International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2020; 8(2): 11-17 E-ISSN: 2347-5129 P-ISSN: 2394-0506 (ICV-Poland) Impact Value: 5.62 The population of monogeneans on the gills of (GIF) Impact Factor: 0.549 IJFAS 2020; 8(2): 11-17 Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cichliformes: © 2020 IJFAS www.fisheriesjournal.com Cichlidae) and the impact of abiotic and biotic Received: 07-01-2020 Accepted: 09-02-2020 parameters Magloire Boungou Laboratoire de Biologie et Magloire Boungou, Yamba Sinaré, Armel Ibala Zamba, Maria J Santos Ecologie Animales, Département and Gustave B Kabré de Biologie et Physiologie Animales, Université Joseph KI- Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Abstract Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso From March to September 2016, the parasitic fauna of monogenean gill of 116 specimens of Sarotherodon galilaeus caught at Loumbila reservoir was investigated, in rainy and dry seasons. Yamba Sinaré Standard methods of parasitological examination were used for identification of monogenean species. Laboratoire de Biologie et Five parasite species were found: Cichlidogyrus douellouae, C. acerbus, C. halli, C. tilapiae, and Ecologie Animales, Département Scutogyrus bailloni. Generally, the mean intensities of the different parasite species were very low, de Biologie et Physiologie except for C. halli, with high mean intensity. From the results obtained, it was observed that the size of Animales, Université Joseph KI- Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, fish and host sex do not have (P>0.05) any influence on parasitism infection. The infection rate of C. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso douellouae was significantly high in dry season. These results may help to improve strategies in aquaculture management, to reduce potential economic losses of S. galilaeus caused by parasitic Armel Ibala Zamba infection. Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomie et de Foresterie, Keywords: Monogenean, Sarotherodon galilaeus, gill parasites, Loumbila reservoir, Burkina Faso Université Marien Ngouabi, BP : 69, Brazzaville, République du 1. Introduction Congo; Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a cichlid fish, which is widely distributed in West Naturelles, BP : 2400, and Central Africa. In these regions, the monogenean parasites of the cichlid fish have been Brazzaville, République du intensively studied [1]. In Burkina Faso, data on monogeneans in general and those of cichlid Congo appear very insignificant [2-4]. Those first data on these parasites, showing their important as factors to be known carefully before to start the fish breeding. Indeed, monogeneans are often Maria J Santos Departamento de Zoologia- met on the gills of fish. Some could be found on the skin or fins of their hosts. Some others [5-7] Antropologia, Faculdade de may also be found in some cavities such as the stomach, intestine, bladder, and nostril . Ciências da Universidade do These organisms are often in equilibrium with their hosts in the natural environment, though, Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, they could be responsible for many cases of serious morbidity and even mortality during fish s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 breeding [8-11]. In fact, the attachment of monogeneans and their foraging activities can provoke Porto, Portugal skin and gill lesions, which are frequently precursors of secondary infections [12, 13]. Gustave B Kabré Overloading of parasites can damage both the gill system and the skin, and provoke anemia. In Laboratoire de Biologie et some cases, infested fish become lethargic or die [14]. The Food and Agricultural Organization Ecologie Animales, Département of the United Nations [15] reported that, to satisfy an increasing demand in freshwater fish, de Biologie et Physiologie extensive research must include studies of their parasites for optimal production levels. For the Animales, Université Joseph KI- authors [16] and [17], knowledge of fish parasites is of particular interest in relation not only to Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso fish health but also to understanding ecological problems. This study was the first to aim for the small fishery reservoir assessment of gill monogeneans of S. galilaeus in Burkina Faso. The key objectives of this work were to (1) identify the diversity and the distribution of gill monogeneans of S. galilaeus, (2) determine the relationship between parasitic infection of S. Corresponding Author: galilaeus and some biological aspects, and (3) determine the impact of seasons on the dynamic Magloire Boungou Laboratoire de Biologie et of monogeneans. Ecologie Animales, Département de Biologie et Physiologie 2. Materials and Methods Animales, Université Joseph KI- 2.1. Study area Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, The Loumbila reservoir is located at 20 km from Ouagadougou in the department of Loumbila Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso ~ 11 ~ International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies http://www.fisheriesjournal.com and in the province of Oubritenga (Figure 1). Its geographic a traditional fishing. Three families of fishes coexist: Cichlid coordinates are the following: 12°29'34" north latitude and especially those represented by S. galilaeus and Oreochromis 01°24'05" west longitude. This reservoir has a capacity of 42 niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), which are numerically greater than million cubic meters of water retention [18]. This dam is Clariidae (Clarias sp.) and Centroponidae (Lates niloticus) inhabited by ichthyologic fauna that allow the development of (Linnaeus, 1758). Fig 1: Loumbila reservoir, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 2.2. Host collection and fixing of the biological material and sclerotized pieces of the observable apparatuses The host used in this work was S. galilaeus. That fish has copulatory) and the young or immature (presence of only great economic interest in Burkina Faso [19]. Its use is male genitalia or total absence of genitalia apparatuses). therefore widespread in development projects of the fish culture in that country. The fish examined were caught by 2.4. Epidemiological Approach fishermen using fishnets from March to September 2016. The terms «prevalence», «mean intensity» and «mean During that period, we harvested and autopsied 116 abundance» were defined according to [21]. The prevalence individuals of S. galilaeus, an average of 16 fishes per month. (p), expressed as a percentage, is the ratio between the Once caught, the fish were immediately sacrificed and number of individuals of a host species infested by a parasite standard length measured using ichtyometer, to the nearest 0.1 species and the total number of hosts examined. The mean cm. Fish, whose standard length (SL) ranged from 8.5 cm to intensity (MI) is the ratio of the total number of individuals of 39.0 cm, have been placed in 4 classes sizes, which are: Class a parasite species to the number of hosts infested by that A (SL <8.5cm), Class B (8.5cm ≤ SL <10.5cm), Class C parasite. Finally, the mean abundance (MA) is the ratio of the (10.5cm ≤ SL <12.5cm), and Class D (SL ≥12.5cm). Then, total number of individuals of a parasite species in a sample fish gill arches were isolated from the bucco-pharyngeal of hosts (parasitized and non-parasitized) of the sample cavity by dorsal and ventral sections and then frozen in liquid examined. This is the average number of individuals of a nitrogen. parasite species per host examined. Based on the prevalence, species was considered as common (core) if the prevalence is 2.3. Survey, coloration and identification of the parasites greater than 50%, intermediate (secondary) if prevalence is In the laboratory, after thawing, the parasites were detached between 10 and 50%, and rare (satellite) if prevalence is less from the gills using strong water current and transferred than 10% [22, 23]. The mean intensity (MI) was high if MI is individually with a needle directly into a drop of ammonium greater than 100; medium if MI ranged between 50 and 100; picrate-glycerin mixture [20]. The preparation was then low if MI ranged between 10 and 50; and very low if MI is covered with a cover slip and sealed with Glyceel (Gurr, BDH less than 10 as described by [24]. Statistical analysis of the data Chemicals). was carried out, with the aid of the SPSS 21. The identification of species and determining the degree of maturity of individuals’ parasites were made under a 2.5. Statistical Analysis stereoscopic microscope (Olympus CH-2). Two stages of The Chi-square (χ2) test was used to compare two or more maturity have been identified: adult or mature (testis, ovary proportions and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare ~ 12 ~ International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies http://www.fisheriesjournal.com the mean intensities of more than two samples. Man-Whitney Paperna 1969 and Scutogyrus Pariselle & Euzet 2003 genera. test was used to compare the mean intensities of two different These monogeneans are Cichlidogyrus douellouae Pariselle et samples. All tests were considered significant at the 5% level al. 2003, Cichlidogyrus acerbus Dossou 1982, Cichlidogyrus (p< 0.05). halli (Price & Kirk 1967), Cichlidogyrus tilapiae Paperna The Principal component analysis (PCA), performed using 1960 and Scutogyrus bailloni Pariselle & Euze 1995. CANOCO (Canonical Community Ordination, version 4.5) [26], was used to investigate possible correlations between 3.2. Epidemiological indexes of gill monogeneans prevalence of monogeneans and months. Prior to ordination, The results in Table 1 show that C. halli and C. acerbus have prevalence of monogeneans data was transformed to better the highest prevalence, respectively 64.7% and 53.5%. The meet the assumptions of normality [25] using ln(x+1). means intensities and their abundances follow the same trend. However, S. bailloni has the lowest prevalence (12.1%), as 3. Results well as its mean intensity and abundance. There was no 3.1. Diversity of gill monogeneans significant difference between the mean intensity of gill The observation of S. galilaeus’s gills, revealed the presence monogeneans collected according to the species (Kruskal- of five species of monogeneans belonging to Cichlidogyrus Wallis multiple comparison test, HW = 4, dl = 4 P = 0.406).