, the building is home to a range of student services, organizations and clubs as well as campus amenities. Of the approximately 300 tonnes of structural steel in the Student Centre, 16 tonnes came from another building. The steel was deconstructed from the mechanical penthouse of the old Terrace Gallery of Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) and reused in the student office wing of the new Student Centre. This case study tracks the processes that facilitated the reuse of structural steel components in the building from initiation of a reuse strategy and accessing a source of salvaged steel through deconstruction, fabrication, and erection of the reused steel. It is important to highlight the successful aspects of steel reuse during the building process and to recognise the strong commitment of the client and design team to overcoming challenges which arose throughout the design process.

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4.2.2 Mountain Equipment Co-op Ottawa, Ontario Reuse-Steel Case Study No. 2

Figure 10 Mountain Equipment Co-op Ottawa

Project summary Owner/client Mountain Equipment Co-op Architects Linda Chapman Architects & Christopher Simmonds Architects Structural engineers Cleland Jardine Engineering Limited Construction Justice Construction Mechanical engineers Leslie Jones & Associates Landscape architect Jim Lennox Total project cost $2.9 Cdn million The Mountain Equipment Co-op store in Ottawa is a two-storey, 2,500 m² retail facility located on a shopping street close to downtown. Completed in June 2000, the store sells a variety of outdoor sports equipment and clothing and forms part of a chain of similar retail stores, many of which, like this one, address issues of sustainability in building practices. The project is an example of how a building structure can be taken down and key components reused in creating another building on the same site, significantly reducing the need for new materials, and potentially leading to environmental and cost benefits. This case study focuses on how the design team developed the new design to suit the requirements of the structural steel available from the old building on the site.

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4.2.3 Parkwood Residences Reuse-Steel Case Study No. 3

Figure 11 Parkwood Residences, Oshawa

Project summary Owners/contractors/project managers Atria Developments Incorporated Architects Core Architects Incorporated Structural engineers K.O. & Partners Limited Steel fabricators Master Steel Fabrication Limited Construction costs $1,300 Cdn per m2 ($120 Cdn /sq ft) including demolition Parkwood Residences is a good example of the reuse of the entire steel frame of an existing building for a new purpose. The building envelope and other components of an abandoned office complex are being removed, leaving the steel structure, which is being adapted and extended, including the addition of new floors, to create a unique new residential development. This project won an Ontario Economic Development Award in 2004 for the revitalization of a downtown area, “recognizing excellence in marketing and product development.” This case study focuses on the design and construction issues that arose during the process of adapting the steel frame, and the benefits that resulted.

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4.2.4 Reuse of Structural Steel at BedZED Reuse-Steel Case Study No. 4

Figure 12 The BedZed housing project, UK

Project summary Owner/client Peabody Trust Architects Bill Dunster Architects Structural engineers Ellis & Moore Consulting Engineers Mechanical & electrical engineer s Ove Arup and Partners Construction managers Gardiner & Theobald Sustainability consultants The BioRegional Development Group Total project cost Approximately $35 Cdn million (£16 million) The BedZED development located in South London, England, is a mixed-use housing and workspace project that integrates sustainable design practices into many aspects of its design and construction process. Completed in September, 2002, the scheme consists of 82 residential dwellings, 18 live/work spaces and further work-only spaces, together comprising 8,500 m2 of floor space. The scheme uses a load-bearing masonry structure, but with some structural steel elements, particularly in the workspace areas. It illustrates how reclaimed steel (and other reclaimed materials) from local sources can be readily integrated into a development of this kind, significantly reducing embodied energy, other environmental impacts and costs. This case study focuses on how suitable reclaimed structural steel from local sources was identified and used in the buildings, and what lessons are relevant for other projects.

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4.2.5 The Development of the Angus Technôpole Reuse-Steel Case Study No. 5

Figure 13 The Angus Technopôle external car parking area within the old building

Project summary Client Société de Développement Angus Contractor Construction C&G Beaulieu Incorporated Architects AEdifica - Guy Favreau (partner-in-charge) Structural engineers Dessau Soprin (phase 1) SNC-Lavalin Environnement Incorporated (phase 2) Mechanical and electrical engineers Dessau Soprin (phase 1) Pellemon Incorporated (phase 2): Environmental consultants SNC-Lavalin environnement Incorporated Project cost $10 Cdn million (phase 1) $10 Cdn million (phase 2) A former locomotive assembly plant in the heart of Montréal, Québec, previously used by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), was converted into light industrial workshops and office spaces for community- focused businesses. The Angus Technopôle facility, designated the Innovation Centre of Montréal by the Québec government, provides a wonderful example of heritage steel and brick architecture. The facility was to be demolished, but thanks to the vision of the architects, it was converted into a unique facility featuring wonderful spaces and showcasing the historic steel structure. Green strategies deployed in the conversion of the locomotive shop included reuse of the existing steel skeleton, exposing the open-web riveted structural members, and the use of existing exterior brick walls as screen walls. It is estimated that over 85 percent of all materials on site, including the majority of the steel, are from the old structure. Also, interior furnishings and fittings were reused and the aesthetic features of the building were retained.

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4.2.6 The Deconstruction and Rebuilding of 740 Rue Bel-Air, Montréal Reuse-Steel Case Study No. 6

Figure 14 740 rue Bel-Air in Montréal

Project Summary Owner/client Public Works and Government Services Canada & the Department of National Defence Contractor The Decarel Group Design architects A consortium including: ABCP, Beauchamp-Bourbeau (now Provencher Roy & Associés Architects), and Busby & Associates (now Busby Perkins + Will) Deconstruction architects AEdifica Structural engineers Saia Deslauriers Kadanoff Leconte Brisebois Blais Mechanical and electrical engineers Pageau Morel et Associés Steel fabricator Soudure Germain Lessard, Acier Métaux Spec, Canam Steel suppliers Acier Leroux, Acier Pacifique, Acier Robel Budget: $44 Cdn million The new government building at 740 rue Bel-Air in Montréal’s revitalised west end is an example of how the deconstruction of an old building can provide construction resources for a new project at the same location. In addition to the strategy to minimise the environmental impact of materials by reclaiming and reusing materials wherever possible, the project incorporates a range of other innovative green features such as natural ventilation, daylighting systems, geothermal heat sources, radiant floor heating system, solar heating, and water management systems. The combined effect of these strategies is expected to help achieve a gold LEEDTM green building rating and provide energy savings in excess of 40 percent compared to conventional construction methods. Many of the original building components and materials were salvaged and reused (in this and other projects), or recycled, and new materials were carefully screened and selected with the environment in mind. Materials from the old buildings that were reused in the new project include steel joists, steel

FINAL REPORT 50 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS cladding, bricks, and crushed concrete as fill. This case study focuses on the issues that arose during the deconstruction, design and construction process particularly relating to the reuse of steel components.

4.2.7 BMW Sales and Service Centre, Downtown Toronto Reuse-Steel Case Study No. 7

Figure 15 BMW’s new flagship store in downtown Toronto

Project summary Owner BMW Architects Quandrangle Architects Structural engineers Banerjee & Associates Inc. Contractors Bird Construction Steel fabricators Azimuth 3 Enterprises (AZ3) Interior designers Omniplan Automotive Facility Retail Planning Project cost $20 Cdn million BMW is an internationally renowned car manufacturer based in Germany that prides itself on offering top quality products and services to discerning customers. As a leading innovator in the automotive industry, the company also has a commitment to environmental standards and what it calls “sustainable production”. After the Rio Summit in 1992, the company implemented strict environmental guidelines. Since then BMW has been certified under the ISO 14001 environmental management accreditation scheme. BMW’s new flagship store in downtown Toronto opened in the autumn of 2003, located on a highly visible site by the Don Valley Parkway (a major traffic artery) and the Don River. The mandate to the design team was to create nearly 4,000 m2 of new showroom and retail facilities, including a “lifestyle boutique” for BMW owners and enthusiasts, with a further 6,000 m2 of space devoted to a service centre. The building is spread across six floors and features the reuse of an existing steel structure, considerably adapted for its new purpose. As an example of how an existing steel frame can be considerably altered for a new use, the BMW Sales and Service Centre illustrates the adaptability of steel structures. This case study focuses on the design issues that arose from the decision to reuse the existing steel structure, and the resulting benefits.

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4.2.8 Roy Stibbs Elementary School, Coquitlam, British Columbia Reuse-Steel Case Study No. 8

Figure 16 Roy Stibbs Elementary School, West Coquitlam, BC

Project summary Owner/client School District 43 (Coquitlam, BC) Architects Killick, Metz, Brown, Rose Architects Structural engineers Bush, Bohlman & Partners Mechanical engineers Keen Engineering Construction manager Task Construction Management Steel fabricators Moli Industries Limited. Total project cost $3.8 Million The Roy Stibbs School, an elementary school facility in West Coquitlam, British Columbia, serving School District No.43, is an example of the reuse of a large portion of a whole building structure in a new location. After a fire, the school buildings had to be rebuilt very quickly to meet the needs of the community. Another school in a northern BC community, the Cassiar School, was no longer required only a year after it had been constructed and had been taken down. The architects for both schools were the same firm, and so they initiated the reuse of the Cassiar steel, adapting the components for use in the new Roy Stibbs school building. This helped to speed up the construction process. The work consisted of 2,470 m2 new construction and 975 m2 renovation, and was completed in less than a year. It demonstrates the adaptability of whole steel structures to changes in loading and situation. This case study focuses on the issues that arose during the, design and construction process particularly relating to the reuse of steel components and the seismic upgrades that were necessary.

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5 Information papers In addition to case studies the project steering group felt that the web site would be more useful if certain other aspects were addressed in more general ways as information papers. These focus on a particular aspect of design or information needed by designers to make reuse or adaptability more likely to occur. These provide guidance on how designers can help to make the steel components more easily removable at the end of life, and how they can more easily reuse these components. The following information papers have been prepared: 1) Design for adaptability 2) Design for dismantling 3) Earning LEEDTM – Credits Through Reuse of Steel 4) Review of the history of structural steel standards

5.1 Summaries of information papers Below are the summaries of the four information papers. The complete versions are in Appendix C.

5.1.1 Design for Adaptability in Steel Reuse-Steel Information Paper No.1 This information paper addresses the issues that designers need to consider in order to create more adaptable building designs, particularly using structural steel. The focus is on the characteristics of buildings that make them more adaptable, and how concepts of open building can be applied.

Summary Adaptable building incorporates, at the design and construction stage, the ability to make future changes easily and with minimum expense to meet the evolving needs of occupants. It means designing a building to allow its hierarchical layers to change, each in its own timescale. Incorporating adaptability into a building during initial construction saves time, money, and inconvenience when changes are needed or desired later in the life of the building. The following are a series of strategies identified from technical studies that can help to make a building more adaptable: • Optimise structural grids to allow changing uses of space. Use simple structural grids with clear support lines. • Allow some redundancy in loading, connections, etc so that additions and changes to the building can be accommodated. Select design loads carefully to allow for alternate uses and the option of extending the structure.. Over-designed structural capacity may be appropriate. • Separate structure and cladding to allow independent alteration and replacement. • Separate services into clearly accessible locations to allow easy change and upgrade. Raised floors can also permit easy upgrade of services. • Loose fit to allow some redundancy to accommodate future additions/changes.

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• Select appropriate floor to ceiling heights; offices require greater ceiling heights than residential buildings. • Consider finishes to facilitate easy upgrade and replacement, without making access to other components difficult. • Keep designs simple to facilitate future change; independent systems allow changes where necessary. Strong inter-dependence reduces the scope for change. • Provide sufficient space for machinery needed for dismantling, renovation, and addition. Minimise the variation in equipment needed. • Avoid irreversible processes. Reversible mechanical fixings - bolts and screws - can usually be removed; adhesives, welding, and wet construction often cannot. • Avoid complex composite materials that are difficult to separate. This includes some treatments and finishes applied on site. • Incorporate each component so that it can easily be removed and recycled when obsolete. There may be lessons to learn from the principles of theatre construction, as it requires constant change and may be an appropriate model for creating opportunities for buildings to be altered, particularly offices and retail spaces which are regularly remodelled. Services such as lighting, heating and power are provided from backstage, allowing the front stage to be restyled constantly with minimum time and impact.

5.1.2 Steel Component Design for Deconstruction Reuse-Steel Information Paper No.2 This information paper addresses the issues that designers need to consider in order to facilitate easier building deconstruction, particularly of structural steel components. The focus is on how the components that make up a building can be assembled to enable easy deconstruction, and how layering of components helps removal.

Summary The construction industry must rethink how buildings are put together to maximize the usefulness and value of components at the end of their life and to make best use of the resources generated by demolition. Strategies are required to minimize the materials that will end up in landfills. The ease with which components can be recovered from a building is greatly affected by how the building was put together in the first place. Therefore, consideration of final obsolescence and how the environmental and financial value of a building can be maximised at the end of its useful life is needed at the design stage. Ease of deconstruction is affected by the building systems and technologies used, and availability of relevant documentation and information. Appropriate use of technologies and their successful integration into the design process will facilitate an increased reuse of structural steel components. Key principles to design for deconstruction in steel include: • using durable components that can be reused after removal; • considering the actual process of deconstruction at the design stage and providing a deconstruction plan for the building;

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• considering a building as a series of layers related to different life-spans of components; • ensuring that individual components can be readily removed when necessary and maintained or replaced; • using simple structural grids with clear support lines; • limiting the number of parts, number of tasks, number of tools, and the time or degree of difficulty of the deconstruction tasks to reduce cost and time involved; • where possible using prefabricated components that are assembled on site and can be disassembled for reuse/recycling; • considering connections that can be reversed and avoiding irreversible processes; reversible mechanical fixings such as bolts can usually be removed, welding cannot; • where possible using dry construction processes, which are more readily dismantled than wet construction processes; • integrating services with care so that they can be easily identified, maintained, upgraded and replaced; • providing sufficient space and capacity to accommodate machinery needed for dismantling; • ensuring that accurate as-built drawings and records of all changes over the life of the building are kept in a building log book.

5.1.3 Earning LEEDTM credits through reuse of steel Reuse-Steel Information Paper No.3 This Information Paper concerns the reuse of steel components to earn points towards a LEEDTM “green building” rating.

Summary The LEEDTM (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) green building rating system was originally developed by the US Green Building Council (USGBC) to establish a standard for what constitutes a "green building” and to provide definitions to questions such as, "What is sustainable design?" and "How green is this project?" The goal was to initiate and promote practices which limit the negative impact of buildings on the environment and their occupants and to create a market-driven rating system to accelerate the development and implementation of green building practices. Through its use as a design guide and third- party certification tool, LEED™ aims to improve the well-being of occupants, the environmental performance of the building, and economic returns from the project. This may be achieved using both established and innovative practices, standards, and technologies. The rating scheme is also intended to prevent exaggerated or false claims of sustainability and to provide a standard for measurement. The LEED™ Canada-NC v1.0 green building rating system (CaGBC, 2004) was developed by the Canadian Green Building Council (CaGBC) and adopted in 2004. It addresses new commercial constructions, major renovations, and high-rise residential buildings in Canada. Credits are organized within six core categories: Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, and Innovation and Design Process. In some categories there are prerequisites that must be met, such as minimum energy performance, CFC elimination, and collection

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of recyclables. A total of seventy points are available that can be earned through a range of measures, including both proven practices and emerging technologies. Depending upon the total number of points earned, a building can be classified as Certified (26 to 32 points), Silver (33 to 38 points), Gold (39 to 51 points) or Platinum (52 or more points). Reuse of steel components offers a variety of opportunities to earn several LEED™ credits, particularly in the Materials and Resources section, and can be an important part of any strategies for obtaining a LEED™ rating. In addition, using steel with a high recycled content can help achieve additional credits.

5.1.4 Review of the history of structural steel standards Reuse-Steel Information Paper No.4 This Information Paper is a review of the history of structural steel standards in Canada, to help designers with establishing steel structural qualities for old steel. The reason for this research work arose as a result of interviews and surveys of the professionals associated with steel industry which suggested that there is a concern that the main difficulty when reusing steel is the problem of identification of steel and its structural properties. Another issue which was brought up was related to the approval by building officials. It was decided that an investigation should be carried out to look into the national codes and steel standards to trace the evolution and identify potential problems, and ways to establish the characteristics of old steel.

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6 Dissemination strategy Clearly the impact that the web site and case studies may have on the construction industry is dependent on an effective dissemination strategy to inform relevant groups in the industry about the information available. The following target groups have been identified: • Building designers, principally architects and structural engineers • Demolition contractors & salvage dealers • Fabricators/erectors • Building owners To address these groups, the dissemination activities listed in Table 2 are planned. Table 2 Dissemination activities planned Dissemination Activity Designer Fabricator Demolition Owner Publications 1. Each case study and information paper can be available to download as a pdf document from the reuse-steel.org web site.

They can also be viewed on line. 2. Cases studies will be published in Advantage Steel over the coming 1.5 to 2 years. 3. The case studies will be published by CISC in the form of an information folder or booklet for distribution at appropriate events. 4. Relevant Architectural Journals will be approached to include articles about the main outcomes of the project. 5. Construction Daily News has agreed to include one or two articles about the project in the spring of 2006. 6. The National Demolition Contractors Association will be approached to include information about the web site in their “Demolition” magazine and web site. 7. The Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering will publish a paper on the subject of steel reuse for their upcoming special issue on steel. Conference papers 8. Conference papers will be submitted where appropriate to present the findings of this project to the design community. Examples include: The Canadian Society of Civil Engineers 1st International Structural Specialty Conference in Calgary, Alberta, May 2006. Rethinking Sustainable Construction 2006: Next Generation Green Buildings, September, 2006, Sarasota, Florida Presentations 9. Organisers of appropriate events will be approached to make presentations about the project. These may include:

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Dissemination Activity Designer Fabricator Demolition Owner 2006 RAIC Festival of Architecture to be held in Vancouver in June Steel Structures Education Foundation meeting in March 2006 in Edmonton CISC regional events BOMA events Toronto Regional Green Building Festival Other 10. The Steel Structures Education Foundation will consider their annual student competition to be themed around the issue of reused steel, which will act as a vehicle for informing the education sector about the resources on the web site.

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7 Conclusions and recommendations

7.1 Conclusions from surveys The following are conclusions from the surveys reported in section 3:

High value of scrap The recent high value of scrap steel, driven by demand in the Far East discourages reuse as demolition contractors and salvage yards feel that they can get a good return on the scrap steel without the problems of more careful extraction. The value of reused steel components is generally related to the cost of the equivalent new steel components. Thus, when scrap costs are high the difference between prices for reuse and for scrap diminishes.

Demolition processes It is acknowledged that steel is a valuable material and that it should be extracted from the waste stream from demolition. However, demolition processes vary and currently there is a perception that to extract steel from the building more carefully during demolition so it can be more easily reused leads to additional problems and costs. It is often regarded as cost effective only for larger components. Even when steel uses bolted connections these are often cut using scissor shears and this damages the beam for a few feet within the cut. Torch cutting is less damaging. Demolition is often time critical as new construction will follow on the site. Thus, many jobs are urgent and do not allow time to plan for dismantling and salvage of materials.

Pre-engineered buildings It seems well accepted in the demolition industry that pre-engineered, mainly industrial/warehouse buildings are easily deconstructed and are often resold as whole structures for re-erection elsewhere. There is a regular demand for such buildings, and many customers are happy to have older, used structures. Such buildings are readily deconstructed, fairly simple to document each component, and can be easily reassembled. The steel structures are usually reused as originally designed and sometimes the cladding may also be reused. This form of reuse is well established and occurs regularly. Demolition contractors, steel erectors and salvage yards are aware of this potential and serve this market. Often such buildings are offered through demolition company’s web sites.

Shoring The shoring industry is also a well established market for used steel beams. The demand here is generally for larger structural sections (over 10 to 12”) which are used for a temporary support of excavation. The demolition industry is well aware of this demand and has established links to sell any suitable steel components that they come across.

Inventory Designers are familiar with the process of working with a standard inventory of steel components with well established characteristics and ready supply. To establish regular reuse of steel components in new building structures designers would like to see such readily available inventory of reclaimed steel sizes. Designers want to have the confidence that reclaimed steel of the sizes they require will be available. In

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reality, it is unlikely that such a supply will be possible and designers will need to take alternative approaches. These will involve more design flexibility to allow for whatever suitable reclaimed steel is available at the time.

Programming A major issue with steel reuse is the availability of steel at the time when it is needed. This relates both to inventory (see above) and to programming. If it is planned to use steel from a particular building demolition for a new project, there needs to be careful co-ordination to ensure that no delays occur. Some of the reuse case study projects almost did not happen due to delays in demolition. When designing to use generally available reclaimed components, the design team will need to identify the specific steel components they wish to use during the early stages of the design process so they can design the building around the available reclaimed components. This requires that the client commits to purchasing the reclaimed steel components at an early stage, often even before a contractor is appointed, and storing them for long periods. This is unlikely to occur.

Structural characteristics A major concern of many of those surveyed was the problem of how to establish the structural characteristics of reclaimed steel components. Issues of liability are a significant concern. Nevertheless, it appears that in many cases it may be easier to establish steel structural performance than is perceived. If the approximate period of manufacture of the steel and its precise section dimensions are known, default strengths obtained from historical data can be used (see Information Paper 4 in Appendix C). Alternatively, coupon tests can be relatively easily implemented.

Customisation Non-standard fabrication of steel is common now, so older, reused steel is not as easily integrated into new designs. Furthermore, in future, the customised components may be more difficult to reuse. More standardisation of structures would help reuse.

Log book To assist in future reuse of building structures that are currently being built, it may be helpful to establish a building “log book” that would contain all the design information including steel characteristics. Such a document could also be used for logging regular maintenance, renovation work, energy use, etc and act as an important document for the management of the building as a long term resource. It could also act as a deconstruction manual, setting out how the building should be taken apart to ensure maximum reuse of components. When steel components are removed from the building, their structural characteristics would be clearly available. Such a document would also have wider benefits for the environmental performance of the building.

Legislation – registering materials available from demolition through building permit system Currently, demolition of projects over 2,000 m2 in Ontario must conform to the 3Rs Regulation 102/94 which requires a waste audit and the development and implementation of a waste reduction plan. A further step could require that demolition companies register the materials that are available for recycling and reuse on a web site prior to demolition. This would make the materials available to the construction industry for reuse and establish a regular supply of reused components.

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Steel identification It was noted that steel mills and fabricators use codes stamped onto each steel component to pass information down the supply chain, and help tracking. This process could be used to pass information into the future to those that dismantle buildings that we are building today, making future reuse more likely.

Motivation It was observed from discussions with those involved in the case study project that a key component to more reuse is the motivation of those involved, particularly the client, design team and general contractor. Despite difficulties in supply of reused steel various projects do go ahead if the parties involved are committed to the idea. In this respect the LEEDTM green building rating can help.

7.2 Outcomes of the project

Amount of steel reuse From the survey information collected it is estimated that steel from demolition sites goes to the following routes: • Approximately 90% goes to recycling back to the steel mills (structural 50%, bailing 10%, shredding 30% and non-ferrous 10%) • 9 - 10% goes to reuse. • Only a minimal amount, perhaps less than 1% goes to landfill as it is difficult to extract from the waste stream. However, this does not include the considerable number of buildings that use the existing steel frame of a building in situ and construct a new building around the old steel frame. This is reuse of the frame as a whole although often with some alteration and addition. Several such projects were identified, reusing significant amounts of steel. In 2003, about 560,000 tonnes of structural steel was used in construction in Canada. However, a lot more steel is used in new construction than is extracted from demolition. Demolition contractors were unwilling or unable to give accurate data about the amount of steel arising from demolition. Based on anecdotal information given in interviews and informal values of scrap steel dealt with, it is estimated that scrap steel arising from demolition only is between 50,000 to 75,000 tonnes per year. Therefore, with a reuse figure of 10%, construction steel reuse from demolition in Canada is estimated to be in the order of 5,000 to 7,500 tonnes per year at present. In addition, adaptive reuse of entire steel frames is responsible for further reuse, but this steel never enters the waste system. On the basis of anecdotal discussions during this project, it is estimated that typically a total of 50,000 m2 of floor area (representing 10 steel frame buildings of an average size of 5,000m2) may be adaptively reused each year. Assuming a typical steel density of 50kg/m2 of floor area, the total steel reused in this way is estimated to be about 2,500 tonnes per year. Thus, in total it is estimated that between 7,500 and 10,000 tonnes of new steel from steel mills are saved through steel reuse.

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Potential climate change benefits of this project Manufacture of new steel using the Basic Oxygen Furnace is estimated to generate about 1.5 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per tonne of steel produced. The BOF typically uses about 25% scrap steel as its feedstock. In comparison, the Electric Arc Furnace uses nearly 100% scrap steel as its feedstock, and generates emissions of about 0.4 tonnes of carbon dioxide for every tonne of steel produced. To calculate the benefit of reusing steel we can assume that if the reclaimed steel was not reused it would go to the EAF to manufacture new steel. So the minimum saving of carbon dioxide is the saving in steel that would have been manufactured from the EAF process Thus, it is estimated that a saving of between 3,000 and 4,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually results from current steel reuse (7,500 to 10,000 tonnes or reused steel x 0.4 tonnes CO2/tonne of steel) It is difficult to predict the potential additional savings that can be expected from this project, as there are many other more significant factors that will affect steel reuse (see section 7.1). However, it does not seem unreasonable to assume that 10,000 m2 of floor area (2 more typical steel frame buildings) a year could be adaptively reused generating additional savings of about 500 tonnes of steel (10,000m2 x 50 kg/m2) or 200 tonnes of carbon dioxide each year (500 tonnes x 0.4 tonnes CO2/tonne of steel). Growth in individual component reuse is likely to grow more slowly. If we assume a rate of expansion of only one quarter that of whole building reuse, or the equivalent of 5% expansion of steel component reuse per year, we can expect an additional 250 to 375 tonnes of steel components to be reused each year (5,000 to 7,500 tonnes x 5%). This will reduce carbon dioxide emissions by between 100 and 150 tonnes each year (250 to 375 tonnes of steel x 0.4 tonnes CO2/tonne of steel). Thus, in total we may hope for an increase in savings of carbon dioxide of 300 to 350 tonnes each year (200 tonnes from adaptive building reuse and 100 to 150 tonnes from component reuse). Assuming this rate of growth, over 5 years total savings resulting from steel reuse may be between 19,500 and 24,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide (3,000 to 4,000 tonnes/yr + 300 to 350 tonnes increase per year), and over 10 years may be between 46,500 and 59,250 tonnes of carbon dioxide. These figures all assume that EAF produced steel is displaced. Larger savings may be generated if BOF steel is offset by the reused steel.

How much can steel reuse be increased The survey information suggests that there is considerable potential for increases in reuse of steel components from demolition into new construction. Some demolition contractors suggested that an increase from 10% to 20% or even 25% would be readily achievable if the market forces improved the profitability for them. They have in the past reused more steel and could do so again. Assuming that steel arising from demolition continues at a about 50,000 to 75,000 tonnes, a 20% reuse rate suggests that 10,000 to 15,000 tonnes of steel components could be reused per year from steel arising from deconstruction. In addition, there is potential for more steel frame building structures to be reused on the same site. Without a survey of the numbers and locations of steel buildings and their ages it is difficult to predict how many more such buildings could be adaptively reused. However, the increased interest in old buildings, particularly in inner city areas, and a greater awareness of green building issues is making more developers consider adaptive reuse, and legislation making it more difficult to merely remove a building would help.

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7.2.1 Concerns and liability issues

Inventory control Developing a significant inventory of reclaimed steel is important. Until the industry is willing to engage in wide scale reclaiming of steel so that standard components are available off the shelf there will be difficulties. However, reuse of steel on the same site, either the whole structure, or individual component after a building is dismantled makes it easier to address inventory. Also flexible design approaches, where designers are willing to adjust the design to suite available steel can help deal with inventory problems. The case studies show examples of these various approaches.

Quality assurance on reused material Although concern has been expressed about the quality and structural characteristics of reused steel components, the case studies and information paper no.4 indicate that this can be easily addressed in most cases. Information paper no. 4 sets out a process for identifying the structural characteristics of old steel. With some basic knowledge of the date of manufacture and physical dimensions, the structural characteristics can usually be established. In some cases coupon testing may be required. CSA G40.2113 is the material standard for structural shapes in Canada and has had strict controls on composition and properties for decades. Mechanical properties and weldability are the end result of composition. Properties can be measured and if the steel is not readily weldable, it can be bolted. Coupon tests are not necessary if the designer assumes the default grade properties as permitted in CSA G40.21. Coupon tests are easily done if really necessary. Testing laboratories can readily do this work, and are already doing it. G40.21 Grade steels have well defined and controlled ultimate strength to yield strength ratio (ductility). Both the CSA G40.21 Structural Quality of Steel standard and the CAN/CSA-S1614 design standard address this issue.

Practicality of implementing reuse (transportation, logistics, scheduling, cost etc) Reuse is already happening, generally at a local scale, and generates savings in some projects. It is expected that future larger scale reuse will also be local or regionally based, to minimise transport, but this will be for the market to decide. Scheduling is a concern as outlined above, but can be addressed when larger supplies of reclaimed steel become available. It should also be accepted that each project will have differing requirements that can be addressed in various ways as is illustrated by the case studies. Designers, clients and contractors will determine whether it makes sense for their project, but increasingly designers are asking for the opportunity to reuse materials and this project aims to facilitate an increasing demand by providing the necessary mechanisms.

Design engineer's liability Designers will decide if this approach is right for a project or not. For whole building reuse in place or relocated, there are significant cost savings. If a designer wants to directly substitute a recovered section for a mill section, they will have to be more rigorous in obtaining the properties of that material through documentation or testing. It is no less than what they do now if a building is being renovated for a different occupancy. If default values are used, the load levels in these sections will be significantly below capacity.

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7.3 Recommendations The project has highlighted the following important areas which need to be addressed in order to bring the adaptive and component reuse approaches into the mainstream of building construction:

Education The education of designers, developers, building owners, and the general public is crucial to create positive attitudes towards adaptive and component reuse, and an understanding of the differences in process that may be required. This project begins the process of education, but it is necessary to create an atmosphere of environmental consciousness and demonstrate that very successful projects can be accomplished when reusing existing buildings or components. Exemplar public projects which require the reuse of steel components or buildings would act as a catalyst for industry acceptance and to build some momentum behind the creation of a comprehensive supply system for reclaimed components.

Legislation, codes and standards Codes and standards are notoriously slow in reflecting changes in the construction industry. These delays lead into a problem for designers when seeking approval for innovative projects. Codes need to reflect current trends and not act as a drag on change towards more environmentally benign construction. Currently codes and approval structures do not help to encourage reuse. Examples include building code officials who are often not keen to accept reused components. This, along with many standard specifications used in the industry that require that ‘only new steel can be used’ act as a disincentive to reuse. Specifications need to be prepared that are more amenable to material reuse. Interviews with designers involved in adaptive and component reuse revealed in some cases their frustration in dealing with approval granting authorities. The changes under the new National Building Code to an objective-based approach may give designers more opportunities to undertake design in a non- conventional way. The new CSA Standard Z782 “Design for Disassembly,” which should be out for public comment in February 2006, will hopefully support designer activities in this area and educate building officials. Waste control legislation in some provinces deals with the requirements for demolition contractors to register all demolition work. Most buildings require a demolition permit and, buildings in excess of 600 m2 require a professional engineer to review demolition. However, there is potential for waste disposal plans for each project to be approved by municipal authorities and to show proposals for how materials will be recycled/reused. Demolitions could be listed on municipal or other web sites, and include lists of available materials that can be extracted from the demolition that may be useful to the construction industry and the general public. The availability of such information would assist those who may want to reuse components. It may be appropriate to try a small scale test study with one or two municipal authorities to require that when a demolition is to take place that the contractor is required to identify all the main materials and the opportunities for reuse and recycling. Waste control legislation or building codes could go further to require a deconstruction plan for each new building. Deconstruction is in principle the reverse of construction, and the design team should consider this process and prepare a strategy for the dismantling of the building similar to that developed for many temporary, relocatable buildings.

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Documentation and identification Many problems occur due to a lack of information about the performance of reclaimed steel (and other) components. Proper documentation of each project, in other words, documentation consisting of as-built drawings and specifications, shop drawings, list of codes and standards, and an outline of the design philosophy need to be kept with the building deeds to ensure the information is available during and at the end of the life of the building. Component identification which links each component to its shop drawing would be very helpful. Such documentation exists during the construction process, but interviews again revealed that project documentation often disappears early in the life of a project or is incomplete to start with. It should become a standard requirement upon completion of each project that documentation is kept with the building. Adaptive and component reuse would be a lot simpler with full documentation and component identification in place. Furthermore, stamping/marking the steel with a permanent barcode, or some other marks to show its specification would help with future identification. Some fabricators are using similar systems to help with assembly on site, and steel mills stamp batch numbers, etc, so this system could be readily implemented. The provision of a log book that would act as a focus for the collection of information on the design of the original building, specifications of materials used in construction, details of refurbishment work carried out during the life of the building, and information relevant to dismantling which would enable materials to be readily extracted for reuse and their specifications to be followed through their different life phases. Such a document would be useful far beyond the benefits for steel reuse, but it should contain details of steel specifications so that on demolition the steel characteristics are known.

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Appendix A - Review of existing materials exchange web sites A range of exchange web sites aimed at reclaimed steel have been identified. They generally provide an international exchange for scrap steel, but some also offer the opportunity for components to be offered for reuse. In addition, some exchange web sites focus on construction materials. These are generally regional and often focus on architectural antique products. The following are reviews of a selection of the more relevant construction materials, and steel web base materials exchanges. The main focus is on those sites aimed at Canada, and some relevant North American and European exchanges.

Name BC Industrial Materials Exchange

Web address http://www.bcimex.ca/

Who runs the site i-wasteNot systems for the Recycling Council of British Columbia

Contact details Exchange administrator Michelle Henderson - [email protected]

Is it for profit No

Background The BC Industrial Materials Exchange, (BCI Mex), is a free waste matching service that can help businesses find alternative solutions to disposal for industrial by-products, surplus materials and industrial waste. Companies and can list ‘waste’ products and can place “wanted” requests.

Process To make listings users must register with the administrator by email to get a password. This provides (registration, posting access to allow postings to be made. Anybody can review listings and contact the company making and responding to the listing. listings)

Cost to users Free to use but requires registration.

Is there a section for Sections for Metals– with a subdivision for ferrous metals and another for Building Materials construction steel

How is steel Separated by metal type and product type if applicable ie: 1.Copper, 2.Ferrous Metals, 3.Aluminum, subdivided 4. Non-Ferrous Metals, etc. Wanted sections include mostly listings looking for scrap metals and several miscellaneous items. Construction steel None at the moment. All steel/metal is non-structural as of this review. components offered

How long have they RCBC was founded in 1974 as an umbrella organization for the numerous community-based been in existence recycling operations that had emerged throughout the province in the early 1970s

Target geographical British Columbia area Other comments Little additional information on the web site. This site is administered by the i-wasteNot Systems group that run several other similar sites across North America. Their mission is to help communities and organizations reduce waste and move surplus goods and materials from those who have them to those who need them.

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Name British Columbia Reuses

Web address http://www.britishcolumbia.reuses.com/

Who runs the site i-wasteNot systems for the Recycling Council of British Columbia

Contact details Exchange administrator Michelle Henderson - [email protected]

Is it for profit No

Background The British Columbia Reuses is a free waste appears to be a new site. It does not yet have any listings. It is not clear who it is aumed at?

Cost to users Free to use but requires registration.

Is there a section for None as yet construction steel

How is steel subdivided

Construction steel None at the moment. components offered

FINAL REPORT 67 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Name Calgary Materials Exchange

Web address http://www.cmex.ca/

Who runs the site Developed by the i-wasteNot systems for the Clean Calgary Association

Contact details Calgary Materials Exchange Program Coordinator – Sarah Begg - [email protected] - 403 667-6761

Is it for profit No

Background The Calgary Materials Exchange (CMEX) is a service provided to participating Calgary industrial and commercial companies and provides resourceful contact information of companies that have products available to exchange. CMEX provides generators with access to reuse and recycling markets, and users with access to material supply sources.

Process Contact the Program Coordinator to register to be able to make a listing of materials on the (registration, posting exchange. The system allows photographs to be included. Anybody can review the listings and and responding to contact the listing company. It is the responsibility of the materials recipients and sellers to arrange listings) payment terms and logistics.

Cost to users Free

Is there a section for There is a list of materials categories, one of which is “Metals”. This has a subcategory of “Steel construction steel Beams”

How is steel Metals and Steel Beams subdivided

Construction steel None at the time of research components offered

How long have they The Calgary Materials Exchange is administered by the Clean Calgary Association, a non-profit been in existence charitable organization that has conducted environmental education, awareness, recognition and action programs in Calgary since 1978. Target geographical Alberta area Other comments In addition to this website, the Calgary Materials Exchange provides free customized recycling information to participating companies. This site is administered by the i-wasteNot Systems group that run several other similar sites across North America. Their mission is to help communities and organizations reduce waste and move surplus goods and materials from those who have them to those who need them. At the time of review there were very few listings on the site.

FINAL REPORT 68 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Name Nova Scotia Materials Exchange

Web address www.nsmaterials.com

Who runs the site The Nova Scotia Materials Exchange is a program of Resource Recovery Fund Board (RRFB) Nova Scotia, administered with the assistance of the Eco-Efficiency Centre in Burnside

Contact details Resource Recovery Fund Board: 1-800-313-7732 [email protected] www.rrfb.com Eco-efficiency Centre: (902)461-6704 [email protected] http://eco- efficiency.management.dal.ca/index.htm Is it for profit No

Background The Nova Scotia Material Exchange is a free service that seeks to reduce waste by promoting the exchange of reusable materials. Through the Nova Scotia Materials Exchange, companies with surplus or by-product materials connect with other businesses or individuals who can reuse these materials productively. While businesses save money on disposal fees, they can also reduce their impact on the environment. Nova Scotians are world leaders in recycling and composting, diverting over 50% of waste from disposal in landfills and incinerators every year. Provincial and Municipal leaders and staff have made extraordinary efforts to put programs in place, and the commitment of residents and businesses has made these programs successful. The Nova Scotia Materials Exchange provides another opportunity to divert waste from disposal by providing a network to facilitate the reuse and recycling of waste materials and industrial by-products.

Process Free registration, that creates a login and account to track, list, purchases and inquire about (registration, posting materials. Contact emails and businesses are made available to members. and responding to listings)

Cost to users Free

Is there a section for Yes – classified as “Metals”. All Materials are separated by “LISTED” and “WANTED” categories. construction steel

How is steel Steel along with any metal is simply listed. Clicking on “details” gives a better listing of the desired or subdivided available material: i.e.: weight, amount, etc.

Construction steel At time of review, closest steel match was a request for large quantities of scrap steel from a components offered registrant. Appears to be no components of structural or construction-type steel at the moment.

How long have they N/A been in existence

Target geographical Nova Scotia area Other comments Disclaimer: NSME is a clearinghouse only and does not guarantee the accuracy or responsibility of listings or sellers.

FINAL REPORT 69 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Name Ontario Waste Materials Exchange (OWME)

Web address http://www.owe.org/

Who runs the site The Ontario Centre for Environmental Technology Advancement (OCETA) is a private sector, not- for-profit Ontario Corporation Contact details Program Coordinator Stacy Jones [email protected] 905-822-4133 x 236

Is it for profit No

Background The Ontario Waste Materials Exchange (OWME) is a service designed to facilitate the reuse and recycling of industrial by-product materials run by (OCETA). The purpose of the OWME is to create a network that allows waste products or outputs of one industry to become the raw material inputs of another. Through the Exchange network, OCETA provides generators with access to reuse and recycling markets, and users with access to material supply sources.

Process To post items on the site and respond to other registered users who have posted items you are (registration, posting required to register as a user. and responding to After a simple and free online registering process you can add an "Available Materials" or "Wanted listings) Materials" listing. To respond to a listing a dialog box will allow you to send a personal message to the contact who has posted the listing.

Cost to users Free

Is there a section for There is a list of materials categories, one of which is metals. construction steel Also the database can be searched using the word “Steel”

How is steel None subdivided

Construction steel None at the time of research components offered

How long have they In existence since 1984. Administered by OCETA since 1997. Increased web presence since 2001 been in existence

Target geographical Ontario area Other comments The user can sort postings by category, material, or location (the vast majority of postings are from Ontario). At the time of research there were many old listings, over 1 year old. It appears to be up to the person who does the posting to remove it once it is no longer relevant. Thus, there are some old postings that may be out of date, although some may be regular occurrences of material for recycling/reuse.

The site also provides a free Business Directory of companies offering an environmental service, and a bulletin board and E-news letter.

FINAL REPORT 70 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Name RCBC Materials Exchange

Web address www.rcbc.bc.ca

Who runs the site Recycling Council of British Columbia runs the site

Contact details RCBC office 604 683 6009 Direct contact 604-R-E-C-Y-C-L-E (604-732-9253) in the GVRD or 1-800-667-4321 elsewhere in British Columbia. Is it for profit NO

Background The RCBC Materials Exchange, (RCBC Mex), is a free waste matching service that can help businesses find alternative solutions to disposal for industrial by-products, surplus materials and household or industrial waste. Companies and individuals can list ‘waste’ products and can place “wanted” requests. Listings are made by toll-free telephone call to a live operator. The RCBC MEX matches those who have materials with those who want the materials and an exchange is made. Staff will try to find a user for material through research. The process works the same way in reverse. Lisings are also posted on the web site.

Process Simply browse the catalogue and order items by number. Dial the number and shop. Or list items for (registration, posting sale/exchange to others. and responding to listings)

Cost to users Free to use and no registration

Is there a section for Sections for Metals – with a subdivision for ferrous metals. Divided into “Wants” and “Available” construction steel

Target geographical British Columbia – and Canada area Other comments BC’s premiere exchange site and the oldest recylcling/exchange organization in Canada. The use of the Catalogue shopping technique is innovative and unique. One of the only exchange sites to have staff dedicated to taking orders and answering questions on behalf of sellers and clients.

FINAL REPORT 71 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Name RecycleNet Corporation Also linked to: RecycleXchange - Canada’s Waste Recycling Marketplace Recyclers World Steelchange European Recyclers Exchange Metalworld Used Building Materials Exchange And others Web address http://www.recyclexchange.com/ http://www.recyclenet.com/ http://www.recycle.net/ http://www.steelchange.com/ http://euro.recycle.net/ http://www.metalworld.com/ http://build.recycle.net/ Who runs the site RecycleNet Corporation appears to own or license many other web exchange sites including those listed above. They all seem to have access to the same database of listings. Contact details Contact : Paul Roszel Telephone: (801) 531-0404 Fax: (801) 531-0707 175 East 400 South, Suite 900,Salt Lake City, Utah 84111, USA Canadian contact: RecycleNet Corporation, Tel:519 767-2913 P.O. Box 24017 * Guelph * Ontario * Canada * N1E 6V8 *** Is it for profit Yes

Background RecycleNet Corporation (who acquired RecycleXchange in 2003), operates a series of online trading systems for recyclable materials. The Company has grown its network of trading sites to serve more than 1.5 million unique users per month, including generators, brokers, dealers, processors and consumers of recyclable materials such as glass, metal, rubber, wood, paper, and plastic, along with used vehicles and equipment. They provide electronic trading and physical clearinghouse services specializing in secondary commodities, and make their fees by providing the trading infrastructure and support service

RecycleXchange is one of several regional agencies linked to RecycleNet and using its international database of listings. RecycleXchange is aimed at the Canadian market. It is a membership based information exchange for those companies and individuals who buy/sell/trade commodities, materials, goods and services relevant to this industry.

Steelchange is one of many targeted web exchanges run by RecycleNet. It is targeted at the international scrap steel market and is a world wide information trading site established to promote trade in the Iron & Steel Industry.

Used Building Materials Exchange is an electronic information service designed to promote trade of Used Equipment by bringing buyers and sellers together using the Internet. It is an agency of the RecycleNet network.

Process Any company or individual with access to the Internet may add to the listings posted in the (registration, posting Exchange. All listings submitted must have a valid email address and contact information. Non- and responding to member users may post up to 5 Buy / Sell / Trade listings every 30 days. Members have the ability to post additional Buy / Sell / Trade listings that may include pictures.

FINAL REPORT 72 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

listings) Subscribing members have the ability to reply directly to a listing. If non members attempt to reply to a listing, they are solicited to become a member. Cost to users $ 25 / 10 days : Trial Membership $ 50 / month : Silver Membership $ 85 / month : Gold Membership $ 125 / month : Platinum Membership Is there a section for Scrap Metal Recycling Section includes two relevant categories construction steel

How is steel 1.Steel & Iron Scrap Recycling (Fe) Exchange subdivided 2. Used/Reusable Steel & Iron (not scrap) Exchange

Construction steel Category 1 above consists mainly of various categories of scrap steel for recycling. components offered Category 2 above lists the following grades: Used I Beam, Used Angle Iron, Used Plate Steel , Used Steel Pipe & Tube , Used Gauge Steel / Rolls & Sheet, Used/Reusable Steel Wire, Spent Steel Shot, Other Used Steel.

How long have they 1995 been in existence

Target geographical Worldwide area Other comments This group of web echanges all access the same international database of listings. With regard to steel they are set up as an international exchange of scrap metal for recycling. They target dealers in metals including iron and steel and operate worldwide. Most of the postings are either “wanted” listings from organizations who deal in scrap metal worldwide (mostly Asia) looking for regular supplies of scrap or from various organizations who have large amounts of metal to offer. There are occasionally postings offering smaller batches of structural steel, however these are from all over the world. Some listings are more specific and may be project oriented. A few appear to be from shoring/piling companies.

These are the most relevant Canadian sites. The following are a few of the most relevant US sites.

FINAL REPORT 73 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Name NAPAMAX Materials Exchange

Web address www.napamax.org

Who runs the site The NapaMax organisation with the help of many sponsors – including the City of Napa and the California Integrated Waste Management Board

Contact details [email protected]

Is it for profit NO

Background NapaMax is a free online resource enabling users to gain needed materials or to discard any unnecessary or unwanted materials. NapaMax’s purpose is to conserve energy, resources and landfill space by providing an easy alternative. Users simply log into the website and create a “wanted” or “available” listing. NapaMax is available to many organizations such as non-profit, businesses, schools, and more. Products can range from construction equipment, to firewood, to glass, to old furniture, etc.

Process All users must complete the free registration and login. This allows you to view every wanted and (registration, posting available listing on the website. and responding to Users cannot view these unless you have logged in and registered. The registration information is listings) used if the user decide to make a materials exchange.

Cost to users FREE

Is there a section for There is a category for metals and scrap metals construction steel

How is steel Unknown, currently no metals being offered subdivided

Construction steel Unknown, none at the moment components offered

How long have they N/A been in existence

Target geographical California and the Napa Valley area Other comments “While Recycling is very important, reuse stands at a higher importance to our environment. Recycling is a way to reuse that involves breaking down recyclable materials to make new materials. Although technology has improved and recycling is not as expensive as it used to be, it still costs money. And though it takes less energy than to create a new product, it still takes energy. On the other hand, reuse is a way that we can conserve energy and resources without spending money. Reuse also allows you to give away something that may be valuable to somebody else as well as gain valuable objects for which somebody else no longer has a use. While it is important to both reuse and recycle to help our environment, reuse is an easier, less consuming way of doing it.”

FINAL REPORT 74 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Name Freecycle.org

Web address www.freecycle.org

Who runs the site Freecyle: Private non-profit organization

Contact details [email protected] The Freecycle Network™, P.O. Box 294, Tucson, AZ 85702 Is it for profit NO

Background In 2 years the Freecycle concept has spread to over 50 countries, where there are thousands of local groups that have more than a million members. The Freecycle Network’s current annual budget is $150,000. Nearly all of that funding is from sponsor funding / corporate underwriting. Approximately 90% of these funds are used directly for program expenses. The remaining 10% is split evenly between membership, fundraising and other administrative expenses.

Process The Freecycle Network is composed of a global collection of regional groups. Each group represents (registration, posting a different geographic (city/town) area. Each listing has a different number of group members. These and responding to Groups are in contact and operate using Yahoo Groups. It is free to join and free to set up – with an listings) unlimited number of groups possible. Members are encouraged to join the group closest or in their hometown.

Cost to users Free. All items must be offered for free.

Is there a section for Unable to tell given the set up of the groups. However, Freecycle appears to be aimed mainly at construction steel exchange of household items, and members are usually individuals.

How is steel None subdivided

Construction steel Unknown components offered

How long have they Since 2003 been in existence

Target geographical Global – with individual groups in various cities and regions. area Other comments The Freecycle Network is a private, nonprofit organization incorporated in the State of Arizona.

FINAL REPORT 75 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Name 2 Good 2 Toss formerly: Reusable Building Materials Exchange (RBME) Web address www.2good2toss.com

Who runs the site Department of Ecology and Various Site Administrators in Washington State. Currently has 14 regional exchange sites that operate with logins and are run by various site administrators. Government is involved to a degree with the running of the site.

Contact details Shelly McClure [email protected] Waste Reduction and Recycling Specialist Washington State Dept of Ecology PHONE: (360) 407-6398 FAX: (360) 407-6305

Is it for profit No

Background 2good2toss is Washington’s online exchange for reusable building materials and household items. The objective of the site is to facilitate the recycling and repurposing of materials and items that would otherwise be disposed at Washington state landfills and waste to energy facilities, in addition to promoting an important environmental ethic. Individuals can post listings of items and materials or browse for those currently available in their area. Each listing contains a description of the materials along with a name and telephone number and any cost or delivery information. The actual exchange transactions are carried out directly between the interested parties. There are some maxima for what can be charged for items.

Process To be eligible to post items, users must reside in participating Washington state counties or cities, or (registration, posting obtain permission from the local site administrator. and responding to listings)

Cost to users Free

Is there a section for Not individually separated, but there is listings for metals – mostly household items or miscellaneous construction steel metal items.

How is steel Unknown subdivided

Construction steel Unknown components offered

How long have they Since at least 2003 been in existence

Target geographical Washington State area Other comments Specializes in household items and construction materials predominantly.

FINAL REPORT 76 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Name Salvage Sale Inc

Web address www.salvagesale.com

Who runs the site Private Company dealing with salvage through online AUCTION sales.

Contact details SalvageSale, Inc. 1001 McKinney, Suite 700 Houston, TX 77002 (800) 856-7445 [email protected] Is it for profit NO, but does appear to act as a private business – unclear

Background The original concept of SalvageSale was to create an online marketplace for salvage buyers and sellers to come together in a transparent environment and let them determine fair market value; allow product expertise and technology to bring more buyers to each auction. SalvageSale applies its proprietary bidXchangeTM auction format, which ensures fair competition among bidders and full visibility for all sellers. A detailed product listing is created and both buyers and sellers can watch the auction unfold real-time. When the auction closes, they ensure both the buyer and seller are equally protected by handling all payments through an escrow account. In addition, detailed reporting on the auction results is made available to the seller. Process Login requires filling in lengthy forms. Once logged in, a customer may purchase goods found in the (registration, posting marketplace or sell them. The website acts as an auction much like Ebay. Bids are placed on items. and responding to listings)

Cost to users Free registration – registrant must indicate if they intend to buy or to sell.

Is there a section for There is a metals section – there are currently no auctions in that section construction steel

How is steel There is a category for “Metals” and for “Building Materials”. subdivided

Construction steel None were offerer at the time of review components offered

How long have they Since at least 2000 been in existence

Target geographical Worldwide – Based in Texas area Other comments Historically, salvage auctions were conducted at the local level. This meant a limited number of buyers participated in each sale, often leaving the seller with only a fraction of the product's fair market value. And most salvage and surplus buyers lacked access to a predictable source of supply. By connecting sellers - insurance companies, transportation companies, retailers, corporate asset managers - with a vast source of domestic and international buyers, SalvageSale has created the preeminent salvage and surplus marketplace. By matching a reliable source of salvage and surplus with buyers from all over the world, the SalvageSale marketplace enables free market competition and delivers greater returns.

FINAL REPORT 77 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

The final review is an exchange web site based in the UK, although it does include some listings from North America.

Name Salvo, including SalvoWeb and SalvoMIE

Web address http://www.salvo.co.uk/ http://www.salvomie.com/

Who runs the site Salvo and BRE

Contact details Telephone +44 20 8400 6222 Fax +44 20 8400 6214

Is it for profit No

Background Salvo aims to support stockholding dealers of architectural and garden antiques, reclaimed and recycled building materials and demolition salvage in order to encourage trade, to increase appreciation and awareness of historical crafts skills and manufacture, and to help reduce the amount of salvageable materials from old buildings and gardens going to landfill. Salvo puts disposers of low value reusable or recyclable resources in touch with possible buyers via SalvoMIE, a materials information exchange started by the Centre for Resource Management at the BRE

Process “Wanted” and “Offers” listings can be viewed by all. Listings are emailed to administrator. Listing (registration, posting includes contact details, basic description of product and price. and responding to listings)

Cost to users None

Is there a section for No separate section. There is a section for “Complete large buildings” that includes steel buildings. construction steel Also a “Architectural metalwork” section includes smaller steel components such as staircases and radiators. How is steel None subdivided

Construction steel At the time of review there were whole industrial buildings offered for dismantling and relocation. In components offered addition a few miscellaneous structural components were on offer.

How long have they 1991 been in existence

Target geographical Mainly UK, but some internationally relevant listings. area 10 listings were from Canada at the time of the review Other comments Also includes a listing of companies/organizations relevant to construction recycling and architectural antiques.

FINAL REPORT 78 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Appendix B: Case studies

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Appendix C: Information papers

FINAL REPORT 80 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Appendix D: Summary of Canadian fabricator survey

This section summarizes the responses to a questionnaire regarding the reuse of structural steel in the Canadian construction industry. Over 130 fabricators were emailed out a questionnaire which included the following questions. 15 companies responded to the questionnaire, the answers are summarized below.

How much steel do you deal with per year for the construction industry? In total the 15 companies were responsible for nearly 60,000 tones of steel per annum. This is approximately 12 % of total construction steel used in Canada. The largest companies dealt with nearly 10,000 tonnes/yr while the smallest deal with below 1,000 tonnes/yr

Does your company ever use reclaimed steel components in new construction? Most (10) companies have not reused steel in new construction but 4 companies have. Four companies identified some level of reuse, generally only 30 to 50 tonnes/yr, sourced from demolished buildings. Some also identified work on additions/changes to existing buildings.

Do you know of any projects which featured reclaimed steel components? Two thirds of companies (10) were not aware of projects which reuse steel. Three companies knew of specific projects, while the other 2 were vaguely aware of projects in the past but could not suggest specific buildings. Specific projects put forward include: Cast Iron columns and handrail for modification of existing powerhouse to commercial building, the UTSC Student Centre, the Keiswetter Building, Heilderburg, design & build, Viking Tool design & build in Cambridge, and Kitchener, design & build.

Are you aware of readily available sources of reclaimed steel components? Nine of the companies were not aware of readily available sources of reclaimed steel. Those who were aware listed these possibilities: • Reclaim brokers • Demolition companies • Perhaps from demolition contractors or scrap yards

What opportunity do you see in dealing with reclaimed steel construction components? Some of the responses identified possible opportunities, however most of the feedback was doubtful and many were not aware of possible opportunities. Some of the comments include: • Reuse of beams and columns from old buildings being demolished. • New opportunity has developed because of LEEDTM. • Maybe small commercial, agricultural projects or reuse of existing structures that are being demolished. • Very limited because we are architectural custom fabricators

FINAL REPORT 81 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

• Very little due to improper distribution of used steel, coupled with proper heat number and mill certificate traceability • There are many hurdles regarding liability to overcome as well as a stocked supply • None, except maybe cheaper for the owner if he purchases the material directly.

How could availability of reclaimed construction steel components be improved? Many responses had insight into ways of improving availability; however some were unsure of what possibilities existed. The suggestions included: • Create a central clearing register where all demolition permits are controlled • A web page for information and contact engineers and architectural designers to let them know. • Asking structural engineers to allow substitution of reclaimed steel in lieu of new steel. Since reclaim steel grade will be unknown, engineers must accept reclaimed steel by using lower strength or by knowing the source and approximate age of the steel in the building considered to determine strength. • By increasing awareness with fabricators as well as educating engineers to use this process in their designs. • By obtaining a standard to enforce recording of a proper heat number and mill certificate traceability. • It would have to become economically and competitively feasible to collect, process and distribute reclaimed steel before it would be viable. There will be numerous technical and legal issues to overcome. • A list of available materials on the internet, mill certificates and tested materials with results. • I have never been approached, nor have I approached others to check availability. I do not know of any source other than a scrap yard.

FINAL REPORT 82 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Appendix E: Sources of recycled steel Below are some potential sources for reclaimed steel. Others will be added to the reuse-stee.org web site as appropriate.

Materials exchange web sites Used Building Materials Exchange is an international electronic information service designed to promote trade of Used Equipment by bringing buyers and sellers together using the Internet. It is an agency of the RecycleNet network. Non-member users with access to the Internet may post up to 5 Buy / Sell / Trade listings in the Exchange every 30 days. http://build.recycle.net/ Steelchange is one of many targeted web exchanges run by RecycleNet. It is targeted at the international scrap steel market and is a world wide information trading site established to promote trade in the Iron & Steel Industry. Non-member users with access to the Internet may post up to 5 Buy / Sell / Trade listings in the Exchange every 30 days. http://www.steelchange.com/ RecycleXchange is one of several regional agencies linked to RecycleNet and using its international database of listings. RecycleXchange is aimed at the Canadian market. It is a membership based information exchange for those companies and individuals who buy/sell/trade commodities, materials, goods and services relevant to this industry. Non-member users with access to the Internet may post up to 5 Buy / Sell / Trade listings in the Exchange every 30 days. http://www.recyclexchange.com/ The Ontario Waste Materials Exchange (OWME) is a web based service designed to facilitate the reuse and recycling of waste materials in Ontario. It provides generators of waste materials with access to reuse and recycling markets, and users with access to material supply source. http://www.owe.org/ The Nova Scotia Material Exchange is a free service that seeks to reduce waste by promoting the exchange of reusable materials. Through the Nova Scotia Materials Exchange, companies with surplus or by-product materials connect with others who can reuse these materials productively. There is a section for “metals” and another for “building” materials. www.nsmaterials.com The Recycling Council of British Columbia Materials Exchange, (RCBC Mex), is a free waste matching service that helps businesses find alternatives to disposal for industrial by-products, surplus materials and household or industrial waste. Companies and individuals can list ‘waste’ products and can place “wanted” requests without registration and for free. Listings are made by toll-free telephone call to a live operator.. www.rcbc.bc.ca

Demolition companies and salvage yards Murray Demolition recover many steel components from demolition which are offered for sale on their web site. To purchase or find out more information about any of the sale items, contact Peter Ball at 416.574.3520 http://www.murraydemolition.com/sales.html Toronto, Ontario, Tel – 416 253 6000 or 1 800 565 7054 Priestly Demolition sell construction components directly from demolition sites or from their depot. They also supply steel to NBS (see below) http://www.priestly.ca/regdefault.htm Aurora, Ontario, Tel - 905 841 3735 or 1 800 263 2076

FINAL REPORT 83 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Temperman sell materials arising from their demolitions, and also issue a ‘Surplus’ newsletter http://www.teperman.ca/surplus.php Toronto, Ontario, Tel - 416 463 6344 Beach Road Steel - Salvage yard which stocks considerable amounts of used steel as well as new steel Hamilton, Ontario, Tel - 905 547 7234 Fax - 905 544 2588 National Building Supplies – Salvage yard which stocks considerable amounts of used steel as well as new steel. http://www.nabusu.com/ Sutton West, Ontario Tel – 905 473 3462 or 1 800 665 8351 Alder Steel sells small amounts of reused steel to the construction industry. Aldergrove, BC, Tel - 604 856 2313

FINAL REPORT 84 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Appendix F: Glossary The following are generally accepted terms and definitions relating to reuse and recycling. In this report, the term recycling has been consistently used to describe materials recycling, rather than its more generic definition given below. The term ‘reuse’ has been used as it is defined below.

Adaptability Adaptability in a building is its potential to adapt through time to successfully accommodate change in requirements. It is a characteristic of a building that allows its parts to gradually change while the building continues to be useful.

Deconstruction Deconstruction is the taking apart of a building in such a way that its component parts can be re-used.

Down-cycling Down-cycling is the manufacture of a material of lesser quality or a lower specification from waste material that was originally a higher grade. This is a lesser form of recycling as some of the qualities of the higher grade material are lost. One example is the crushing of concrete for use as road fill or aggregate

Landfill Landfill is a waste disposal site for the deposit of the waste onto or into land (i.e. underground), including: Internal waste disposal sites (i.e. landfill where a producer of waste is carrying out its own waste disposal at the place of production). A landfill is classified depending on the waste type that is disposed in it.

Primary material A material whose production relies predominantly on extraction of natural resources.

Producer Responsibility Producer responsibility is the practice of holding the producer of a product responsible to some extent for the management of the pollution and waste products associated with the products they manufacture. This is a strategy aimed to integrate environmental costs associated with products throughout their life cycles into their market price. The producer is responsible to recover products that contain toxic and hazardous constituents which may present a threat to the safety of the community and which may place a burden on the end-of-life management of the product. Examples include motor vehicles, white goods, tyres, and electronic equipment.

Reclamation Reclamation refers to the extraction of materials from the waste stream and their reuse with minimal reprocessing for the same or different purpose (the terms reclamation and reuse are often used interchangeably).

Recyclables (Recyclable materials)

FINAL REPORT 85 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Refers to materials that are readily recycled such as paper, glass, plastic, used oil, and metals. They can be readily reprocessed to form part or all of another material (the same or different) instead of being disposed of as waste.

Recycled material A material that uses a significant amount of recycled resources in its manufacture (steel), or a product that is produced partly or entirely from a material which has been extracted from the waste stream (e.g. cellulose fibre insulation from recycled paper).

Recycling Recycling is often used as a generic term referring to re-use, refurbishment and materials recycling. More specifically, recycling refers to the process of collecting and separating materials from waste and their subsequent reprocessing for a new use. The Canadian Greening Government web site defines Recycling as a “Set of processes for reclaiming, as a material input to a product or service system, material that would otherwise be disposed of as waste”.

Reduction Reduction concerns using less resources and creating less hazardous waste and pollution by modifying design or production methods. Reduction methods involve changes in manufacturing technology, raw material inputs, and product formulation. Reduction includes: • A reduction in the volume of materials used for a building or component. • A reduction in the amount of waste produced during manufacture, use or disposal. • A reduction in the pollution that results from manufacture, use or disposal

Refurbishment Refurbishment is the replacement of some parts in a product or building to extend its life and enable it to return to its original or similar use.

Renewable resource A renewable resource is any natural resource that is regenerated at a rate equal to or faster than the rate at which it is depleted. To be renewable a resource must have a way of regenerating itself.

Reuse Reuse is the use of old components with little or no reprocessing largely in their original form, either for the original purpose or for a new purpose. For example, the reuse of a steel cladding panel.

Up-cycling Up-cycling is taking a low grade material and turning it into a high grade material, often using human energy.

Waste Waste is unwanted or undesired material left over after the completion of a process. Waste is defined as something that the producer or holder discards or intends to or is required to discard.

FINAL REPORT 86 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Waste management Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal of waste materials. The aim is usually to reduce the effect on human health, local amenity, the effect on the environment, and to recover resources from the waste.

Waste minimisation Waste minimisation is any technique or activity which reduces or avoids the production of waste for disposal.

FINAL REPORT 87 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Appendix G: Relevant web site links American Institute of Steel Construction www.aisc.org/sustainability

Canadian Institute of Steel Construction http://www.cisc-icca.ca/sc.html (CISC)

Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute www.cssbi.ca (CSSBI)

Canadian Green Building Council www.cagbc.org

Metal Service Centre Institute (MSCI) http://www.ssci.org/Canada.aspx

National Demolition Association http://www.demolitionassociation.com/

Steel Recycling Institute www.recycle-steel.org

U.S. Green Building Council www.usgbc.org/LEED

Canadian Steel Producers Association http://canadiansteel.ca/home.htm

Metal Service Centre Institute http://www.ssci.org/

Canadian Association of Recycling http://www.cari-acir.org/en/64convention.html Industries

Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries http://www.isri.org/

Used Building Materials Association http://www.ubma.org/index.html

Steelbiz http://www.steelbiz.org/

FINAL REPORT 88 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Appendix H: Summary of demolition contractor surveys

Ontario demolition contractors COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

1) reuse is minimal, perhaps 1% of all intake 2) most if not all is recycled, depending on market 905-458-1005 conditions, amount of recycling depends on the type of scrap that enters the yards. Reason for Greenspoon 16 Melanie Drive 1-800-928-8812 lack of reuse: cost of labour and insurance is too high to risk a lengthy demolition. too many Specialty Brampton, ON L6T [email protected] workers can get injured, therefore a quick, dirty demo is preferable. Do roughly 150 buildings a Contracting, Ltd. 4K9 www.greenspoon.net year, 50 years ago, more slow demos were being done -but this had higher death rates. Scrap is generally sent back to the Mills, some can be sold to building sites, but this is extremely rare.

1220 Creditstone BEL-CO Express Rd. Concord, ON 416-665-6297 Does residential demolition only, sends all scrap steel to TRIPLE-M METALS Inc L4K 5T2 90 Symes Road, 416-245-0000 Lions Demoltion Toronto, ON. M6N No response [email protected] 3T1

345 Horner Ave. 416-253-6000 Murray Demolition Toronto, ON. 1.800.565.7054 Little information given. A meeting was promised but impossible to schedule. Corp M8W 1Z6 www.murraydemolition.com The Steel is recycled and reused as much as possible. Roughly 80-90% of all scrap sold is steel. Roughly $10 million in scrap steel. H and I beams are predominantly sold to shoring companies and foundation companies. They purchase the most quantities (and fastest). Beams and other steel components are generally cleaned on-site. As much of the sorting and cleaning of the steel 905-841-3735 as possible is done during the demo to speed up the process and maintain standards.Consumer 95 Edward Street Priestly Demolition 1-800-263-2076 tastes are changing. Little do-it-yourself is being done anymore which lessens the market for Aurora, ON. L4G Inc [email protected] used steel to the general public. Priestly employs a full-time scrap salesman. Planning for reused 1W1 www.priestly.ca steel construction involves a greater need for front end design and initial work and research. The steel gets sorted into the following groups: Baleing, Plate & Structural I, Shredding, #1 heavy metal & rebar.Selling items in bulk is much more economical and practical. The price of reused steel generally goes up and down with the price of new steel as market prices level out and compete.

FINAL REPORT 89 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES Restoration P.O. Box 74610 (905)888-0066 Environmental Stalwart Industrial 1-800-894-4924. No response Contractors & REC Dr Unit 5 Gormley,, rec@restorationenvironmen Demolition ON L0H 1G0 tal.com Sells all scrap directly to the mills. Some salvage is sold through them to customers and those 1-877-tepperman willing to purchased used scrap. The TTC is a customer of theirs. Jordan Tepperman claims 280 Commissioners Tepperman 416-463-6344 85% re-use (although by this he means recycling). They are a Gov't Acknowledged eco-friendly Street. Toronto, ON. Wrecking Inc. [email protected] company. Cuts ,shreds, sorts and grades all types of scrap metal = recently sent 30-60,000 tons M4M 1A4 www.teperman.ca of beams to Vancouver wharf proj, (cut down to 12' sections) willing to give tour and help out further - seems open to possibilities. Triple M does have a reused steel selling trade -scrap yard full of inventory at the moment. The main issue is time and cost of disassembly. Triple M would like to reuse more steel but often the time allowed for demolition does not allow this. Timing is a critical issue, often clients want demolition quickly and this rules out disassembly. Thus, most steel is cut up for scrap and goes 905-770-4916 for recycling to the steel mills. 1440 Colborne Large beams over 20’ long are sometimes sold mainly to piling and shoring industry. They try to Street East, Larry MCNamara - Triple-M Demolition sell directly from the site but if not possible then these items are brought back to the Triple M yard Brantford, ON. N3T President for storage until sold. Also, when it is possible to extract steel trusses undamaged, these are kept 5L4 [email protected] www.triplemdemolition.com for reuse. Occasionally, a whole steel industrial building is dismantled and sold whole. Triple M have a list of interested clients looking for reused steel components. Establishing the steel characteristics does not seem to be a problem for their clients. Overall, probably only 5% - 10%(by mass) of all steel dealt with is reused. The amount of steel dealt with per year varies hugely. Most of the steel is being shredded, sorted and sent to mills. Best Building RR, Beaverton, ON, 705-426-5500 No response Demolition L0K 1A0 Cardwell RR, Peterborough, (705) 742-1792 No response Construction ON K9J 6X6 RR, Bradford, ON, Down Demolition 905-775-2637 No response L3Z 2A5 Eddy's Demolition & 41 Earnscliffe Rd, 416-656-5755 (cell) No response Excavating York, ON, M6E 1J4 J. Romano Disposal Brampton 416-736-0410 All scrap, trash etc, goes to the MICHIGAN DUMPSITES!!. Service

FINAL REPORT 90 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES 292 Woods Street, Leyser Joe Stratford, ON (519) 273-6763 No response Demolition N5A7T4 21 Bertram Maximum Disposal Industrial Pkwy, (705) 721-9930 Offers minor sorting or metals, all scrap metals are sent to larger yards for processing. Services Inc Barrie, ON L4M 4S5 McQuaid G. Oshwaw, ON, L1H 905-434-2744 No response Contracting 7K8 Moon Demolition n/a - have home Small business; roughly 1,000 tons/yr. Very little to no reuse of metals, Sends all metal to larger 416-282-1007 (home) Ltd. address scrap yards. 1183 Old Goulais Possamai Patrick Bay, Sault Ste (705) 759-4491 No response Construction Marie, ON P6A5K8 42655 Cranbrook, (519) 887-6904 Total Demolition Inc Cranbrook, ON No response (877) 525-6904 (toll-free) N0G1H0

British Columbia demolition contractors COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

3R Demolition Corp., is a demolition / deconstruction Company located in Burnaby, British Columbia (Vancouver Lower Mainland). Our main focus with each project is to utilize the metaphor of reducing landfill waste by maintaining a high volume of recycling. This goal is achieved by being a well-organized, well-communicated company within the Greater Vancouver 1 604 435 2555 6921 Frederick Regional District. Toll Free: 1 866 435 2555 3R Demolition Corp. Avenue, Burnaby, Phone conversation with Corinne: She was very interested in the research. They cannot yet say Fax: 1 604 432 1019 BC, V5J 3X8 specifically when they are available to meet, but said to call when we're in town to arrange a www.3rdemolition.com meeting. They may have an old steel structure movie set in deconstruction that we can visit. Otherwise they are more than happy for us to come by and ask some questions. They just finished a large steel structure. They try to salvage what they can. What doesn't get salvaged go to recycling.

FINAL REPORT 91 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

Salvage services and used building materials yard. Buys and sells used doors, siding, plumbing, A & P Demolition & 17525 - 64th Ave. electrical, lighting, lumber, flooring, plywood, etc. 1 604 574 3977 Excavation Ltd. Surrey, BC Does small residential, would do salvage of steel structures but too busy. Suggested Assertive Demolition and AMPM.

Salvage services and used building materials yard. Adriatic Demolition 7387 Elweel St. Phone Conversation with Zoran: Adriatic deconstructs steel structures for salvage, scrap and 1 604 727 2222 Services Burnaby, BC reuse. They are currently working deconstructing a steel building. Was too busy to talk but says to call when in town and is welcome to see what they're doing.

Salvage services and used building materials yard. Salvage doors, windows, cabinets, plumbing, All Around electrical, appliances and antique hardware. Burnaby, BC 1 604 299 2967 Demolition Co. Ltd. Don't do steel, only do small deconstruction by hand. Did not have any info on steel deconstruction.. Suggested Litchfield.

Phone conversation with Loretta Did not have much info but is going to have Mike call me back. #264 19567 Frase 1 604 888 6055 Phone conversation with Mike (Cell 778 552 1237). They rarely do large steel structures. Assertive Hwy Fax: 1 604 888 3222 Usually only smaller projects with one or two large steel members. These usually can be Excavation & Surrey, BC, V3S steve@assertiveexcavating salvaged for sale to a new and used building materials yard. Just last week deconstructed an old Demolition Ltd. 9A4 .com 7-eleven with gas pump. The gas pump canopy had a couple of large steel beams that were salvaged. A few years back they deconstructed a school which had a large quantity of steel joists. However he was uncertain if they were salvaged or scrapped.

Salvage services and used building materials yard. Phone Conversation 313 Decaire St, B & L Contracting 1 604 936 8682 One man operation that rarely comes across steel projects. Has before and would salvage larger Coquitlam, BC pieces for reuse then scrap the rest. Suggested contacting Johnson McKinnon, Pacific Blasting (Bell Pacific) and Litchfield.

FINAL REPORT 92 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

3183 Norland Pacific Blasting & Avenue 1 604 291 1255 No response Demolition Burnaby, BC

7 - 8075 Enterprise Has a crew of 20 to 30 people. They strip interiors and exteriors of smaller structures. Do not Bulldog Demolition Street 1 604 444 3123 tear down larger structure. Will sometimes get called to strip a building to the structure, then let a & Disposal Co. Ltd. Burnaby, BC larger company deal with the structure. Suggested contacting Litchfield Demolition.

He is an industrial contractor that builds and dismantles all manner of industrial bldgs. and equipment, especially sawmills. We are working with him on a few projects reusing massive reclaimed timbers. He's great guy - very hands on. Canadian Industrial 1 604 313 1074 Phone conversation with Phil Hewlett: Currently deconstructing a large wood and steel structure Delta, BC Development Corp. [email protected] located along the Fraser river in Vancouver. Large project. Has seen a huge increase in opportunity for deconstruction and reuse. Has done other buildings. Sometimes doesn't get to reuse steel because to busy to market. Will sell to scrap/salvage yards in this situation. Didn't have much time to talk, but is happy to meet when I'm in town.

A lot of people won't play with it, difficult to get re-certified. Client usually just wants it torn down. 1 - 37 Wellington St. C & C Demolition Hard to sell a client on reuse when it will cost more upfront. Has never had steel re-certified. New Westminster, 1 604 515 1418 Ltd. Usually just goes to scrap, unless a farmer or small industrial project is looking for steel. THey BC usually go in and strip a building of interior and cladding.

Being specialists in the field of deconstruction (i.e. dismantling buildings and recycling reusable building materials) has allowed us to open a distinguished Used Building Materials Yard, which D. Litchfield 1 604 464 7525 encompasses three acres of used materials. From various projects, we have also been able to 3046 Westwood Demolition 1 604 522 1736 save old antiques and collectibles. Salvage services and used building materials yard. Large Street & Fax: 1 604 944 1674 yard with wide selection of materials. Flooring and custom cuts from recycled timbers available. Port Coquitlam, BC Used Building [email protected] Phone conversation with Wendy Litchfield:She would not commit to a meeting for the end of V3C 3L7 Materials www.dlitchfield.com August. It is to far away and she isn't certain of her schedual. Said to call back in a week or two to see if something could be set up (seems interested). Says they can salvage 98% of a building, more than anyone else in BC. Also has the largest used building material yard in the province.

FINAL REPORT 93 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

Phone conversation with Clay: They do deconstruct steel structures. Are not doing so now. They try to salvage for reuse as much as possible, and the rest goes to scrap. Hard to reuse designed components. Can sell the standardized components but usually only to farmers and other smaller industrial applications. Not many people are interested in trying to get the steel Demco Disposal certified for reuse. Helps to have owrking drawings, but this is rare. As well the steel in older Burnaby, British BC 1 604 433 5387 Service Ltd. steel structures is difficult to determine. Salvaged steel from a building a while ago for Dominion Steel. The trusses were deconstructed, marked and delivered, probably for reuse. Of the rest they salvaged what they could for themselves but most went to scrap.They salvaged to sell a lot to Dominion Steel Problem They do work on steel structures, mostly concrete with steel. Salvage as often as possible. They P.O. Box 1055 Dewar Pacific 1 604 886 4526 are way too busy to talk, but suggested emailing them some questions so they can get to it in Gibsons, BC, V0N Projects Ltd. [email protected] their own time. Some salvage companies they use include: Richmond Steel Recycling, ABC 1V0 recycling and AMIX (Surrey).

Phone conversation with Nick: Rarely do full steel structures come down. They are usually Douglas Anthony 2210 St George St. stripped for adaptaive reuse. They will sometimes come across steel components in concrete or 1 604 444 3123 Demolition Ltd. Port Moody, BC wood buildings (stairs, seismic upgrades). These components are almost always cut up for scrap. It is too difficult and costly to salvage for reuse. Suggested we contact Pacific Blasting. Suite 11, 970 Impact Demolition 1 604 215 1805 Westwood St. No response Ltd. www.impactdemo.com Coquitlam,BC

Inner City 11640 Twigg Place 1 604 327 0957 Never work on Steel and do not salvage just demolish. Demolition Ltd. Richmond, BC

Johnston & 6038 Trapp Ave. McKinnon Burnaby, BC, V3N 1 604 526 0787 Little to say. They did promise to phone back but did not. Demolitions 2V4 Allan Malcolmin & Receptionist thinks they demolish/deconstruct steel structures but unable to speak to get chief Vancouver, BC 1 604 683 3347 Sons Demolition Ltd. estimator.

Pacific Labour & 4029 Bond St. 1 604 529 1011 No response Demolition Burnaby, BC

FINAL REPORT 94 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

11580 - 134th RDM Eneterprises 1 604 580 6211 Street, Surrey, BC, No response Ltd. www.rdmenterprises.com V3R 0H5 Phone conversation with Bruce Macdonald: Do a lot, but not too much steel. Early 90's when economy was slower, there was more going, it was considered off the bat. Steel is usually only salvaged for reuse when an entire building can be deconstructed and rebuilt. They have done a 11110 - 284th St. few of these projects over the years. The last two were later torn down for future developement, Steward Maple Ridge, BC, 1 604 462 8845 but there are probably a couple which he'll dig up info on for me. They do mostly wood Management V2W 1T9 structures, had lots of interesting stuff to say regading the logging industry in BC. . Wood structures are usually deconstructed into components and reused individually. He wouldlove to meet, but may be away on vacation in the last week of August. Asked if he could get a copy of the report once it is finished.

Phone conversation with Jay: Do mostly smaller projects, rarely salvage for reuse, mostly goes to #205 - 329 North scrap. Usually if it’s a demo project there is potential to salvage, but they only do it if someone Team Ltd. Road 1 604 803 1073 has asked. Coquitlam, BC Suggested looking online at these sites: bcbids.com, merx.com and verca.com

Demolition Contractors - Alberta, Manitoba, Sasketchewan COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

Main Floor 3024-49th Bluebird Excavating Ave S.E. Calgary, AB www.panterrainindustries.com No response & Demolition Co. T2B 2X4 Hazco 10501 Barlow Trail SE, 403-297-0444 (800) Environmental & Calgary, Alberta T2C 667-0444 [email protected] No response Decommissioning 4M5 www.hazco.com Services (403) 236-4096 1-877- Box 35088, Sarcee, P.O. Wearmouth Canada 91-RENEW Calgary, Alberta, T3E Doesn't deal with steel Inc. [email protected] 7C7 www.wearmouth.com

FINAL REPORT 95 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

(403) 263-8406 Able Demolition 3828 12 St SE, Calgary, (403) 620-0850 Cell Not interested in helping. Services Alberta T2G 3K4 www.abledemolition.com Does smaller jobs…a lot of residential. Any steel recoverd (good or bad) condition is sent 156 MacEwan Park (403)-295-7395 to the scrap yards. The good stuff is usually sold to the yards to make a profit. Has done Aspen Demolition Green NW, Calgary, AB, [email protected] about 1 or 2 dismantling jobs in the past little while where the steel skeleton was deemed Inc T3K 4E6 a www.aspendemolition.ca good and the owner wanted to keep it (didn't have much more info). these were small jobs though. Interior demolition firm - don't deal with steel too often. Most steel is in the form of 12836 153 ST, B & B Demolition (780) 452-0354 steel/metal trusses. Any steel found on the site is sent directly to one of 3 scrap Edmonton, AB T5V1A9 yards/salvage yards in the area to be recycled. Challenger (403) 244-7548 No reply, then busy signal, (2nd try, still no reply) Demolition Inc Flintstone 6212 90 Ave SE, (403) 279-2500 Demolition No response Calgary, AB T2C2T3 (403) 236-5408 (fax) Contractors Kennedy Demolition (403) 265-0161 No response Limited (403) 246-2091 (fax) McColman & Sons 8600 1 Street Northwest, (780) 416-5000 No response Demolition Limited Edmonton, AB T6P1X2 (800) 563-0152 (toll-free) Riverview 2204-130 Ave NW, (780) 913-0581 No response Demolition Edmonton, AB T5A4A2 A D Hanslip 790 Lansdowne Avenue, (204) 791-8979 Currently not doing any demo work….hasn't worked with steel for a a bit…had no further Excavating & Winnipeg, MB R2X1R9 (204) 338-0999 (fax) info to give. Demolition Ltd Branko Demolition & 2212 Knowles Avenue, (204) 224-5900 Offered to call me back, but found out it was long-distance and said - "thank-you, no!" Disposal Ltd Winnipeg, MB R2G2K6 363 William Avenue, (204) 943-8000 Imrie Demolition Ltd Doesn't handle steel at all Winnipeg, MB R3A0H8 (204) 944-0526 (fax)

FINAL REPORT 96 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

Doesn’t really know what happens with the steel. Mentioned it varies according to project. 315 South Railway She said they currently have some steel beams laying around in the yard. Some of it is Adair's Excavating & Avenue, Southey, SK (306) 726-2928 maybe shipped to scrap yards, some may be send to mills? She was very vague. She did Demolition S0G4P0 mention that she was unsure of the recycling practices. She also mentioned that it goes to "whoever". Overall though, they don't handle too much steel. Handles a good amount of steel. Does dismantling quite often - sometimes a requirement of the owner. Steel that is reused is reinspected - there is also a notion that quality control is easier to determine since the steel was already judged to be good during initial construction. They handle larger and smaller buildings. a good deal of the larger jobs are doing dismantling and the steel (any reusable steel) is kept and put to Silverado Demoliton PO BOX 0, Saskatoon, (306) 933-0111 reuse...unfortunately couldn't elaborate too much futher). All unusable steel is sent to & Excavating SK S7K6C7 (306) 249-1171 (fax) IPSCO directly for recycling. When asked about the scrap yards he said it wouldn't make sense since the yards just end up sending it to the mills anyway - i guess a way to cut out the middleman. realizes dismantling is more expensive and time consuming, but if it's required, it has to be done. realizes there are some benefits as well to doing so - despite higher costs and labour risk.

Demolition Contractors - Quebec COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

418-698-2222 Demolition et 2253 Chemin de la 1-800-361-9519 info@demex- Excavation Demex Reserve, Chicoutimi, QC Large company, has some equipment for sale canada.com www.demex- Inc G7H 5B3 canada.com Solution (514) 323-0333, Founded by Jean-Guy and Bernard Hamelin in 1973. Today SNF is one of Canada's most Environmentale 2185 Montee Masson, 1-800-465-9818 important scrap metal recyclyng companies in the business. Rapidly becoming one of Logic Inc. (SNF Laval, Quebec H7E 4P2 [email protected] North America's leaders in the field, SNF greatly benefits from its strategic partership with Inc) www.snf.ca/en the Fond de Solidarité. 10600 Henri-Bourassa (514) 643-4422 Abba Démolition Boulevard East, No response (800) 643-3738 Montréal, QC H1C1G9 Delsan-AIM (514) 494-9898 10760 A Henri-Bourassa No response Démolition Boulevard East, (800) 706-9669

FINAL REPORT 97 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

Montréal, QC H1C1S9

(514) 594-7655 55 rue St-Pierre, bureau Demolition M.E. (514) 863-1443 Quebecois company specializing in industrial, commercial and residential demolition, also 203 St-Constant, QC, Tremblay Inc. [email protected] in the reclaiming of metal and recycling, and used materials (for sale) J5A 1B9 www.tremblaydemoltion.com Démolition 683 Saint-René (819) 669-4325 Outaouais (1992 Boulevard East, No response (800) 306-6599 ENR) Gatineau, QC J8P8A7 (514) 643-4422 10600 Henri-Bourassa 1-800-643-3738 Large company, covers 3 major fields - Construction, Demolition, Environment. Groupe Forlini Inc. Est, Montreal, QC, H1C [email protected] 1G9 No response www.forlini.com ITA Can Démolition 399 133 Route, (450) 299-2662 No response inc. Henryville, QC J0J1E0 (866) 299-2662 (toll-free)

FINAL REPORT 98 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

Appendix I: Summary of salvage yard/scrap dealer surveys

Ontario scrap dealers and salvage yards

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

(613) 745-6000 All of the scrap is sent back to the mills after sorting and cutting it down. Claims more info 2555 Sheffield Road, 1 (800) 267-3639 is on the website, but there isn't much more detail Bakermet Inc. Ottawa, ON, K1B 3V6 [email protected] http://www.bakermet.com

1489 Plank Road, Sarnia No response Kukura Recycling (519) 344-7280 ON, N7T 7H3

Barrie : (705) 431-5225 Steel Broker: They buy a variety of smaller sources and distributes to the larger ones or Toronto :(416) 984-7776 back on the market. Smaller companies cannot sell directly to the mills, they need a "go- 5-190 Minet's Pointe Road, [email protected] between". All scrap in their company is available for sale. They process 50-100 tons a Brighton lee Rich Env. Suite 128, Barrie, ON L4N om month. 8J8 www.blrenvironmental.co m (905) 473-3462 Supplies a considerable amount of reused steel, mainly to small projects, farmers, etc. 22903 Highway #48 RR#1 National Building 1-800-665-8351 Reused steel saves about 30 to 40% on new steel. Most steel comes from Priestly. Sutton West, ON, L0E Supplies [email protected] 1R0 www.nabusu.com

P.O. Box 563 No response A Gold & Sons Chatham Ontario 519 352-0360 Canada N7M 5K6

2155 Main St. E Most of it goes back to the mills. Most comes from peddlers, no major companies or ABC Metal Recycling Cambridge Ontario 519-620-9148 business. Corp Canada N1R 5S7

1758 Lone Pine Dr. RR6 Mobile service, picks ups the scrap and shreds it. This is all sold directly back to the mills. All Ontario Recycling Bracebridge Ontario 705 646-2035 Inc P1L 1X4

FINAL REPORT 99 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

Collects small and residential scrap. All of it is sent to larger Scrap yards in the area. 695 Finley Avenue, Ajax, Apick Scrap Metal (905) 426-578 Does not sell any components or scrap to others. ON L1S 3T1

77 Kincort Street, York, ON Sends all scrap to brokers, no steel is actually on the premises B. BROS Metal M6M5G7 (416) 243-5412 (416) 243-5412

720 John Street 705.728.2983 All goes back to the mills. Barrie Metals Group Barrie Ontario L4N 2L2 www.barriemetals.com Small-scale scrap yard - handles roughly 70,000 tons/yr. Does Demolition and scrap. 5515 Maplewood Drive, Bello Metal Recycling 519-972-8334 Sends all sorted and graded steel back to the mills for recyc. Does not have steel for Windsor, ON, N9C 4E9 Reuse

415 Elizabeth Street All scrap is received in bad condition - not useful for resale as reusable metal. All this gets Ben-Met Steel & Metal 519 763-1209 Guelph Ontario graded and sorted and then sent back to the mills for melting. Inc. N1E 2Y2 www.benmet.ca

43 Oak Street West, No response Bluebird Scrap Metal 519-326-5041 Leamington, ON, N8H 2B2

P.O. Box 271 No response Brantford Iron & Metal Brantford Ontario 519.752.4351 Company N3T 5M8 No response 112 Basaltic Rd, Concord, BTT Enterprises Inc 905-660-4177 ON L4K 1G6

505 Garyray Drive 416-743-7730 No response Combined Metal Toronto Ontario Industries Inc. www.combinedmetal.co M9L 1P9 m

Commercial Recycling Minor amount of scrap comes from demolition , but mostly industrial and factory scrap. All n/a 905-781-0136 Ltd of it is sent to the larger scrap and salvage yards -none to the mills.

FINAL REPORT 100 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

581 Rivermede Rd No response Crown Metals Concord Ontario 905 669-4199 L4K 2G8

9093 Twenty Road 153 tons come in, 101 tons go out in a week. Scrap gets sorted and cut which makes it D & M Environmental Smithville Ontario 905.957.0269 easier to sell and apparently pay less for it, but they get paid more for it in smaller pieces. Ltd. L0R 2A0 The Scrap is then sent to the bigger mills. It all comes in very rough and unusable.

4447 Upper Dwyer Hill Rd. No response Ed's Salvage 613-623-6619 Arnprior, ON, P0W 1C0

54 Uphill Street No response Falls Iron & Metal Smith's Falls Ontario 613.283.2240 K7A 4S9 35% comes from construction, 25% comes from demolition. Handle 60,000 tons/yr. All 26 Ernest Avenue scrap is sold to the mills directly. Demolition of a building for reuse is not profitable G. Solway & Sons Toronto Ontario 416.531.1131 because of worker insurance. Howard can see that reused steel can be done for additions M6P 3M7 and renovations - but not new construction. he doesn't see it being too valuable given current market conditions 96 Hyde Avenue No response G.B. Scrap Metal Ltd. Toronto Ontario 416-240-0325 M6M 1J4 Has divisions across Southern Ont. Accepts all sorts and types of steel. Comes from all Gerdau AmeriSteel Hopkins St. South sources and places (residential, industrial, etc). Most of the scrap goes to Mills, but some (formerly Co-Steel Whitby Ontario 905-668-8877 ext 2828 is shredded. Will sell scrap to others if the market is good and there is high enough Recycling) L1N 5T1 demand - but most of the time, it is all recycled

Pick up scrap from sites and acts as a transfer warehouse. They sell to scrap yards that 60 Rayette Rd, Units 3 & 4 Toll Free: 888 767-0127 are authorized to sell the scrap to the mills. This company is too small to do so. All steel is Gilbat Metals Ltd. Concord Ontario L4K 2G4 Tel: 905 761-1058 separated and hauled away. There is no reuse, much of it goes to TRIPLE-M and GERDAU

FINAL REPORT 101 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

Scrap comes from all sorts of sources, People selling scrap are referred to as Peddlers, P.O. Box 609 other scrap comes from industry and factories. Ferrous metal is sent back to the mills or Hagersville Recycling Hagersville Ontario 905-767-1116 larger yards. In the last 2 years, some trade has gone directly to China. Non-ferrous is & Auto Wrecking N0A 1H0 sold by the lb, not the ton. They will sell used steel - but they make no guarantee on its quality - strictly state to cust. USED STEEL

262 Macdonell Ave. Receive scrap from Demolitions and renovations. All metal is sent to mills and larger High Park Scrap Metal 416-531-4884 Toronto, ON, M6R 2B1 yards. Deal mainly with non-ferrous metals however

Take scrap from public and businesses. All is sent to larger scrap yards or to brokers who 55 Oakdale, St Catherine’s, can facilitate transport. Some is sent to the mills directly. Apparently it's a mix, with no Hydro Metal Recycling 905-688-8896 ON, L2P 2L3 direct patterns. Whichever happens when…

500 Centennial Parkway 905-560-0111 No response I. Waxman & Sons Ltd North, Hamilton Ontario L8E 2X5 www.iwaxman.com Take scrap from any sources, does handle all sizes and grades. Outflow is dependent on 105 Clarke Rd. market situation. Sent back to mills. John Zubick Ltd London Ontario 519-451-5470 N5W 5C9

257 Victoria Street North Takes steel from all sources. There is some reuse by customers but only in small and Joseph & Company Kitchener Ontario 519 743-0205 minor scales. this includes items like piping, small steel sheet. All steel is sorted and sent Inc. N2H 5C9 back to the mills.

Handle industrial waste. 90% of it is ferrous. All of it is sent back to the mills. Does mostly 134 Orchard Rd K & K Recycling Toll Free: 888 311-8886 small scale - items that don't require permits. Ajax Ontario Services Tel: 905 426-8989 L1S 6K9

P.O. Box 7188,Sandwich No response K. Scrap Resources Windsor Ontario 519 254-5188 Ltd. N9C 3Z1 27 Kenfin Ave. Buys and handles new steel to sell to china. No further info. KM Marketing Int'l Scarborough Ontario 416-298-2286 M1S 4E8

FINAL REPORT 102 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

Won't give information over the phone, will only divulge through an official fax, then he'll P.O. Box 300 1-800-267-0902 respond. Not very helpful Kimco Steel Sales Ltd. Kingston Ontario (613) 544-1822 K7M 4W1 kimcosteel.com

5310 Finch Ave E21 Sends all scrap to the mills. Also sends a lot back to China for max profit. M & Y Metals Scarborough Ontario 647 388-2728 M1S 5E8

1181 Finch Ave. Unit 16 & No response Margold Industries Inc. 17, Downsview Ontario 416 665-8800 M3J 2V8 83 Mead Avenue, Hamilton, No response NG Recycling 905-549-3242 ON, L8H 3T6 1411-19 Eva Road No response Nates Scrap Metal Ltd Etobicoke Ontario 416 918-6836 M9C 4W4

2319 Fairview All sent back to the mills for recycling New Metal Resources Burlington Ontario 905-333-6687 L7R 2E3

P.O. Box 803 Handles processing, sorting, cutting of all scrap metals. All of which is sent back to the North Bay Salvage North Bay Ontario 705.474.6690 mills. There is limited need for reuse. Claims his father used to do reuse of steel 30 years Co., Ltd P1B 8K1 ago. Now, there is less demand for it.

OmniSource generates annual sales revenue of $1.5 billion, from 6 million tons of ferrous 2319 Fairview St #604 905-639-7705 scrap and 700 million pounds of non-ferrous metals. Function as a broker. This is all sold OmniSource Corp. Burlington Ontario to various mills in the US and Canada. They do not operate with yards, merely tranport L7R 2E3 www.omnisource.com the scrap.

854 Eastern Ave. 416.463.1121 Metals Trading, Ferrous & Non Ferrous salvage yard. Also trade in New ,Surplus Ontario Salvage Ltd. Toronto Ontario Secondary , Steel Sheet and Coil only. Waste Management & Recycling Services M4L 1A1 416 823 4554 available, Container services.

1000 Dundas St. East, No response P J Larkin Salvage 905-668-7361 Whitby, ON, L1N 2K2

FINAL REPORT 103 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

60 Ashwarren Road All is sorted and cleaned, most comes from Industry. All of it is sent back to the mills for Toll Free: 877 660-1336 Ram Iron Toronto Ontario recycling. 416 630-4545 M3J 1Z5

6 Browning Court, Bolton, Scrap comes industry and scrap "peddlars". All of it goes to the mills. Does not offer for Recycle Trade 905-951-0000 ON, L7E 1G8 reuse because of something to do with PST - did not elaborate. Must look into further

328 Arvin Avenue No response Rulco Metal Recycling Stoney Creek Ontario 905-662-1633 L8E 2M4

122 Scollard Street, Suite 2 Metal brokers. Deals for larger firms and companies. Sherbanuk Metals Toronto Ontario 416.929.6261 Marketing M5R 1G2

961 Zelco Drive Operate a demolition company as well, take steel from all sources. Send it back to the Thomson Metals & Burlington Ontario 905.681.8832 mills. Disposal L7L 4Y2 P.O. Box 459, 133 Yale No response Traders Metal Street, Sault Ste Marie 705 759-1090 Company Ontario, P6A 5M1 Deal in contaminated metal from the mines. All metals are cleaned for PCB PO Box 518 Trans-cycle Industries, contamination. They are sampled to verify the levels are within the safely accepted levels. Kirkland Lake Ontario 705 567-9997 Inc These metals are sent back to the mills once they are cleaned. They cannot be sold back Canada P2N 3J5 to the public b/c of the contaminants. P.O. Box 2198 Accepts metals from all sources. It is graded, sorted and sent back to the mills. It is also Trijan Industries Sarnia Ontario 519.337.3779 sent back to the yards on some occasions - depends on type and quality. Sell mainly Canada pipes, beams and smaller items to the public and companies. 3681 Rutherford Rd. all scrap comes from the renovation and demolition of old residential apartments. The York Metal Recycling Woodbridge Ontario 905.856.7949 scrap goes to a cleaning foundry, then to the mills. Any steel is sent to the bigger dealers l4l 1a6 and salvagers.

FINAL REPORT 104 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

British Columbia scrap dealers and salvage yards

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

Phone conversation with Dave Massulo. Roughly 20% of his work is deconstruction. He deconstructed a 200,000 sq. ft. building earlier this year that had a bunch of steel in it. Most A & J Massullo 7742 Aubrey St. 1 604 298 3410 has already been sold but there is still some components in his yard. Has noticed that it is Excavation Ltd. North Burnaby, BC 1 604 329 1572 much easier to sell used steel components now than in the past. Not sure why though. Maybe due to the high price of steel. Can't confirm a date right now but is happy to meet if he has the time. Suggests calling when in town and will try to line something up. A & P New & Used Salvage services and used building materials yard. Buys and sells used doors, siding, Building Material 17525 - 64th Ave. plumbing, electrical, lighting, lumber, flooring, plywood, etc. 1 604 574 3977 (Demolition & Excavation Surrey, BC Does small residential, would do salvage of steel structures but too busy. Suggested Ltd.) Assertive Demolition and AMPM. Salvage services and used building materials yard. 7387 Elweel St. Phone Conversation with Zoran. Adriatic Demolition Burnaby, BC 1 604 727 2222 Adriatic deconstructs steel structures for salvage, scrap and reuse. They are currently Services working deconstructing a steel building. Was too busy to talk but says to call when in town and is welcome to see what they're doing. Salvage services and used building materials yard. Salvage doors, windows, cabinets, All Around Demolition plumbing, electrical, appliances and antique hardware. Burnaby, BC 1 604 299 2967 Co. Ltd. Don't do steel, only do small deconstruction by hand. Did not have any info on steel deconstruction. Suggested Litchfield.

Chilliwack New & Used Salvage services and used building materials yard. Abbotsford, BC 1 604 792 7322 Building Supplies No response

Being specialists in the field of deconstruction (i.e. dismantling buildings and recycling reusable building materials) has allowed us to open a distinguished Used Building Materials Yard, which encompasses three acres of used materials. From various projects, we have 1 604 464 7525 also been able to save old antiques and collectibles. Salvage services and used building D. Litchfield Demolition 1 604 522 1736 materials yard. Large yard with wide selection of materials. Flooring and custom cuts from 3046 Westwood Street & Used Building Fax: 1 604 944 1674 recycled timbers available. Port Coquitlam, BC, V3C 3L7 Materials www.dlitchfield.com Phone conversation with Wendy Litchfield. [email protected] She would not commit to a meeting for the end of August. It is to far away and she isn't certain of her schedule. Said to call back in a week or two to see if something could be set up (seems interested). Says they can salvage 98% of a building, more than anyone else in BC. Also has the largest used building material yard in the province.

FINAL REPORT 105 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

Salvage services and used building materials yard. Phone conversation with Clay. They do deconstruct steel structures. Are not doing so now. They try to salvage for reuse as much as possible, and the rest goes to scrap. Hard to reuse designed components. Can sell the standardized components but usually only to farmers and other smaller industrial Demco Disposal Service Burnaby, BC 1 604 433 5387 applications. Not many people are interested in trying to get the steel certified for reuse. Ltd. Helps to have working drawings, but this is rare. As well the steel in older steel structures is difficult to determine. Salvaged steel from a building a while ago for Dominion Steel. The trusses were deconstructed, marked and delivered, probably for reuse. Of the rest they salvaged what they could for themselves but most went to scrap. They salvaged to sell a lot to Dominion Steel

P & B Used Building 11947 Tannery Road Salvage services and used building materials yard. 1 604 588 1311 Materials Surrey,BC Don't salvage steel for reuse

7665 Coldicutt St. Salvage services Fairway Disposal 1 604 515 9706 Burnaby,BC Don't salvage steel for reuse Salvage services Everything gets scrapped except for a few odds and ends. Has only a couple of pieces in Slater Iron & Salvage Co. 19355 - 54 Avenue 1 604 533 8522 the yard right now. Isn't to interested in investing time to find buyers of reused but thinks Ltd. Surrey, BC that a web based regional trading website might help. With used at 30 cents a pound and new at 100 a pound it only makes sense to reuse.

Phone conversation with Bruce Macdonald Do a lot, but not too much steel. Early 90's when economy was slower, there was more going, it was considered off the bat. Steel is usually only salvaged for reuse when an entire building can be deconstructed and rebuilt. They have done a few of these projects over the 11110 - 284th St. Steward Management 1 604 462 8845 years. The last two were later torn down for future development, but there are probably a Maple Ridge, BC, V2W 1T9 couple which he'll dig up info on for me. They do mostly wood structures, had lots of interesting stuff to say regarding the logging industry in BC. . Wood structures are usually deconstructed into components and reused individually. He would love to meet, but may be away on vacation in the last week of August.

FINAL REPORT 106 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES

Salvage services and used building materials yard. Phone conversation Surrey New & Used 17861 - 64th Ave. They do not have any structural steel in their yard right now and usually don't bring it to the 1 604 576 8488 Building Materials Surrey, BC yard. Instead try to sell right from the site of deconstruction. Buyers are doing so for mainly small applications. Can not think of a large project which reuses steel. Mostly it goes for scrap.

Tony's New & Used 823 - 12th Street Salvage services and used building materials yard. 1 604 522 9127 Building Materials New Westminster, BC No response

Sell new and used steel Alder Steel 1 604 856 2313 Used to happen way more in the past, but now that everything is super-engineered it is too difficult to reuse.

Alberta, Manitoba & Saskatchewan scrap dealers and salvage yards COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES (780) 461-5555 No response 1-866-983-9999 4120-84 Avenue General Reycyling [email protected] Edmonton, Alberta T6B Industries Ltd. m 3H3 www.generalrecyling.co m 1-306-652-5353 No response info@inlandsteelproducts Inland Steel Products Box 1984, Ave. P & 17th St. .com Inc West Saskatoon, Sk. www.inlandsteelproducts .com 2807 Ogden Rd SE No response Ace-Rainbow Salvage Calgary Alberta Tel: 403-265-1632 Ltd (Calgary) T2G 4R4

FINAL REPORT 107 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES Deals with scrap, old cars/equipment. Some demolition scrap, but not a lot. All scrap is PO Box 2348 AltaSteel Ltd. Tel: 780.468.1133 shredded and melted down. The steel is then processed into things like rebar for sale to Edmonton Alberta consumers. Minimum order is a Class 1 truck-load (40 tonnes roughly). Does not operate (Mini-Mill) Fax: 780.468.7301 T5J 2R3 a scrap yard for resale items. All steel is processed for the creation of new steel.

From steel fabricators, processing centres. They receive scrap steel and it gets processed 4015 - 90th Avenue SE Tel: 403.720.5970 and sorted to be sent back to IPSCO Mill. Sell VERY little steel in their yard. Most if not all Blackfoot Metals Ltd. Calgary Alberta Fax: 403.720.5973 goes back to the Mill. Little to no reusable structural components are available. T2C 2S5

Steel comes from many sources. They deal in new and used steel components. All scrap Tel: 403.362.3544 PO Box 249 and salvage is mainly sent back to the mills for recycling. Some salvage is sold, but very Brooks Industrial Fax: 403.362.7042 Brooks Alberta minimally. Structural grade steel comes in pretty rarely. That can be sold if in good Metals Ltd info@brookindustrialmet T1R 1B3 condition but will most likely be cut and processed for the mills. als.com

3415 Ogden Rd SE No response Tel: 403-262-4542 Calgary Metal Calgary Alberta Fax: 403-262-1114 T2G 4N4 9715 - 52nd Street Very suspicious person - Steel comes from industrial sources and local Tel: 403.236.0402 Federal Metals Inc. Calgary Alberta businesses/private enterprises. All the steel is sent back to the mills for recycling. Nothing Fax: 403.279.4067 T2C 2R4 is kept for reuse or resale. That's all she would say. Has 350 bins, comes from all over the province from lots of sources (including oil field Grande Prairie 9727 128 Avenue, Grande 780) 532-8028 machinery/salvage) May keep some for resale or reuse - but its mainly pipe. All of it gets Salvage Limited Prairie, AB T8V4J2 (780) 539-6565 (fax) shipped back to the Steel Mills for recycling. Any structural steel that arrives is usually pretty mangled and unusable.

8149 Edgar Industrial Close No response HMI Industries Tel: 403-346-4185 Red Deer, Alberta (Harpers Metals Inc) Fax: 403-346-3953 T4P 3R4

FINAL REPORT 108 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES Main source is industrial and service industries. A lot of farming equipment from the Lethbridge area. Unlike some of the other yars, they have a good deal of storage space - this means they do a lot of resale of material. Many people come in and purchase pieces. Mentioned that he sees the value in steel reuse as opposed to simple recycling. They 206 - 33 Street North Tel: 403.328.1721 occasionally receive larger structural stuff like I-Beams that can be reused and believes if National Salvage Ltd. Lethbridge Alberta Fax: 403.328.5606 it can be sold for reuse then it's worth doing so. There is no quality testing unfortunately, Canada T1H 3Z5 he's unable to do that. No one has yet asked for quality testing on the structural stuff. All Scrap Steel is sent to IPSCO in Regina for recycling.

P.O.Box129 Postal Station Receives salvage from all over BC, AB and Montana - deals predominantly with auto Navajo Metals T , Calgary Alberta Tel: 403-252-7787 wreckage and salvage. All salvage is shredded and processed and sent back to to IPSCO Canada T2H 2G7 (salvage yard is owned by IPSCO). No resale, no reuse.

No response Rocky Mountain 185 Williams Road, Hinton, (780) 865-3544 Salvage Alberta, T7V1Z1 (780) 865-3376 (fax)

Comes from a lot of places, lots of customers. They have a drive-up scale for patrons, as well as larger facilities from demolition/construction jobs. Steel is capable of being resold 2141 Logan Avenue W Toll Free: 800.661.7414 to individuals (wasn't sure how much). Steel is also sent to mills for recycling. According Chiskick Metal Limited Winnipeg Manitoba Tel: 204 632-1045 to here, whoever wants it or pays for it, can have it. She said there's ALOT of functions R2R 0J3 Fax: 204.694.1637 going on but couldn't elaborate further.

General Scrap St Boniface Postal Station Tel: 204-222-4221 No response Partnership (MB) (links Box 67, Winnipeg, Fax: 204-224-0561 IPSCO) Manitoba R2H 3B4 204-943-0563 350 14 Street Northeast, No response (204) 239-6371 Gerrard Scrap Metal Portage La Prairie, MB (204) 239-1660 (fax) R1N3P1 550 Messier Street, Completely unwilling to help. Holt Metals Ltd (204) 233-1807 Winnipeg, MB R2J0G5

FINAL REPORT 109 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES No scrap from demolition, mostly smaller companies, farmers, people from the street Interlake Salvage & 33 Patterson Drive, selling old stuff. The steel is mostly old, damaged. Not really any for resale. All steel is (204) 467-9344 Recycling Stonewall, MB R0C2Z0 sent back to the mills for recycling. Occasionally gets some structural, but usually in bad condition - so its recycled.

1021 Logan Ave Sources are across country - obsolete metal, from fabricators, demolition, household, tin Logan Iron & Metal Tel: 204 774-2491 Winnipeg Manitoba cans - graded, processed and sent back to the mill. Some is resold but it's a very small Company Ltd. Fax: 204 783-7130 Canada R3E 1P4 percentage. All is sent back to the mills for recycling ideally.

410 King Street, Winnipeg, (204) 589-4303 Not interested in helping at all Orloff Scrap Metals MB R2W5H8 (204) 589-4304 (fax)

Swan River Scrap 607 Railway Avenue, Swan (204) 734-3179 No response Metal River, MB R0L1Z0 (204) 734-3541 (fax)

Tessler's Iron & Metal 10 Charles Street, (204) 586-2704 No response Ltd Winnipeg, MB R2W4A1 (204) 586-2706 (fax)

(204) 947-0251 No response Western Scrap Metals 18 Sutherland Avenue, (204) 947-5697 (fax) Inc. Winnipeg, MB R2W3C2

Not much demolition, a lot of broken/scrap equipment, farm machinery. People bring in 1920 Québec Avenue, scrap as well. Some reuse is possible, but on a smaller scale (ie: pipes, small sheets). All BN Steel & Metals Inc. (306) 242-3669 Saskatoon, SK S7K1W4 steel is sent back to the mills for recycling. No real sorting, just hauled away on trucks.

909 8 Avenue, Regina, SK (306) 352-1200 ask for Dennis - call back later. (2nd try, Dennis has left for the day) CMS Surplus Centre S4N6S3 (306) 359-3866 (fax) Steel comes from farming (60%) and industrial (40%) sources. Scrap comes in poor to Diamond Steel & 1710 Cheadle Street West, (306) 773-6121 ruined condition, all of it processed and sorted and sent back to the mills for recycling. He Recycle Swift Current, SK S9H0E3 (306) 773-0262 (fax) used to get better grade stuff (structural), but with the price of steel, most people are keeping it for reuse or resale to others. Fillmore Scrap Metals Not interested in helping at all Fillmore, SK S0G1N0 (306) 722-3841 Ltd PO BOX 0, Esterhazy, SK No response Hilltop Metals Ltd (306) 745-2784 S0A0X0

FINAL REPORT 110 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

COMPANY ADDRESS CONTACT SUMMARY / SPECIAL NOTES Comes a wide range of sources (demo/farming/personal/industrial). None of it is in very 320 71 Street East, (306) 931-8737 Hub City Iron & Metal good condition, all salvage. It is all shipped off after processing and sorting to the mills. Saskatoon, SK S7K3K1 (306) 975-1275 (fax) There is scrap for resale, but nothing of high quality for structural reuse. main sources are farmers, machine shops, some from Demo. Prepping into 3' X 2'pieces. (306) 652-5353 1520 17 Street West, Goes to IPSCO steel in Regina for recycling. Has a smaller yard so he doesn't keep much main (306) 242-7636 (fax) Saskatoon, SK S7M4A4 of the steel for long. Will sell to customers. Doesn't keep larger stuff for too long. if no one (800) 667-5353 (toll-free) purchases it, then it gets hauled away to the mills.

10041 Thatcher Avenue, Deals in both new and used steel. New steel is sold to customers. None of the used steel (306) 445-6662 McDonald Metals North Battleford, SK is sold. It is all sent back to the mills for recycling. The sources are "from everywhere". (306) 446-4040 (fax) S9A3M1 Can't pick one major source. 225 8 Avenue Northwest, (306) 693-6157 No response Silver Star Salvage Moose Jaw, SK S6H7R6 (306) 693-7074 (fax) Mostly used steel. Comes from all sources. It's all mostly salvage but on occasion will get Highway 4 North, Swift (306) 773-1066 some good quality stuff that can be resold and reused. The majority however is sent back Steel Services Current, SK S9H3V8 (306) 773-7758 (fax) to the mills (IPSCO) for recycling after being sorted and processed. A lot is from derelict farm equipment as well. Swift Current Steel & 1900 Chaplin Street West, (306) 773-1977 Not interested in helping at all Salvage Ltd Swift Current, SK S9H0H3 (306) 778-3705 (fax) Majority is from the province auto stuff/farm equipment, stuff from the States, A lot of (306) 775-3611 2881 Pasqua Street, demolition stuff. Of late they've been receiving some rail cars that are from derailments or Wheat City Metals (306) 775-3663 (fax) Regina, SK S4S2H4 decommissioning. Steel is cut and processed to be shipped back to the mills. None is (800) 363-3611 (toll-free) kept for resale or reuse. anything brought in is shipped out to IPSCO

FINAL REPORT 111 FACILITATING GREATER REUSE & RECYCLING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION PROCESS

References

1 Canadian Construction Industry Forecast, November, 2003. See http://www.cca-acc.com/factsheet/factsheet.html 2 CIRIA, Environmental impact of building materials, Vol. A – summary, Publication SP116, Construction Industry Research and Information Association, London, UK, 1995. 3 Busby, P. Building Kyoto, Canadian Architect, July 2002 4 Environment Canada, Moving forward on climate change, Government of Canada, Ottawa, 2005. See http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/english/ccplan.asp 5 Alberta CRD Waste Advisory Committee, About Construction, Renovation & Demolition Waste, See: http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/waste/aow/crd/about_crd.html 6 CG&S, Construction, Renovation and Demolition (CRD) Waste Characterization Study, for the Alberta CRD Waste Advisory Committee, 2000. See: http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/waste/aow/crd/publications/CRD_Report_All.pdf 7 Ferland. Henry, Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle Assessment of Emissions and Sinks. Resource Recycling, January 2006, p 23. http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ActionsWasteToolsSWMGHGreport.html 8 ICF Consulting, Determination of the Impact of Waste Management Activities on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 2005 Update, NRCAN Action Plan 2000 on Climate Change and Environment Canada, Ottawa, 2005. 9 Cooper, Tim, Beyond recycling, New Economics Foundation, London, UK, 1995. 10 NRCan, Metals Database, 1999, See http://www.recycle.nrcan.gc.ca/metalbackgrounder_e.htm 11 CaGBC, LEEDTM Canada NC v1.0 Green Building Rating System, Canada Green Building Council, Ottawa, 2004. See www.cagbc.com 12 USGBC, LEEDTM Reference Guide v2.0, US Green Building Council, Washington, June 2001, pg 2. 13 CSA, (04), CSA G40.20/G40.21. General Requirements for Rolled or Welded Structural Quality Steel / Structural Quality Steel. Canadian Standards Association, Canada. 14 CSA, (2003), CAN/CSA-S16-01. - Limit States Design of Steel Structures. Canadian Standards Association, Canada.

FINAL REPORT 112