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Social Panorama of Latin America Thank You for Your Interest in This ECLAC Publication 2020 Social Panorama of Latin America Thank you for your interest in this ECLAC publication ECLAC Publications Please register if you would like to receive information on our editorial products and activities. When you register, you may specify your particular areas of interest and you will gain access to our products in other formats. www.cepal.org/en/publications ublicaciones www.cepal.org/apps Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Mario Cimoli Deputy Executive Secretary Raúl García-Buchaca Deputy Executive Secretary for Management and Programme Analysis Simone Cecchini Officer in Charge, Social Development Division Rolando Ocampo Chief, Statistics Division Paulo Saad Chief, Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC Ana Güezmes Chief, Division for Gender Affairs Sally Shaw Officer in Charge, Documents and Publications Division The Social Panorama of Latin America is a publication prepared annually by the Social Development Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), under the supervision of Simone Cecchini, and the Statistics Division of ECLAC, headed by Rolando Ocampo, with the collaboration of the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC, headed by Paulo Saad, and the Division for Gender Affairs of ECLAC, headed by Ana Güezmes. The preparation of the 2020 edition was coordinated by Simone Cecchini, who also worked on the drafting together with Bernardo Atuesta, Helena Cruz Castanheira, Fabiana Del Popolo, Ernesto Espíndola, Álvaro Fuentes, Raúl Holz, Carlos Maldonado Valera, Xavier Mancero, María Luisa Marinho, Rodrigo Martínez, Beatriz Morales, Claudia Robles, Jorge Rodríguez, Lucía Scuro, Zulma Sosa, Varinia Tromben, Daniela Trucco, Heidi Ullmann and Iliana Vaca Trigo. Camilo Acuña, Mario Acuña, Nicole Araya, Bernardo Atuesta, Amparo Bravo, José Henrique Costa Monteiro da Silva, Claudia de Camino, Federico Dorin, Marta Duda-Nyczak, Ernesto Espíndola, Consuelo Farías, Fabiola Fernández, Álvaro Fuentes, Carlos Howes, Carlos Kroll, Felipe López, Isabel Loyola, Maria Maroso, Alexandra Martínez, Vivian Milosavljevic, Rocío Miranda, Beatriz Morales, Francisca Orellana, Daniel Pailañir, Amalia Palma, Martha Tovar, Daniel Valencia and Carolina Zúñiga worked on the data collection and statistical processing. Valuable contributions and comments relating to different sections of the document were received from Alberto Arenas de Mesa, Catarina Camarinhas, Verónica Cano, Catalina Cea, José Henrique Costa Monteiro da Silva, Catalina de la Cruz, Miguel del Castillo Negrete, Sonia Gontero, Daniela González, Jorge Martínez, Carolina Miranda, Javiera Muñoz, Malva-marina Pedrero, Leandro Reboiras, Humberto Soto, Soledad Villafañe, Fernando Villanueva, Pablo Villatoro, Jürgen Weller and Pablo Yanes. United Nations publication ISBN: 978-92-1-122069-8 (print) ISBN: 978-92-1-004759-3 (pdf) ISBN: 978-92-1-358304-3 (ePub) Sales No.: E.20.II.G.5 LC/PUB.2021/2-P/Rev.1 Explanatory notes: Distribution: G - Three dots (...) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported. Copyright © United Nations, 2021 - A dash (-) indicates that the amount is nil or negligible. - A full stop (.) is used to indicate decimals. All rights reserved - The word “dollars” refers to United States dollars, unless otherwise specified. Printed at United Nations, Santiago - A slash (/) between years (e.g. 2013/2014) indicates a 12-month period falling between the two years. S.21-00149 - Individual figures and percentages in tables may not always add up to the corresponding total because of rounding. This publication should be cited as: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Social Panorama of Latin America, 2020 (LC/PUB.2021/2-P/Rev.1), Santiago, 2021. Applications for authorization to reproduce this work in whole or in part should be sent to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Documents and Publications Division, [email protected]. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and to inform ECLAC of such reproduction. CONTENTS Introduction............................................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter I Poverty and inequality: recent trends and expected impacts of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic ............................................................................................................................... 45 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 47 A. Evolution of poverty, social stratification and inequality before the pandemic ............................................ 49 1. Increase in poverty and extreme poverty and associated factors ........................................................... 49 2. Population groups with the highest poverty estimates ........................................................................... 59 3. Vulnerability of the middle-income sectors ............................................................................................. 62 4. Slow reduction in income inequality ....................................................................................................... 63 B. Poverty, social stratification and inequality in times of COVID-19 ................................................................ 70 1. Regionwide increase in poverty and extreme poverty ............................................................................ 70 2. Downward social mobility ....................................................................................................................... 73 3. Deterioration of income distribution ....................................................................................................... 74 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................... 78 Annex I.A1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 79 Annex I.A2 ............................................................................................................................................................. 81 Chapter II Labour market: structural gaps during the pandemic ....................................................................................... 87 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 89 A. Labour market gaps prior to 2019 ................................................................................................................... 89 1. Rising labour insertion in low-productivity sectors ................................................................................. 90 2. Inequalities in labour participation .......................................................................................................... 91 3. Increased unemployment ......................................................................................................................... 92 B. Labour markets in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic ............................................................................ 93 1. Deteriorating labour indicators ................................................................................................................ 95 2. Uneven effects on different population groups ....................................................................................... 99 C. Concluding remarks....................................................................................................................................... 108 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 108 Annex II.A1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 110 Chapter III Social protection in response to COVID-19: pre-existing gaps and emerging responses ........................ 115 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 117 A. Universal social protection: an urgent but still distant goal ........................................................................ 118 1. Unequal and reduced access to pensions and health care ................................................................... 118 2. Limited access to non-contributory cash transfers ............................................................................... 124 B. Responses to the pandemic from the social protection systems ................................................................. 127 1. Impact on contributions to pension systems ......................................................................................... 128 2. Social protection for people living in poverty and vulnerability ............................................................ 130 3. Coverage
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