Kakar et al Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research October 2019; 18 (10): 2219-2227 ISSN: 1596-5996 (print); 1596-9827 (electronic) © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria. Available online at http://www.tjpr.org http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v18i10.31 Review Article Phytochemistry and medicinal values of Mahonia bealei: A review Mohib Ullah Kakar1,2, Muhammad Saeed3, Ke Luo1, Imran Suheryani1, Wu Shuang1, Yulin Deng1, Rongji Dai1* 1School of Life Sciences and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China, 2Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, 3Faculty of Animal Production & Technology, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan *For correspondence: Email: [email protected]; Tel: 0086-01068949331 Sent for review: 30 May 2019 Revised accepted: 25 September 2019 Abstract Purpose: To review the medicinal uses of Mahonia bealei, an important member of the genus Mahonia, with a focus on its various applications in Traditional Chinese Medicine, as well as published scientific evidence on its effectiveness. Methods: Information in all available literature was retrieved using different search engines including NCBI, ISI Web of Knowledge and Google. Results: Several compounds have been extracted from M. bealei. These include alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids, phytosterols and lignans. Traditionally, the plant is used to treat dysentery, diarrhea and inflammation. Globally, scientists have used in vitro and in vivo techniques to evaluate the usefulness of compounds extracted from M. bealei with respect to their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant as well as anti-gastrin properties. Conclusion: Different parts of this plant still remain underexplored. Moreover, comparison of the properties of the isolated compounds has not been carried out, nor are there reports on the synergistic effects of extracts of the plant. Therefore, future research to address these areas may be useful in the discovery of new therapeutic agents. Keywords: Berberidaceae, Mahonia bealei, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Anti- inflammatory activity, Anti-tumor activity This is an Open Access article that uses a fund-ing model which does not charge readers or their institutions for access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) and the Budapest Open Access Initiative (http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read), which permit unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research is indexed by Science Citation Index (SciSearch), Scopus, International Pharmaceutical Abstract, Chemical Abstracts, Embase, Index Copernicus, EBSCO, African Index Medicus, JournalSeek, Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), African Journal Online, Bioline International, Open-J-Gate and Pharmacy Abstracts INTRODUCTION grow in the southwest area of China [2]. The genus Mahonia is a member of basal eudicots Mahonia bealei belongs to the family which consists of coriaceous (sclerophyllous) Berberidaceae and genus Mahonia. evergreen small trees or shrubs with compound Geographically, this evergreen shrub is widely leaves [2,4]. It has been revealed that 20 species distributed in America, Europe and Asia [1]. of this genus are distributed in southwestern Mahonia is a genus containing more than 60 parts of the United States of America [4]. Some species, and more than 30 species of this genus of the species are also present in Europe as ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- © 2019 The authors. This work is licensed under the Creative CommonsTrop J PharmAttribution Res, 4.0 October International 2019; 18(10):License2219 Kakar et al invasive plants [5]. Morphology and distribution of Mahonia bealei Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a long history of usage of materials derived from Mahonia bealei (also called leatherleaf Mahonia) botanical, animal as well as mineral resources. is an evergreen shrub that grows to a height of These agents have been classified according to about 5 to 10 feet (1.5 to 3 m). Pinnately their sources, color, habitats, way of collection, compound leaves are present which are 18 parts of the plant collected and the methods of inches (46 cm) long and contain 9 - 13 holly-like prescription, by Li in his famous work Ben Cao leaflets 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5.1 cm) wide, and 2 Kong Mu (The Classical TCM Pharmacopeia) [6]. to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm) long. The time of In TCM, the roots, stem and leaves of Mahonia flowering of this plant is from late winter to early have been used for the treatment of different spring. The flowering starts with the development diseases such as diarrhea and dysentery for of fragrant, lemon-yellow flowers. The fruits are centuries. These plants are recognized by the green berries which later turn to blue black color Chinese Pharmacopeia Commission for their and increase in size to half an inch, while moisturizing effects, heat-clearing properties, and hanging from the plant. Although the plant is as detoxifying agents [7]. native to China, it is an invasive plant in parts the United States of America, especially the southern Another important species with similar properties region, and it has been categorized as an reported in TCM is bai-yang-jie (Arundina ornamental shrub [21]. Figure 1 shows the graminifolia) [8]. In TCM, Mahonia Caulis which different parts of this plant. comprises dried stem of Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr. and M. fortune (Lindl.) Fedde is an important medicine. It has been used for long for treating icteric hepatitis, conjunctivitis, ulcers, boils, carbuncles, toothache, and ailments that were thought to be due to fire of stomach [9]. The leaves of Mahonia bealei have been used to produce bitter tea, and are rich in polyphenolic compounds with potent antioxidant properties Figure 1: Mahonia bealei. (a): The arial parts of [10]. There have been numerous reports showing Mahonia bealei growing among other plants; (b): the antioxidant potential of the leaves when leaves of M. bealei; (c): roots of Mahonia bealei; (d): consumed in the form of tea like black tea which fruits of Mahonia bealei is used worldwide [11]. Compounds isolated from Mahonia bealei Studies have shown that the chemical composition of different compounds from The extraction of compounds from medicinally Mahonia bealei is important for their use in important plants and investigations of their pharmaceutical industry [1,12,13]. The leaves of medicinal uses are important areas of scientific Mahonia bealei are an important source of research. Different parts of Mahonia bealei have beneficial natural compounds that need to be been studied. In this section, the number, nature explored [14]. Phytochemical studies have and structure of compounds isolated from this revealed that the stem and roots of M. bealei are species to date, are summarized. rich in cerebrosides and alkaloids [15]. Different parts of the genus Mahonia, such as stem, bark, Alkaloids leaves and fruits of have been extensively used, and possess a long history of application in TCM Studies have shown that isoquinoline alkaloids [16-20]. Phytochemical studies on Mahonia constitute a major subclass of alkaloids isolated species have been very beneficial in the isolation from the genus Mahonia. These compounds are of sterols, alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides responsible for many properties exhibited by [1]. plants of this genus. A study has shown that the roots, stem and leaves of M. bealei contain the The present study summarized the number of three alkaloids berberine, palmatine, and useful compounds isolated from Mahonia bealei jatrorrhizine [22]. The major alkaloid found in and their structures. In addition, the medicinal leaves was berberine, while the roots and stem uses of these compounds were reviewed, and a contained jatrorrhizine and berberine [23]. The comparison of the medicinal uses of the plant in structures of these alkaloids are given in Figure 2 TCM, in relation to experimental findings was and Figure 3 [30]. made. Future prospects regarding studies of this species were also proposed in this review. Trop J Pharm Res, October 2019; 18(10):2220 Kakar et al flavonoids are quercetin and quercetin 3-O-β-D- xylopyranoside [25]. Later studies also reported the isolation of tamarixetin 3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-D- xylopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-α-L- rhamnopyranoside, luteolin, isorhamnetin, tricin, and chryseriol. The structures of these flavonoids are shown in Figure 5. Figure 4: Structures of triterpenes isolated from M. bealei Figure 2: Structures of alkaloids isolated from Mahonia bealei Figure 5: Flavonoids from M. bealei Phytosterols Two phytosterols have been isolated from Figure 3: Structures of alkaloids isolated from Mahonia bealei. A stigmasterol was reported after NMR and MS spectroscopic studies of Mahonia bealei methanol extract of the plant [25]. In another study, 70 % ethanol extract of the stem of Triterpenes Mahonia bealei yielded β-sitosterol [26]. The To the best of our knowledge, so far, only three structures of these phytosterols are shown in triterpenes have been isolated from