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UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR JOHN BARTON PAYNE, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Water-Supply Paper 467 EXPLORATORY DRILLING FOR WATER AND USE OF GROUND WATER FOR IRRIGATION IN STEPTOE VALLEY, NEVADA BY W. O. CLARK AND C. W. RIDDELL WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY O. E. MEINZER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920 CONTENTS. Introduction, by O. E. Meinzer............................................. 7 Ground water for irrigation in Nevada.................................. 7 Investigations by the United States Geological Survey.................... 8 Exploratory drilling by the United States Geological Survey............ 9 Work in Steptoe Valley................................................. 10 Ground water for irrigation in Steptoe Valley............................ 12 Geographic sketch......................................................... 15 Industrial development.................................................... 16 Relation of industrial development to water supply........................... 17 Surface features............................................................ 17 Mountains............................................................ 18 Schell Creek Range................................................ 18 Antelope Range.................................................... 18 Egan Range...............^....................................... 19 Steptoe Valley........................................................... 19 General features................................................... 19 Ancient lake beds................................................. 19 Lower Steptoe La,ke............................................ 19 Upper Steptoe Lake........................................... 20 Alluvial fans....................................................... 20 General features............................................... 20 Relation to ancient lake beds.................................. 22 Soils...................................................................... 23 Climate.................................................................... 25 Temperature-.......................................................... 25 Precipitation........................................................... 26 Surface streams............................................................. 29 Duck Creek........................................................... 29 Steptoe Creek.......................................................... 31 First Creek........................................................... 31 Second Creek......................................................... 32 Third Creek........................................................... 32 Fitzhugh Creek....................................................... 32 Indian Creek.......................................................... 33 Mattier Creek.......................................................... 33 Schell Creek........................................................... 33 Goaiute Creek.......................................................... 34 Egan Creek............................................................ 34 Murry Creek........................................................... 34 Willow Creek.......................................................... 35 Smaller streams and springs............................................ 35 3 CONTENTS. Ground water.............................................................. 36 Occurrence............................................................ 36 Source................................................................. 37 Contributions from tributary mountain areas.......................... 37 Contributions from precipitation in the valley....................... 37 Possible contributions by thermal springs to the supply in the valley ffll.............................................................. 37 Depth to water table.................................................. 38 Discharge of ground water.............................................. 39 Quantity of ground water.............................................. 39 Quality of ground water................................................ 42 Springs................................................................. 45 Ely Warm Spring................................................... 46 McGill Warm Springs.............................................. 46 Campbell embayment area......................................... 47 Melvin Hot Springs................................................ 47 Cherry Creek Hot Springs.......................................... 48 Collar and Elbow Spring............................................ 49 Murry Springs..................................................... 49 Springs along ancient beach......................................... 49 Borchert John Spring......................................... i..... 49 Springs along the axis of the valley................................... 49 Cowcamp Spring.................................................. 50 Wells..................................................................... 50 United States Geological Survey test wells.............................. 50 Well No. 1......................................................... 50 Well No. 2......................................................... 53 Well No. 3......................................................... 55 Methods of sinking wells........................................... 58 Methods of perforating and developing wells.......................... 59 Moller dairy well....................................................... 61 Other wells............................................................. 62 Irrigation................................................................. 66 Areas suitable for irrigation............................................ 66 Cost of irrigation by power-driven pumps............................... 66 Duty of water.......................................................... 67 Agriculture........................................................... 67 Smelter fumes.............................................:.. '. ............ 68 Land surveys.............................................................. 68 Index.................................................................... 69 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE I. Map of Nevada showing areas covered by water-supply papers ...... 10 II. Map of the drainage basin of Steptoe Valley, Nev., showing ground- water conditions........ .................................. In pocket. III. Map of Nevada showing Pleistocene lake beds..................... 20 IV. Pumping test of United States Geological Survey well No. 1, showing method of measuring discharge................................ 50 V. Section of United States Geological Survey well No. 2............... 54 VI. Crops raised on Indian Springs ranch.............................. 68 FIGURE 1. Map of the area in which test wells were drilled by the United States Geological Survey, showing points at which samples of soil were taken............................... ................ 24 2. Diagram showing relation of precipitation to altitude in eastern Nevada....................................................... 28 3. Sketch map of the vicinity of Ely Warm Spring, Steptoe Valley, Nev......................................................... 46 4. Section of United States Geological Survey well No. 1, near McGill, Nev.......................................................... 51 5. Section of United States Geological Survey well No. 3, near McGill, Nev.......................................................... 56 6. Diagrams showing a four-way perforator and casing perforated with it...................................................... 60 5 INTRODUCTION. By O. E. MEINZER. GROUND WATER FOR IRRIGATION IN NEVADA. The agricultural conquest of vast areas of arable land belonging to the public domain forms a brilliant chapter in the history of the United States. A consideration of the marvelous agricultural develop­ ment by which these apparently boundless expanses of Government land were converted into thousands of productive farms and well- provided homes within the last few decades suggests at once, how­ ever, a serious problem of the not distant future. Only a few years ago the supply of agricultural land in the great West was commonly assumed to be inexhaustible; to-day the country is beginning to realize that practically all the tracts which can-readily be made productive without irrigation have been occupied and that practically all the streams which can be utilized for irrigation without the installation of expensive storage projects have been appropriated. The limits of agricultural development, even with the greatest pos­ sible conservation of soil and water and the application of the best cultural methods, therefore appear to be not indefinitely remote, and the realization in recent years of the fact that the part of the public domain which has undoubted value for agriculture is rapidly being taken up has induced large numbers of those who are eager to find farms and homes of their own to settle unwittingly in areas where the conditions are so unfavorable or so poorly understood that failure and suffering are inevitable. In Nevada the bedrock forms a surface consisting of rugged, nearly parallel mountain ranges and broad intervening troughs that are filled to great depths with rock waste washed from the mountains. These great deposits of rock waste were in large part laid down by torrential streams
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