DOCSLIB.ORG

Phytochemistry and Medicinal Values of Mahonia Bealei: a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phytochemistry and Medicinal Values of Mahonia Bealei: a Review Kakar et al Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research October 2019; 18 (10): 2219-2227 ISSN: 1596-5996 (print); 1596-9827 (electronic) © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria. Available online at http://www.tjpr.org http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v18i10.31 Review Article Phytochemistry and medicinal values of Mahonia bealei: A review Mohib Ullah Kakar1,2, Muhammad Saeed3, Ke Luo1, Imran Suheryani1, Wu Shuang1, Yulin Deng1, Rongji Dai1* 1School of Life Sciences and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China, 2Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, 3Faculty of Animal Production & Technology, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan *For correspondence: Email: [email protected]; Tel: 0086-01068949331 Sent for review: 30 May 2019 Revised accepted: 25 September 2019 Abstract Purpose: To review the medicinal uses of Mahonia bealei, an important member of the genus Mahonia, with a focus on its various applications in Traditional Chinese Medicine, as well as published scientific evidence on its effectiveness. Methods: Information in all available literature was retrieved using different search engines including NCBI, ISI Web of Knowledge and Google. Results: Several compounds have been extracted from M. bealei. These include alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids, phytosterols and lignans. Traditionally, the plant is used to treat dysentery, diarrhea and inflammation. Globally, scientists have used in vitro and in vivo techniques to evaluate the usefulness of compounds extracted from M. bealei with respect to their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant as well as anti-gastrin properties. Conclusion: Different parts of this plant still remain underexplored. Moreover, comparison of the properties of the isolated compounds has not been carried out, nor are there reports on the synergistic effects of extracts of the plant. Therefore, future research to address these areas may be useful in the discovery of new therapeutic agents. Keywords: Berberidaceae, Mahonia bealei, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Anti- inflammatory activity, Anti-tumor activity This is an Open Access article that uses a fund-ing model which does not charge readers or their institutions for access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) and the Budapest Open Access Initiative (http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read), which permit unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research is indexed by Science Citation Index (SciSearch), Scopus, International Pharmaceutical Abstract, Chemical Abstracts, Embase, Index Copernicus, EBSCO, African Index Medicus, JournalSeek, Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), African Journal Online, Bioline International, Open-J-Gate and Pharmacy Abstracts INTRODUCTION grow in the southwest area of China [2]. The genus Mahonia is a member of basal eudicots Mahonia bealei belongs to the family which consists of coriaceous (sclerophyllous) Berberidaceae and genus Mahonia. evergreen small trees or shrubs with compound Geographically, this evergreen shrub is widely leaves [2,4]. It has been revealed that 20 species distributed in America, Europe and Asia [1]. of this genus are distributed in southwestern Mahonia is a genus containing more than 60 parts of the United States of America [4]. Some species, and more than 30 species of this genus of the species are also present in Europe as ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- © 2019 The authors. This work is licensed under the Creative CommonsTrop J PharmAttribution Res, 4.0 October International 2019; 18(10):License2219 Kakar et al invasive plants [5]. Morphology and distribution of Mahonia bealei Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a long history of usage of materials derived from Mahonia bealei (also called leatherleaf Mahonia) botanical, animal as well as mineral resources. is an evergreen shrub that grows to a height of These agents have been classified according to about 5 to 10 feet (1.5 to 3 m). Pinnately their sources, color, habitats, way of collection, compound leaves are present which are 18 parts of the plant collected and the methods of inches (46 cm) long and contain 9 - 13 holly-like prescription, by Li in his famous work Ben Cao leaflets 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5.1 cm) wide, and 2 Kong Mu (The Classical TCM Pharmacopeia) [6]. to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm) long. The time of In TCM, the roots, stem and leaves of Mahonia flowering of this plant is from late winter to early have been used for the treatment of different spring. The flowering starts with the development diseases such as diarrhea and dysentery for of fragrant, lemon-yellow flowers. The fruits are centuries. These plants are recognized by the green berries which later turn to blue black color Chinese Pharmacopeia Commission for their and increase in size to half an inch, while moisturizing effects, heat-clearing properties, and hanging from the plant. Although the plant is as detoxifying agents [7]. native to China, it is an invasive plant in parts the United States of America, especially the southern Another important species with similar properties region, and it has been categorized as an reported in TCM is bai-yang-jie (Arundina ornamental shrub [21]. Figure 1 shows the graminifolia) [8]. In TCM, Mahonia Caulis which different parts of this plant. comprises dried stem of Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr. and M. fortune (Lindl.) Fedde is an important medicine. It has been used for long for treating icteric hepatitis, conjunctivitis, ulcers, boils, carbuncles, toothache, and ailments that were thought to be due to fire of stomach [9]. The leaves of Mahonia bealei have been used to produce bitter tea, and are rich in polyphenolic compounds with potent antioxidant properties Figure 1: Mahonia bealei. (a): The arial parts of [10]. There have been numerous reports showing Mahonia bealei growing among other plants; (b): the antioxidant potential of the leaves when leaves of M. bealei; (c): roots of Mahonia bealei; (d): consumed in the form of tea like black tea which fruits of Mahonia bealei is used worldwide [11]. Compounds isolated from Mahonia bealei Studies have shown that the chemical composition of different compounds from The extraction of compounds from medicinally Mahonia bealei is important for their use in important plants and investigations of their pharmaceutical industry [1,12,13]. The leaves of medicinal uses are important areas of scientific Mahonia bealei are an important source of research. Different parts of Mahonia bealei have beneficial natural compounds that need to be been studied. In this section, the number, nature explored [14]. Phytochemical studies have and structure of compounds isolated from this revealed that the stem and roots of M. bealei are species to date, are summarized. rich in cerebrosides and alkaloids [15]. Different parts of the genus Mahonia, such as stem, bark, Alkaloids leaves and fruits of have been extensively used, and possess a long history of application in TCM Studies have shown that isoquinoline alkaloids [16-20]. Phytochemical studies on Mahonia constitute a major subclass of alkaloids isolated species have been very beneficial in the isolation from the genus Mahonia. These compounds are of sterols, alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides responsible for many properties exhibited by [1]. plants of this genus. A study has shown that the roots, stem and leaves of M. bealei contain the The present study summarized the number of three alkaloids berberine, palmatine, and useful compounds isolated from Mahonia bealei jatrorrhizine [22]. The major alkaloid found in and their structures. In addition, the medicinal leaves was berberine, while the roots and stem uses of these compounds were reviewed, and a contained jatrorrhizine and berberine [23]. The comparison of the medicinal uses of the plant in structures of these alkaloids are given in Figure 2 TCM, in relation to experimental findings was and Figure 3 [30]. made. Future prospects regarding studies of this species were also proposed in this review. Trop J Pharm Res, October 2019; 18(10):2220 Kakar et al flavonoids are quercetin and quercetin 3-O-β-D- xylopyranoside [25]. Later studies also reported the isolation of tamarixetin 3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-D- xylopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-α-L- rhamnopyranoside, luteolin, isorhamnetin, tricin, and chryseriol. The structures of these flavonoids are shown in Figure 5. Figure 4: Structures of triterpenes isolated from M. bealei Figure 2: Structures of alkaloids isolated from Mahonia bealei Figure 5: Flavonoids from M. bealei Phytosterols Two phytosterols have been isolated from Figure 3: Structures of alkaloids isolated from Mahonia bealei. A stigmasterol was reported after NMR and MS spectroscopic studies of Mahonia bealei methanol extract of the plant [25]. In another study, 70 % ethanol extract of the stem of Triterpenes Mahonia bealei yielded β-sitosterol [26]. The To the best of our knowledge, so far, only three structures of these phytosterols are shown in triterpenes have been isolated from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic
    Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both.
    [Show full text]
  • Berberidaceae) Endemic to China
    Phytotaxa 204 (2): 147–152 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.204.2.5 Taxonomic notes on three species of Epimedium (Berberidaceae) endemic to China YAN-JUN ZHANG, HAI-SHAN DANG, JIAN-QIANG LI* & YING WANG * Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China * Authors for correspondence: E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Three species of Epimedium (Berberidaceae), E. reticulatum, E. shuichengense and E. truncatum, are controversial based on flower characteristics. In this paper, the descriptions of their flower characters of these three species are revised based on our extensive studies in herbaria and observations in the field and cultivation. E. reticulatum is transferred from ser. Brachycerae to ser. Campanulatae, and E. shuichengense is recognized as a member of ser. Davidianae. The holotype and isotypes of E. reticulatum represent two species, E. reticulatum and E. membranaceum, and the type material of E. truncatum has been lost. Here we lectotypy E. reticulatum and neotypify E. truncatum. Key words: Epimedium, flower characters, revision, lectotype, neotype Introduction Epimedium Linnaeus (1753: 117) is the largest herbaceous genus of Berberidaceae, with about 58 species distributed disjunctly and very unevenly in temperate hilly or montane regions from Algeria in North Africa to Japan in Asia (Stearn 2002; Ying et al. 2011). China is the diversity center of Epimedium, and possesses about 48 species of the genus which are all endemics except Epimedium koreanum Nakai (1936: 63).
    [Show full text]
  • Berberis Vulgaris
    Berberis vulgaris INTRODUCTORY DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FIRE EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS APPENDIX: FIRE REGIME TABLE REFERENCES INTRODUCTORY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY SYNONYMS LIFE FORM FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS OTHER STATUS Photo © Gerald A. Mulligan AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION: Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Berberis vulgaris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2009, October 19]. FEIS ABBREVIATION: BERVUL NRCS PLANT CODE [91]: BEVU COMMON NAMES: common barberry European barberry TAXONOMY: The scientific name of common barberry is Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae) [27,42]. Hybrid: Berberis × ottawaensis (Schneid.), a cross between common barberry and Japanese barberry (B. thunbergerii), occurs in Europe and North America [24,60,67]. SYNONYMS: None LIFE FORM: Shrub FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS: None OTHER STATUS: Information on state-level noxious weed status of plants in the United States is available at Plants Database. DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE SPECIES: Berberis vulgaris GENERAL DISTRIBUTION HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Common barberry is a nonnative plant in North America. Its native range is Asia's middle and western mountains, and it is widely introduced throughout Europe [44,77]. Common barberry was brought to North America in the 1600s by early New England settlers (Josselyn 1672 cited in [55]),[44], and soon after its introduction, common barrberry escaped from cultivation. Soon after its introduction and escape, common barberry was linked with failing wheat crops [27]. Programs to eliminate and restrict planting of common barberry in North America began in the 18th century, but large-scale cooperative eradication did not occur until the early 1900s.
    [Show full text]
  • In PDF Format
    LiuBot. et Bull. al. —Acad. Species Sin. (2002) pairs of 43: the 147-154 Podophyllum group 147 Molecular evidence for the sister relationship of the eastern Asia-North American intercontinental species pair in the Podophyllum group (Berberidaceae) Jianquan Liu1,2,*, Zhiduan Chen2, and Anming Lu2 1Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai 810001, P.R. China 2Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, P.R. China (Received December 30, 2000; Accepted November 22, 2001) Abstract. The presumed pair relationships of intercontinental vicariad species in the Podophyllum group (Sinopodophyllum hexandrum vs. Podophyllum pelatum and Diphylleia grayi vs. D. cymosa) were recently consid- ered to be paraphyletic. In the present paper, the trnL-F and ITS gene sequences of the representatives were used to examine the sister relationships of these two vicariad species. A heuristic parsimony analysis based on the trnL- F data identified Diphylleia as the basal clade of the other three genera, but provided poor resolution of their interrelationships. High sequence divergence was found in the ITS data. ITS1 region, more variable but parsimony- uninformative, has no phylogenetic value. Sequence divergence of the ITS2 region provided abundant, phylogeneti- cally informative variable characters. Analysis of ITS2 sequences confirmeda sister relationship between the presumable vicariad species, in spite of a low bootstrap support for Sinopodophyllum hexandrum vs. Podophyllum pelatum. The combined ITS2 and trnL-F data enforced a sister relationship between Sinopodophyllum hexandrum and Podophyl- lum pelatum with an elevated bootstrap support of 100%. Based on molecular phylogeny, the morphological evo- lution of this group was discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Berberidaceae) in Hays County,Texas
    18 LUNDELLIA DECEMBER, 2007 AFIELD STUDY OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN BERBERIS SWASEYI AND B. TRIFOLIOLATA (BERBERIDACEAE) IN HAYS COUNTY,TEXAS Robert T. Harms Plant Resources Center, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station F0404, Austin, Texas 78712-0471 Abstract: The widespread Berberis trifoliolata is sympatric with the narrowly restricted B. swaseyi in central Texas, where apparent intermediates occur. A detailed field study of sympatric populations in northern Hays Co. during 2004 to 2007 clarifies the morphological and phenological differences between the two species and shows that intermediates almost surely arose from hybridization. Limited evidence of introgression is also discussed. Keywords: Berberidaceae, Berberis, hybridization, flora of Texas. Berberis trifoliolata Moric. (Berberida- circumscribed by Ahrendt (1961) and in- ceae) is a widespread and common shrub of cludes both B. trifoliolata and B. swaseyi, open habitats and thickets, ranging from emphasizing the close relationship between central Texas westward to Arizona and south the two species. into northern Mexico (Whittemore, 1997). The range of Berberis swaseyi falls In central Texas, near the eastern edge of its entirely within that of B. trifoliolata,and distribution, it co-occurs with Berberis indeed B. swaseyi appearsalwaystooccurin swaseyi Buckley, a species of far more fairly close association with that species. restricted range that is known from seven This close sympatry and the close relation- counties along a narrow strip of the Edwards ship of the two species present possibilities Plateau immediately west and north of the for hybridization, and although this has southeast edge of the Balcones Escarpment been suggested in the literature (Durand, (Whittemore, 1997; Carr, ined.).
    [Show full text]
  • Sacred Bamboo (Nandina Domestica Thunb.) Victor Maddox, Ph.D., Research Associate, Mississippi State University John D
    Sacred Bamboo (Nandina domestica Thunb.) Victor Maddox, Ph.D., Research Associate, Mississippi State University John D. Byrd, Ph.D., Extension/Research Professor, Mississippi State University Randy Westbrooks, Ph.D., Invasive Species Specialist, U.S. Geological Survey Fig. 1. Sacred bamboo producing green Fig. 2. Sacred bamboo grows tri-pinnately com- Fig. 3. Mature sacred bamboo berries turn red. fruit in the forest. pound leaves. Introduction Problems Caused Sacred or heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica Thunb.) is a broadleaved evergreen shrub native from India to eastern Asia. Sacred bamboo (Berberidaceae) is not a true bamboo (Poaceae). It was introduced into cultivation in 1804 and more recently escaped. It is still commonly used in landscaping with many cultivars sold commercially. It is generally ob- served as an escape in forests, fence rows, or forest margins, although often cultivated in full sun. Cyanide poisoning has been reported in livestock and dogs feeding on sacred bamboo. Regulations Sacred bamboo is commonly used in landscapes and not regulated in the MidSouth. Description Vegetative Growth Sacred bamboo is an erect, evergreen shrub which can reach 10 feet in height. Stems are erect, one to several growing from a clump, and usually unbranched, although new stems formed at the base of the clump may produce a broad col- ony of stems. Stems reddish at first, maturing light brown in color Leaves are alternate, glossy, smooth, bi- to tri- pinnately compound, and green, sometimes reddish or burgundy. Petiole bases clasp the stem. Leaves are 1 to 3 feet long and wide, each leaflet elliptic-lanceolate and ¾ to 3 inches long.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards an Updated Checklist of the Libyan Flora
    Phytotaxa 338 (1): 001–016 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.338.1.1 Towards an updated checklist of the Libyan flora AHMED M. H. GAWHARI1, 2, STEPHEN L. JURY 2 & ALASTAIR CULHAM 2 1 Botany Department, Cyrenaica Herbarium, Faculty of Sciences, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya E-mail: [email protected] 2 University of Reading Herbarium, The Harborne Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Read- ing, RG6 6AS, U.K. E-mail: [email protected]. E-mail: [email protected]. Abstract The Libyan flora was last documented in a series of volumes published between 1976 and 1989. Since then there has been a substantial realignment of family and generic boundaries and the discovery of many new species. The lack of an update or revision since 1989 means that the Libyan Flora is now out of date and requires a reassessment using modern approaches. Here we report initial efforts to provide an updated checklist covering 43 families out of the 150 in the published flora of Libya, including 138 genera and 411 species. Updating the circumscription of taxa to follow current classification results in 11 families (Coridaceae, Guttiferae, Leonticaceae, Theligonaceae, Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Bombacaeae, Sparganiaceae, Globulariaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Illecebraceae) being included in other generally broader and less morphologically well-defined families (APG-IV, 2016). As a consequence, six new families: Hypericaceae, Adoxaceae, Lophiocarpaceae, Limeaceae, Gisekiaceae and Cleomaceae are now included in the Libyan Flora.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP (APG) SYSTEM History Of
    ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP (APG) SYSTEM The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to an informal international group of systematic botanists who came together to try to establish a consensus view of the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that would reflect new knowledge about their relationships based upon phylogenetic studies. As of 2010, three incremental versions of a classification system have resulted from this collaboration (published in 1998, 2003 and 2009). An important motivation for the group was what they viewed as deficiencies in prior angiosperm classifications, which were not based on monophyletic groups (i.e. groups consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor). APG publications are increasingly influential, with a number of major herbaria changing the arrangement of their collections to match the latest APG system. Angiosperm classification and the APG Until detailed genetic evidence became available, the classification of flowering plants (also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae, Anthophyta or Magnoliophyta) was based on their morphology (particularly that of the flower) and their biochemistry (what kinds of chemical compound they contained or produced). Classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group. The result was a large number of such systems (see List of systems of plant taxonomy). Different systems and their updates tended to be favoured in different countries; e.g. the Engler system in continental Europe; the Bentham & Hooker system in Britain (particularly influential because it was used by Kew); the Takhtajan system in the former Soviet Union and countries within its sphere of influence; and the Cronquist system in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Berberis Thunbergii Japanese Barberry Berberidaceae - Barberry Family
    Early Diverging Eudicots Berberidaceae - barberry family • widespread in temperate regions of Northern hemisphere - ArctoTertiary relict distribution • 3 native genera to Wisconsin + Berberis • small shrubs (Berberis) or herbs (rest of family). CA 3+3 CO 3+3 A 12-18 G 1 [monocarpic] Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry Berberidaceae - barberry family Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry Fruits = berry Berberis vulgaris Common barberry • alternate host of the stem rust of wheat • programs to irradicate plant in midwest Berberidaceae - barberry family • Puccinia graminis Berberis vulgaris Common barberry • alternate host of the stem rust of wheat • programs to irradicate plant in midwest Berberidaceae - barberry family Caulophyllum thalictroides - Blue cohosh • leaves 3X compound • developing ovules break ovary wall so are naked seeds with fleshy blue seed coats • medicinally important for North American native Americans Berberidaceae - barberry family Jeffersonia diphylla - twinleaf • Special concern species in Wisconsin. One species in Eastern North America and one species in Eastern Asia. • Only member of the family that is 4-merous rather than 3- merous Berberidaceae - barberry family Forms large colonies of deeply lobed, peltate leaves whose umbrella like aspect is emphasized as they emerge from the ground, slits in anthers Podophyllum peltatum May-apple Berberidaceae - barberry family May-apple and other members of the family are attacked by the same family of rusts - Pucciniaceae. Podophyllum peltatum May-apple Berberidaceae -
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity and Structure of Sinopodophyllum Hexandrum (Royle) Ying in the Qinling Mountains, China
    Genetic Diversity and Structure of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying in the Qinling Mountains, China Wei Liu, Dongxue Yin, Jianjun Liu*,NaLi College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China Abstract Sinopodophyllum hexandrum is an important medicinal plant whose genetic diversity must be conserved because it is endangered. The Qinling Mts. are a S. hexandrum distribution area that has unique environmental features that highly affect the evolution of the species. To provide the reference data for evolutionary and conservation studies, the genetic diversity and population structure of S. hexandrum in its overall natural distribution areas in the Qinling Mts. were investigated through inter-simple sequence repeats analysis of 32 natural populations. The 11 selected primers generated a total of 135 polymorphic bands. S. hexandrum genetic diversity was low within populations (average He = 0.0621), but higher at the species level (He = 0.1434). Clear structure and high genetic differentiation among populations were detected by using the unweighted pair group method for arithmetic averages, principle coordinate analysis and Bayesian clustering. The clustering approaches supported a division of the 32 populations into three major groups, for which analysis of molecular variance confirmed significant variation (63.27%) among populations. The genetic differentiation may have been attributed to the limited gene flow (Nm = 0.3587) in the species. Isolation by distance among populations was determined by comparing genetic distance versus geographic distance by using the Mantel test. Result was insignificant (r = 0.212, P = 0.287) at 0.05, showing that their spatial pattern and geographic locations are not correlated. Given the low within- population genetic diversity, high differentiation among populations and the increasing anthropogenic pressure on the species, in situ conservation measures were recommended to preserve S.
    [Show full text]
  • Mahonia Aquifolium1
    Fact Sheet FPS-375 October, 1999 Mahonia aquifolium1 Edward F. Gilman2 Introduction Plant habit: upright Plant density: open Growth rate: slow With holly-like leaves, blue fruits, and striking yellow Texture: coarse flowers, oregon holly has much to offer in the landscape. Plants will grow in sun or shade but should be shaded in the winter to Foliage prevent the purplish leaves from browning. Transplanting is most successful with either potted or balled and burlapped Leaf arrangement: alternate plants. Oregon holly reaches three to seven feet tall with an equal spread. Plants grow moderately fast, spreading by the Leaf type: odd-pinnately compound suckering root system. Leaf margin: spiny Leaf shape: ovate Leaf venation: pinnate; palmate General Information Leaf type and persistence: evergreen Leaf blade length: 2 to 4 inches Scientific name: Mahonia aquifolium Leaf color: green Pronunciation: mah-HOE-nee-uh awk-kwiff-FOLE-lee-um Fall color: no fall color change Common name(s): Oregongrapeholly, Oregon Hollygrape, Fall characteristic: not showy Oregon Grapeholly Family: Berberidaceae Flower Plant type: shrub USDA hardiness zones: 5B through 8 (Fig. 1) Flower color: yellow Planting month for zone 7: year round Flower characteristic: winter flowering; spring flowering; Planting month for zone 8: year round pleasant fragrance Origin: not native to North America Uses: border; mass planting; container or above-ground Fruit planter; specimen; accent Availablity: somewhat available, may have to go out of the Fruit shape: oval region to find the plant Fruit length: less than .5 inch Fruit cover: fleshy Fruit color: black Description Fruit characteristic: attracts birds Height: 3 to 6 feet Spread: 3 to 4 feet Trunk and Branches 1.This document is Fact Sheet FPS-375, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Mahonia Bealei</I>
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit -- Staff Publications Unit 2006 When landscaping goes bad: the incipient invasion of Mahonia bealei in the southeastern United States Craig R. Allen U.S. Geological Survey, [email protected] Ahjond S. Garmestani South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, [email protected] Jill A. LaBram South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Amanda E. Peck South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Luanna B. Prevost Clemson University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ncfwrustaff Part of the Other Environmental Sciences Commons Allen, Craig R.; Garmestani, Ahjond S.; LaBram, Jill A.; Peck, Amanda E.; and Prevost, Luanna B., "When landscaping goes bad: the incipient invasion of Mahonia bealei in the southeastern United States" (2006). Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit -- Staff Publications. 18. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ncfwrustaff/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit -- Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Biological Invasions (2006) 8: 169–176 Ó Springer 2006 DOI 10.1007/s10530-004-2896-4
    [Show full text]