Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University journal Abstract Iron Israel Age previously misinterpretations Age, Israel Museum 2000; erroneous. metallurgy from dates in southern (KEN; 'low' 1999). SOME Finkelstein's Pierre Dr. their Lisa analyst) The of excavations are and Archaeozoologist Edom Age with California, our from Finkelstein's chronological grateful Fawaz University Levy Finkelstein BIBLICAL authors the Fig. The generous Antiquity Soderbaum Bikai, Levant who excavations excavations many the Russell did In published both Thomas was A THOUGHTS 1) 2004a; debate al-Khraysheh, to particular, were are worked former exception not in RESPONSE San of the critique, support. other is controlled our grateful California, southern (Levy part Adams, occur s and of C. certainly Adolfo Diego critique Levy over Director model. recent research E. Paul the staff, of research in at Elizabeth at HISTORY the to Levy he under and et we data. of Feinan Director Khirbet the Johnson Senior a Muniz, l et the students Jordan. San 1997-2002 seems al. our in in 'high' far of describe the comments al. Granted, 2002 Iron and Diego ACOR, This Tel 2004) the ON Assyrian in from Department Momoe, Antiquity 2004b; Surveyor TO during General administrator Family to the Aviv en-Na/:Jas and excavation Age that and copper-ore-rich While short be KHIRBET Jabal over Amman, why is ISRAEL AND Bedouin area the of trying (2005) metal Charitable the in 'low' Levy GIS of riddled tutelage. James response Hamrat article, (Levy the we our of most the Tel and late team: Antiquities specialist in Alina Jordan formation ANTHROPOLOGY- Department to appreciate et workers chronology production colleagues of Anderson, Aviv southern Department the 1980s with recent force Fidan and al. Foundation Co-Principal he our FINKELSTEIN Levy, outlines for Mohammad Feinan significance EN-NAI:IAS, 2003; Higham ignores misinterpretations regarding paper and project who our their and of Iron of camp of Area his Jordan. Jordan ceramics from data of site helped Levy, logistical Antiquities for complex early why (Chicago district published Antiquities sponsored Age attempts both Investigator et manager Supervisors into of the the We al. those of 1990s our Adams on contain radiocarbon Khirbet Najjar the analyst Iron support. his 2005). would German societies the during and the of by paper of to comments Aladdin corpus preconceived in EDOM, Jordan (Hauptmann project. Napa, Jordan the radiocarbon (and Age model of and like Yoav the Neil numerous However, Finally, en-Na1)as University the the ceramics Mining to on British in CA) and of Shafiq of Mahdi, Smith, Arbel, dates These thank Iron how Iron data our are the the Dr. we for 3 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University work Higham the Levy Arabah WHO process Most raised the radiocarbon in corpus in (n and at dated activity German, important Beersheba Late the resource et German him was between 4 industry'. a of around during suggested deep-time the = the al. his local Iron 12th-9th new Silberman 27) to the Iron to to et time 2005b). productive in Feinan new CONTROLLED look of the 4200 Valley, for in of lack the Age, vs. teams) et ignore Finkelstein's al. Iron American zone. book our I-Iron source by the Knauf's Valley's local al. that 12th-II KEN book to late external dates 2005b); pattern BCE. of centuries Levy publications Age Tel district the 2005; Iron This 2006) approximately It simply Finkelstein's hard data since, eighth vs. processed IIA of was (with Beersheba Masos in have Feinan While th and Age, and Tel copper is insights non-local of Early Levy or control Finkelstein's however, where, metal dating centuries interpretation Knauf to BCE. especially and misrepresents been Shalev Neil oscillations simply Masos Jordanian IRON with date, (Khirbet there and concerning et Iron seventh at is production Valley writing In to over produced into Tel Silberman) al. (Knauf-Belleri the the neighbouring one thirty there control AGE (1989) is what 'chiefdom'. force there late I-Iron BCE Aviv 2004; Groningen TEL still area true Feinan the el-Mshash) of scholars centuries critique as 8th in miles of simply about follows, A METAL the it and is no comment Feinan the our to of VN of of history, IIA our power Levy, and activities into and a scholarly have Wadi entitled intense Feinan Khirbet 33 source metallurgy that south research disturbing Iron archaeological work all revealed This are is areas (2006) laboratory BCE" his 7th 1995) Najjar we is PRODUCTION played begun controlled metal it F his Age structure no not went einan, model. of centuries at of represented periods will metal suggestion at David are en-Na1).as, consensus dated the KEN. (ibid: metallurgical interesting who cited. KEN Feinan, (the and production evidence during to through address most trend out Dead on may production, press This first and Higham American, metal of Feinan and Like were 174). data in the BCE impressive. not mining in the he Sea. addresses this where a on is Solomon suggested some eastern (Higham time, cultural there the from hypothesis Finkelstein's Here, states 'tribal production IN controlled have most Chalcolithic (Hauptmann the deposits copper control Recent important et Tel FEINAN? of which and there shifting most at. Feinan for Jordanian been too, that margin recently Aviv metallurgical the a (Finkelstein connections However, 2005; et that production continuous production during studies deep-time date the problems "Another is Iron at. available from was critique, deposits that that pattern natural clearly during period recent major of 2005; 2000; Levy from seen Age first and this the the the led by it Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Fig. Khirbat Levy 1. en Nahas Topographic features and Najjar: at the map Some site o ~_J of (map Thoughts Khirbet Scale 20}' by f: f,OO J. en-Nal:tas Anderson, on Khirbet ;;Om (Jordan) JHF en-Nal;tas-A Project). showing .....,. Response the distribution to Israel of Finkelstein architectural ~ , .. ' 5 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University granatum period Based revealed radius LOWLANDS Levy biblical the needed this its excavations THE of the the external al-Guwayb Iron 2) I-Iron of bias scale investigations is excavations formative circular cist a settlement different 95% 6 (No. Since 1005-925 total not that sources the social buried region tombs late journal Age in 91, probability work 10TH et convincing. 1997 of of8 Khirbet on of provided IrA in the textual al. character Area 'Masos 12th one the pomegranates and IE occupation surface L.) population the in patterns, and or having (Barker radiocarbon period activity 2001; and CENTURY (Levy, archaeology at 'that at site and of the the economic A) fruit to Feinan in KEN different a en-Na1].as the data Wadi chiefdom' an (Levy cemetery. much 9th IrA; examined cal Edom 10th Levy the of remains, been Until seeds and Adams largest et average in the from the BC and centuries at al-Jariyeh few al. in in district the century more et done surveys et dates Khirbet the not found history. focused BCE graves, Iron this Egyptian or 1130-815). other al. 1998; of sequence al. Egypt mortuary Beersheba Iron To and by model. rind. it Jabal date 2003), Edom, locally in cemetery Age complex 2003). from is IS date, to Brandl as BCE. the excavations BCE I Shafiq Barker carried show en-N the estimated An ALIVE primarily The (Kitchen build range sites Hamrat an sites TEL terms, lowlandF the The 287 the absence Iron (the complexes Finkelstein offering An in a1].as'. The (Beta-1l1366-calibrated 1997 Valley, AVIV extensive and of picture site-all represent 1999) tighter with paucity in et Feinan out tombs Feinan Egyptian Age AND Iron the Fidan mainly 2004 al. the Munger 1992) that 33 excavations on along Although in 2 of einan Edomite and (2006) in mainly 1999; cemetery Feinan I), that sigma the Feinan, have chronological WELL permanent survey there of for excavations from Project evidence one itself a (2005: and while Dynasty the more ceramic highland nomadic stamp district. that dates cannot Hauptmann been cist Wadi or are other short-life at district more data IN highlands this period for recently produced the at (1997-2002), 95.4 Tel to 121) grave over seal excavated ofIron THE the be vessel village 21, Based Fidan, the attributes image can much answers. Iron society. Masos, plateau in % have frameworks solved Wadi found in concluded 3,500 ca. transition pomegranate the (No. EDaM be probability results Age 2000; the (Levy I-IrA offerings, on represent a Wadi sites of stronger found 1075-945 shed cemetery date Fidan by fits southern To with this in 59, by stone external excavations all With archaeological Homan our within with another occupation et date Feinan, perfectly Finkelstein's new that Area old indicate between in little recently al. 40 to circle team. Late of the a only highland there the 2 spanned (Punica tested light number BCE Levant. 2005a), analyze site A, control cal a sigma extra- large- 2002; grave Wadi 5 Iron new Fig. half The that and has BC km the the are are on or in in 6 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Fig. Fidan Abu the that we techniques Finkelstein stratigraphic CONCERNING 10th confirmation author The would Levy late 2. are Hawam, century 40 Overview by with the Oxford seal contrary 11 and T.E. cemetery is wooden partially th was 2 in raises grateful Najjar: sigma to interpretation BCE Levy, general laboratory. Gezer, initially of 10th of to the THE bowl some or Grave Some to UCSD represented agree is Finkelstein's early centuries 95.4 both Tell 'alive and dated filled KEN doubts Thoughts High 59 % with Iron Levantine of el specifically by probability excavated of with and these Farah RADIOCARBON IIA precision Brandl some BCE. the regarding by well' on pomegranates-six dating assertions. scholars Archaeology fortress the Khirbet (S) and of Similar in of in in radiocarbon local of his and later the cal Feinan. an for the different en-NaJ:tas-A concerns, and BC Wadi Megiddo arid published their Wadi nomadic Our Egyptian Laboratory). 1005-925 the zone Fidan observations DATES stratigraphic Fidan dates aspects were reliability we by (Levy at population Response 40 cemetery. seals provided MUnger subjected Khirbet or maintain cemetery, of the et that have our 10th data of al. in to an en-Nal:ms. provide work, to Levy radiocarbon buried Israel a been 2005a).2 century average indicate: AMS 2004 number et Finkelstein including found archaeological al. season. in dating BCE date 2005a. Although Thus, the of at points dating (Photo at range Wadi Note Tell The our the the 7 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 8 Fig. wood As points: (2) (1) production Finkelstein) A2 production copper gatehouse evidence for The 3. The effect' that 2 Jordan. Excavations the As century excavated. en-Nal;1as Although strata the m-high fort fort fortification seen make industrial reliability was at should A of represent BCE went in horizon. (photo vertical sounding Khirbet horizons-Stratum accumulated up The metal the not along all slag the out waste not photograph, wall exposure our by cut gatehouse. of survey the mounds The of production massive en-Na1).as was T.E. be did into dates the exterior use. seen stressed dating made Levy, not in rod along piles radiocarbon accumulated came and in it cut Only in metal of to JHF TEL is our (StratumA3) of of photo) the through the around virgin activities, for A4, clear two the from AvIV published Project, copper gatehouse fortification production at fortress of that which soil that least 33 after existing the charcoal dates, the UCSD (2006) slag in the runs fort and the guard three front and is aerial represents is construction we wall deposits between slag 'sandwiched' construction primarily discussed activities fortification Levantine the samples, of rooms reasons: would photograph mounds. extends the later the passageway (see (on Archaeology virgin of during like that in two Strata the of wall for Rather, left both Fig. more between the pairs approximately impact (and to occurred at of the the fortress 3). soil Khirbet A2b-A2a. photo) mention early- (indicated detail of mentioned second The gatehouse Laboratory). guard with two of to have at en-Nal;1as, below. after heaps the mid-9th Khirbet metal- a by metal rooms 30 some been 'old The few and the the by m. of Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University (l) (2) (3) metal Higham cultural occupation acknowledge in activities centuries Edom As Bedouin nilotica)-which radiocarbon numerous by minimized industrial of Finally, Iron Arava eaten for the The supply its at we As represented This (outer) Groningen culling charcoal Tamarix 'long-life' Levy the production large cuttings. adaptation stated effectively charcoal. for rapidity nature Age implications and et procedure by (Bienkowski BCE. in Valley Oxford (Engel the al. out growth in as Najjar: amounts in samples. nilotica flocks. the inhabitants the correctly site the samples leafless 2005); the radiocarbon for of the dates the Even The samples relatively at 12th-11th According new (Danin the Feinan at to 1993). Negev Some 'old our such changed Museum which outermost was rings On breakdown KEN-the the is of fuel themselves: was though As and of data twigs 2001; part, inherent wood a Thoughts by the the we as of richly-branched followed local the 'old district. 1983), The Desert used 2) bordering the intensively short from KEN Finkelstein, Khirbet laboratories processed radiocarbon and our Coastal and to There charcoal of (Zohary Porter the effect'. wood' need tamarisk wadi rings in Zohary in period our Natural of 'long-life' on based periods 10th-9th to tree for for the charcoal, 1) Khirbet for the is get excavations for 2004). Plain, their en-NaJ;1as environment the and at remnants the is no furnaces often were 1982: propagated dates samples traditionally on large away (ibid.) indigenous the results grows (Higham the production History, evidence of most evergreen submitting en-Nal;las-A shade the centuries Palestinian charcoal In from came we growth-often site. shows quantity 11 quantities from short, ethno-botanical tamarisk at must asked important )-many are (Goldsmith submitted of and and the More KEN from et to for around and that bark two the in associated tree, BeE analyses the of Finkelstein al. leafless samples have cut the M. Response of 8th the villagers much-needed small argues problems our carefully than peaks 2005). of soft trees up fresh Robinson, on out of samples through (Levy dry 'new' KEN, to fresh called dates less to and tamarisk branches which each branches, 98% ofIron into the both wadis of were to against 1 evidence with wood m seems propagate than Israel wood et chronological Smart copper it span harvested of two for 6th 'short-life' of in of to the al. is were a planted state I-Iron of old diameter charcoal. paleobotanist tree needed AMS the Finkelstein 50 possible the that century the an the most unwilling 2004; would Oxford the the 1982), production cited wood years. formation exploited Iron (Tamarix on-going presence tamarisk could 12th-9th Arabah/ samples Age the dating, by by recent 2005; at ones. here, have BCE with Age that tree and and and and IrA the the By be an to 9 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Archaic princes these more that term the will was research this what KEN that Valley recognize We ago and of controlling government class-endogamous seminar anthropologists, dealing looking by of contemporary importance and Jordan en-Na1).as, in could Feinan SOME 10 F the Khirbet Eusebius Implicit only einan that the realize Younker problem highlands archaic referred help power is (ancient/archaic) and archaeological not Iron folk will and key (Freeman-Grenville, meant COMMENTS with for on to source States (Harris clarify itself be that the Khirbet this understand information, Feinan the answers come Age to that to than of states in that of to state attributed since (LaBianca Feinan understanding scholars the by the nomadic of topic, symbiotic and Finkelstein's by Caesarea, of highlights rank who our the 'statelets' was 2001). not the Edom. key human northwest, formation (vs. Ramesses strata (biblical al the the in work role most societies, correlates term only district spearheaded both Jariyeh to this ON the modem use way advent state. to societies drafting Marcus understanding 1999; It [a of relationship population in from nomadic ofthe evolution 'state' to the same (1997-2004) HISTORY highly such is professional to Punon)-which nomadic Chapman his the in was II model critique as Anthropological and the solve especially of plethora nation-states) LaBianca larger-scale Iron as of Onomastic early participating if area. as soldiers, and for TEL in the lack either Khirbet centralized 'PWNW' a control an groups Israel, Feinan most ancient Age major of this that A Feinman's neo-evolutionary history societies archaic that AND is VN III of Late complex the of ruling in with part Edom recognition could of 33 and and and this must of Philistia, Guwayb on, centred Santa definitions archaeological that Feinan (G6rg state Edomite Iron the (2006) ANTHROPOLOGY as of "were copper anthropological of regard Taylor regulating and Younker state information as in archaeologists class have Ed issues to far have has the Iron (1998) I-Iron revel Fe Phainon, the internally om clarify 1982) in present back is but societies ancient Aram, to led School 2003: controlled production and highlanders Age existed Iron of the far in is societies. waging and 'school' 1995) IIA also Finkelstein edited manpower to the and the as a what Feinan from societies investigations Age concerning 93). start commoner the Moab, metallurgical in Near models the Iron of specialized. from between with in need archaeologists recognized war, Edom have American city volume we metal history Such the complete. by According of 13th in Age East district. or the [minimally] etc.)? exacting conceptualizing all anthropological the 4th for in and of to that grappled the an (or is production century the Transjordan, mean and massive the the class] suggest Feinan of century researchers to concerning labor". excavation Beersheba at early any They LaBianca control Research We a lowlands be Edomite southern role We to to Khirbet tribute, decade agreed by found and begin these think other BCE with area also Are two that had and and site CE the in at a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Edom modelling point processes Jordanian they models Edom, would fission Edom, manpower the relationship ceramics initiative successful semi-arid limited one BCE, the had The government intensive ability lowlands among sites, Steen authors construct system century in (Glueck 1928; Edom For ethnic hot Levy had only ethnographic do to and or Rowe that (2001) link through but to now, Moab the summers that distribution not BCE, important (as lack to and 1940) its be one around found jewelry features wage of (2 monumental group environment and the adaptation will focus rather the and Bedouin address Finkelstein launched Najjar: are between 'decommission' fusion the that 1999). Samuel large-scale unambiguous develop it (Routledge highland-lowland fortress arid enable for time rooted labour. could war, at responsible lowlands Feinan. on in was societies found highland-lowland record Some (Johnson Iron KEN and land Thus, of the is the today, from these exact to of 8: have the comparison both land this to in Thus, fission throughout Age highlands establish Thoughts structures does, role pastoral excavation in east 13) (Adams, those nomadic shows relationship to 2004) of tribal two that been tribute, idea the such suitable highly Edom. for of and evidence begin during Edom and of 2005: there that passages Wadi neighbouring the grew its on nomadic-rather (segmentary) for that founded the an and as Earle symbiotic support near with pastoral such Smith to Khirbet construction, characterize anthropology history centralized control and objective may If the the for season the 120), Jordan relations Fidan Ammon, and complex understand the between for Petra the 1987; Amarin farming 9th even very as related never by and contracted fortress en-Nal;1as-A an Glueck's (Dutton copper-ore-rich a social at information, 40 relationship. hill century the River and geographic the radiometric two KEN, end early Kirch Levy that to chiefdom cemetery, we highland have and pastoral to forts, tribe, local and most of Late complex the Shawbak systems. than construction David's of need class-endogamous must have and pastoral BCE. 10th we forthcoming) internally hypothesis the due 1991; nature been the Edomite likely Response Iron where megaliths agricultural-societies are Shahbaz clarification. societies preponderance and build draft It profoundly zones century organizations to Tawilan dating Iron If chiefdom a construction Age is Bienkowski Renfrew and lowlands. still processes of during nomadic we local lowland many critical soldiers Age population Iron to specialized social in dates the unable highland system rely over Israel 1999; that and BCE Edom and and 'archaic winters Age the members in level that on 1973). influenced to The Edom Similarities are and societies. 60 Finkelstein of other KEN Edom. strata the to and construction Musil 10th could for of and the of the societies is fusion crucial settlement a years determine symbiotic following historical societies. garrisons marginal highland highland still with research down regulate state' mid-9th van biblical century Having already and labour- and easily spend to What 1907; seen The and ago der the the the the for 11 in in in in a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University people And the Eurasian gatehouse; the the how pastoral the the was the 40 contention foundation social associated into of and a external functions by Levy of from Thus, function in of 5) (ibid.) 8th (1992a) 8th-7th 12 1999). revolt the Ed lowland the absence anthropologist (Levy As official pastoral nomadic southeast chief Egyptian century Esau. that slag the these 9th om, et Hebrew the shows noted However, differentiation, site as against aZ. points smelting century nomadism relations), century (see our of deposits steppe et the of Israelite Edomites. Later, with Iron 2005a) at of Edom rather, and (2005: of nomad al. BCE Saul's the above, people primary that of the published Fig. and these Bible out, means 2004b). King Age preserved cut Judah BCE' supreme sub-types BCE the the centre debris nomadic based Khazanov biblical or these was 3). perhaps writers a herdsmen-an 123) societies, economy in 4) into in shows people of simple fortress biblical Jehoram later However, Thus, data to the smelting terms originating (loc. 2) absence found Edom The of found on deposits aerial slag that avert chief period room limited radiocarbon texts. of the we chiefdoms the they (Khazanov the concordance cit.) of Finkelstein's Egyptian as of at writer "each the rings deposits the during as of have system" development inside southern photograph social Wadi KEN 'Nomadic the (mostly activities were of lacking walls simply If Judah the Hebrew of accumulated TEL fort from allusion evidence coercive through actual one nodal for of the Shasu Fidan cannot the most the AViV fission share textual over was 1 them is, (Cohen (2 dates 1994). were a linked does Judges Jordan new Samuel check rooms when excavations group point Kings Iron Chiefdoms' linkage Bible as 33 similar to 40 2 (Kitchen indicates a for constructed ofthe be power comes of (2006) number and m not shown to data from epigraphic the Age Using cemetery with after ofthe 1978). the in the linked referred of on high of centralized refer characterize 8: (21: work. the connection 6) of 'Kingdom' to the from tribes 20), people guard the people KEN. from to legal the the the in above, that terms 1992; structure that of 7) to a with gatehouse along to enforce eve ca. reference range ca. characteristics: construction to the refers remains complex after fortress the whose data, the rooms contained procedure, No the of who 848-841 themselves. specific of Ward 'Edom', 1500-1100 region government, Assyrians. the incorrect. cemetery Iron the between of David's evidence the of fort has we to leadership lived eponymous ceased Ed fortification was at (Levy sources, social the societies Age 1992). to 9th an still om was Near as KEN evidence 'Seir' BCE the ceremonial found Edomite in extra of Edom rise Edomites at Edom somewhere century There their do Finkelstein's Nonetheless, BCE the et of 1) built organization the Eastern Wadi segmentary As to (Rogerson and 3) af. hereditary Khazanov decisions, not trenching described replica to lowlands on the ancestor fortress. military Bartlett and wall refer limited in 2004b; of power. on are 'Esau' Doeg, floors Fidan know BCE both 'late soot and and and top the no or of to to Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University with tribal the when ethnographers akin are ancient was BCE multifaceted was provided Edom ancient Adams, conflicts community copper-which end complex seized among came sedentary descent small BCE complex The linked Levy 19th of patrilineal to a the [Adams in the into genealogies, and copper European 2000 Wagner, at the control the developed those Israelite Egyptians, R.B. Edom, evolution group century and with outside copper centre chiefdoms Faynan, the chiefdoms large. play more Late Near at Najjar: (BAR relations 2002. not main 2002; production David, such this of in did in Bronze had as of Eastern E.C., to The and mining CE world, tied a Association ideology Feinan eastern Edomite our people Southern and a Some political time. International From Assyrians large flourished catalyst as Levy when or primarily significant names Edomite have to eds. Musil with new Age crystallization 'sheikdoms' Bedouin. Thoughts that and settled If part Farms at et that with Mediterranean a the Metals where excavations the so, the organization in al. new (ca. for 'super Jordan, processing (1928: is, of previously genealogies or Sha'lan because was Genesis of the 2002])-was beginning the portion Ottoman towns the to other the 1400-1200 Series plausibility on Israelites. This Archaeologists, REFERENCES political Factories: eponymous and accounts ranked, chiefdom' Khirbet emergence 59,277) in Hajj during ethnic is of (Bartlett sheikhs they 36 the Society: of 1061). at occurred what grow copper during Turkish pilgrimage power of (referring the Khirbet en-NaJ.1as-A seems Arabian organization emerge segmented the the BCE), resurrected. that of The have One groups happened 'people' organized and became ancestors Oxford: of Edom the 1992b). production Iron Bronze Papers must in Development to as authorities of shown, the Sixth en-Na1)as centralization Early and the peninsula. nomadic to be early Age or route the be in Edomite Response are the extremely importance 21-32. along grow the As among stronger from went Age. reflecting Annual The Bronze the tested. as major (along only as in genealogy to anthropologists in role a the indicate, in Bible, local as reality Mecca chiefdoms well Cyprus genealogical In: a conical In when the of to a Damascus 'super of Session differences with Age polities of 12th-10th Meeting result powerful Copper Israel Ottaway, the control a Rwala beyond of cities. power especially population settlements (ca. and external trade) collapsed of Edom's case there clan-common Finkelstein chieftains'. of EsaulEdom) Held such differ 3600-2000 Production Bedouin established In interaction of take in the of and after and lines B.S. probably centuries probably between Israelite lowland Lisbon factors Feinan Edom, as at of single place at more other early from both they and and the the the the 13 of If Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Adams, Bartlett, Barker, Bartlett, Barker, Bienkowski, Bienkowski, Danin, Finkelstein, Freeman-Grenville, Finkelstein, Feinman, Engel, Dutton, Cohen, 14 Iron Nahas. History Archaeology. Metals Bible Evolution. P., P., J.P., T.E.G. e.O., II. Framework Geoarchaeology and 205-211. Constraints and 323: Southern at in 119-125. A. T. G.W., G.W., R.B., R. R. J.R. J.R. Feinan, the Palmer, New ed. G.M. 1993. 1983. and Land Hunt, Service, Age 21-47. 1978. s Mattingly, I. I. Fourth 1992a. Early P. P. 1992b. Smith, and Sacred and In: Adams, Adams, York: and Shahbaz, and 2005. and 2001. Metal Desert and Charcoal Jordan: Use C.O., Wadi Levy, Philadelphia: C., Thomas, Social on for Archaeology State Edom Silberman, Biblical Marcus, E.R., G.S.P., Levant N.G. Century 287-295. Edom. Pyatt, van Kings Khirbet Sustainable in the The ~" Production R.B., Mattingly, D.J., Arabah T.E., Vegetation and M. the Foundations: The Change-Excavations and der Late eds. and Remains D.e. Iron B~ReynOldS' Chapman, and 30: 1999. La Sources In: Creighton, McLaren, Creighton, J., Adams, A.D.: Moab. Levy, Steen, Second en-Na1).as, adi Origins Iron N.A. 141-160. (Jordan). eds. Freedman, 5-25. Age dscape of the 1999. TEL Development. The D.J., Faynan, Jordan Center of The Age Roots from T.E. 1998. for AVIV and Israel Sheffield: R.B., 2006. E. R.L. Badia Environment Season S.J., A of Archaeology. McLaren, O.H., the Onomasticon O.H., in 2001. Forthcoming. T.E.G. Edom Vegetation Persian an 33 Archaic the of in VII: Controlled Najjar, D.N., Southern Early III Mohamed, Southern and David (2006) Ancient Programme: the Iron Crook, State: Gilbertson, and of 265-274. Tribes, 13-19. Sinai. at Applied and and Western Iron ed. Age Periods S.J., Geoarchaeology M. Taylor, Khirbat States. and Tomber, History and Jordan The Anchor Biblical Edom. D., Age Jordan: by Levant and Comparison. Jerusalem. The Copper Mohammed, H.A., Trade, Solomon: Eusebius Land Gilbertson, Geography Tradition. Anthropology Defining D.D., Santa in Anderson, in J.E., Pottery en-Nahas and Prague. Edom. Newson, and Bible Jordan. R. 31: History. The Use and Smelting eds. Fe. 1999 Grattan, the Archaeobotany 255-292. In of from Third and in Dictionary, New Towns: In: 2003. and Negev. H.A., In: D.D., 19· Cae J., Studies Wadi Search (Jordan)-An Environment P., Bienkowski, Overcoming Tel Khirbat of eds. 275-281. Landscape Cohen, York. sa Slag J.P., Reynolds, Season Palestine Newson, Political Aviv Grattan, rea Faynan, BASOR A Kings, of in Hunt, Heap New with Vol. en- 32: the the R. of 2: Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Khazanov, Glueck, Homan, Gt Goldsmith, Higham, Hauptmann, Harris, Kirch, Kitchen, Johnson,A.W. LaBianca, Knauf-Belleri, Levy, Levy, LaBianca, rg, Levy T.E.,Adams, M. Jerome Klostermann. Ideology. Archaeology Indication Land. Near Jordan. Symbolism Bayesian Levy, of Seir Beiheft of D.Y., P., Kingdom: T.E. Edom: B., Culture, Group 1400-500 P.v M. N. M.M. and Arid T., K.A. Eastern 1982. ed. ed. o. A.M. O.S. in 1940. F. 2001. 2004. Najjar: East 1991. ed. T.E. A. van London: S. Early to History The Environments and s Ancient 2002. and 11). Sheffield: E.A. 1992. Updated 2000. 1999. Latin Punon--ein Agrarian Modeling You Santa and 1994. 2005. der of 17). BCE). Searching The of Archaeology Polynesia. Smart, The Some Earle, Some Chiefship R.B.,Anderson, Bochum. Lake of Edom Shall Jerusalem. Tents 1995. To Younker, Plicht, Leiden: The Salient and Other Translation Zur 399--415. Jordan Fe: Ammon Nomads Rise Radiocarbon Thoughts Your Edition. In: T. 21-34. Boundary Theoretical N. State. Not friihen of in Tradition. Egyptian 119-145. and Edom: 1987. Levy, for Side weiterer J., of 5: the 1982. the Tents, Features and In: VII: 19-29. Abhor 43-51. Anthropological R.w. (Studies Bronk Moab: of "Pre-Modem and Stanford. on Results. Hebrew Walnut of The Metallurgie Earle, Competitive and T.E., Society The Age, Khirbet 63-89 J.D., 0 Fluctuations the Dating the Evidence Atlanta: an Distrikt Evolution 1995. Israel! Issues ofIron Expansion Ramsey, Social The Jordan. ed. Outside Najjar, Edomite Spacing in T., In: Creek, Bible en-NaJ.1as-A in ofthe the Beginning The The Levy ed. Late The Age Concerning 93-117. der Identities". des and on and History M., Involution: New of Archaeology c., CA. at WorlcP. Chiefdoms: Kingdoms Theory: for and Khirbat-en Terminology, S3sw-Beduinen? Tribal and in BronzelIronAge Human Ancient Kupfers Economic Sebkhet the Smith, Bruins, Parallel He Haven. Growth Higham Response Ancient of and Kingdoms. Madison. Is Studies A Societies: the the N.,Arbel, in Jordan. Your Ke1bia, The H.J., History Nahas of Culture from Power, Fenan Rate of History. Iron Rise 2005: to Function, Near Ammon, Brother: Society Marquesas Israel Robinson, in BN Age ofTamarix the Site Tunisia. In: Transjordan of In: the From Y., (Der of East. of 164-178. Economy Finkelstein 19: Edition In: the Bienkowski, MacDonald, (Jordan) History Soderbaum, in the Theories in Form, Moab Edom Anschnitt Foraging Edelman, 15-21. Southern Leiden. the Edomite Journal Ancient M. Islands as Holy of and and and (ca. and and and and E. an 15 of Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Levy, Levy, Levy, Levy, Levy, Marcus, Levy, Levy, Levy, Levy, Levy, 16 T.E., T.E., T.E., T.E. T.E., T.E., Archaeology, Antiquity Freedman. T.E., T.E., Najjar, T.E., N.G., Recent Manufactory L. Archaeological J., Excavations Edom: Robinson, Hamrat Archaeological Lowlands van Review Write J., Archaeometallurgy Formation, 49: 2005b. and Change: 308. In: T.E. J. eds. Lo, and Levy 443-487. der and Friedman, and Adams, Najjar, Najjar, Adams, Adams, Najjar, Adams, Adams, and Higham, a A. Archaic Muniz, M. Lowland New Excavations Fidan, Steen, Preliminary of Feinman, Shalev, and The 78: and of a 2002. Higham, M. Winona the M. Recent N., at R.B. M., Higham Edom: in Excavations R.B., 863-876. R.B., Text R.B. Waggoner, R.B., and E. Bible Jabal Jordan, M. the and Surveys States. R.E. Survey: T., Southern van Early S. Edom (http://www.wadiarabahproject.man.ac.ukl). Muniz, and and Higham, G.M. 2003. Wadi Munger, Witten, and Lake: Najjar, Publication Higham, and 1989 The Report? der Hauptmann, T., and in Le-David Hamrat 2005: Muniz, Science. 2002. Bronze Santa Social the and Preliminary along Plicht, Shafiq, Fidan Recent eds. 1998. An 2004 Jordan. M. A., 63-89. Prehistoric and TEL M., A.J., Jabal T. the 129-163. S. ADAJ Iron T. Fe 2001. Or, Malena, A. the 2005. AViV Perspectives. Fidan 2004. Age Excavations Introduction. 40 and London. Maskil.· i4C 2005. in J., Hauptmann, High Archaeological R. 1998: Anderson, Response 2004. Antiquity Wadi Age A., Antiquity. Hamrat Cemetery, Smith, 33 Metallurgy: Early 47: Dates Maes, 1999. Report. Reassessing The (Jordan) Metalworking How and (2006) Prange, 3-13. Landscape S., al-Guwayb Archaeology 247-277. A Metallurgy, N.G., Low Fidan, Monroe, Bible The from Birthday K. 76: Many to at J., World ADAJ Comment In: A., Jordan 2005a. Edom Wadi M., Arbel, 425-37. Research Jabal Chronologies: A Research Feinman, Bruins, Khirbat Anderson, and the Jordan. Fortresses Newly in Archaeology and 45: Schmitt-Strecker, E., Fidan (1997). Tribute in and the and Chronology Hamrat Iron Interaction, Y, Radiocarbon by Wadi 159-187. the Beherec, H.J. Edomite the the en-Nal)as Discovered in Bienkowski, Kuah, In: Design G.M. Age 40, Southern J.D., Southern Levant for Do al-Jariyeh, Early and Shasu Propp, Fidan Manchester. Edomite Jordan. Burial 20: You and David S., Higham, Brandl, M., of Lowlands: and and Iron 353-372. Nomads: (Jordan). 31: Moreno, Marcus, Need Biblical Dating: Project: Levant: W.H.C. Copper Jordan. S. Smith, ADAJ Social P. in Jabal 293- Age: State Noel 1998 and and the B., to T. Published by Maney Publishing (c) Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Musil, Porter, Musil, Rogerson, Renfrew, Rowe, Routledge, Ward, Zohary, Levy Prehistory. Philadelphia. Wessex. Vienna. York: Contemporary Oxford W.A. A.G. A. A. B.W. M. and C. 1928. 1907. 1. 1982. Najjar: B. 1999. 2004. 1973. 1992. 1165-1167. 1999. Journal In: 2004. Arabia Manners Plants London: The Some Authority, Renfrew, Monuments, Chronicle Shasu. Eastern of Exploitation Moab Petraea. Thoughts Archaeology of and In: 539-558. the C., Polity, of Badia Customs Freedman, in Bible: the ed. on Mobilization I. the Khirbet Moab; of Old The of and A Iron 23: an Jordan. of Complete Explanation Testament Tenuous Arid the D.N., en-Nal;las-A 373-395. II. Age: Edom: Rwala and Landscape Applied ed. Elites Hegemony, Handbook. Social Kings. Anchor Bedouin. Topographischer of Response Geography Culture in by Organization London. !ron Bible a Cambridge. New Pastoral Polity, to Age Change: Israel Dictionary. York. 19: Edom Finkelstein Reisebericht. Archaeology. 345-361. Society: in Models Neolithic (Jordan). New The 17 in