DOCSLIB.ORG

| Hao Wakat I Akitel Animaux Ami Am

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
| Hao Wakat I Akitel Animaux Ami Am |HAO WAKAT I AKITELUS009771294B1 ANIMAUX AMI AM HET (12 ) United States Patent (10 ) Patent No. : US 9 ,771 , 294 B1 Zubko et al. (45 ) Date of Patent: Sep . 26 , 2017 5 ,674 , 307 A * 10 / 1997 Huey .. C03B 37/ 045 ( 54 ) BASALT FIBERS PRODUCED FROM HIGH 264 / 8 TEMPERATURE MELT 5 , 954 , 852 A * 9 / 1999 Jensen .. .. .. CO3B 37/ 055 65 / 377 (71 ) Applicant: Americas Basalt Technology , LLC , 6 , 125 , 660 A * 10 /2000 Gorobinskaya .. .. CO3B 5 / 04 Fort Lauderdale , FL (US ) 65 /474 6 , 158 ,249 A 12/ 2000 Battigelli et al. (72 ) Inventors : Yevgeniy Zubko, Ivano -Frankivsk 6 ,577 ,667 B1 * 6 / 2003 Romer . .. CO3B 5 /021 (UA ) ; Yurii Zubko , Ivano - Frankivsk 373 / 138 (UA ) (Continued ) (73 ) Assignee : Americas Basalt Technology , LLC , FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS Fort Lauderdale , FL (US ) EP 2000442 A2 12 /2008 KR 2012116031 * 10 / 2012 Û( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 ( Continued ) U . S . C . 154 (b ) by 0 days. OTHER PUBLICATIONS (21 ) Appl. No. : 15 / 135 ,478 Cold -Crucible Induction Melter Design and Development Dirk Gombert and John R . Richardson Bechtel BWXT Idaho , LLC Idaho ( 22 ) Filed : Apr. 21, 2016 National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory , P . O . Box 1625 Idaho Falls , Idaho 83415 - 3710 Sep . 25 , 2002. * ( 51 ) Int. Ci. (Continued ) CO3B 5 / 02 ( 2006 . 01 ) CO3B 37 /04 ( 2006 .01 ) Primary Examiner — Jodi C Franklin (52 ) U .S . CI. ( 74 ) Attorney , Agent, or Firm — Cooley LLP CPC .. CO3B 5 / 021 (2013 . 01 ) ; C03B 37/ 04 ( 2013 .01 ) (57 ) ABSTRACT (58 ) Field of Classification Search Methods, systems and apparatus for producing continuous None basalt fibers , microfibers , and microspheres from high tem See application file for complete search history . perature melts are disclosed . A cold crucible induction furnace is used to super heat crushed basalt rock to form a ( 56 ) References Cited melt . The melt is cooled prior to forming a fiber. The fiber produced from the superheated melt possesses superior U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS properties not found with conventional basalt fibers pro 4 , 199 , 336 A * 4 / 1980 Rittler . .. .. .. CO3B 32 /02 duced in gas furnaces. In some implementations , the super 501/ 35 heated melt is spun into continuous basalt fibers . In some 5 ,601 , 628 A * 2 / 1997 Battigelli .. .. C03B 37/ 045 implementations, the superheated melt is blown into micro 65 / 461 fibers and microspheres. 5 ,622 ,671 A * 4 / 1997 Pellegrin .. .. .. DO1D 5 / 18 264 / 209 . 2 18 Claims, 6 Drawing Sheets 300 PREPARE CHARGE 310 SUPERHEAT CHARGE TO FORM MELT 320 COOL MELT 330 ACCUMULATE COOLED MELT IN FEEDER FURNACE 340 COAT ROVING SPIN FBER WITH SIZING 350 355 SORT AND PROCESS CUT ROVING ROVING DOUBLE perangkat365 dan 360 enROVING 5366 DRY , PROCESS, AND PACKAGE PRODUCTS 900 WAREHOUSE 910 US 9 ,771 , 294 B1 Page 2 (56 ) References Cited 2010 / 0313606 A1 12 / 2010 Kibol et al. 2013/ 0239503 AL 9 /2013 Miller et al . U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS 2013 /0303822 A1 * 11 / 2013 Pegg .. G21F 9 / 16 588 / 11 6 ,647 ,747 B1 * 11 /2003 Brik .. .. B82Y 20 /00 65 / 135 . 1 7 , 073 , 353 B2 7 / 2006 Noack FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 7 , 968 ,620 B2 6 / 2011 Gajiwala WO WO 2007 / 147571 12 /2007 8 , 042 ,362 B2 10 / 2011 Kibol et al. WO WO 2015 /028380 3 /2015 8 , 042 , 363 B2 10 / 2011 Kibol et al . 8 ,501 ,643 B2 8 / 2013 Kamiya et al . 8 ,806 , 900 B2 * 8 / 2014 Brik . .. .. .. CO3B 5 / 265 OTHER PUBLICATIONS 65/ 145 9 ,090 ,508 B2 7 / 2015 Gong et al . Tatarintseva et al. " Effect of Production Conditions of Basalt 2004 /0056026 A1 * 3 / 2004 Jakes .. .. .. .. .. .. CO3B 5 /023 Glasses on Their Physicochemical Properties and Drawing Tem 219 / 701 2004 /0115439 A1 6 / 2004 Degroote perature Range of Continuous Fibers ” , Glass Physics and Chem 2005 / 0005646 Al * 1 / 2005 Leister CO3B 1/ 02 istry , 2012 , vol. 38 , No . 1 , pp . 89 - 95. * 65 / 134 . 5 ASM International The Theory of Heating by Induction Practical 2005/ 0083989 A1 * 4 / 2005 Leister . CO3B 5 /021 Induction Heat Treating 2001 as viewed at http : / / www . 373 /27 asminternational. org /documents / 10192 / 1849770 / ACFAA5C .pdf on 2006 /0218972 Al* 10 / 2006 Brik . .. .. CO3B 5 /265 Mar. 16 , 2017 . * 65 /492 Consarc An inductotherm group as early asMar . 19 , 2014 as viewed 2009 /0031759 A1 * 2 / 2009 Evans .. .. .. .. .. CO3B 37 /048 at http : / / consarceng . com /wp - content/ uploads / sites / 12 / 2015 /04 / ism . pdf . On Mar . 16 , 2017 . * 2009/ 0320528 Al * 12/ 2009 Skarzenski .. B23K65 31 /525 / 02 65 /494 * cited by examiner U . S . Patent Sep. 26 , 2017 Sheet 1 of 6 US 9 ,771 , 294 B1 100 CHARGE ROCK0 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 FROM METERING HOPPER 110 wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * HEAT ROCK WITHIN INDUCTION FURNACE TO FORM MELT wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 120 wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww COOL MELT IN WATER www wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww COOLED TRAYS FORM FIBERS IN FORMATION UNIT wwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 140 FIG . 1 U . S . Patent Sep. 26 , 2017 Sheet 2 of 6 US 9 ,771 , 294 B1 200 210 6555555555 VVVV 220 - - Hun * ws W WY 14-07 lomsterwe * W . wwwRak . 230 w 225 7Miniji . rose fra : * * 24 n poteka bo ** TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT FIG . 2 U . S . Patent Sep. 26 , 2017 Sheet 3 of 6 US 9 ,771 , 294 B1 300 Y TYYKKYYDOMAYOKWENYEKYOCYYORKYKYKYYYYYYYYYTTTTT PREPARE CHARGE 310 SUPERHEAT CHARGE TO FORM MELT horm on 320no no no ne COOL MELT?? = ?? ??? . ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? 330 P WWWWWWW ACCUMULATE COOLED MELT IN FEEDER FURNACE 340 wowwwwwwwwwww .00 ano ano no no no no no no no non COAT ROVING SPIN FIBER BAR.IILALA 350 000.LULU000 WITH SIZING . 355 . SORT AND PROCESS CUT ROVING ROVING DOUBLE 365 360 ROVING Mono o anoman My Lim IT ITTITTIT IT IT ITT TT TT TT IITTI TTTTT T TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT WWEpe 366 naman DRY, PROCESS , AND PACKAGE PRODUCTS 900 WAREHOUSE 910 FIG . 3 atent Sep. 26 , , 20172017 Sheet4 4 of 6 US 9 ,771 , 294 B1 400 .' . *** * * ** *** * * 1 ini 420 . * :15 : 18 , TTTTTT ** *16114 * * * 60 260 ! **Huis 4 : .t . 174147/7174144161116 Win w w w Tim - re . is inner ' s in IK W ILLIE ?????? w ?????? ?????? ??????? . con WWW WWW m m m is og respon 230 Ikarta . T kira kira i . .. .. Kiraci crnki Ki Ki Na ? ????? ? . ?????? . ??????? .? ??? .????? Ww wW . W w W . ' ' 4404 4 vela wwww *. 2. .vw .!.7 . .wir .! - www. w Y ...9. !* * .. .. srisiko wire.wrurier Mi!? , .. ww 21.04783 .Var A4. !. * 210mm . 460 seconds 12 VAI! ? wA W w * 1.- 470 DOOD 127771.77727 FIG . 4 U . S . Patent Sep . 26 ,2017 Sheet 5 of 6 US 9 ,771 , 294 B1 500 METERING FIG . 5 HOPPER 510 www WYTYWY MELTING FURNACE 520 ?????? WATER - COOLED TRAYS AND FOREHEARTH 530 wowo 0000 0000 1000000 2000 20000 Doo 0000 OG KOD00000 00000000OOOOO namunan FIBER - FORMATION ABS BSTF BLOWING DEVICE UNIT 541 540 0000S COLLECTION SEPARATION , DOSAGE CLEANING DEVICE HOPPER FOR ???????? AND PACKAGING UNIT 542 MICROSPHERES FOR MICROSPHERES 543 SOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOoooostAD 550 wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww SHREDDING DEVICE 544 SEPARATION , DOSAGE COLLECTION HOPPER FOR 000000000GDO AND PACKAGING UNIT MICROFIBER 000000000 soooooooooooooooooo66636o 600 545 FOR MICROFIBERS 560 Loon wwwen wwwwwwannan wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwcon un anno avut wwwaceae wwwwPowen anon camwww wwwwow acown world atent Sep . 26 , 2017 Sheet 6 of 6 US 9 ,771 , 294 Bl , v,liw ; ) }{ "nt - 20 ?????h fr???? , * . : . * . : . ???????rator ? ? ? . ? . : . ~ ~ ???? - - - - - - - - - - • * * * * * • • • ' to : * : : ? : ? . - : 1 SS : : S S SS S SS - ! ' • - - - - - - : : * ?????????????????? 23 ) ??? Lxxx ! ???? ? ??? 480 5?????? $ ?? ??? * xet * 9{ } { } { 43 * - * - *** * - * ?, ** * . ? - * +++ + ** * +++ + ?? ** re - 4 * - * My . * | * * * * * * * fifth ????????? ? ** * ra ** * - - BE ^ ^ cccccc c ccccccccccccccccccccccc ~ : www : ? : SI M k -- -- - -- - 8 $ = S * stretchitcvc **- 9 { ( town 495 . * * . ? ??? • - ' , ', ' ', ' ', ' ' , ' ', ' ', ' ' , ' ' , ' ', ' '' FIC 6 US 9 , 771 ,294 B1 BASALT FIBERS PRODUCED FROM HIGH lining . The induction furnace can be a cold crucible induc TEMPERATURE MELT tion furnace that operates at a first temperature from about 1500° C . to about 2000° C . The first temperature can also be BACKGROUND at least about 2000° C . The first temperature can be from 5 about 2000° C . to about 2300° C . Basalt is an abundant igneous rock formed from by lava The melt can be substantially homogeneous . The melt can cooling on the earth ' s surface . Though the composition of be about at least 80 % amorphous , about at least 90 % basalt varies , basalt typically is comprised of 45 -55 wt. % amorphous, about at least 95 % amorphous, about at least silica (SiO , ), 2 - 6 wt. % total alkalis , 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 wt. % titanium 98 % amorphous, and greater than about 99 % amorphous. dioxide ( TiO2 ), 5 - 14 wt. % iron oxides, and 14 wt. % or 10 more ( A1 ,0z ) . Contents of calcium oxide ( Cao ) are typi The method can further include cooling the melt to a cally around 10 wt % , and magnesium oxide (MgO ) typi second temperature less than 1500° C . prior to forming the cally ranges 5 to 12 wt % . The composition of Basalt can fiber . The method can also include forming the fiber from the also be describe in terms of its mineral compositions which melt by spinning the melt though a bushing . include amphibole , pyroxene, feldspar, plagioclase feldspar 15 The fiber can be I micron to 3 microns. The fiber can also feldspathoids, augite , and olivine . be 4 microns to 13 microns. The fiber can also be 7 microns Basalt can be melted and processed into a fiber . Basalt to 13 microns. The fiber can also be 8 microns to 10 microns. rock is plentiful and inexpensive, however a great deal of The method can further include applying a spin finish to energy is required to melt the basalt rock and form it into a the fiber. The spin finish can contain silicone . fiber. Conventional basalt fibers may not be suitable for 20 In the various exemplary embodiments discussed herein , certain applications due to the prevalence of defects which a method of producing a fiber includes charging the quantity cause the fibers to break .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Syllabus for Ist Semester Courses in M.Sc. Geology (June 2019 Onwards)
    Syllabus for courses offered at M.Sc- Geology. St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. Revised Feb 2019 Syllabus for Ist Semester Courses in M.Sc. Geology (June 2019 onwards) Courses: SGEO0701 Stratigraphy and Geology of India SGEO0702 - Geochemistry SGEO0703 Structural Geology SGEO0704 Advanced Gemmology Practical Course: SGEO0701PR, SGEO0702PR, SGEO0703PR and SGEO0704PR. (Pertinent to the above-mentioned theory courses) Syllabus for courses offered at M.Sc- Geology. St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. Revised Feb 2019 M.Sc-I Geology Course: SGEO701 Title: Stratigraphy and geology of India Learning Objective: To understand the tectonics and geological formations in different basins through geological ages from studying the rock strata which will in turn, help in building the geological history of Indian subcontinent. Number of lectures: 60 Unit 1: (15 lectures) Precambrian Stratigraphy Precambrian geochronology, Precambrian Stratigraphy of: Dharwar Supergroup Aravalli and Delhi fold belts Singhbhum shear zone Sausar Belt Vindhyan Supergroup Cuddapah Supergroup Precambrian-Cambrian boundary Unit 2: (15 lectures) Palaeozoic and Gondwana Stratigraphy Palaeozoic of Kashmir Palaeozoic of Spiti Gondwana Supergroup Permian-Triassic Boundary Unit 3: (15 lectures) Mesozoic Stratigraphy Triassic of Spiti Jurassic of Kutch Cretaceous of Trichinopalli Deccan Volcanics Cretaceous- Tertiary Boundary Unit 4: (15 lectures) Cenozoic Stratigraphy Palaeogene Systems of India Neogene Systems of India Evolution of Himalaya -Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary Practical Courses Stratigraphy and geology of India Study of Geological Maps to establish the geological sequence of the area in the Chronological order Page 2 of 40 Syllabus for courses offered at M.Sc- Geology. St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. Revised Feb 2019 List of Recommended Reference Books 1) Valdiya, K.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of Contributions
    SOFT 2018 Report of Contributions https://agenda.enea.it/e/soft2018 SOFT 2018 / Report of Contributions Path planning and space occupatio … Contribution ID: 1 Type: not specified Path planning and space occupation for remote maintenance operations of transportation in DEMO Monday, 17 September 2018 11:00 (2 hours) The ex-vessel Remote Maintenance Systems in the DEMOnstration Power Station (DEMO)are responsible for the replacement and transportation of the plasma facing components. The ex-vessel operations of transportation are performed by overhead systems or ground vehicles. The time duration of the transportation operations has to be taken into account for the reactor shutdown. The space required to perform these operations has also an impact in the economics ofthepower plant. A total of 87 trajectories of transportation were evaluated, with a total length of approximately 3 km. The total occupancy volume is, comparatively, between 21 and 45 Olympic swimming pools, depending mainly to the type of transportation adopted in the upper level of the reactor building. Taking into account the recovery and rescue operations in case of failure, the volume may increase up to, between 43 and 64 Olympic swimming pools. The estimation of the total time duration of all expected transportation missions in the reactor building are between 166 hours (7 days) and 388 hours (16 days). This time estimation does not include docking, accelerations or other opera- tions that are not transportation. The travel speed is assumed constant with a maximum value of 20cm/s (the same value assumed for Cask and Plug Remote handling System in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor - ITER).
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Analysis of a Process for Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides
    Fuels Campaign (TRP) Transmutation Research Program Projects 6-30-2004 Design and Analysis of a Process for Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides Yitung Chen University of Nevada, Las Vegas, [email protected] Randy Clarksean University of Nevada, Las Vegas Darrell Pepper University of Nevada, Las Vegas, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/hrc_trp_fuels Part of the Nuclear Commons, and the Nuclear Engineering Commons Repository Citation Chen, Y., Clarksean, R., Pepper, D. (2004). Design and Analysis of a Process for Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides. i-107. Available at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/hrc_trp_fuels/16 This Annual Report is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Annual Report in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Annual Report has been accepted for inclusion in Fuels Campaign (TRP) by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Annual Report Design and Analysis of a Process for Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides Submitted to Advanced Accelerator Applications Program Technical Focus Area Fuel Development Research ATTN: Dr. Anthony Hechanova Harry Reid Center University of Nevada Las Vegas Submitted by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • OCCASION This Publication Has Been Made Available to the Public on The
    OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26026-0 · www.unido.org · [email protected] ' Illlll lllllll llll lllll 111111111111111111111111111111111 {,,(. (tJ XD9700122 ;;,·.~.<:,_, 2/566 TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED METALS WITH REGARD TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPATIBILITY PART I: TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH THE AID OF ADVANCED METALS Heinz F.
    [Show full text]
  • Gemmology, Third Edition
    H6449-Prelims.qxd 7/13/05 10:49 AM Page i Gemmology H6449-Prelims.qxd 7/13/05 10:49 AM Page ii Related titles The Diamond Formula A. Barnard Gem Testing, Tenth edition B.W. Anderson, Revised by E.A. Jobbins Gems, Sixth edition M. O’Donoghue Gemstone Enhancement, Second edition K. Nassau Synthetic, Imitation and Treated Gemstones M. O’Donoghue Front cover: Amethyst and diamond necklace on amethyst crystal (Courtesy of P.J. Watson) H6449-Prelims.qxd 7/13/05 10:49 AM Page iii Gemmology Third edition P.G. Read AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO H6449-Prelims.qxd 7/13/05 10:49 AM Page iv Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 1991 Paperback edition 1995 Reprinted 1997, 1998 Second edition 1999 Reprinted 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005 Third edition 2005 Copyright © 1999, 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermodynamic Analysis of Zno Crystal Growth from the Melt
    Journal of Crystallization Process and Technology, 2013, 3, 75-80 75 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jcpt.2013.33012 Published Online July 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jcpt) Thermodynamic Analysis of ZnO Crystal Growth from the Melt Morteza Asadian Iranian National Center of Laser Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. Email: [email protected], [email protected] Received March 11th, 2012; revised April 12th, 2012; accepted April 20th, 2012 Copyright © 2013 Morteza Asadian. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Recently, the efforts in solid-state materials include developing technologies capable of producing ZnO wafers in large dimensions and good quality based device applications. High quality bulk crystals are obtained by growing from high purity the melt. However, the thermochemical properties of ZnO (high melting point and high vapor pressure) make the growth of single crystals difficult. The thermodynamic calculations show that ZnO crystals can be grown from the melt if a suitable dynamic atmosphere composition is used. The oxygen requirement with increasing the temperature can be fulfilled by adding the NO-NO2 gases into the CO2 atmosphere. At ZnO melting point, the oxygen partial pressure of gas mixtures containing CO2-NO-CO-NO2 at Pt = 5 atm reaches to PO2 = 0.29 atm. According to this new thermody- namic result, it would be expected that ZnO crystal could be grown from the melt at lower total pressure comparing to pure CO2. Keywords: ZnO Crystal; Thermodynamic Calculation; Phase Equilibria; Growth Atmosphere 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid State Chemistry
    Third Edition SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY An Introduction Third Edition SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY An Introduction Lesley E.Smart Elaine A.Moore Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York Singapore A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc. Published in 2005 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742 © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/. No claim to original U.S. Government works 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 0-203-49635-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-61063-6 (OEB Format) International Standard Book Number-10:0-7487-7516-1 (Print Edition) (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13:9780-7487-7516-3 (Print Edition) (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2004058533 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • Cubic Zirconia (Stabilised Zirconium Oxide) by Mike Richardson
    Cubic Zirconia (stabilised zirconium oxide) by Mike Richardson This rather wonderful synthetic is much sneered at, mainly because it is relatively cheap and common. Whilst it makes a very good diamond simulant, it is a beautiful stone in its own right because of its high refractive index, 2.16, which gives it a real sparkle. It is hard, at 8.5, only a little softer than corundum and very heavy, SG up to 6, so you do not get a very big piece for your money. However, as I mentioned, it is cheap. Dispersion is higher than diamonds’ 0.044 at up to 0.065, so with the exception of rarity, it more than fulfils all the requirements of a true gemstone. With a single exception it is accepted that this material is not known to occur in nature. A single find of a zirconia crystal inside a zircon crystal may or may not change this view. (Vargas). I have not found a reference to clarify whether this crystal was monoclinic or cubic. If the latter, it would require a freak of nature to add the required stabiliser. Cubic zirconia (CZ) is manufactured by melting zirconium oxide powder in a skull crucible at temperatures above 2000o C. This temperature is too high for normal refractory crucibles; the skull crucible is made of vertical, water cooling pipes which form the outside of the crucible surrounded by an induction heating coil. Induction heating requires the material to be conductive, zirconium oxide is only conductive at high temperatures so a starter is provided in the form of a piece of zirconium metal which eventually forms part of the melt.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3: Preparative Methods
    Chapter 3: Preparative Methods A diverse array of methods are available to synthesize solid compounds and materials. Care must be taken: •stoichiometric quantities (no purification possible) •pure starting materials (99%, 99.95%, 99.99%, 99.998%, etc.) •ensure the reaction has gone to completion (no purification possible) Solids may need to: •be highly pure silica glass for fiber optics (99.99999%) •be less highly pure laboratory glassware •be in unusual oxidation states hydrothermal •be a fine powder •be a large single crystal Solid-State or Ceramic Method Consists of heating two non-volatile solids which react to form the required product. •The solid-state method can be used to prepare a whole range of materials including mixed metal oxides, sulfides, nitrides, aluminosilicates, etc. ZrO2 (s) + SiO2(s) ZrSiO4 (s) heat to 1300°C •The method can be used to prepare an extremely large number of compounds. Disadvantages •High temperatures are generally required (500-2000°C), because it takes a significant amount of energy to overcome the lattice energy so a cation or anion can diffuse into a different site. •The desired compound may decompose at high temperatures. •The reaction may proceed very slowly, but increasing the temperature speeds up the reaction since it increases the diffusion rate. •Generally, solids are not raised to their melting point, so reactions take place in the solid state (subsolidus). 1 Solid State Reactions • Diffusion controlled: Fick’s 1st Law J=-D(dc/dx) • Small particle sizes that are well mixed are needed to maximize the surface contact area. • Tamman’s Rule suggests a temperature of about two-thirds of the melting point (K) of the lower melting reactant is needed to have reaction to occur in a reasonable time.
    [Show full text]
  • Vacuum Systems and Technologies For
    VACUUM SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR METALLURGY HEAT TREATMENT 2 ALD Headquarters ALD Vacuum Technologies Hanau, Germany Contents 3 History 4 Know-How Is Our Business 6 Worldwide Customer Sales & Service 7 METALLURGY 8 Vacuum Induction Melting and Casting (VIM/VIDP) 10 Electroslag Remelting (ESR) 22 Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR) 30 Electron Beam Melting (EB) 36 Vacuum Investment Casting (VIM-IC) 40 Powder Metallurgy 46 Vacuum Turbine Blade Coating (EB/PVD) 54 Solar Silicon Melting and Crystallization Technology 62 Hot Isothermal Forging (HIF) 64 Induction Heated Quartz Tube Furnaces (IWQ) 66 High Vacuum Resistances Furnaces (WI) 68 HEAT TREATMENT 70 Vacuum Hardening,Tempering 74 Vacuum Case Hardening 80 Sintering 88 OWN & OPERATE 92 4 History Deep-Rooted Competence The process and systems know-how available within ALD Vacuum Technologies is based on developments over the past 85 years successfully brought about by the firms Degussa, Heraeus and Leybold. During that period, these companies worked together in a number of ways. 1916 1987 HERAEUS enters the field of vacuum DEGUSSA AG acquires all shares of metallurgy when it succeeds in melting Leybold-Heraeus GmbH, which is then chromium-nickel alloys under vacuum renamed LEYBOLD AG. conditions. 1991 1930 Degussa spins off its Durferrit business LEYBOLD starts manufacturing including Degussa Industrial Furnaces, while industrial vacuum equipment. Leybold AG sheds its vacuum metallurgy division. The two spin-offs merge to form 1950 LEYBOLD DURFERRIT GmbH. DEGUSSA decides to build vacuum furnaces. 1994 The vacuum metallurgy and vacuum heat treatment businesses become part of the 1967 newly founded ALD Vacuum Technologies. E. Leybold Successors merge with Heraeus-Hochvakuum GmbH to form LEYBOLD-HERAEUS GmbH.
    [Show full text]
  • Single Crystal Growth of High Melting Oxide Materials by Means of Induction Skull-Melting
    Single Crystal Growth of High Melting Oxide Materials by Means of Induction Skull-Melting vorgelegt von Matthias Stephan Paun, M.Sc. geb. in Schwabmünchen von der Fakultät II – Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften -Dr. rer. nat.- genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Martin Kaupp 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Martin Lerch 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Matthias Bickermann 3. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Manfred Mühlberg Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 29.10.2015 Berlin 2015 I ABSTRACT Various high melting oxide single crystals were grown by implementation of the induction skull melting technique. This technique can be described of a combination of high frequency induction heating and a water cooled crucible. Various single crystals were successfully grown; alkaline earth zirconates, transition metal doped titania and rare earth element (REE) doped yttrium stabilized zirconium dioxide (YSZ). The grown alkaline earth zirconate single crystals are CaZrO3, SrZrO3 and BaZrO3 and belong all to the perovskite structure type. CaZrO3 and SrZrO3 exhibit both an orthorhombic distortion and they crystalize in space group Pnma while BaZrO3 is belonging to the cubic aristotype Pm3̅m. The two orthorhombic zirconate crystals are featuring twins. The twinning emerged through the transformation from cubic to orthorhombic and the loss of symmetry. SrZrO3 single crystals were grown twice; under air and nitrogen atmosphere. The UV-Vis. reflection spectroscopy measurements revealed that the absorbance of both SrZrO3 samples differ from each other, especially at lower wavenumbers. SrZrO3 also shows luminescence effects when excited at approximately 260 nm. The emission spectra also differ between the two SrZrO3 samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Different Types of Crystal Growth Methods
    International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 12 2018, 5743-5758 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu DIFFERENT TYPES OF CRYSTAL GROWTH METHODS K.Seevakan1, S.Bharanidharan2 Assistant Professor 1 2 Department of Physics, BIST, BIHER, Bharath University, Chennai. [email protected] ABSTRACT: To grow a crystal, the basic condition to be attained is the state of super saturation, followed by the process of nucleation. The information of super saturation and nucleation forms the basis of crystal growth.The growth of crystals from liquid and gaseous solutions, pure liquids and pure gases can only occur if some degree of super saturation or super cooling has been first achieved in the system. The attainment of the supersaturated state is essential for any crystallization operation and the degree of super saturation or deviation from the equilibrium saturated condition is the prime factor controlling the deposition process. INTRODUCTION: Crystals are used in semiconductor physics, engineering, as electro-optic devices etc., so there is an increasing demand for crystal[1-5]. For years, Natural specimens were the only source of large, well formed crystals. The growth of crystals generally occurs by means of following sequence of process. Diffusion of the molecules of the crystallizing substance through the surrounding environment. Diffusion of these molecules over the surface of the crystal to special sites on the surface. Today almost all naturally occurring crystals of interest have been synthesized successfully in the laboratory[6-9]. It is now possible only by crystal growth techniques.
    [Show full text]