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Endoparazitická Monogenea (Platyhelminthes): Druhová Diverzita a Spektrum Hostitelů

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Endoparazitická Monogenea (Platyhelminthes): Druhová Diverzita a Spektrum Hostitelů MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE ENDOPARAZITICKÁ MONOGENEA (PLATYHELMINTHES): DRUHOVÁ DIVERZITA A SPEKTRUM HOSTITELŮ Bakalářská práce Jitka Fojtů Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Eva Řehulková, Ph.D. Brno 2016 Bibliografický záznam Autor Jitka Fojtů Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Endoparasitická monogenea (Platyhelminthes): druhová diverzita a spektrum hostitelů Studijní program Ekologická a evoluční biologie Studijní obor: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Eva Řehulková, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2015/2016 Počet stran: 146 Klíčová slova: Monogenea; Amphibdellatidae; Anoplodiscidae; Capsalidae; Chimaericolidae; Dactylogyridae; Diclidophoridae; Gyrodactylidae; Hexabothriidae; Iagotrematidae; Lagarocotylidae; Microbothriidae; Monocotylidae; Montchadskyellidae; Polystomatidae; Urogyridae; Amphibia; Polystoma; močový měchýř; nosní dutiny; močovody; check list; adaptace; endoparazitismus Bibliographic Entry Author Jitka Fojtů Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Thesis: Endoparasitic Monogenea (Platyhelminthes): Species diversity and host spectrum Degree programme: Ekological and Evolutionary Biology Field of Study: Ekological and Evolutionary Biology Supervisor: Mgr. Eva Řehulková, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2015/2016 Number of Pages: 146 Keywords: Monogenea; Amphibdellatidae; Anoplodiscidae; Capsalidae; Dactylogyridae; Diclidophoridae; Gyrodactylidae; Hexabothriidae; Iagotrematidae; Lagarocotylidae; Microbothriidae; Monocotylidae; Montchadskyellidae; Polystomatidae; Urogyridae; Amphibia; Polystoma; urinary bladder; nasal cavities; ureters; check list; adaptation; endoparasitism Abstrakt Tato bakalářská práce je literární rešerší zabývající se druhovou rozmanitostí monogeneí žijících uvnitř těla svých hostitelů. První část práce je věnována základní charakteristice těchto parazitů, s důrazem na adaptace k endoparazitickému způsobu života. Druhá část předkládá seznam všech dosud zaznamenaných endoparazitických monogeneí , a to v podobě čtyř checklistů. Checklist parazit-hostitel je řazen abecedně a zahrnuje celkem 251 druhů patřících do 64 rodů a do 14 čeledí: Amphibdellatidae (3), Anoplodiscidae (1), Capsalidae (11), Dactylogyridae (56), Diclidophoridae (1), Gyrodactylidae (1), Hexabothriidae (1), Iagotrematidae (3), Lagarocotylidae (1), Microbothriidae (1), Monocotylidae (46), Montchadskyellidae (1), Polystomatidae (124) a Urogyridae (1). V rámci checklistu hostitel-parazit jsou hostitelské druhy seřazeny systematicky podle dnes platných jmen a ke každému z nich je uveden abecedně seřazený seznam nalezených monogeneí. Nejvíce druhů bylo zaznamenáno z paprskoploutvých ryb (108) a obojživelníků (108), dále pak z chrupavčitých ryb (68) a plazů (39). Převážná většina monogeneí byla nalezena v močovém měchýři hostitele, tj. 182 druhů. Dosavadní záznamy o endoparazitických monogeneích pocházejí z celého světa, přičemž mezi oblasti s největším počtem realizovaných výzkumů patří Afrika a Jižní Amerika. Abstract This thesis is a literature review dealing with the species diversity of monogeneans that live inside their hosts. The first part of the thesis includes basic characteristics of these parasites, with special emphasis on adaptations to endoparasitic mode of life. The second part provides listing of all hitherto reported endoparasitic monogeneans in the form of four checklists. Parasite – host checklist is sorted alphabetically and includes a total of 251 species belonging to 64 genera and 14 families: Amphibdellatidae (3), Anoplodiscidae (1), Capsalidae (11), Dactylogyridae (56), Diclidophoridae (1), Gyrodactylidae (1), Hexabothriidae (1), Iagotrematidae (3), Lagarocotylidae (1), Microbothriidae (1), Monocotylidae (46), Montchadskyellidae (1), Polystomatidae (124), and Urogyridae (1). In the host - parasite checklist, the hosts are listed systematically by their currently recognized scientific names, followed by alphabetically arranged listing of all monogeneans reported for the respective host. The most monogenean species were recorded from ray-finned fishes (108) and amphibians (108), followed by cartilaginous fishes (68) and reptiles (39). Most of the endoparasitic monogeneans were found in the urinary bladder, i.e. 173 species. Endoparasitic monogeneans were recorded all over the world. Most of them have been collected in Africa and South America. Poděkování Na tomto místě bych chtěla poděkovat vedoucí mé bakalářské práce Mgr. Evě Řehulkové, Ph.D. za její cenné rady a drahocenný čas, který mi věnovala. Dále bych chtěla poděkovat mé rodině za finanční i psychickou podporu. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svou bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno 2.2. 2016 ............................................... Jméno Příjmení OBSAH ÚVOD ............................................................................................................................. 10 1. MONOGENEA (PLATYHELMINTHES: NEODERMATA) ............................... 11 1.1. Základní charakteristika ..................................................................................................... 11 1.2. Morfologie těla .................................................................................................................. 11 1.3. Biologie a parazito-hostitelské vztahy ............................................................................... 12 1.4. Adaptace monogeneí na mezo/endoparazitický způsob života ......................................... 16 1.5. Klasifikace ......................................................................................................................... 21 2. ENDOPARAZITICKÁ MONOGENEA A JEJICH HOSTITELÉ ......................... 22 2.1. Systematický přehled endoparazitických monogeneí ........................................................ 22 2.2. Check-listy endoparazitických monogeneí ........................................................................ 24 2.2.1. Check-list monogeneí: PARAZIT – HOSTITEL ....................................................... 24 2.2.2. Check list HOSTITEL – PARAZIT .......................................................................... 61 2.2.3. Check list PARAZIT – HOSTITEL dle LOKALITY ................................................ 91 2.2.4. Check list PARAZITŮ dle LOKALIZACE ............................................................. 114 SHRNUTÍ a ZÁVĚR .................................................................................................... 118 POUŽITÁ LITERATURA ........................................................................................... 121 9 ÚVOD Převážná část monogeneí cizopasí na povrchu těla mořských a sladkovodních druhů ryb. Ektoparazitický způsob života je u těchto cizopasníků obecně považován za ancestrální. Postupné osídlování tělních dutin komunikujících s vnějším prostředím však dovolilo některým z nich adaptovat se na přechod z ekto- na endoparazitismus. Hypotéz zabývajících se vlivy vedoucími k přechodu monogeneí na endoparazitický způsob života je více. Mezi nejpravděpodobnější příčiny patří ochrana před predátory (ryby, paryby) a přechod k terestrickému způsobu života (obojživelníci, plazi). V literatuře sice existují práce s vypracovanými přehledy zaznamenaných monogeneí, avšak vždy se zaměřením na konkrétní geografické území nebo skupinu hostitelů. Doposud nebyl vytvořen komplexní seznam zaměřený pouze na endoparazitická monogenea, a to v rámci celého světa a napříč všemi hostitelskými skupinami. Hlavním cílem této bakalářské práce proto bylo vyplnit tuto mezeru v literatuře a vypracovat ucelený přehled dosud zaznamenaných endoparaziticky žijících monogeneí, a to ve vztahu k hostitelským organismům, lokalizaci uvnitř těla hostitele a geografickému rozšíření. Přestože někteří autoři zařazují monogenea obývající nosní a ústní dutinu mezi ektoparazity, v rámci této bakalářské práce je s těmito zástupci monogeneí zacházeno jako s endoparazity. Předkládaná práce je rozdělena na 3 části. V té první je popsána obecná charakteristika monogeneí, jejich životní cyklus s důrazem na endoparazitické zástupce a popis adaptací na endoparazitický způsob života. Druhá část je tvořena checklisty těchto parazitů, a to v těchto formách: parazit – hostitel, hostitel – parazit, parazit – hostitel dle lokality a checklist parazitů dle lokalizace v těle hostitele. Třetí část práce tvoří vyhodnocení výsledků. 10 1. MONOGENEA (PLATYHELMINTHES: NEODERMATA) 1.1. Základní charakteristika Monogenea patří spolu s motolicemi (Trematoda) a tasemnicemi (Cestoda) do taxonu Neodermata. Společným znakem těchto ploštěnců je vznik nového tegumentu (aciliární syncitiální neodermis), který se vytváří při přeměně larvy na parazitické stadium. Převážná část monogeneí (95%) cizopasí na povrchu těla (kůži, ploutvích a žábrách) ryb (Euzet & Combes, 1998). Někteří zástupci se však adaptovali na endoparazitický způsob života a infikují nejčastěji urogenitální a trávicí trakt ryb a obojživelníků (Prudhoe & Bray, 1982). V současné době je známo asi 5000 druhů monogeneí, což je vzhledem k vysoké rozmanitosti jejich potenciálních hostitelů (především ryb) malý počet. Mnoho druhů tak stále čeká na své objevení (Whittington, 2005). 1.2. Morfologie těla Tělo monogeneí je stejně jako u ostatních platyhelmintů dorzoventrálně zploštělé a nejčastěji dosahuje délky mezi 0,2 a 20 mm. Přední konec těla (prohaptor) se uplatňuje při příjmu potravy, pohybu a rozmnožování (Whittington
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