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Los Delitos Contra La Libertad Sexual De Menores Cometidos Por Miembros De Confesiones Religiosas

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Los Delitos Contra La Libertad Sexual De Menores Cometidos Por Miembros De Confesiones Religiosas Los delitos contra la libertad sexual de menores ... 317 LOS DELITOS CONTRA LA LIBERTAD SEXUAL DE MENORES COMETIDOS POR MIEMBROS DE CONFESIONES RELIGIOSAS CRIMES AGAINST SEXUAL FREEDOM OF MINORS COMMITTED BY MEMBERS OF RELIGIOUS CONFESSIONS FERNANDO SANTAMARÍA LAMBÁS Universidad de Valladolid Fecha de recepción: 22-3-19 Fecha de aceptación: 17-12-19 Resumen: Estudiamos la responsabilidad que surge de la comisión de delitos contra la liber- tad sexual, en especial de menores, por miembros de Confesiones religiosas, tanto en el ordenamiento del Estado como en el ordenamiento confesional –centrándo- nos en el canónico–, que es el que tiene un marco jurídico completamente defini- do, poniendo de manifiesto los límites a la autonomía de las confesiones religiosas a la hora de poder llegar a depurar las responsabilidades, tanto canónicas, como seculares, por los actos ilícitos cometidos por los clérigos o similares, de modo que se impida que esa autonomía de las confesiones religiosas se pervierta y se consti- tuya en un obstáculo al castigo de los culpables. Para ello es necesario profundi- zar en la colaboración entre los ordenamientos seculares y los confesionales. Abstract: We study the responsibility that arises from the commission of crimes against sexual freedom, especially of minors, by members of religious Confessions, both in the order of the State and in the confessional order –centering us in the canonical–, which is the one that has a framework a completely defined juridical law, highlighting the limits to the autonomy of religious confessions when it comes to purging responsibilities, both canonical and secular, for unlawful acts committed by clerics or the like, in a way that prevents that autonomy of religious confessions is perverted and constitutes an obstacle to the punishment of the guilty. For this, it is necessary to deepen the collaboration between secular and confessional orders. Palabras claves: delitos, libertad sexual, confesión, límites autonomía interna Keywords: crimes, sexual freedom, confession, limits internal autonomy ISSN: 1133-0937 DERECHOS Y LIBERTADES DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/dyl.2021.5857 Número 44, Época II, enero 2021, pp. 317-349 318 Fernando Santamaría Lambás 1. PLANTEAMIENTO GENERAL El hilo conductor de este trabajo, respecto a los delitos cometidos en materia de libertad sexual, por miembros de Confesiones religiosas (Confesiones), que pretendan servir de cauce a las convicciones personales o de conciencia del individuo, se sitúa en analizar la cuestión desde la pers- pectiva de los límites a la autonomía interna de que gozan las confesiones, así como la colaboración entre el mundo religioso y el civil con el objetivo de sancionar a los culpables y que se haga justicia. Queremos aclarar que no se pretende realizar un estudio de Derecho penal, sino que éste es mero instru- mento de comprobación del estado de la protección del derecho de libertad sexual en la legislación. Estos delitos execrables han generado daño y dolor, tanto en las personas atacadas como en su entorno más cercano –familias–, entorno al que se acercaron, generando lazos de confianza, sacerdotes católi- cos y asimilados de otras confesiones, catequistas, profesores, etc. Los escán- dalos sexuales del clero católico en diversos países –Alemania 1, Australia 2, 1 Vid. sobre Alemania: U. BROCKHAUS – M. KOLSHORN, Die Ursachen sexueller Gewalt, en C. MANN Y R. WIPPLINGER (eds.), Sexueller MiBrauch. Überblick zu Forschung. Beratung und Therapie, Tubinga 1998, S.89-105. R. DECKERS, Verteidigung in Verfahren we- gen sexuellen Missbrauchs von Kindern, NJW München, 1996. K. LAUBENTHAL, Handbuch Sexualstrataten. Die Delikte gegen die sexualle Selbstbestimmung, Springer, 2012, 425 S. T. FISCHER, Strafgesetzbuch und Nebengesetze. Straftaten gegen die körperliche Unversehrtheit. 57. Aufl. Beck, München, 2010, S 1463–1512. M. PARZELLER, R. DETTMEYER, H. BRATZKE, B. ZEDLER, Körperliche Misshandlung und sexueller Missbrauch von Kindern und Jugendlichen –Rechtliche Vorgaben im Zivil– und Sozialrecht. Rechtsmedizin 20, 2010, S.155- 166. M. PARZELLER, R. DETTMEYER, H. BRATZKE, B. ZEDLER, Straftaten gegen die se- xuelle Selbstbestimmung und gegen die persönliche Freiheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen, 2010, S.188-199. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00194-010-0671-7. pdf (última consulta 28.11.2019). W. PFISTER, Aus der Rechtsprechung des BGH zu mate- riellrechtlichen Fragen des Sexualstrafrechts 2017/2018-3. Teil Hinweis zum Aufsatz von Wolfgang Pfister In: Neue Zeitschrift für Strafrecht 23, 2018, 12, S. 361-364. J. RATZINGER, “Stellungnahme”, Stimmen der Zeit 124, 1999. Sexueller Missbrauch an Minderjährigen durch katholische Priester, Diakone und männliche Ordensangejörige im Bereich der Deutschen Bischofskonferenz, Mannheim, Heidelberg, Gießen, 24. September 2018, S. 356. G. WOLTERS, Straftaten gegen die sexuelle Selbstbestimmung. In: Satzger H, Schmitt B, Widmaier G (Hrsg) Strafgesetzbuch Kommentar. Heymanns, Köln, 2009. 2 Vid. sobre Australia: Australian Catholic Bishops Conference and Catholic Religious Australia, “Towards Healing. Principles and Procedures in Responding to Complaints of Abuse against Personnel of the Catholic Church in Australia”. Disponible en: https://www.catho- lic.org.au/professional-standards/towards-healing y en https://ncps.org.au/public/public/41-towards- healing/file (última visita 26.11.2019). “A guide to the Church’s response to child sexual abuse”. Disponible en: https://www.catholic.org.au/responseandprevention (última visita 26.11.2019). BBC DERECHOS Y LIBERTADES ISSN: 1133-0937 Número 44, Época II, enero 2021, pp. 317-349 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/dyl.2021.5857 Los delitos contra la libertad sexual de menores ... 319 España, Estados Unidos 3, Irlanda 4, entre otros–, han provocado una alar- ma social y han propiciado un cambio de actitud en la Iglesia católica (IC). News, Australian archbishop Philip Wilson guilty of concealing child sex abuses. Disponible en: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-44205985 (última visita 26.11.2019). BBC News, “Más de 4 000 víctimas y cientos de curas involucrados: la enorme magnitud de los abusos sexuales a menores dentro de la Iglesia católica en Australia”. Disponible en: http://www.bbc. com/mundo/noticias-internacional-38887798 (última visita 26.11.2019). Final Report. Volume 16. Religious Institutions. Book 2, Commonwealth of Australia 2017. Disponible en: https://www. childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/final-report(última visita 26.11.2019). Child Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church: An Interpretive Review of the Literature and Public Inquiry Reports Desmond Cahill Peter Wilkinson Centre for Global Research School of Global, Urban and Social Studies RMIT UNIVERSITY, MELBOURNE August 2017, 384 pp. Disponible en: http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2017_09_12_Cahill_and_Wilkinson_RMIT_ Child_Sexual_Abuse.pdf (última visita 28.11.2019). A. LÓPEZ-SIDRO LÓPEZ, “La responsabilidad penal del clero en casos de abusos: una aproximación a la cuestión en Australia, Chile y Estados Unidos”, Revista General de Derecho Canónico y Eclesiástico del Estado, núm. 50, 2019, 18 pp. N. FOSTER, “The Bathurst Diocese Decision in Australia and its Implications for the Civil Liabilitiy of Churches”, Ecclesiastical Law Journal, vol. 1, 2017, pp.14-34. 3 Vid. sobre Estados Unidos: D.E. DE COSSE, “Freedom of the press and catholic so- cial trought: reflections on the sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic Church in the United States”, Theological Studies, vol. 68, 2007, pp.865-899. J. BERNAL, “Las ‘Essential Norms’ de la Conferencia Episcopal de los Estados Unidos sobre abusos sexuales cometidos por cléri- gos. Intento de solución de una crisis”, Ius canonicum, vol. 47, núm. 94, 2007, pp. 685-723. K.E. BOCCAFOLA, “Le norme penali degli USA e la loro applicazione”, en D. CITO (a cura di), Processo penale e tutela dei diritti nell’ordinamento canonico, Milano 2005. J.P. KIMES, “Le Essential Norms della Conferenza Episcopale degli Stati Uniti d’AmericA”, Corso intensivo sui delitti riser- vati alla Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede, PUU, 24-25 de Marzo de 2014. A. LÓPEZ-SIDRO LÓPEZ, “La responsabilidad penal del clero en casos de abusos: una aproximación a la cues- tión en Australia, Chile y Estados Unidos”, Revista General de Derecho Canónico y Eclesiástico del Estado, núm. 50, 2019, Disponible en: https://www.iustel.com/v2/revistas/detalle_revista.asp?id_no- ticia=421560 (última visita 28.11.2019). NATIONAL REVIEW BOARD, A report on the Crisis in the Catholic Church in the United States, Washington D. C. 2004. The Causes and Context of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests in the United States, 1950-2010 A Report Presented to the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops by the John Jay College Research Team. 4 Vid. algunas aportaciones doctrinales sobre Irlanda: 26.11.2019). BENEDICTO XVI, Carta Pastoral a los católicos de Irlanda de 19 de marzo de 2010. Goode H., McGee H., O’Boyle, C. Time to Listen: Confronting Child Sexual Abuse by Catholic Clergy in Ireland. Dublin: The Liffey Press, 2003. Residential Institutions Redress Board’ (Junta de Instituciones Residenciales para la Reparación) Disponible en: http://www.rirb.ie (última vi- sita 26.11.2019). BBC Mundo Disponible en: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/international/ newsid_4376000/4376940.stmBBC (última visita 26.11.2019). TERRY, Karen J. 2015. Child se- xual abuse within the Catholic Church: A review of global perspectives, International Journal of Comparative and
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