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Pollution of the Skadar Lake

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Pollution of the Skadar Lake Authors: Dr Dr Danijela Šundić Branko Radujković Podgorica, December 2012 Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE SKADAR......................................................................................... 5 2.1. Geographical position ........................................................................................................................................ 5 2.2. The depth of the lake .......................................................................................................................................... 5 2.3. Sublacustric springs (‘’oka’’, ‘’vrulje’’) ......................................................................................................... 5 2.4. Drainage basin of Lake Skadar ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.5. Ground waters ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.6. Water currents ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.7. Water temperatures ........................................................................................................................................... 8 2.8. Transparency ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.9. Electroconductivity ............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.10. Water balance of Lake Skadar ...................................................................................................................... 8 2.10.1. Water level fluctuation of Lake Skadar .......................................................................................... 8 2.10.2. Surface area and volume of Lake Skadar ....................................................................................... 8 2.10.3. Flooded and wetland areas ............................................................................................................. 10 3. CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS OF ZETA – BJELOPA PLAIN .......................................................... 11 3.1. Air temeperature............................................................................................................................................... 11 3.2. Precipitation........................................................................................................................................................VLIĆI 12 3.3. Winds ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15 4. SOURCES OF POLLUTION OF LAKE SKADAR ................................................................................................ 17 4.1. Point (concentrated) sources....................................................................................................................... 17 4.1.1. Waste waters ........................................................................................................................................... 17 4.1.2. Air pollution .............................................................................................................................................. 21 4.2. Nonpoint (dispersed) sources ..................................................................................................................... 25 4.2.1. KAP’s solid waste disposal site.......................................................................................................... 25 4.2.2. “Red mud” disposal of KAP ................................................................................................................. 26 4.2.3. Contamination of ground waters under the solid waste and the “red mud” disposal site of KAP ................................................................................................................................................... 30 4.2.4. Nikšić Steelworks waste disposal site ................................................................................................ 33 4.2.5. Illegal waste dumping ........................................................................................................................... 34 4.2.6. Agricultural areas ................................................................................................................................... 34 4.2.7. Other nonpoint sources of pollution .............................................................................................. 36 5. WATER AND SEDIMENT POLLUTION OF LAKE SKADAR ........................................................................ 37 5.1. Physico-chemical characteristics of the lake ......................................................................................... 37 5.2. Water pollution ................................................................................................................................................. .42 5.3. Ground water pollution ................................................................................................................................. .50 5.4. Sediment pollution .......................................................................................................................................... .51 6. QUALITY, CLASSIFICATION AND CATEGORISATION OF WATER AND SEDIMENT OF LAKE SKADAR............................................................................................................................................................ 56 6.1. Trophic status of the lake .............................................................................................................................. 56 6.1.1. Phytoplankton as bioindicator of trophic level ......................................................................... 57 6.1.2. Aquatic oligochaetes as bioindicators of trophic level ............................................................ 59 6.2. Saprobic status of the lake ............................................................................................................................ 60 6.2.1. Phytoplankton as bioindicator of saprobity ................................................................................ 60 6.2.2. Aquatic oligochaetes as bioindicators of saprobity .................................................................. 61 2 6.3. BMWP index ........................................................................................................................................................ 63 6.4. ASPT index ........................................................................................................................................................... 64 6.5. WQI index ............................................................................................................................................................. 65 6.6. IOBL index ............................................................................................................................................................ 67 7. POLLUTION IMPACT ON LIVING ORGANISMS OF THE LAKE AND EVOLUTION OF CHANGES70 7.1. Ichthyofauna ....................................................................................................................................................... 70 7.2. Ornithofauna ....................................................................................................................................................... 71 7.3. Phytoplankton .................................................................................................................................................... 73 7.4. Macrophytes........................................................................................................................................................ 74 7.5. Macrozoobenthos ............................................................................................................................................. 76 7.5.1. Oligochaetes .............................................................................................................................................. 78 7.6. Bioaccumulation ................................................................................................................................................ 81 7.6.1. Bioaccumulation in macrophytes..................................................................................................... 81 7.6.2. Bioaccumulation in fish ........................................................................................................................ 84 8. FACTORS AFFECTING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IDEAL MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES ......... 87 9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................... 89 10. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................... 90 3 1. INTRODUCTION This report is structured
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